Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II The Implementation of Integrated Land and Ecosystem...

Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II

The Implementation of Integrated Land and Ecosystem Accounts in Europe

2 . Ecosystem accounts

MEDSTAT II

WORKSHOP – Economic environment approaches

Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007

Jean-Louis WeberEEA

[email protected]


Why accounting for ecosystems is important?

• Key policy issues– Biodiversity conservation– Sustainable use of living/ cycling resource (natural and managed

systems) and land– Adaptability to climate change

• Recent developments & research: – SEEA2003 – Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:

• “Natural Assets and Human Well-being”• “ecosystem services”: provisioning (goods), regulating, support, cultural

– IUCN / VALUE project (“Counting ecosystems as water infrastructure”…) – Ecological economics in general (ISEE…)– GEOSS– Europe's project of Ecosystem Assessment 2012– and more...


SEEA: expansion of the System of National Accounts (UN1993) in order to include more environmental aspects

Natural resources EcosystemsEconomic

assets (SNA)Non-economic

assets

Openingstocks

Openingstocks

OpeningState

SNAtransactions

and otherflows

Changes instocks

Changesin stocks

Economicactivities,

naturalprocesses,

etc.

Changesin state

Closingstocks

Closingstocks

Closingstate

Described in SNA

RM HASSAN - UN The System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (UN 2003) - RANESA Workshop June 12-16, 2005 Maputo


Accounting for Ecosystems

Land cover changes matrix Land cover x land use matrix

Land cover (initial state)

Land cover (final state)

Land cover core account

Land use x activities matrix

economic decisions

natural causes

multiple causes

Lan

d c

ov

er

Activitie

s/ secto

rs

Land cover flows due to Final

state

Land cover (final state)

Land use functions

Land use functions

Lan

d c

ov

er

(i

nit

ial

sta

te)

Lan

d c

ov

er

flo

ws

Initial state

Land use accounts and

Ecosystem accounts

Land use accounts and

Ecosystem accounts

The story so far….The story so far…. The next steps….The next steps….


CORE LAND COVER ACCOUNT

Soil

Flora & Fauna

Water system

Atmosphere/ Climate

Land use economic &

social functions

Artificiality of land

Intensityof use

LAND & ECOSYSTEM ACCOUNTS

Ecosystem services

Ecosystempotentials

Integrity, health & viability

Vulnerability

Production & Consumption

Natural Assets

Population

Infrastructures & Technologies

Land use and ecosystem accounting


Accounting for ecosystems: Conceptual Model

Distribution Patterns Neighbourhoods

S

C

A

L

E

S

Distribution Patterns Neighbourhoods

S

C

A

L

E

S

Spatial analysisSpatial analysis

DP S IRDriving forces (production, consumption)

Pressures

State of environment

Impacts of state on society, economy and ecosystems

Responses

CausationCausation

FrameworkFramework

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions


Drivers PressureDriving forces Anthropogenic Stress

Surface, length, number of wetlands; distribution by

region; change

Agriculture

Physical restructuring (Drainage of wetlands, Cultivation of marginal land, Soil sealing, Development of transport infrastructure…)

Impact on economic activity of change in wetlands condition

Protection of biotopes & species

Wetlands health (distress indicators)

Ecosystem management

Urban developmentOverharvesting/overuse (Management of dams, Seasonnal over-use of water, Hunting)

Nutrient cycling (Change in primary/secondary productivity/

Exceedance of nutrient loads/ Eutrophication)

Transport Impacts on associated habitats & species of change in wetlands condition

Agri-environmental measures

Industrial/ storage and landfilling of toxics

Introduction of plant and animal species (Intentional and non-intentional)

Species composition (Endemic, Migratory, Introduced or invasive)

Fiscal policies, subsidies

Tourism Impact on amenities and wellbeing of change in wetlands condition Land planning

Discharge of waste & residuals (Polluting emissions from river basins, Use of pesticides, Emissions to air and deposition)

(In)stability of substrate (Partitionning/connectivity, Internal

fragmentation, Accumulation of toxic substances, Instability of Water Systems)

Valuation of amenitiesSedimentation

Climatic events Droughts

Floods

Composite index: Wetlands vulnerabilitySurface of wetlands (km²), each of them weighted by the other state indicators;

breakdown by river basins, ecological and administrative regions and by type

Natural disturbance

State Impacts Responses

Causation: DPSIR within the ecosystem accounting framework: e.g. Wetlands

*


Scales: individual ecosystems v.s. geo-statistical monitoring/ accounting

WETLANDS 1990 OF N-W EUROPE EEA/ETCTE

To ta l a re a : 5 .8 0 0 sq .km

Legend

Restoration areas: 15,025 ha

Agriculture: 39,974 haFishculture: 35,967 ha

Forestry: 6,442 ha

POLDERS: 97,408 haNATURAL AREAS: 482,592 ha

TULCEA

Ukraine

(courtesy Danube Delta National Institute)


Stocks/ flows

Assets & Values

Goods & Services

System Interactions,

resilience

Framework


Ecosystem Accounting Framework

• Stocks & flows– Spatial systems:

• land cover (units, zones, landscape types)• river reaches, rivers, catchments• coastal systems

– Biomass, Productivity (NPP/NEP), Carbon Storage– Nutrients (N,P)– Water– Species – Other…

• System interactions• Goods & Services• Assets & Values

Basic ecosystem stock accounts

Basic ecosystem stock accounts

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions


Biomass & NPP

• Anomalies, distress symptom• Direct Material Consumption – Total Material Requirement

(Material Flows Accounts) • HANPP• ‘Supporting service’


Example of asset account for Biomass/C (draft)Asset account of biomass (dry matter or C)

clc1 Urban

clc2 Agriculture

clc3 Forest & natural dry land

clc4 Wetlands

clc5 Water bodies

Rivers class 1

Rivers class 2

Rivers class 3

Coastal type 1

Coastal type 2

1 Opening stock of biomass (T0)1.1 Aboveground1.2 Belowground1.3 Soils

1.4 Water

2 Net Primary Production (Effective= GPP-Plants respiration)3 Soil respiration (-)4 Net Ecosystem Production (=2-3)5 Imports (+)6 Extraction/harvesting (-)

6.1 Sustainable use6.2 Depletion6A from annual crops6B from natural increase of inventories6C from wild harvest

X Consumption in trophic chains (-)Y Net secondary production

7 Residuals (+)7.1 harvesting residues

animal excreta7.2 land filled7.3 to water

to the amosphere

8 Exports (-)9 Other change in volume of biomass (+ or -)

9.1 due to land use change9.2 due to eutrophication9.3 due to soil alteration

9.3.1 soil formation9.3.2 change in C storage

9.4 fires9.5 climatic events

other change n.c.a.

10 Net accumulation (storage) (+ or -)10.1 Aboveground10.2 Belowground10.3 Soils10.4 Water

11 Closing stock of biomass (T1)11.1 Aboveground11.2 Belowground11.3 Soils11.4 Water

Indicator calculation2 Effective NPP12 + or - Alteration of NPP by land use (historical)13 = Potential NPP (+)

HANPP = 13-6+5-8

Geographical system (administrative regions, functional areas, river catchment…) ATerrestrial ecosystems Inland water ecosystems Marine ecosystems

TOTAL


Example of resource use and supply account (draft)

Resource Use and Supply to the economy

clc1 Urban

clc2 Agriculture

clc3 Forest & natural dry land

clc4 Wetlands

clc5 Water bodies

Rivers class 1

Rivers class 2

Rivers class 3

Coastal type 1

Coastal type 2

U1 Total extraction/harvesting

Agriculture

Fisheries

Forestry

Energy

Mining

Manufacturing

Distribution water

Sewerage/ waste management

Government

Household

Resource from sectors for use

Residuals received

U3 Resource received from outside (ROW or other regions)

Gross resource used = U1+U2+U3S1 Supply to branches/sectors & ROW

Resource supplied to other users

Residuals sent to waste management

S2 Supply to outside (ROW or other regions)S3 Residuals & returnsHarvesting residuesAnimal excretaLand filled wastesResiduals to waterS4 Final consumptionHuman foodAnimal foodEnergy production

Total supply = S1+S2+S3

from

the

eniro

nmen

tw

ithin

the

econ

omy

U2 Resource received from branches/sectors

to th

e en

viro

nmen

t

Geographical system (administrative regions, functional areas, river catchment…) ATerrestrial ecosystems Inland water ecosystems Marine ecosystems

TOTAL


Ecosystem Accounting Framework

• Stocks & flows• System interactions

– Spatial interactions (ecotones, distributions, composition / scales)

– Components interactions• Spatial & temporal interactions (water stress,

species dynamics…)• Bio-chemical-physical cycles

– Human interactions • Re-structuring, over-harvesting/over-extraction,

deposition of residuals and force-feeding, introduction of species – use of land and the natural capital

• Goods & Services• Assets & Values

Functioning, health, resilience

Functioning, health, resilience

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions


Ecosystem health: counts of diversity/integrity

• Specific diagnosisFrom selection of markers and threshold values according to habitat types, region, context1. Homeostasis state (no alteration foreseen).2. Resilience state (the disturbance that ecosystems are still able to absorb or compensate,

keeping the same functions, identity and feedbacks (Walker, 2005).3. Reversible process without compensation (degradation).4. Irreversible change (death).

• Ecosystem Distress Syndrome model:– Disruptions of nutrients cycling (loss or excess)– Degradation of substrates (fragmentation, water stress, chemical stress)– Change in species composition (invasive…)– Dependence of systems from artificial input (energy, water, subsidies …)– Capacity of supporting healthy communities

• Focussed research of stressors– overharvesting, overuse– land/rivers restructuring– deposition of residuals– introduction of species

• Physical wealth as stocks*coefficients (potential, resilience)

Source: David J. Rapport


Ecosystem accounting

• Stocks & flows• System interactions• Goods & Services

– Land use functions– Ecosystem input to production (marketed

or not)– End services to population (collective or

individual)– Maintenance of the natural capital

• Assets & Values

Sustainability assessment

Sustainability assessment

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions


Ecosystem services

Ref to Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:

http://www.maweb.org/en/index.aspx

http://www.greenfacts.org/ecosystems/index.htm


Land use functions & ecosystem goods and services

Use Cover

Residential services

Food supply RecreationNature

conservation …

Urban

Rural

Forest, nature


Source: Roy Haines-Young

Ecosystem regulation service: Account of new housing in flood risk zones

Low

High

1.2181,8241,540110,996BERKSHIRE AND MARLBOROUGH DOWNS

3.8741,2701,95927,350BEDFORDSHIRE GREENSAND RIDGE

4.21,03827,38424,467260,549BEDFORDSHIRE AND CAMBRIDGESHIRE CLAYLANDS

1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE

4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN

% new units in high risk flood zone

Number of new residential units in high risk flood zone

Area of high risk flood zone (ha)

Number of new residential units 98-03

Area(ha)JCA




1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE

4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN





Area(ha)JCA




1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE

4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN





Area(ha)JCA




1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE

4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN





Area(ha)JCA

Proportion of new residential housing in high risk flood zones, by landscape type (1999-2003) in south east England


Ecosystem accounting

• Stocks & flows• System interactions• Goods & Services• Assets & Values Value of ecosystem goods and

services, wealth, natural capital

Value of ecosystem goods and services, wealth, natural capital

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions

Source: Roy Haines-Young


Framework of Ecosystem Accounts

Natural assets accounts • Natural capital structure, resilience & wealth (physical

units, by sectors)• Capital consumption & accumulation (physical units, €)• Ecosystem assets wealth (€)

Natural Capital Accounts/ living & cycling natural capital

Functions & Services• Land use function• Natural function

Supply & use of ecosystem goods and services(Use of resource by sectors, supply to consumption &

residuals, accumulation, I-O analysis)

Material/energy flows(focus on biomass, water,

nutrients, residuals)

Accounts of flows of ecosystem goods and services

Counts of stocks diversity / integrity(by ecosystem types,

focus on quality)

Ecosystem Stocks & State Accounts

Ecosystem State (health diagnosis and

wealth calculation)

Core accounts of stocks & flows

(by ecosystem types, raw quantities)

Eco

syst

em t

ypes

Economic sectorsSpatial integration

Economic integration


Integration of Environmental & Socio-Economic Data

Land cover maps

Area sampling (crops,

habitats…)

Socio-economicstatistics (e.g. by

regions, municipalities, sectors, farm holdings, household groups...)

Monitoring of individual sites or stations

(e.g. nature, water…)

Earth observation:multi-scales land cover

+ vegetation + NPP +…


Conclusions

“By examining all uses of land in an integrated manner, it makes it possible to minimize conflicts, to make the most efficient trade-offs and to link social and economic development with environmental protection and enhancement, thus helping to achieve the objectives of sustainable development.” Agenda 21, Chapter 10

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