Luke a Commentary - John T. Carroll

Luke

Carroll-Pages.indb 1 6/11/12 3:57 PM

THe NeW TeSTAMeNT LIBRARY

editorial Advisory Board

C. Clifton BlaCkM. EugEnE BoringJohn t. Carroll


John T. Carroll

A Commentary


2012 John T. Carroll

First editionPublished by Westminster John knox Press

Louisville, kentucky

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2010 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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ForMaria and Oscar


Preface xv

Abbreviations xvii

Modern Sources and Common usage xvii Ancient Sources xx

Bibliography xxi

Commentaries xxi Monographs and Articles xxiiIntroduction 1

Author and Audience 1 Genre and Purpose 5 An Approach to Reading Lukes Gospel 7 Previewing Central Theological and ethical Concerns

and Commitments 9 Text 14 Design of the Narrative 15

COMMENTARY1:14 Formal Preface to the Gospel 17

1:52:52 The Birth and Childhood of Jesus 23 1:525 Announcement of the Coming Birth of John 24 1:57 Introducing Zechariah and elizabeth 24 1:820 The Angel Gabriel Brings a Surprising

Message to Zechariah 26 1:2123 A Silent Priest and an expectant People 34 1:2425 elizabeths Secret 35

CONTeNTS


viii Contents

1:2638 Announcement of the Coming Birth of Jesus 37 Excursus: Parallel Birth Announcements

Mary and Zechariah 43 1:3956 Connecting the Two Stories: Mary Visits elizabeth 44 1:3945 Double Welcome and Blessing: Mary Comes

to elizabeths Home 45 1:4655 Response of Praise: Marys Song 47 1:56 Mary Returns to Her Home 52 1:5780 Johns Birth and Response of Praise

and Prophecy 53 1:5766 Responses to Johns Birth 53 1:6779 Praise and Prophecy: Zechariahs Song 56 1:80 Waiting in the Wings: John Grows up 63 2:120 The Birth of Jesus 64 2:17 From Caesar to Manger: The Census

and Jesus Birth 64 2:814 Heaven Declares Good News to Shepherds 67 2:1520 From Flock to Manger: Responses

to the Birth of a Savior 71 2:2140 Law, Temple, and Prophetic Witness

to Gods Salvation 73 2:21 Jesus Is Circumcised and Receives a Name 73 2:2224 AstheLawPrescribes:Purification

and Presentation 74 2:2535 Prophecy in Prayer and Oracle:

Simeons Witness to the Savior 75 2:3638 The Prophet Anna Adds Her Witness 80 2:3940 Jesus Grows up in Nazareth 81 2:4152 A Son and His Father(s): Jesus among

the Teachers in the Temple 82

3:14:13 Preparing the Way of the Lord: The Vocation of a People and Their Messiah 88

3:120 The Prophetic Ministry of John the Baptizer 88 3:2122 The Baptism of Jesus 96 3:2338 Jesus Roots 98


Contents ix

4:113 Jesus Fidelity to His Vocation as Son of God undergoes a First Test 100

4:149:50 Jesus Ministry in Galilee 106 4:1444 Jesus Inaugurates His Ministry 106 4:1415 The Galilean Ministry Begins:

Narrative Summary 107 4:1630 Jesus in the Synagogue at Nazareth:

A Prophets Welcome 108 4:3144 Words and Deeds of Power in Capernaum 117 5:16:11 Jesus Calls Followers and Addresses Critics 123 5:111 The Call of Simon Peter 123 5:1216 A Leper Is Restored to Purity 126 5:1726 Healing and Forgiveness of Sin for a Man

unable to Walk 128 5:2739 The Call of the Tax Agent Levi and a Clash

of Views at a Celebratory Banquet 132 6:111 SabbathConflicts 137

6:1249 Jesus Names Apostles and Teaches Disciples 140 6:1216 Jesus Chooses Twelve Disciples 141 6:1749 Jesus Forms a Receptive Audience as a People

of Gods Realm 144 7:150 JesusConfirmsHisIdentity

through Acts That Save 157 7:110 Restoring Health in the Household

of a Centurion 158 7:1117 Returning Life to a Widows Son 163 7:1835 Jesus Defends His Messianic Vocation

to Disciples of John and to the Crowds 167 7:3650 Role Reversal at Table: Jesus, a Pharisee,

and a Sinful Woman 174 8:19:50 The Galilean Ministry of Teaching

and Healing expandsand Concludes 181 8:13 Women Followers Provide Resources

for Jesus Ministry 181 8:421 Jesus Teaches the Word in Parables

and Forms a New Family 183


x Contents

8:2225 Jesus Calms Wind and Sea 190 8:2639 ReleaseforaManAfflictedbyaLegion

of Demons 191 8:4056 Jesus Restores Health to a Young Girl

and a Bold Woman 195 9:19 The Circle of Jesus Ministry Widens 203 9:1017 Jesus Teaches and Feeds a Large Crowd 206 9:1827 Decisive Disclosure of Jesus Identity (Part 1):

Suffering Awaits the Son of Humanity and Those Who Are Loyal to Him 209

9:2836 Decisive Disclosure of Jesus Identity (Part 2): TheTransfiguration 216

9:3743a JesusHealsaBoyAfflictedbyaDemon 220

9:43b50 keeping Company with a Messiah Who Suffers 222

9:5119:27 Ministry Continues as Jesus Journeys to Jerusalem 227

9:5162 Following Jesus: The Journey to Jerusalem Begins 227 10:124 The Mission of the Seventy-Two 232 10:2537 Reading Torah and Loving as a Neighbor 242 10:3842 Mary and Martha: A Disciple Listens

and a Host Labors 246 Excursus: Women in Lukes Narrative 248 11:113 Jesus Teaches the Disciples about Prayer 249 11:1436 Divergent Responses to Jesus Activity 253 11:3754 TableTalkandConflict 258

12:113:9 Jesus Teaches Disciples and Crowds about Wealth, Security, and Vigilance 262

12:112 InstructionsforMissioninaSettingofConflict 262

12:1321 Jesus Teaches about Wealth (I): The Crowd 266 12:2234 Jesus Teaches about Wealth and Security (II):

Disciples 268 12:3553 Jesus Appeals for eschatological Awareness

and Vigilance (I): Disciples 272 12:5413:9 Jesus Appeals for eschatological Awareness

and Vigilance (II): The Crowd 276


Contents xi

13:1035 An Act of Deliverance and Teaching about Gods Realm: Welcome and Resistance 280

13:1021 Images of Gods Reign: Jesus Liberates a Daughter of Abraham 281

13:2230 Participation in Gods Realm 288 13:3135 A Prophets Destiny 292 14:124 Sabbath Banquet: Healing and Meal Talk 295 14:16 Jesus Heals a Man on the Sabbath 295 14:714 Advice to Dinner Guests and Hosts 298 14:1524 Gods Realm as Banquet: A Parable 301 14:2535 Jesus Warns the Crowds: Discipleship

as the Way of the Cross 306 15:132 Lost and Found: Jesus Teaches Pharisees

and Scribes about Divine Grace 308 15:17 A Parable about a Shepherds Response

to the Loss of a Sheep 309 15:810 A Parable about a Womans Response

to the Loss of a Coin 311 15:1132 A Parable about a Fathers (and a Brothers)

Response to the Loss and Restoration of a Son 313 16:131 Jesus Teaches Disciples and Pharisees

about Wealth and Fidelity to the Torah 320 16:113 A Parable about a Cunning Manager 320 16:1431 An Appeal for Fidelity to the Torah

through Generous Sharing of Resources 329 17:119 Jesus Teaches Disciples about Faithful Service

and an Outsider Demonstrates Genuine Faith 339 17:110 Jesus Continues the Disciples education

for Leadershipand Service 339 17:1119 Ten Lepers Cured, One Saved? 342 17:2018:8 Jesus Teaches Pharisees and Disciples

about the Present and Coming Reign of God 345 17:2021 Gods Realm as a Matter of Timing

and Discernment 345 17:2237 The eschatological Arrival of the Son of Humanity 347 18:18 A Parable about Faiths Persistence 354


xii Contents

18:934 Lessons about Gods Realm for the Status-Conscious 357

18:914 A Parable about Two Prayers 358 18:1517 Children as Models in Gods Realm 361 18:1830 entering Gods Realm as Divestment of Wealth 362 18:3134 Another Preview of the end of the Journey 366 18:3519:27 Sight, Insight, and Salvation

on the Approach to Jerusalem 368 18:3543 Jesus Restores Sight to a Blind Man 368 19:110 Salvation Comes to the House of a Chief

Tax Collector 371 Excursus: Poverty and Wealth in Lukes Gospel 374 19:1127 Approach to Jerusalem and the Approach

of Gods Reign 377

19:2821:38 Jesus Ministry to Jerusalem 383 19:2844 Jesus Approaches the City 384 19:4521:38 Jesus Teaches in the Temple 388 19:4520:8 Jesus and Temple Leaders:

Reciprocal Challenges to Authority 388 20:919 A Parable about Leadership Failure 392 20:2026 Tribute Tax for Caesar? Jesus Foils

an entrapment Ploy 396 Excursus: The Reign of God and the Roman

empire in Lukes Gospel 398 20:2744 Children of Resurrection and Son of David:

More Debates with Religious and Intellectual Leaders 404

20:4521:4 The Poverty of the Powerful and the Power of a Widows Generosity 409

21:538 Jesus Concludes His Teaching in the Temple and Gives a Glimpse of the Future 411

22:123:56 The Death of the Messiah 423 22:138 Jesus Shares a Last Meal with His Disciples 425 22:113 Divergent Passover Preparations:

Brewing a Conspiracy and Planning a Meal 425


Contents xiii

22:1438 Jesus Farewell Dinner 428 22:3953 Prayer, Sleep, and Arrest on the Mount of Olives 443 22:3946 Jesus Prays as the Ordeal of Testing Reaches

Its Climax 443 22:4753 The Arrest 446 22:5423:25 Interrogations: The Failure of a Chief Apostle

and a Death Sentence for the Messiah 448 22:5462 Peter Fails the Test of His Faithfulness 448 22:6371 Jesus Confronts the elite Council of His People 450 23:125 Jesus Confronts Roman Governor and Tetrarch

and Receives a Death Sentence 454 23:2656 TheCrucifixionandItsAftermath 461

23:2632 The Way to the Cross 462 23:3346 The Scene at the Cross 464 23:4756 Responses to the Death of Jesus 470

24:153 The Resurrection of the Messiah 474 24:112 The easter Witness of Women Disciples 475 24:1335 Revelation on the Journey to emmaus 480 24:3653 A Final easter Appearance: Jesus Teaches

from Scripture and Gives a Preview of the Disciples Mission to the World 488

Index of Ancient Sources 499

Index of Subjects 000


Since many have undertaken to compile a commentary on Lukes narrative aboutthethingsbroughttofulfillmentamongus,itseemedfoolhardytometo add one more. However, this artful, compelling story and the delightful, dauntingchallengeofinterpretingitforearlytwenty-first-centuryreadershaveso engaged me that I am bold enough to invite readers of this commentary to encounter the Gospel of Luke afresh, reading alongside me. I trust that the result will be new insight and perhaps many questions that will spur to further reading andreflectionandactions,aswell,thatanswertothereligious-ethicalvisionmet in this narrative.

The completion of a large writing project means an accumulation of enor-mous debt to many people, not all of whom I can name here. I acknowledge with deep appreciation union Presbyterian Seminarys generous support of the research and writing of this commentary, especially in the form of sabbaticals during and after my tenure as academic dean. To President Brian Blount, former President Louis Weeks, the Board of Trustees, and faculty colleagues, I am gratefulfortangiblesupport,unflaggingencouragement,andvigorousfriend-ship, without which such an arduous undertaking would have been even more difficulttocomplete.

I am grateful to Westminster John knox Press and its editorial and produc-tion staff of consummate professionals who have overseen all phases of the preparation and production of this volume. Special thanks go to NTL Board colleagues past and present, Beverly Gaventa and Gene Boring, and to editor Marianne Blickenstaff, who has patiently and expertly shepherded the com-mentary to press. Above all, my primary editor for the NTL Board, Clifton Black, receives thanks for steady encouragement of my work on this project, andforremarkablyskilledandefficienteditorialworkonthemanuscriptasitneared completion. As writer, I have been exceedingly fortunate (makarios).

I have learned immeasurably from students who have engaged New Testa-ment studies with me over the last quarter century, especially on the campuses of Louisiana State university and union Presbyterian Seminary, and in count-less churches, as well as from other Lukan scholars, to whom I am indebted far beyond the acknowledgment in notes and bibliography that available space

PReFACe


xvi Preface

has permitted. That learning informs this commentary on every page, but the interpretation, including any mistakes, is mine.

My mother, Mildred, has been a source of steadfast encouragement and my father, James, collaborator with me on another book project, read drafts of earlychaptersofthecommentary,offeringhisaffirmationandwisecritique.That he did not live to see the publication of the work saddens me. I am proud of my adult children, Andrew and Anna; the joy I have known through them has helped me to hear the music of praise in the opening chapters of Luke. Luisa and Oscar supported this undertaking with generous gifts of time and energy,acknowledgedherewithmythanks.NowordsofgratitudesufficeforMaria, for intellectual partnership that enabled me to write a much better, more provocative commentary than would otherwise have been possible, and for the friendship and loving partnership that also brought our little red-headed dynamo Oscar James into the world; I dedicate this work to them.


ABBReVIATIONS

Modern Sources and Common Usage

AB Anchor BibleABD Anchor Bible Dictionary. edited by David Noel Freedman.

6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992.ABRL Anchor Bible Reference LibraryACNT Augsburg Commentaries on the New Testament.AnBib Analecta biblicaANQ Andover Newton QuarterlyANTC Abingdon New Testament CommentariesAT Authors translationAuS American university StudiesBBB Bonner biblische BeitrgeBDAG Bauer, W., F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich.

Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3d ed. Chicago: university of Chicago Press, 2000.

BDF Blass, F., A. Debrunner, and R. W. Funk. A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Chicago: university of Chicago Press, 1961.

BeCNT Baker exegetical Commentary on the New TestamentBeTL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensiumBib BiblicaBibInt Biblical InterpretationBIS Biblical Interpretation SeriesBRS Biblical Resource SeriesBZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fr die neutestamentliche

WissenschaftCBQ Catholic Biblical QuarterlyCEB Common english Biblecf. confer, comparech(s). chapter(s)


xviii Abbreviations

E versificationinEnglishBiblesed(s). edited (by), editor(s), editione.g. exempli gratia, for exampleekkNT evangelisch-katholischer kommentar zum Neuen Testamentenl. enlargedeSeC emory Studies in early Christianityesp. especiallyet al. et alii(ae), and othersETL Ephemerides theologicae lovanienseseuS european university StudiesExpTim Expository Timesfrg. fragmentFTS Frankfurter theologische StudienHBS Herders biblische StudienHNT Handbuch zum Neuen TestamentHSS Harvard Semitic StudiesHTR Harvard Theological ReviewHTS Harvard Theological StudiesICC International Critical Commentaryi.e. id est, that isInt Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and TheologyISBL Indiana Studies in Biblical LiteratureITQ Irish Theological QuarterlyJPSP Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyJBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJRS Journal of Roman StudiesJSNT Journal for the Study of the New TestamentJSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement

SeriesJSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement

SeriesJSPSup Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha: Supplement

SeriesJTS Journal of Theological StudieskJv king James VersionLCBI Literary Currents in Biblical InterpretationLCL Loeb Classical Library (quoted with translators last name)LeC Library of early Christianitylit. literallyLNTS Library of New Testament Studies (sequel of JSNTSup)lxx SeptuagintMBI Methods in Biblical Interpretation


Abbreviations xix

mg. marginMs(s) manuscript(s)Mt Masoretic Text: Hebrew reading or verse numbersNA27 Nestle-Aland et al., eds., Novum Testamentum Graece,

27th ed.naB New American BibleNeot NeotestamenticaNICNT New International Commentary on the New TestamentNIGTC New International Greek Testament Commentaryniv New International Version (2011 update)NovT Novum TestamentumNovTSup Novum Testamentum Supplementsnrsv New Revised Standard VersionNTS New Testament StudiesNTT New Testament TheologyNTTS New Testament Tools and StudiesBS sterreichische biblische StudienOBT Overtures to Biblical Theologyolim formerlyorig. original(ly)p(p). page(s)PNTS Personalities of the New Testament SeriesPRSt Perspectives in Religious StudiesPTMS Princeton Theological Monograph SeriesRB Revue bibliquerepr. reprint(ed)rev. ed. revised editionRST Regensburger Studien zur TheologieSBeC Studies in the Bible and early ChristianitySBibLit Studies in Biblical LiteratureSBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation SeriesSBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesSBLSS Society of Biblical Literature Symposium SeriesSBT Studies in Biblical TheologySHBC Smyth and Helwys Bible CommentarySNTSMS Society for New Testament Studies Monograph SeriesSNTW Studies of the New Testament and Its WorldSP Sacra paginaSuNT Studien zur umwelt des Neuen TestamentTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. edited by

G. kittel and G. Friedrich. Translated by G. W. Bromiley. 10 vols. Grand Rapids: eerdmans, 19641976.


xx Abbreviations

TI Theological InquiriesTR Theology and Religiontrans. translated (by), translatorTSAJ Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentumv(v). verse(s)vol(s). volume(s)WBC Word Biblical CommentaryWuNT Wissenschaftliche untersuchungen zum neuen TestamentZNW Zeitschrift fr die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die

Kunde der lteren Kirche

Ancient Sources

Abbreviations of the titles of ancient sources conform to The SBL Handbook of Style for Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical, and Early Christian Studies, ed. Patrick H. Alexander et al. (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1999). Full titles are given in the Index of Ancient Sources. Below are listed sources for which the SBL Handbook does not provide abbreviations.

Diodorus (of Sicily), Hist. Library of HistoryHerodian, Hist. History of the [Roman] EmpireLivy, Hist. History of Rome (From the Citys Founding)Lucian, Hist. How to Write HistoryPolybius, Hist. The HistoriesPseudo-Lucian, Cyn. Cynicus (The Cynic)


In the commentary that follows, commentaries are cited by author and page num-ber. Monographs and articles are cited by author, short title, and page number.

Commentaries

Bock, Darrell L. Luke. 2 vols. BeCNT. Grand Rapids: Baker, 199496.Bovon, Franois. Luke 1: A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 1:19:50.

edited by Helmut koester. Translated by Christine M. Thomas. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2002.

. Das Evangelium nach Lukas 2: 9,5114,35. ekkNT 3.2. Zurich and Neukirchen-Vluyn: Benziger & Neukirchener Verlag, 1996.

. Das Evangelium nach Lukas 3: 15,119,27. ekkNT 3.3. Zurich and Neukirchen-Vluyn: Benziger & Neukirchener Verlag, 2001.

. Das Evangelium nach Lukas 4: 19,2824,53. ekkNT 3.4. Neukirchen-Vluyn and Dsseldorf: Neukirchener & Patmos Verlag, 2009.

Culpepper,R.Alan.TheGospelofLuke.InNew Interpreters Bible, vol. 9, edited by Leander e. keck, 1490. Nashville: Abingdon, 1995.

Danker, Frederick W. Jesus and the New Age: A Commentary on St. Lukes Gospel. Rev. ed. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1988.

Fitzmyer, Joseph A. The Gospel according to Luke: Introduction, Translation, and Notes. 2 vols. AB 2828A. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 198185.

Gonzalez, Justo L. Luke. Belief: A Theological Commentary on the Bible. Louis ville, ky.: Westminster John knox, 2010.

Green, Joel B. The Gospel of Luke. NICNT. Grand Rapids: eerdmans, 1997.Johnson, Luke Timothy. The Gospel of Luke. SP 3. Collegeville, Minn.: Litur-

gical, 1991.Marshall, I. Howard. The Gospel of Luke: A Commentary on the Greek Text.

NIGTC. Grand Rapids: eerdmans, 1978.Metzger, Bruce M. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. 2nd ed.

Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft / German Bible Society, 1994.Nolland, John. Luke. 3 vols. WBC 35AC. Dallas: Word, 198993.

BIBLIOGRAPHY


xxii Bibliography

Plummer, Alfred. The Gospel according to St. Luke. ICC. 5th ed. edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1922.

Ringe, Sharon. Luke. Westminster Bible Companion. Louisville, ky.: Westmin-ster John knox, 1995.

Schweizer, eduard. The Good News according to Luke. Atlanta: John knox, 1984.

Talbert, Charles H. Reading Luke: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the Third Gospel. New York: Crossroad, 1982.

Tannehill, Robert C. Luke. ANTC. Nashville: Abingdon, 1996.Tiede, David L. Luke. ACNT. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1988.Vinson, Richard B. Luke. SHBC. Macon, Ga.: Smyth & Helwys, 2008.Wolter, Michael. Das Lukasevangelium. HNT 5. Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck,

2008.

Monographs and Articles

Ahn, Yong-Sung. The Reign of God and Rome in Lukes Passion Narrative: An East Asian Global Perspective. BIS 80. Leiden and Boston: e. J. Brill, 2006.

Alexander, Loveday, ed. Images of Empire. JSNTSup122.Sheffield: JSOTPress, 1991.

. The Preface to Lukes Gospel: Literary Convention and Social Context in Luke 1.14 and Acts 1.1. SNTSMS 78. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, 1993.

Arlandson, James Malcolm. Women, Class, and Society in Early Christianity: Models from LukeActs. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1997.

Arterbury, Andrew e. Abrahams Hospitality among Jewish and early Chris-tian Writers: A Tradition History of Gen 18:116 and Its Relevance for the StudyoftheNewTestament.PRSt 30 (2003): 35976.

.Zacchaeus: ASonofAbraham?Pages 1831 inThe Gospel of Luke, edited by Thomas R. Hatina. Vol. 3 of Biblical Interpretation in Early Christian Gospels. LNTS 376. London: T&T Clark, 2010.

Aune, David e. The New Testament in Its Literary Environment. LeC 8. Phila-delphia: Westminster, 1987.

Austin, John L. How to Do Things with Words. edited by J. O. urmson and Marina Sbisa. 2d ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard university Press, 1975. Orig., Oxford: Oxford university Press, 1962.

Bailey, kenneth e. Poet and Peasant. Grand Rapids: eerdmans, 1976.. Through Peasant Eyes. Grand Rapids: eerdmans, 1980.Baily,M.TheShepherdsandtheSignofaChildinaManger.ITQ 31 (1964):

123.Bakhtin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World. Bloomington: Indiana university

Press, 1984.


Bibliography xxiii

Balch,DavidL. Rich andPoor, Proud andHumble inLukeActs.Pages21433 in The Social World of the First Christians: Essays in Honor of Wayne A. Meeks. edited by L. Michael White and O. Larry Yarbrough. Min-neapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1995.

Bartchy,S.Scott.Slavery(Greco-RomanandNewTestament).ABD 6:6573.Bauckham, Richard. The Gospels for All Christians: Rethinking the Gospel

Audiences. Grand Rapids: eerdmans, 1998..TheRichManandLazarus:TheParableandtheParallels.NTS 37

(1991): 22546.Bemile, Paul. The Magnificat within the Context and Framework of Lukan The-

ology: An Exegetical, Theological Study of Luke 1:4655. RST 34. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1986.

Betz, Hans Dieter, ed. The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation. Chicago: university of Chicago Press, 1986.

Bhabha, Homi k. Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994.Bieringer, R., G. van Belle, and J. Verheyden, eds. Luke and His Readers: Fest-

schrift A. Denaux. Leuven: Leuven university Press, 2005.Boismard,M.-.TheMultipleStageHypothesis.Pages23188inThe Inter-

relations of the Gospels: A Symposium Led by M.-. Boismard, W. R. Farmer, F. Neirynck, Jerusalem 1984. edited by D. L. Dungan. BeTL 95. Leuven: Leuven university Press, 1990.

Bond, Helen k. Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation. SNTSMS 100. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, 1998.

Bonz, Marianne Palmer. The Past as Legacy: LukeActs and Ancient Epic. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2000.

Boring, M. eugene. The Minor Agreements and Their Bearing on the Synop-ticProblem.Pages22751inNew Studies in the Synoptic Problem: Oxford Conference, April 2008; Essays in Honour of Christopher M. Tuckett. edited by P. Foster, A. Gregory, J. S. kloppenborg, and J. Verheyden. BeTL 239. Leuven: Peeters, 2011.

Boring, M. eugene, klaus Berger, and Carsten Colpe, eds. Hellenistic Com-mentary to the New Testament. Nashville: Abingdon, 1995.

Braun, Willi. Feasting and Social Rhetoric in Luke 14. SNTSMS 85. Cam-bridge: Cambridge university Press, 1995.

Brawley, Robert L. Centering on God: Method and Message in LukeActs. LCBI. Louisville, ky.: Westminster John knox, 1990.

. LukeActs and the Jews: Conflict, Apology, and Conciliation. SBLMS 33. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987.

. Text to Text Pours Forth Speech: Voices of Scripture in LukeActs. ISBL. Bloomington: Indiana university Press, 1995.

Bridge, Steven L. Where the Eagles Are Gathered: The Deliverance of the Elect in Lukan Eschatology.JSNTSup240.London:SheffieldAcademic,2003.


xxiv Bibliography

Brodie, Thomas L. Proto-Luke: A Christ-Centered Synthesis of Septuagintal Historiography, and a Deuteronomy-Based Alternative to Q. Limerick: Dominican Institute, 2002.

Brown, Raymond e. The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1979.

. The Death of the Messiah: From Gethsemane to the Grave; A Com-mentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels. ABRL. 2 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1994.

Bchele, Anton. Der Tod Jesu im Lukasevangelium: Eine redaktionsgeschich-tliche Untersuchung zu Lk 23. FTS 26. Frankfurt am Main: knecht, 1978.

Bultmann, Rudolf. The History of the Synoptic Tradition. Translated by John Marsh. Rev. ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1963.

Burridge, Richard A. What Are the Gospels? A Comparison with Graeco-Roman Biography. 2d ed. BRS. Grand Rapids: eerdmans, 2004.

Byrne, Brendan. The Hospitality of God: A Reading of Lukes Gospel. Colleg-eville, Minn.: Liturgical, 2000.

Cadbury,HenryJoel.CommentaryonthePrefaceofLuke.Pages489510invol. 2 of The Acts of the Apostles. Part 1 of The Beginnings of Christianity. edited by F. J. Foakes-Jackson and kirsopp Lake. 5 vols. London: Macmil-lan, 192033.

.FourFeaturesofLucanStyle.Pages87102inStudies in LukeActs: Essays Presented in Honor of Paul Schubert. edited by Leander e. keck and J. Louis Martyn. Nashville: Abingdon, 1966.

. The Making of LukeActs. 2d ed. London: SPCk, 1958. Repr., Pea-body, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1999. Orig., New York: Macmillan, 1927.

. The Style and Literary Method of Luke. HTS 6.1. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard university Press, 1920.

Calvin, John. Commentary on a Harmony of the Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, and Luke. Translated by William Pringle. 3 vols. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2003.

Carroll,JohnT.Luke,Gospelof.Pages72034invol.3ofNew Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible. edited by katharine Doob Sakenfeld. Nashville: Abingdon, 2008.

.LukesCrucifixionScene.Pages10824,194203inReimaging the Death of the Lukan Jesus. edited by Dennis D. Sylva. BBB 73. Frankfurt am Main: Hain, 1990.

.LukesPortrayalofthePharisees.CBQ 50 (1988): 60421.. Response to the End of History: Eschatology and Situation in Luke

Acts. SBLDS 92. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988.. What, then, will this child be?: Perspectives on Children in the

GospelofLuke.Pages17794inThe Child in the Bible. edited by Marcia Bunge, Terence e. Fretheim, and Beverly Roberts Gaventa. Grand Rapids: eerdmans, 2008.


Bibliography xxv

Carroll, John T., and James R. Carroll. Preaching the Hard Sayings of Jesus. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1996. Repr., Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2010.

Carroll, John T., and Joel B. Green. The Death of Jesus in Early Christianity. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1995.

Carter,Warren.GettingMarthaoutoftheKitchen:Luke10:3842Again.CBQ 58 (1996): 26480.

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Hanstein, 1972.


Introduction

First Christian historian, gifted storyteller, literary artist, and theologian: such is Lukes impressive rsum, although this Gospel writer has not been without his detractors.1 Lukes achievement is considerable. With literary artistry he pres-ents a moving and memorable portrait of Jesus and a robust visionfrom within the world of imperial Romeof religious faith embodied in just and graciously (as well as provocatively) inclusive social and economic practices. Moreover, alone among Christian authors, he narrates the extension of Jesus ministry in a world-encompassing mission of his followers (Acts of the Apostles).

This commentary will stand with those who have read Lukes Gospel with appreciation of both his literary achievement and the theological and ethical commitmentsthatfindexpressioninhisnarrative.Itwillbecritical apprecia-tion,asbefitsengagementwithanancientauthorwhowritesoutof,andfor,a particular culture, from a particular social location, with all the limitations such a project entails (inescapable for any author, myself included). But critical appreciation nonetheless.

Author and Audience

Authorship. Like the other nt Gospels, the one associated with Luke does not name its author.Theearliest extant identificationsofLukeas theauthorofthis Gospel stem from the late second century C.E., in Bodmer Papyrus XIV (75, ca. 200), which in a postscript labels the writing euangelion kata loukan (GospelaccordingtoLuke);inatreatisebyIrenaeus(Adversus haereses, ca. 180); in the Muratorian Fragment (probably late second or early third century: Gregory, Reception 40); and possibly also in the Anti-Marcionite Prologue (thefirstpartoftheGreekprefaceisoftendatedtothelatesecondcentury;

1.FirstChristianhistorian, inMarguerat,Firstxi (beforehim,Dibelius,First);giftedstoryteller, inJohnson3;artistandtheologian, inKarris,Luke. For classic statements, mid-20thcentury,ofLukestheologicallimitations,employingsuchlabelsasearlycatholicismandthetriumphalismofatheologyofglory,seeVielhauer,Paulinism;Ksemann,Problem2830;idem,Ministry8992;andnotetheresponsesbyKmmel,Current;vanUnnik,StormCenter2229;Talbert,Shifting.


2

see Gregory, Reception43).Inthesedocuments,theprofileoftheauthorthatemerges, one that draws from nt references to Luke (Phlm 24; Col 4:14; 2 Tim 4:11),correlatedwiththeanonymouswe-sectionsinActs(16:917;20:515;21:118; 27:128:16), is of a physician (Muratorian Fragment, lines 28; ) who wasPaulsinseparablecompanion(Irenaeus,Haer. 3.1.1; 3.14.1). The Greek preface to the Anti-Marcionite Prologue claims that Luke hailed from Antioch and died at the age of eighty-four (cf. Luke 2:37).

This late second-century tradition of authorship by a physician named Luke whoparticipatedinthePaulinemissioncannotbedefinitivelydisproved.Butneithercanitbeestablishedandthenusedasevidenceindeterminingthebooks date of composition; indeed, it is explicable as the result of inferential reasoning based on reading the nt texts mentioned above.2 More helpful is the profileoftheauthorthatemergesfromclosereadingofthenarrativeitself(theimplied author of narrative-critical analysis). The author (for convenience, I will use the traditional name Luke for this anonymous writer) places himself among second- or third-generation Christians (1:13). For such a readership, he produces a genre-bending narrative that employs conventions from both biographical (bios) and historical (historia) narratives that were widely known in the Hellenistic world,3 yet also draws deeply and extensively from the Jew-ish Scriptures.4 Those Scriptures are authoritative texts for Luke, and the Gos-pel narrative affirms the importance of fidelity to theTorah (e.g., 2:2224;10:2528; 11:42; 16:17, 2731; 18:1820), although the question of the mode of its application among Gentiles proves to be a controversial issue that must be worked out in the course of the mission narrated in Acts (e.g., 11:118; 15).

I consider it probable, though not certain, that the author was a Gentile, but if so the story he tells reveals him to be deeply committed to the God, Scrip-tures, and community of the Jewish peopleperhaps a God-fearermuchlike the devout Gentiles drawn to the worship of the synagogue in Acts (see 10:35; 13:16, 26; cf. Sterling, Historiography 32728,376;alsotheprofileofthe implied reader as God-fearer in Tyson, Images 1941). The Greek prose is of comparatively high quality among nt books, and Luke displays the capacity to vary the style of expression to suit speaker and occasion (e.g., contrast the lxx-resonant diction of Luke 1:52:52 to the cultured Greek of Pauls speech in

2. No one has overturned Cadburys decisive refutation (e.g., Style 3972) of the earlier view (e.g., Hobart, Medical)thatLukeslanguageconfirmshisoccupationasaphysician.

3.FortheviewthatLukehaswrittenundertheprimaryinfluenceofthebiographicalgenre,see, e.g., Burridge, What?; Talbert, Literary Patterns 12540. Thespecificcharacterofthehistori-calgenreinfluencingLukehasbeendescribedinvariousways, includinggeneralhistory(e.g.,Aune, Literary Environment 13841), historical monograph (e.g., Plmacher, Lukas), apologetic historiographyfocusingonself/identity-definitionforanemergentgroup(e.g.,Sterling,Histori-ography), epic providing mythic-historical foundation for a new people (Bonz, Past), and classical historiography(e.g.,Moles,Preface).

4.MarguerataptlydescribesLuke,thefirstChristianhistorian,aswritingtheologicalhisto-riography(First 21)atthemeetingpointofJewishandGreekhistoriographicalcurrents(25).

2 Introduction


Introduction 3

Athens in Acts 17:2231).5 Other literary conventions employed in the histories written by predecessors and contemporaries of Luke (e.g., formal preface, incor-poration in discrete blocks of materials from sources, speeches by characters, a sequence of dramatic episodes, and episode-linking narrative summaries) also appear. These features of the narrative suggest a person commanding the social status, education (centering on rhetoric), and resources needed to fashion a convincing, identity-shaping historical account, for adherents of diverse status and religious background, of the origins of the emerging Christian movement.

PerhapsthemostsignificantinfluenceevidentinLukeswritings,however,isthe Jewish Scripture (in Greek translation, likely approximating the lxx)6 from which he extensively quotes, or to which he alludes, and which at many points his narrative emulates (as seen, e.g., in Luke 1:52:52 and 7:117). Lukes deep engagement with the otsignalsthatthetaskofcommunitydefinition,identityformation, and legitimation that he has undertaken in this two-volume histori-cal narrative7 concerns the place of Christian groups in the Roman world, to be sure, but even more their place in the ongoing story of Gods people Israel.

Earliest readers. For whom did Luke write? The prefaces of Luke and Acts address these narratives to Theophilus, represented as a man of considerable status and distinction (kratistos) who has previously received instruction in Chris-tian tradition (Luke 1:34; Acts 1:1; see the comment on Luke 1:14). But other God-lovers (or beloved of God) would have reador rather, heardthe narrative with and alongside and after Theophilus.8Their specific location isunknown(Fitzmyer1:57:anyonesguess),althoughitwaslikelyanurbancenterintheeastern Mediterranean (Antioch, Caesarea, ephesus, Corinth, and Rome have all been proposed [Wolter 10]). One thing is clear: the setting within the Roman empire is an important contextual marker for the narrative, its rhetorical work-ing, and interpretation (see Excursus: The Reign of God and the Roman Empire, at 20:26). Perhaps the horizon of readership Luke imagines is much wider than one city (i.e., its household-based churches) or community,9 as Luke positions Christian readers for continuing life and mission within the Roman realm.

Probably the earliest primary readers already belonged to Christian groups that, like Theophilus, had been taught the tradition and were now ready to have their faith and participation in the movement secured with an identity-nourishing,

5. On the value to historians of tailoring diction to the speaker and occasion, see Dionysius, Thuc. 41; Lucian, Hist. 58; Thucydides, Hist. 1.22.

6. On the complex history of Greek translations of the ot and the challenge of establishing the text of lxxwritings,seePeters,Septuagint.

7. A triad of interests well sketched by Aune, Literary Environment 137; cf. Sterling, Histori-ography 38689; esler, Community 20519.

8.ThenameTheophilusmeanslover[orbeloved]ofGod;seethecommenton1:34.9. See, e.g., Marguerat, First 7879, 83; Sterling, Historiography 37478; cf. kurz, Reading 13.

I would not, however, cast the net as widely as Bauckham does (Gospels 948); he contends that each ntevangelistwroteforanychurch...towhichhisworkmightfinditsway(11).


4 Introduction

legitimation-providing narrative. Their historical experience and present cir-cumstance raise basic questions: Who are we as a people in the light of recur-rentconflictwithinsynagoguesandincreasinglyGentilemembership?HowisIsraels storyhow are its Scriptures, its hopes, its futurestill ours to claim? And with the embarrassment of our founder (Jesus) and his prominent suc-cessor (Paul) put to death through Roman judicial process, what place do we have in the Roman social world? The story Luke tells (in both Gospel and Acts) appears to take aim at precisely this sociorhetorical exigency: the need of early Christian audiences in urban centers of the Roman empire to answer such questions, whether their own or those of others around them, and as the people for whom Jesus is Christ and Lord, to connect their own story to the ancient story of Israel.10

Luke likely writes for a relatively heterogeneous community in terms of social status and occupation (so Tannehill 2426; esler, Community 18797; see Excursus: Poverty and Wealth in Lukes Gospel, at 19:10), religious heri-tage (including Jews, God-fearers, and former pagan Gentiles), ethnicity, and nationality (cf. Marguerat, First 83).

Date of composition. The writing and initial dissemination of Lukes Gospel are typically placed in the period 7595 C.E. This is a possible but by no means secure date. If, as I judge probable, Luke used Mark as a source, and if Mark was written sometime around 70 C.E., then a date some years after 70 would be the earliest possible time of composition for Luke. even apart from that source hypothesis, the narrative presents multiple allusions to the destruction of the second temple (13:3435; 19:4344; 21:2024), and that textual marker, too, would place the books writing after 70. The latest possible date of composition must allow for dissemination before citation by Justin and use by Marcion as his core Gospel narrative in the mid-second century. Therefore Lukes composition canbefixedsometimebetween75and125(cf.Wolter10);anymoreprecisedate is a matter of the scholars assumptions and in my view not a reliable contextual clue on which to base interpretation.11

10. In Marguerats framing of the questions of identity, Luke wants to show his readers who they are, where they come from and what formed them(First 31, emphasis orig.). Maddox high-lightsthequestionsWhoaretheChristians?andHowcouldnon-JewshopetofindanyvalueinsomethingwhichhasitsrootsinJudaism,yetseemstoberepudiatedbytheleadersoftheJews?(Purpose 18384).

11.AmongthosearguingforadateinthefirstquarterofthesecondcenturyareTownsend(Date),Pervo(forActs,Dating),andTyson,who(refiningthepositionofKnoxin,e.g.,Acts)proposes that Marcion read a form of Luke distinct from canonical Luke, which then responded to Marcions handling of the Gospel by substantially expanding it (notably adding chs. 12 and most of ch. 24; summary in Tyson, Marcion 80120). Gregorys analysis of the evidence for knowledge ofLukesGospelinextantwritingsofthesecondcenturyfindsprobableearlyreferencestothisGospel in Marcion, Justin, 2 Clement, Gospel of the Ebionites, Gospel of Thomas, and Protevan-gelium of James (summary in Gregory, Reception 29398).


Introduction 5

Genre and Purpose

Genre. Discussion of the (implied) author of Lukes narrative has already sur-faced the question of literary genre. The Gospel may be read as a bios, a bio-graphical narrative (so Talbert, Literary Patterns 12540); yet if it is taken with Acts as a two-book narrative, it may be aligned more securely with one or another of the historiographical genres that were current in Lukes world.12 ThecraftofhistoriographywasthesubjectofintensecriticalreflectionintheGreco-Roman world (e.g., Diodorus, Hist. 1.13; Dionysius, Ant. rom. 1.18; Dionysius, Thucydides; Livy, Hist. 1, Preface; Lucian, How to Write History; Polybius, Hist. 1.14). The panoramic vision of LukeActs, which imagines the whole world (oikoumen) as an arena of mission in which the nations will be drawn into the realm of God, whose Son Jesus is authentic sovereign (kyrios), suggestsasgenericanaloguetheuniversalhistoriesexemplifiedbyPolybiusand Diodorus of Sicily (so Aune, Literary Environment 13841).

The particular concern of Lukes literary project for the emergence of Chris-tian groups out of the history of a particular people (Israel), however, better fitswhatSterlingtermsapologetichistoriography,amodeofhistorywritingthat tells the story of a specific group, recasting its traditions in hellenizedforms, to establish the identity of the group within the setting of the larger world(Historiography 1619, 38689, quoting 17, emphasis removed). This particularpeoplethismultinationalreligiouscommunityinhabitsspacedominated by Rome yet worships the God of Israel. Therefore the identify-shaping, legitimacy-providing concerns that animate reader response to Lukes Gospel and its sequel center on the connection of this history to the history, and particular ot histories, that belong to the Jewish people. Luke, then, also draws upon the historiographical models available in ot writings such as 12 Samuel and 12 kings (i.e., 14 kingdoms lxx). Luke offers his two-volume history as an account of the next, and decisive, stage in the history of Israel (cf. Dahl, Pur-pose8889).Theworld-encompassingclaimsofthenarrativebeginthere.Thestory Luke tells therefore commences not with Jesus, or John the Baptizer, but with the ancient promises of a faithful God to the people Israel (a prominent theme in Luke 12).

Rhetorical aims and purpose. As a historian, Lukes education would have highlighted rhetoric. Historical narrative was to be artful and entertaining, to be sure, but in service of the primary aims of truthfulness and practical useful-ness.13 Narrative, whether bios (biography) or historia (history), was to edify

12. On the modes of history writing, see Aune, Literary Environment 77111; Sterling, His-toriography 119.

13. See Aune, Literary Environment 9596. Historians before, after, and alongside Luke reflecteddeeplyontheprimaryaimsandmotivesofhistory-writing,withparticularconcernforthe interplay of aesthetic values (style, beauty, reader delight), service to the truth, and practical


6 Introduction

and instruct, ennoble and guideto forge character. Lukes Gospel preface articulates explicit authorial aims that square well with these widely shared historical interests, although some rhetorical aims associated with historical narratives in Lukes era as a matter of generic convention (and correlated reader expectation) are left implicit within Lukes concise preface. Luke does expressly say, however, that through a deftly arranged narrative of events, his literaryprojectseekstocultivateinreaderssuchasTheophilusconfidencethatthe teaching it offers is reliable (asphaleia, Luke 1:4). The ensuing (two-book) narrative delivers on audience expectations kindled by the preface and by the genre of the writing. It offers adventure in travel, persuasive and memorable discourse,scenesofintenselife-and-deathconflict,andtalesofperilanddra-matic rescue; it is populated by diverse characters whose actions readers will do well to emulate or avoid (cf. Livy, Hist. Preface 10). As participants in an emerging religious movement that was engaged in contest with Jewish groups and traditions and seeking to secure its own place in the Roman social world, Lukesreaderswouldhaveexperiencedtheneedforgroupself-definition,iden-tity, and legitimation, for which an artful narrative that provided asphaleia would be both rhetorically effective and pastorally nourishing.

Toward these ends, Luke roots the movement in Israels story. Despite apparentlydisconfirmingeventsincludingthecrucifixionofJesus,thearrestand execution of Paul, the repudiation of the apostolic testimony by a major-ity of Jews, and the transformation of this Jewish messianic movement into a primarilyGentileonethechurcheshavetheirroots,identity,andconfidencefor the future in this story, the story of God with Gods people Israel. Moreover, Lukes audience meets protagonists who collide with Roman power, but their courageous witness, even under duress, inspires bold mission that navigates the empires social-economic-religious-political spaceeven for people whose ultimate loyalty belongs to a different sovereign (see Excursus: The Reign of God and the Roman Empire, at 20:26).

In tracing the movement from Jerusalem to Rome (and beyond), Lukes primary aim thus is, in the language of the preface, to provide asphaleia:firm,reliable, secure knowledge that this is so, supporting the imaginative construals of history and the world as ruled by God that will nourish faithful living and bold witness (cf. Maddox, Purpose 18687).

utility. On concerns of artistry and beauty, see, e.g., Dio Cassius, Hist. rom. 1.2; Dionysius, Thuc. 51; Lucian, Hist.9.Regardingthesignificanceofeffectivearrangement,see,e.g.,Lucian,Hist. 47,51.Foraffirmationoftruthfulnessasthehistoriansprincipalinterest,see,e.g.,Diodorus,Hist. 1.2(historyasprophetessoftruth,Oldfather,LCL);Dionysius,Ant. rom. 1.1.2 (cf. 1.6.5, truth andjusticetheaimofeveryhistory,Cary,LCL);Dionysius,Thuc. 8 (history as High Priestess ofTruth,Usher,LCL);Lucian,Hist.40(onlytoTruthmustsacrificebemade,Kilburn,LCL).On the connection between historys truth-telling and its usefulness for readers, see, e.g., Diodorus, Hist. 1.2; Dionysius, Ant. rom. 1.1.2; Livy, Hist., Preface 10; Lucian, Hist. 9, 42; Polybius, Hist. 1.1.


Introduction 7

An Approach to Reading Lukes Gospel

Reading Lukes Narrative. An act as complex as interpreting an ancient text requires both boldness and humility. I do not pretend to be able to construct a preciseprofileofLukesoriginalreaders,theirsociohi

Luke a Commentary - John T. Carroll

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