P3 outline the gross structure of all the main body systems

Structure and Function of the Major Body Systems.You have been employed by a local hospital to help develop resources for a group of trainee nurses. You are required to produce a detailed booklet outlining the structure and function of the major body systems.The booklet should cover the following areas;

• Respiratory system• Cardiovascular system• Digestive system• Renal system• Nervous system• Endocrine system• Musculo-skeletal

system• Immune system• Reproductive system

(male and female)• Lymphatic system.

Human Gas Exchange System

• Describe the structure and function of the human gas exchange system

• Investigate the structure of the walls of the: – Trachea– Bronchioles– Alveoli

• Explain how, at cellular level, each structure is adapted to its function

The Lungs

• Gas exchange occurs within the lungs.• Connected to the outside air with a set

of tubes.• The trachea starts at the back of the

moth and branches to form 2 bronchi.• One bronchus goes into each lung.• Each bronchus branches many times

getting smaller and smaller form tubes called bronchioles.

• All of these tubes have cartilage rings for support, except the microscopic ones.

• At the end of the bronchioles are the alveoli.

• Each alveolus is folded top for a set of interconnected spaces.

• There are many alveoli, providing a very large surface area for gas exchange.

• The alveoli are surrounded by blood capillaries transporting blood to and from the lungs

• Describe the structure and function of the human gas exchange system

• Investigate the structure of the walls of the:– Trachea– Bronchioles– Alveoli

• Explain how, at cellular level, each structure is adapted to its function

• Describe the structure and function of the human gas exchange system• Investigate the structure of the walls of the:

– Trachea– Bronchioles– Alveoli

• Explain how, at cellular level, each structure is adapted to its function

Structure Function and Adaptation

Trachea

Bronchioles

Alveoli

For each structure of the breathing system, describe what it does and how

it is adapted to perform it’s function

BronchioleTrachea

• Cartilage – airways open / air resistance low• Trachea – ‘C’ shaped• Bronchi – blocks• Bronchioles smooth muscle

• Warming / moistening• Hairs – traps large particles• Trachea / Bronchi – goblet cells trap small particles (very few in

bronchiole)• Ciliated cells – beat to remove trapped mucus into the throat• Macrophages – Bacterial scavengers

• Inner surface moist –prevents drying from air.

• Surfactant – prevents surfaces sticking• Macrophages.• Epithelium cells – flattened for easy

diffusion.• Single layer cells in capillaries.• LSA.• Large diffusion gradient for both gases

Alveoli

Investigating at Cellular Level

Lung Structure – Cellular Level• Ciliated

epithelial cells line the airways with goblet cells

• Goblet cells produce the mucus

• Cilia, hair like structures, beat and move the mucus

• Basement membrane holds it in position

• Describe the structure and function of the human gas exchange system• Investigate the structure of the walls of the:

– Trachea– Bronchioles– Alveoli

• Explain how, at cellular level, each structure is adapted to its function

Epithelial Cells• Squamous

(pavement) . epithelial cells - work together to make an epithelium.

• Epithelium sits on a basement membrane (protein fibres)

• Epithelium in the walls of the alveoli is squamous.

Ciliated Epithelium• Trachea, bronchi,

bronchioles – ciliated epithelial cells with cilia on the free surface.

• Ciliated columnar epithelium appears to be stratified ! But each cell is in contact with the basement membrane. Nucleus on different levels – pseudostratified.

Rate of diffusion – 3 properties of gas exchange surface

1. Surface area – rate of diffusion is directly proportional.

2. Concentration gradient- rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the difference in concentration across the GE surface.

3. Thickness of the GE surface- rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the thickness of the GE surface. Thicker surface, slower the diffusion.