Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 918

Álvaro RochaCarlos FerrásManolo Paredes    Editors

Information Technology and SystemsProceedings of ICITS 2019

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 918

Series editor

Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,Warsaw, Polande-mail: kacprzyk@ibspan.waw.pl

The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on theory,applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually alldisciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT, economics,business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all theareas of modern intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft computingincluding neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion of these paradigms,social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuroscience, artificial life, virtual worlds andsociety, cognitive science and systems, Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems,self-organizing and adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centriccomputing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics includinghuman-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning paradigms, machine ethics, intelligentdata analysis, knowledge management, intelligent agents, intelligent decision making and support,intelligent network security, trustmanagement, interactive entertainment,Web intelligence andmultimedia.

The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily proceedingsof important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover significant recent developments in thefield, both of a foundational and applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series isthe short publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination ofresearch results.

Advisory Board

Chairman

Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, Indiae-mail: nikhil@isical.ac.in

Members

Rafael Bello Perez, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, Universidad Central de Las Villas, SantaClara, Cubae-mail: rbellop@uclv.edu.cu

Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spaine-mail: escorchado@usal.es

Hani Hagras, School of Computer Science & Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, UKe-mail: hani@essex.ac.uk

László T. Kóczy, Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Győr, Hungarye-mail: koczy@sze.hu

Vladik Kreinovich, Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USAe-mail: vladik@utep.edu

Chin-Teng Lin, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwane-mail: ctlin@mail.nctu.edu.tw

Jie Lu, Faculty of Engineering and Information, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australiae-mail: Jie.Lu@uts.edu.au

Patricia Melin, Graduate Program of Computer Science, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexicoe-mail: epmelin@hafsamx.org

Nadia Nedjah, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazile-mail: nadia@eng.uerj.br

Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Polande-mail: Ngoc-Thanh.Nguyen@pwr.edu.pl

Jun Wang, Department of Mechanical and Automation, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,Hong Kong

e-mail: jwang@mae.cuhk.edu.hk

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Álvaro Rocha • Carlos FerrásManolo ParedesEditors

Information Technologyand SystemsProceedings of ICITS 2019

123

EditorsÁlvaro RochaDEI/FCTUniversidade de CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal

Carlos FerrásFacultad de GeografíaUniversidad de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago Compostela, La Coruña, Spain

Manolo ParedesDepartamento de Eléctrica, Electrónica yTelecomunicacionesUniversidad de las Fuerzas Armadas“ESPE”Sangolqui, Ecuador

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)Advances in Intelligent Systems and ComputingISBN 978-3-030-11889-1 ISBN 978-3-030-11890-7 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11890-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018967946

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019, corrected publication 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein orfor any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard tojurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AGThe registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

This book is composed by the papers written in English and accepted for presen-tation and discussion at The 2019 International Conference on InformationTechnology & Systems (ICITS’19). This conference had the support of theUniversity of Armed Forces (Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas “ESPE”), IEEESystems, Man, and Cybernetics Society, and AISTI (Iberian Association forInformation Systems and Technologies). It took place at Sangolquí, Quito, Ecuador,February 6–8, 2019.

The 2019 International Conference on Information Technology & Systems(ICITS’19) is an international forum for researchers and practitioners to present anddiscuss the most recent innovations, trends, results, experiences, and concerns in theseveral perspectives of information technology and systems.

The Program Committee of ICITS’19 was composed of a multidisciplinarygroup of 152 experts and those who are intimately concerned with informationsystems and technologies. They have had the responsibility for evaluating, in a‘double-blind review’ process, the papers received for each of the main themesproposed for the conference: (A) Information and Knowledge Management;(B) Organizational Models and Information Systems; (C) Software and SystemsModeling; (D) Software Systems, Architectures, Applications and Tools;(E) Multimedia Systems and Applications; (F) Computer Networks, Mobility, andPervasive Systems; (G) Intelligent and Decision Support Systems; (H) Big DataAnalytics and Applications; (I) Human–Computer Interaction; (J) Ethics,Computers and Security; (K) Health Informatics; (L) Information Technologies inEducation; (M) Cybersecurity and Cyber-defense; (N) Electromagnetics, Sensorsand Antennas for Security.

ICITS’19 also included several workshop sessions taking place in parallel withthe conference ones. They were sessions of the WMETACOM 2019 – 2ndWorkshop on Media, Applied Technology and Communication.

ICITS’19 received about 300 contributions from 31 countries around the world.The papers accepted for presentation and discussion at the conference are publishedby Springer (this book) and by AISTI, and will be submitted for indexing by ISI,EI-Compendex, SCOPUS, DBLP and/or Google Scholar, among others.

v

We acknowledge all of those that contributed to the staging of ICITS’19(authors, committees, workshop organizers and sponsors). We deeply appreciatetheir involvement and support that was crucial for the success of ICITS’19.

February 2019 Álvaro RochaCarlos Ferrás

Manolo Paredes

vi Preface

Organization

Conference

Honorary Chair

Álvaro Rocha University of Coimbra, Portugal

Scientific Committee Chair

Carlos Ferrás Sexto University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Local Organizing Chair

Manolo Paredes Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas “ESPE”,Ecuador

Local Organizing Committee

Hugo Perez Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas “ESPE”,Ecuador

Patricio Reyes Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas “ESPE”,Ecuador

Gonzalo Olmedo Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas “ESPE”,Ecuador

vii

Scientific Committee

Abdulmotaleb El Saddik University of Ottawa, CanadaAlexandra González Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, EcuadorAlexandru Vulpe University Politehnica of Bucharest, RomaniaAmal Al Ali University of Sharjah, United Arab EmiratesAna V. Guamán Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas “ESPE”,

EcuadorAndré da Silva IFSP and NIED/UNICAMP, BrazilAndré Marcos Silva University Adventist of São Paulo, BrazilAndré Kawamoto Federal University of Technology, BrazilAngeles Quezada Universidad Autonoma de Baja California,

MexicoAnia Cravero University de La Frontera, ChileAnkur Bist KIET Ghaziabad, IndiaAntónio Augusto Gonçalves Universidade Estacio de Sá, BrazilAntonio Raffo University of Calabria, ItalyAnushia Inthiran University of Canterbury, New ZealandAri Mariano Universidade de Brasília, BrazilBenardine Onah University of Nigeria, NigeriaBorja Bordel Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, SpainCarlos Cares Universidad de La Frontera, ChileCarlos Carreto Polytechnic of Guarda, PortugalCarlos Grilo Polytechnic of Leiria, PortugalCarlos Hernan Fajardo Toro Universidad EAN, ColombiaDalila Durães Technical University of Madrid, SpainDália Filipa Liberato ESHT/IPP, PortugalDaniela Benalcázar Universidad Técnica de Ambato, EcuadorDante Carrizo Universidad de Atacama, ChileDiego Marcillo Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas “ESPE”,

EcuadorDiego Ordóñez-Camacho Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, EcuadorEddie Galarza Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas “ESPE”,

EcuadorEdgar Serna Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana,

ColombiaEdison Loza-Aguirre Escuela Politécnica Nacional, EcuadorEfraín R. Fonseca C. Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas “ESPE”,

EcuadorEgils Ginters Riga Technical University, LatviaEnrique Carrera Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas “ESPE”,

EcuadorEwaryst Tkacz Silesian University of Technology, PolandFabio Gomes Rocha Tiradentes University, Brazil

viii Organization

Felix Blazquez Lozano University of A Coruña, SpainFilipa Ferraz University of Minho, PortugalFilipe Sá Câmara Municipal de Penacova, PortugalFelipe Machorro-Ramos Universidad de las Américas Puebla, MexicoFrancesc Gine University of Lleida, SpainFrancisco Valverde Universidad Central del Ecuador, EcuadorFranklim Silva Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas “ESPE”,

EcuadorFrederico Branco Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro,

PortugalGabriel Elías Chanchí

GolondrinoInstitución Universitaria Colegio Mayor del

Cauca, ColombiaGabriel Pestana Universidade Europeia, PortugalGeorge Suciu BEIA, RomaniaGladys Alicia Tenesaca Luna Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, EcuadorHector Florez Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas,

ColombiaHenrique Lopes Cardoso University of Porto, PortugalIldeberto Rodello University of São Paulo, BrazilIsabel Pedrosa Coimbra Business School - ISCAC, PortugalJan Kubicek Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer

Science VŠB-TUO, Czech RepublicJavier Criado University of Almería, SpainJoão Paulo Pereira Polytechnic of Bragança, PortugalJoão Vidal de Carvalho ISCAP/IPP, PortugalJorge Buele Universidad Técnica de Ambato, EcuadorJorge Herrera-Tapia Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí,

EcuadorJorge Luis Pérez Universidad de Las Américas, EcuadorJose Aguilar Universidad de Los Andes, VenezuelaJosé Álvarez-García University of Extremadura, SpainJosé Araújo SAP, PortugalJosé Luís Silva ISCTE-IUL and Madeira-ITI, PortugalJuan Jesus Ojeda University of Almeria, SpainJuan M. Ferreira Senate, ParaguayJúlio Menezes Jr. Federal University of Pernambuco, BrazilJussi Okkonen University of Tampere, FinlandJustyna Trojanowska Poznan University of Technology, PolandKorhan Gunel Adnan Menderes University, TurkeyLeandro Flórez Aristizábal Antonio Jose Camacho University Institute,

ColombiaLeonardo Botega UNIVEM, BrazilLorena Siguenza-Guzman Universidad de Cuenca, EcuadorMafalda Teles Roxo INESC TEC, PortugalManuel Au-Yong-Oliveira University of Aveiro, Portugal

Organization ix

Manuel Monteiro Hospital Particular São Lucas, PortugalMarciele Berger University of Minho, PortugalMarco Quintana UIDE, EcuadorMaria Amelia Eliseo Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, BrazilMaría de la Cruz del

Río-RamaUniversity of Vigo, Spain

Maria de las MercedesCanavesio

UTN - Facultad Regional Santa Fe, Argentina

María Dolores SánchezFernández

University of Coruña, Spain

Maria José Sousa University of Coimbra, PortugalMaria Koziri University of Thessaly, GreeceMaría Teresa García-Álvarez University of A Coruna, SpainMarisela Giraldo de Lopez Universidad Técnica del Norte, EcuadorMaristela Holanda University of Brasilia, BrazilMohamed Abouzeid Innovations for High Performance

Microelectronics IHP, GermanyMonica Leba University of Petrosani, RomaniaNadjet Kamel University Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, AlgeriaNelson Piedra Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, EcuadorNelson Rocha University of Aveiro, PortugalNikolai Prokopyev Russian Academy of Sciences, RussiaNikolaos Giannakeas Technology Educational Institute of Epirus,

GreeceNiranjan S. K. JSS Science and Technology University, IndiaNomusa Dlodlo Namibia University of Science and Technology,

South AfricaOlmer Garcia Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano,

ColombiaPatricia Acosta Universidad de Las Américas, EcuadorPablo Alejandro Quezada

SarmientoUniversidad Internacional del Ecuador, Ecuador

Patricia Alexandra QuirozPalma

Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain

Patricia Henriquez-Coronel ULEAM, EcuadorPaulus Isap Santosa Gadjah Mada University, IndonesiaPedro Fernandes de Oliveira

GomesState University of Maringá, Brazil

Pedro Liberato ESHT/IPP, PortugalPiotr Kulczycki Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy

of Sciences, PolandRamayah T. Universiti Sains Malaysia, MalaysiaRamon Alcarria Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, SpainRoberto Santana University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU),

Spain

x Organization

Robson Lemos Federal University of Santa Catarina, BrazilRamiro Delgado Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas “ESPE”,

EcuadorPrabhat Mahanti University of New Brunswick, CanadaSaide Information System (PRO-Knowledge Group),

IndonesiaSamanta Patricia Cueva

CarriónUniversidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador

Sampsa Rauti University of Turku, FinlandSanaz Kavianpour University of Technology, MalaysiaSandra Costanzo University of Calabria, ItalySantoso Wibowo CQUniversity, AustraliaSaulo Barbará Oliveira Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro,

BrazilSergio Luján-Mora University of Alicante, SpainSylvie Ratté École de Technologie Supérieure, CanadaTeresa Guarda State University of Santa Elena Peninsula,

EcuadorThanasis Loukopoulos University of Thessaly, GreeceTheofilos Toulkeridis Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas “ESPE”,

EcuadorValeria Farinazzo Martins Presbyterian University Mackenzie, BrazilVania Ribas Ulbricht Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, BrazilVictor Georgiev Russian Academy of Sciences, RussiaVillie Morocho Universidad de Cuenca, EcuadorVitor Santos Universidade Nova de Lisboa, PortugalVille Leppänen University of Turku, FinlandVladislav Gorbunov Russian Academy of Sciences, RussiaWilmar Hernandez Universidad de Las Americas, EcuadorWilmar Yesid Campo Muñoz Universidad del Quindío, ColombiaWillian Zamora Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain

Organization xi

Contents

Information and Knowledge Management

Management of Natural Disasters Based on Twitter Analytics.2017 Mexico Earthquake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Patricia Henríquez-Coronel, Julio García García, and Jorge Herrera-Tapia

E-Government and the Quality of Information in Web Portalsof the GADM of Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Patricia Henríquez-Coronel, Jennifer Bravo-Loor, Enrique Díaz-Barrera,and Yosselin Vélez-Romero

The Contribution of Knowledge Engineering in Supply Chain:A Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Fatima Ezzahra Ettahiri and Mina Elmaallam

The Destination Choice by Generation Z Influencedby the Technology: Porto Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Pedro Liberato, Cátia Aires, Dália Liberato, and Álvaro Rocha

A Data Mining Approach for Predicting Academic Success –A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Maria P. G. Martins, Vera L. Miguéis, D. S. B. Fonseca, and Albano Alves

Data Analytics on Real-Time Air Pollution Monitoring SystemDerived from a Wireless Sensor Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Walter Fuertes, Alyssa Cadena, Jenny Torres, Diego Benítez,Freddy Tapia, and Theofilos Toulkeridis

Analyzing Scientific Corpora Using Word Embedding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Veronica Segarra-Faggioni and Audrey Romero-Pelaez

xiii

Planning the Combination of “Big Data Insights”and “Thick Descriptions” to Support the Decision-Making Process . . . . 73Diana Arce Cuesta, Marcos Borges, and Jose Orlando Gomes

A Proposal for Introducing Digitalization in a City Administration . . . . 83Pasi Hellsten and Jussi Okkonen

Agent-Oriented Engineering for Cyber-Physical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Carlos Cares, Samuel Sepúlveda, and Claudio Navarro

PSP-CI: A Tool for Collecting Developer’s Datawith Continuous Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Brian Pando and Tony Ojeda

Data Management Infrastructure from Initiativeson Photovoltaic Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113E. Jiménez-Delgado, C. Meza, A. Méndez-Porras,and J. Alfaro-Velasco

Fuzzy Knowledge Discovery and Decision-Making ThroughClustering and Dynamic Tables: Application in Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . 122Yamid Fabián Hernández-Julio, Helmer Muñoz Hernández,Javier Darío Canabal Guzmán, Wilson Nieto-Bernal,Romel Ramón González Díaz, and Patrícia Ponciano Ferraz

Organizational Models and Information Systems

A Guide for Cascading and Scaling up Green IT GovernanceIndicators Through Balanced Scorecards: The Caseof Datacenter Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Carlos Juiz, Beatriz Gómez, Belén Bermejo, Diego Cordero,and Andrea Mory

Conceptual Model for Software as a Service (SaaS)Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems Adoptionin Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Usingthe Technology-Organization-Environment (T-O-E) Framework . . . . . . 143Jose Valdebenito and Aldo Quelopana

Sharing Device Resources in Heterogeneous CPS Using UniqueIdentifiers with Multi-site Systems Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Diego Sánchez-de-Rivera, Borja Bordel, Álvaro Sánchez-Picot,Diego Martín, Ramón Alcarria, and Tomás Robles

Digitalization Changing Work: Employees’ Viewon the Benefits and Hindrances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Jussi Okkonen, Vilma Vuori, and Miikka Palvalin

xiv Contents

Autonomous Cycles of Collaborative Processes for IntegrationBased on Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Cindy-Pamela Lopez, Marco Santórum, and Jose Aguilar

Customer Experience Analytics in Insurance: Trajectory,Service Interaction and Contextual Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Gilles Beaudon and Eddie Soulier

ITSIM: Methodology for Improving It Services. Case StudyCNEL EP-Manabi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Patricia Quiroz-Palma, Angela Suárez-Alarcón, Alex Santamaría-Philco,Willian Zamora, Viviana Garcia, and Elsa Vera-Burgos

Automation of the Barter Exchange Management in EcuadorApplying Google V3 API for Geolocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210José Antonio Quiña-Mera, Efrain Rumiñahui Saransig-Perugachi,Diego Javier Trejo-España, Miguel Edmundo Naranjo-Toro,and Cathy Pamela Guevara-Vega

Using Model-Based Testing to Reduce Test Automation TechnicalDebt: An Industrial Experience Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220Thomas Huertas, Christian Quesada-López, and Alexandra Martínez

A Software Platform for Processes-Based Cost Analysisin the Assembly Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Erik Sigcha, Eliezer Colina-Morles, Villie Morocho,and Lorena Siguenza-Guzman

Cloud-Oriented Packaging and Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242Claudio Navarro and Carlos Cares

Software and Systems Modeling

IoTV: Merging DTV and MDE Technologieson the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Darwin Alulema, Javier Criado, and Luis Iribarne

Usability Quality Aspects Embedded in the Business Model . . . . . . . . . 265Juan Carlos Moreno, Marcelo Martín Marciszack,and Mario Alberto Groppo

Self-configuring Intelligent Water Drops Algorithm for SoftwareProject Scheduling Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274Broderick Crawford, Ricardo Soto, Gino Astorga, José Lemus,and Agustín Salas-Fernández

Multivariate Discrimination Model for TNT and GunpowderUsing an Electronic Nose Prototype: A Proof of Concept . . . . . . . . . . . 284Ana V. Guaman, Patricio Lopez, and Julio Torres-Tello

Contents xv

Evaluating Model-Based Testing in an Industrial Project:An Experience Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294Rebeca Obando Vásquez, Christian Quesada-López,and Alexandra Martínez

Software Systems, Architectures, Applications and Tools

Classification of Software Defects Triggers: A Case Study of SchoolResource Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307Nico Hillah

Functional Requirement Management Automation and the Impacton Software Projects: Case Study in Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Cathy Pamela Guevara-Vega, Eric Daniel Guzmán-Chamorro,Vicente Alexander Guevara-Vega, Andrea Verenice Basantes Andrade,and José Antonio Quiña-Mera

RGAM: An Architecture-Based Approach to Self-management . . . . . . . 325Daniela Micucci, Marco Mobilio, and Francesco Tisato

Energy Consumption for Anti-virus Applications in Android OS . . . . . 335Elsa Vera-Burgos, Willian Zamora, Homero Mendoza-Rodriguez,Alex Santamaría-Philco, Denise Vera-Navarrete,and Patricia Quiroz-Palma

Spatial Data Infrastructure as the Core for Activating Early AlertsUsing EWBS and Interactive Applications in DigitalTerrestrial Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346Villie Morocho, Rosario Achig, Fabian Santander,and Sebastian Bautista

Performance Evaluation of Apache Zookeeper Servicesin Distributed Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356Renato Toasa, Clay Aldas, Pablo Recalde, and Rosario Coral

Framework for Supporting JavaScript-Based Mobile Agents . . . . . . . . . 365Carlos A. Silva, Carlos Grilo, Jorge Veloz, and Nuno Costa

How Edge Computing Transforms the Securityof Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376Cesar de la Torre, Marco de la Torre, Juan Carlos Polo,and Fernando Galárraga

Sketching by Cross-Surface Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386Jorge Luis Pérez-Medina and Jean Vanderdonckt

xvi Contents

Efficiency Analysis Between Free and Paid Hardware and Softwarein a Pneumatic Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398Pamela Espejo, Vicente Hallo, Andrés Gordón, Nancy Velasco,Darío Mendoza, Verónica Gallo, and Fernando Saá

Cyber-Physical Systems for Environment and People Monitoringin Large Facilities: A Study Case in Public Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406Borja Bordel, Ramón Alcarria, Álvaro Sánchez-Picot,and Diego Sánchez-de-Rivera

T Wave Alternans Analysis in ECG Signal:A Survey of the Principal Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417Nancy Betancourt, Carlos Almeida, and Marco Flores-Calero

Smart University: A Review from the Educational and TechnologicalView of Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427Dewar Rico-Bautista, Yurley Medina-Cárdenas, and Cesar D. Guerrero

Accessibility and Gamification Applied to Cognitive Trainingand Memory Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441Ana Carol Pontes de Franca, Arcângelo dos Santos Safanelli,Léia Mayer Eyng, Rodrigo Diego Oliveira, Vânia Ribas Ulbricht,and Villma Villarouco

Detection and Segmentation of Ecuadorian Deforested TropicalAreas Based on Color Mean and Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Henry Cruz, Juan Meneses, Wilbert Aguilar,and Gustavo Andrade-Miranda

Multimedia Systems and Applications

Novel Artist Identification Approach Through Digital Image AnalysisUsing Machine Learning and Merged Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465Peter Stanchev and Michael Kolinski

On Improving the QoS of Video Applicationswith H.264 over WPANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472Luis Cobo, Carlos-Hernan Fajardo-Toro, and Alejandro Quintero

Computer Networks, Mobility and Pervasive Systems

At a Glance: Indoor Positioning Systems Technologiesand Their Applications Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483Jaime Mier, Angel Jaramillo-Alcázar, and José Julio Freire

An Industry 4.0 Solution for the Detection of Dangerous Situationsin Civil Work Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494Borja Bordel, Ramón Alcarria, Tomás Robles, and David González

Contents xvii

Intelligent and Decision Support Systems

A Fuzzy-Based Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)in Smart Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507Andrés A. Zúñiga, João F. P. Fernandes, and P. J. Costa Branco

A Sales Route Optimization Mobile Application Applying a GeneticAlgorithm and the Google Maps Navigation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517Cristian Zambrano-Vega, Génesis Acosta, Jasmin Loor, Byron Suárez,Carla Jaramillo, and Byron Oviedo

Contextual Analysis of Comments in B2C Facebook Fan PagesBased on the Levenshtein Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528Danny Jácome, Freddy Tapia, Jorge Edison Lascano, and Walter Fuertes

Stock Market Data Prediction Using Machine Learning Techniques . . . 539Edgar P. Torres P., Myriam Hernández-Álvarez,Edgar A. Torres Hernández, and Sang Guun Yoo

A Comparison of Machine Learning Methods Applicableto Healthcare Claims Fraud Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548Nnaemeka Obodoekwe and Dustin Terence van der Haar

Predicting Death and Morbidity in Perforated Peptic Ulcer . . . . . . . . . . 558Hugo Peixoto, Lara Correia e Silva, Soraia Pereira, Tiago Jesus,Vítor Lopes, António Abelha, and José Machado

Predicting the Length of Hospital Stay After Surgeryfor Perforated Peptic Ulcer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569José Machado, Ana Catarina Cardoso, Inês Gomes, Inês Silva,Vítor Lopes, Hugo Peixoto, and António Abelha

Big Data Analytics and Applications

Benefits of Applying Big-Data Toolsfor Log-Centralisation in SMEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583Vitor da Silva, Francesc Giné, Magda Valls, David Tapia, and Marta Sarret

Big Data and Advanced Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594Arshiya Begum, Farheen Fatima, and Rabia Haneef

Performance Data Analysis for Parallel ProcessingUsing Bigdata Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602Iván Ortiz-Garcés, Nicolás Yánez, and W. Villegas-Ch

Cognitive Security for Incident Management Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612Roberto Andrade, Jenny Torres, and Susana Cadena

xviii Contents

Human-Computer Interaction

Gesture Elicitation and Usability Testing for an Armband Interactingwith Netflix and Spotify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625Robin Guérit, Alessandro Cierro, Jean Vanderdonckt,and Jorge Luis Pérez-Medina

Accessibility Evaluation of Mobile Applicationsfor Monitoring Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638Patricia Acosta-Vargas, Rasa Zalakeviciute, Sergio Luján-Mora,and Wilmar Hernandez

Designing Usable Bioinformatics Tools for Specialized Users . . . . . . . . . 649Chanaka Mannapperuma, Nathaniel Street, and John Waterworth

A Serious Game to Learn Basic English for Peoplewith Hearing Impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671María José Fernández, Angel Jaramillo-Alcázar, Marco Galarza-Castillo,and Sergio Luján-Mora

Ethics, Computers and Security

The Art of Phishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683Teresa Guarda, Maria Fernanda Augusto, and Isabel Lopes

Health Informatics

Comparison of Atrial Fibrillation Detection PerformanceUsing Decision Trees, SVM and Artificial Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . 693Szymon Sieciński, Paweł S. Kostka, and Ewaryst J. Tkacz

Visualizing the Daily Physical Activities and Nutrition Informationof High School Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702Rahul Patel and Chris Scaffidi

Unwanted RBAC Functions Over Health Information System (HIS) . . . 712Marcelo Antonio de Carvalho Junior and Paulo Bandiera-Paiva

Applications to Help Local Authorities to SupportCommunity-Dwelling Older Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720Ana Isabel Martins, Hilma Caravau, Ana Filipa Rosa, Alexandra Queirós,and Nelson Pacheco Rocha

A Critical Analysis of Requirements and Recommendationsfor Multi-modal Access Control in Hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730Mapula Elisa Maeko and Dustin van der Haar

Analysis of Medical Documents with Text Miningand Association Rule Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744Ruth Reátegui and Sylvie Ratté

Contents xix

Customized Walk Paths for the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754João Amaral, Mário Rodrigues, Luis Jorge Gonçalves,and Cláudio Teixeira

Standardizing a Shoe Insole Based on ISO/IEEE 11073 PersonalHealth Device (X73-PHD) Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764Hawazin Badawi, Fedwa Laamarti, Faisal Arafsha,and Abdulmotaleb El Saddik

Information Technologies in Education

Analysis of Relevant Factors to Measure the Impact of Investmentin e-learning Ecosystems in Public Universities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781Doris Meza-Bolaños, Patricia Compañ Rosique,and Rosana Satorre Cuerda

On-Ramps to Learning: The Progression of Learners Through Topicsin the Online LabVIEW Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791Christopher Scaffidi

Learning Objects Evaluation from User’s Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802María de los Ángeles Alonso, Verónica Martínez, Iliana Castillo,and Yira Muñoz

ICT Integration in the Teaching/Learning Process of Natural Sciencesfor Seventh Grade Elementary Students’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814Fanny Román, Ramiro Delgado, Christian Ubilluz, and Cesar Bedón

An Investigation and Presentation of a Model for Factors Influencingthe Agility of Human Resources a Case Study of Yazd ElectricityDistribution Company to Springer Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823Hamed Alvansaz, Maryam Hakakian, Mohammadfarid Alvansazyazdi,Nelson Esteban Salgado Reyes, and Alejandro Miguel Camino Solórzano

Higher Education Challenge Characterization to ImplementAutomated Essay Scoring Model for Universities with a CurrentTraditional Learning Evaluation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835José Carlos Machicao

Cybersecurity and Cyber-Defense

Cybersecurity Baseline, An Exploration, Which Permits to DelineateNational Cybersecurity Strategy in Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847Mario Ron, Oswaldo Rivera, Walter Fuertes, Theofilos Toulkeridis,and Javier Díaz

Advancement in Cybercrime Investigation – The New European LegalInstruments for Collecting Cross-border E-evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858Borka Jerman Blažič and Tomaž Klobučar

xx Contents

Electromagnetics, Sensors and Antennas for Security

An Overview of RFID Benefits and Limitations: Hardware Solutionfor Multipath Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871Francesca Venneri and Sandra Costanzo

Media, Applied Technology and Communication

Minors and Artificial Intelligence – Implications to Media Literacy . . . 881Jussi Okkonen and Sirkku Kotilainen

Media Competence Inequality in Regular and Flexible/DistanceEducation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891Catalina Gonzalez-Cabrera, Cecilia Ugalde, and Lorena Piedra

An Information System to Manage OrganizationalInternal Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901Lito García-Abad, Pablo Vázquez-Sande, and Ana Montoya Reyes

The Ex Ante Test as a Sign of the Evolution of the EuropeanCommission Decision Making in the Field of Public Service Media . . . . 909Marta Rodríguez-Castro and Francisco Campos-Freire

TV Archives: Checklist of Indicators of Participationin the Digital Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919Sara Martínez Cardama and Mercedes Caridad Sebastián

Concepts and Models of Analysis of Interactive and TransmediaNarratives: A Batman’s Universe Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929Jorge Ignacio Mora-Fernández

Transformation of Andean Cinema in Latin America:Identity and Prostdrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944Miguel Ángel Orosa, Santiago F. Romero-Espinosa,and Jose A. Fernández-Holgado

Five Ethical Challenges of Immersive Journalism: A Proposal of GoodPractices’ Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954Sara Pérez-Seijo and Xosé López-García

Multidimensional and Multidirectional Journalistic Narrative:From Tumbled Pyramid to Circular Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965Ana Gabriela Frazão Nogueira and Miguel Túñez-López

Correction to: Accessibility and Gamification Appliedto Cognitive Training and Memory Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C1Ana Carol Pontes de Franca, Arcângelo dos Santos Safanelli,Léia Mayer Eyng, Rodrigo Diego Oliveira, Vânia Ribas Ulbricht,and Villma Villarouco

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975

Contents xxi

Information and KnowledgeManagement

Management of Natural Disasters Basedon Twitter Analytics. 2017 Mexico Earthquake

Patricia Henríquez-Coronel(&), Julio García García(&),and Jorge Herrera-Tapia(&)

Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, Manta, Ecuador{patricia.henriquez,julio.garcia}@uleam.edu.ec,

jorge.herrera@live.uleam.edu.ec

Abstract. Emergency situations generate a high requirement for information,and on the other hand diminish its availability. In the last decade, intellectualsand government authorities have assessed the potential of information circu-lating through social networks, mainly the one originated from natural disasters.Because of its direct and fast way of communication, and because of the reach ofits network, Twitter® is the most used social platform for crisis management.Twitter analytics is a rising area of study. The goal of this research is to analyzethe time and content scopes of a significant dataset of tweets in the first 72 h ofthe 2017 Mexico earthquake around three official profiles. The methodologyused is based on text mining techniques; the tweets have been classified into fivecategories based on the purpose, responses and behavior of both the authoritiesand the public. The results indicate that the messages about actions, information,and opinion categories predominated over emotions, and technology.

Keywords: Twitter analytics � Crisis management � Social networks �Natural disasters

1 Introduction

The use of social networks, both by governmental and non-governmental institutions inorder to address the different phases of emergencies or extreme events, has grown overthe past decade [1–5]. Time is critical in emergency care; therefore, Twitter’spromptness and reach are the two attributes that make it the most used social networkin disaster situations [3]. In times of emergency the number of tweets sent by citizensincreases [6, 7] and the agencies involved in disaster relief, whether governmental ornot, use Twitter to provide the public with critical information regarding evacuationsand other actions aimed at mitigating the effects of the disaster.

Twitter Analytics is an area of study of growing interest; Twitter is being studied asan effective means for the management of natural disasters such as fires [8, 9],earthquakes [1, 10–12], Tsunamis [13–15], or events of public outrage like terrorattacks.

Twitter has been used for early warnings [14, 16], for aiding during the impact ofthe emergency [10] and in the aftermath of the disaster [17, 18]. For Haworth andBruce [19], and Klonner et al. [20], this social network is mainly used at the time of the

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019Á. Rocha et al. (Eds.): ICITS 2019, AISC 918, pp. 3–12, 2019.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11890-7_1

emergency. Wang and Ye [21] point out that the preferential use of Twitter during thetime of the emergency responds to an increase in the amount of user interaction at thatmoment and to it being less disaggregated than in the previous and subsequentmoments.

Four dimensions of twitter provide sensitive information for the management ofnatural disasters: Space (GPS coordinates and city name), Time, Network (re-tweets),and Content (text or images that it contains). Recently, Wang and Ye suggested theneed to analyze several dimensions simultaneously in order to provide more usefulinformation. This research studies the aspects of; time, network, and content, of thetweets that circulated around the official profiles of two public agencies with compe-tence in emergency management and an NGO during the 2017 earthquake in Mexico.

1.1 Twitter Content Information as a Management Tool

About the participation of citizens, the authors of [15], say that citizens expect gov-ernments to appropriately manage emergencies, provide the necessary information, anduse social networks. The authors of [22] point to three areas in which social networksare useful for emergencies in local communities: providing information, transmittinginformation, and responding to emotions. Social networks, and especially Twitter, canplay an essential role in all cases.

Texts circulating on Twitter after a natural disaster are potentially a source of data,that mining techniques can turn into critical information of great value within thedisaster recovery tasks, undertaken by government agencies and NGOs.

Different studies have analyzed Twitter data in order to improve earthquakemanagement. Morales et al. analyzed twitter content during the Iquique earthquake inChile to “describe the functions fulfilled by the messages sent by users of the Twittermicroblogging service, during the month immediately after the natural phenomenonoccurred” (p. 343). The method was a qualitative data analysis around five categoriesthat they established. The authors concluded that users employed Twitter as a platformto express their opinion, to call for social action, and to express their emotions.

In [6] the authors examined the use of the Chinese Twitter “Weibo” during anemergency in 2013, and compared user-generated content with previous findingsrelated to a weather event in North America. A total of 799 tweets were collected. Outof those tweets, 283 were retweets. Two undergraduate coding students were trained inthe coding scheme of the content attributes of each tweet, and both the type of contentpresent in the tweet (information about the storm, expressions of affection, spam,humor or insult) and the characteristics of the profile that sent it were identified. Theresults indicate that, by comparison, the Weibo sample contained proportionally similardegrees of informative and useful content, but that users were less likely to use humorand did not show an increase in emotional response during the crisis.

Qu et al. also studied the popular Weibo, in order to investigate how Chinesecitizens used it in response to a major natural disaster: the 2010 Yushu earthquake.They combined multiple methods of analysis in this case study, including analysis ofthe message content, analysis of trends from different topics, and an analysis on thediffusion process of the messages. This work complements the existing ones with an

4 P. Henríquez-Coronel et al.

exploration of a non-Western sociocultural system: use of microblogging services byChinese users in response to an earthquake.

Sakaki et al. [1] investigated the interaction of Twitter users in real time in eventssuch as earthquakes and proposed an algorithm that classifies tweets based on char-acteristics such as keywords, word count, and their context. Subsequently, they pro-duced a probabilistic space/time model that can find the center and trajectory of theevent location. They consider each Twitter user as a sensor and apply Kalman filteringand particle filtering, which are widely used in computer science to estimate a location.Finally, they built an earthquake report system in Japan that can detect when anearthquake is happening with a high probability (96% of earthquakes from the JapanMeteorological Agency, JMA) only by monitoring tweets. The system then sends analert email to registered users.

1.2 Twitter Temporal Information

Time is critical in the management of a natural disaster. Citizens and authorities canmake safer decisions during emergencies based on real-time information available onsocial networks.

Regarding the recovery from the disaster, a quick response can lessen the effectscaused by it. Regarding the public, timely information can set an adequate perceptionand a sense of trust from citizens about the fact that the official organisms are ade-quately addressing the emergency. Less than an hour is an acceptable time for the firstpronouncement on the crisis to be made by organizations, according to Zoeteman.

According to Wang et al. [9], the use of the time field in a tweet has been analyzedto find: (a) Evolution of the event in time intervals, usually every hour (b) Cyclicalvariations, and (c) Causes of variation.

Gurban et al. studied the time variable in a set of 2616 tweets from six officialorganizations with disaster competence, in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake inHaiti. The results of the study indicate that the way in which the six organizations usedTwitter changed constantly over time. Chi-square analyzes showed how organizationsdecreased the use of certain strategies to disseminate information through Twitter, suchas the use of links; and on the other hand, kept the use of techniques that seek userinvolvement, such as retweets and calls to action.

Qu et al. Found that Weibo messages reach their peak immediately after theearthquake and then gradually decrease. Mendoza et al. analyzed the variations ofTwitter activity during the four days after the 2010 Chile Earthquake. If the temporalanalysis was performed around four days, it was observed that the highest volume oftweets happened on the last day, because that’s when the communications wererestored in most of the country. Later, an hour-by-hour analysis was made for each day,and found for example two peaks on the first day and multiple interruptions due to thefailures of the Internet service.

Management of Natural Disasters Based on Twitter Analytics 5

2 Methodology

This research analyzes the use of Twitter for emergency management purposes duringthe Mexico earthquake, specifically in the initial phase of the seismic activity [23],where the highest concentration of tweets is available. The earthquake had a magnitudeof 7.1 Mw, it happened in the State of Puebla in Mexico, on September 19, 2017, at1:14 p.m. local time (UTC-5)1.

The analysis of the use of Twitter in natural disasters can be done using informationcirculating around hashtags [24], centered on official profiles, or with a combination ofthe two [2]. In the case of the earthquake in Mexico, both criteria were used, the#Terremoto hashtag and the data surrounding three official profiles. Two profiles matchto organizations with competence in emergency management in Mexico City:@gobMX and @UCS_CDMX, while the third one answers to the NGO Cruz Roja@CruzRoja_CDMX.

Raw data was provided by Twitter®, a total of 153,215 tweets, retrieved between09/19/2017 at 1:00 p.m. and 9/21/2017 at 12:59 p.m. The automated analysis of thedata was processed with data mining tools such as Excel and RapidMiner. The pro-cessing of the data had several phases: (a) preparation of the data by deleting specialcharacters except (@ and #), (b) deleting url’s, (c) replacing accent-mark vowels, and(d) removing words that do not add meaning.

Content analysis was computed with the classic method of codebook advised by thetheory of Glaser and Strauss. Specifically, it started with the list of codes proposed byMorales et al. (2018) for the analysis of the tweets of the Iquique earthquake in Chile.This list classifies the contents into five groups: Opinion, Information, Emotion,Actions, and Technology. The list suggested by the authors was adapted to the data setof the Mexico earthquake.

Ten coders (trained students) performed manual coding, and double verificationwas performed, before the massive analysis of the data, 68 tweets were randomlyselected and coded by each person, then the assigned codes were compared, and thecriteria of the coders refined. Finally, the manual coding of the 153,215 tweets wasundertaken. This manual coding has also served for the training of a model based ondeep learning.

The research questions were: What are the uses authorities and citizens make ofTwitter during the first three days after the Mexico earthquake in the analyzed data set?And how do citizens’ responses change over time?

3 Results

In this section, we analyze the role played by the tweets that circulated in the first threedays following the earthquake around the official profiles of the three accounts ofselected organizations: @gobMX, @UCS_CDMX, and @CruzRoja_CDMX.

1 Excelsior news paper, 09/19/2017

6 P. Henríquez-Coronel et al.

Day 1Table 1 shows that Day 1 concentrated the highest amount of tweets and retweetsgenerated during the crisis, with approximately 62%; considering it, we can assure thatcommunication channels were functioning despite the strong earthquake.

An approach to the types of content that was shared during the three days after theearthquake was made based on the five previously established categories: Opinion,Information, Emotion, Actions, and Technology.

Figure 1 shows the total of tweets/retweets generated in each category during thefirst 24 h after the event.

As shown in the above figure, in the initial moments of the emergency, authoritiesused their official Twitter profiles to suggest citizens with the immediate actions to betaken in order to avoid further damage. Messages such as: keep calm, do not use alandline to communicate, and evict the risk areas were the most frequent. Regardingcitizens, messages such as the request for resources and help, the search for people,suggestions for measures such as keep calm, are the most frequent.

Table 1. Tweets and retweets generated.

Day Date and time Original tweets Total retweets Total tweets

1 19 Sept. 13H00 to 20 Sept. 12H59 6,620 87,647 94,2672 20 Sept. 13H00 to 21 Sept. 12H59 5,525 30,892 36,4173 21 Sept. 13H00 to 22 Sept. 12H59 4,375 18,156 22,531

Total! 16,520 136,695 153,215

Fig. 1. Total tweets by content type - Day 1

Management of Natural Disasters Based on Twitter Analytics 7

Figure 2 shows the details of these actions.

An hourly analysis of the types of content tweeted during the first 24 h after theearthquake, reveals that tweets related to actions began an escalation on the 13th hourand reached their peak at the 21st hour. A similar pattern is shown on tweets related toinformation, which started their ascent at the 15th hour and reached their peak at the17th hour, see the Fig. 3.

Day 2On the second day, as shown in Table 1, the amount of related tweets/retweets droppedsubstantially. The total of tweets/retweets on this day represents 23.8% of the total oftweets analyzed. The type of content of the tweets generated during that day is shownin Fig. 4, organized in the five categories previously named.

Fig. 2. Actions from a manually coded sample - Day 1

Fig. 3. Total tweets by hour and content type - Day 1

8 P. Henríquez-Coronel et al.

The pattern of Day 1 is repeated, as tweets with content related to the actions had amore significant presence in the data set, followed by the opinion and informationcategories whose statistical difference is minimal.

The results of the manual coding carried out give us a closer look of the actions thatprevailed on that second day after the earthquake, as shown in Fig. 5. This figure showsthat on the second day Action Suggestions topped the list of the most retweeted contentin relation to the Actions category; however, and unlike on day one, Search for peopleis in second place, followed by the Requests for help that on this day falls to the thirdplace.

Regarding the type of content of the tweets on Day 2, the Opinion categoryoccupied the second position. This category includes general opinions; comments onthe actions of the authorities, the people, and the media; as well as acknowledgmentsand comments about the operation of essential services.

To complete the analysis of Day 2, an hourly view shows how the tweets related tothe Actions category continue to drop from the previous day, reaching its minimum

Fig. 4. Total tweets by content type - Day 2

Fig. 5. Actions from a manually coded data set - Day 2

Management of Natural Disasters Based on Twitter Analytics 9

point at the 12th hour of the 21st day, after showing a peak at the 17th hour of day 20. Itis interesting to note that from hour 22 of day 20 to the hour 17 of day 21; all types ofcontent show almost the same trend (Fig. 6).

Day 3Following the trend of the first two days, the third day showed the lowest number oftweets/retweets, specifically 14.7% of the total number of tweets included in this study.The content type categories for this day are shown in Fig. 7.

On this day, unlike in the previous two days, tweets with content related to theOpinion are the ones taking the first place, followed by tweets linked to the Informationcategory.

General opinions hold the first place, however and unlike on day 2, the tweet loadrelated to comments on the actions of the authorities and the acknowledgments is muchhigher, going from 10% to 25% in the first case and 6% to 19% in the second. In the

Fig. 6. Total tweets by hour and content type - Day 2

Fig. 7. Total tweets by content type - Day 3

10 P. Henríquez-Coronel et al.