Ltr 3: Cold War Marshall Plan. Aims of the Marshall Plan Resolve the German problem Achieve European...
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Transcript of Ltr 3: Cold War Marshall Plan. Aims of the Marshall Plan Resolve the German problem Achieve European...
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Ltr 3: Cold War
Marshall Plan
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Aims of the Marshall Plan
• Resolve the German problem
• Achieve European economic integration
• Make it difficult for communists to take control of Western European governments
• Soviet view of Marshall plan?
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Soviet view of Marshall plan
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Soviet View of MP
•MP is American method to undermine our position in Germany and Eastern Europe•You want to create an anti-Soviet bloc•To isolate us•To incorporate Europe into the American economic orbit•I have to block your (nonsense) move!
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Can Stalin?
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American Tax payers had to work quite hard?
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Who received what?
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Economic Success of the MP
• 1948-1949: MP gave Europe >$3 billion
• Economy improved
• Standard of living improved
• European and American security enhanced
• Prevented Communist parties from winning elections in Western Europe
• Criticism of MP?
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Critique of MP
• MP was not anything dramatically new
• Economic assistance given during the years 1945-47 was larger
• However MP was innovative
• MP was given out in large portions
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Results of MP on relations
• To USA: Rebuilding Western Europe was more important than cooperation with the Soviets
• Response of S.U: strengthen hold over Eastern Europe
• Soviet extended its hold on Czechoslovakia (February 1948)
• Extension of Molotov Plan
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Molotov Plan
• SU responded with Molotov Plan in July
• A series of bilateral agreements linking Eastern European countries to SU
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Entrenchment of C.W
• Europe was divided by 1948
• SU consolidated power in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Rumania
• Only Yugoslavia remained democratic
• Tito of Yugoslavia defied Soviet policies
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Two major events: 1948
• Communist coup in Czechoslovakia : 1948
• (Read by yourself if you’re interested)
• We do the Berlin blockade
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The Berlin Crisis (BC)
• How it began
• 6 March 1948: London Conference took place
• Objective: Discuss zonal policy in Germany
• To establish a West German state.
• Stalin objected to the reforms
• The Soviet representative, Sokolovsky walked out of the meeting
• What was Stalin trying to do about Berlin?
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Stalin’s Method
• Used a mix of coercion and diplomacy
• To prevent the formation of a West German state
• Coercion: restrict allied personnel entering Berlin by rail and road from 1 April
• New currency was introduced in the Western zones
• Stalin closed all surface routes into West Berlin on 24 June
• Reason for Soviet behaviour
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Soviets were desperate
• A desperate Soviet act
• SU did not want a potentially threatening West German state to be created
• Aimed to drive the West out of Berlin
• Hopefully to reopen talks on the future of Germany as a whole
• Even if blockade failed, better prospects for Soviet to control Germany
• Reaction of West
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Reaction of West
• “The Soviet intimidation is a challenge!”
• West mounted an airlift to get supplies into Berlin
• Airlift lasted almost a year
• Thousands of tonnes of supplies were airlifted daily
• Stalin gave in
• Lifted blockade in August 1948
• Analysis of ‘Berlin Blockade’
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Analysis of ‘Berlin Blockade’
• Results: militarization of the Cold War
• Formation of NATO
• Soviets now more afraid of emergence of a capitalist Germany
• Fear that West would use Germany as anti-Soviet bloc
• Elaborate on Nato
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NATO: North Atlantic Treaty
• NATO formed in 1949
• Members” US and 11 other countries
• A regional defense alliance to deter Soviet aggression
• Main aim : to contain the S.U
• All signatory states considered "an armed attack against one or more. . . an attack against them all."
• Next: China fell to the Communists
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China’s Fall to the Communists
• 1949: Mao Zedong won the Civil War
• 1/5 world population fell under communist rule
• Worse! S.U exploded an atomic bomb in 1949
• American monopoly in nuclear weapons ended
• Formation of NSC- 68
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The NSC-68
• NSC-68 report by American Defence Department (1950)
• Issued by the US National Security Council
• Reviewed American security policy
• Called for massive American rearmament
• NSC-68 was “bible” of American national security policy
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The NSC-68
• NSC-68 analyzed the capabilities of the S.U and U.S from military, economic and political standpoints
• Argument: S.U. intended to become dominant world power
• It would expand Soviet authority
• Recommendation: Adopt policy of containment to prevent spread of Communism
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US made major shifts in foreign policy
• NSC-68 marked a drastic foreign policy shift
• From ‘defensive’ to active containment
• US would be militarily prepared at all times
• Aggressively so
• Criticism of NSC 68
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Criticism of NSC 68
• NSC 68's rhetoric not realistic
• Soviet Union was not entirely diriven by expanisionist design
• Kennan, "father" of the containment policy disagreed
• President Truman himself disagreed
• In fact Truman tried to cut military spending
• Korean War
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Korean War : 1950
• On June 25, 1950 North Korea attacked South Korea
• NSC 68 became important• Truman signed NSC 68 on September
30, 1950,• Massive rearmament program began • Background to Korean War
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The Korean War• At the end of World War II,
Korea had been divided into two zones to facilitate Japanese surrender,
• North occupied by the Soviets; south by Americans
• North Korea invaded South Korea in June 1950
• Moscow knew about it
• Even gave consent for attack
• Mao too had consented to the invasion.
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The Korean War
• North and South Korea wanted reunification of Korea
• North hoped attack could lead to a revolt in the south - Korean could be united under Communist
• The United States sent troops in the name of UN
• How did they manage it
• S.U usually vetoed resolutions they did not like
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The Korean War
• Soviet Union was absent when Security Council condemned North Korea’s military offensive
• Soviet representative was absent
• He boycotted UN Security Council meetings because Taiwan held the Chinese seat
• UN troops led by American commander Douglas MacArthur.
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Truman and the United Nations rushing to Korea’s aid
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Invasion : June-September 1950
• The North Korean troops advanced rapidly
• Took Southern capital Seoul three days later
• The United Nations condemned North Korea's attack
• U.N. forces landed near Seoul
• Counter Attack : September-October 1950
• Able to overwhelm the Northern troops in South Korea
• Seoul was taken by U.N. forces
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MacArthur tried to unify Korea
• U.N. forces moved north of the 38th parallel
• But this violated American objective of status quo
• China warned it would move in to help Korea
• Some U.N. forces reached the Yalu River- border
between North Korea and China
• And the Chinese soldiers streamed in
• What a shocker
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Yalu River
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Chinese Advance : October 1950-January 195
• Chinese force estimated at between 130,000 and 300,000
• Pushed U.N. forces into retreat
• U.N. abandoned Pyongyang on December 4.
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Armistice: January 1951-July 1953
• In April, MacArthur was relieved of his command by Truman
• Truce talks began on July 10, 1951
• Armistice was signed in 1953
• UN casualties number > 550,000
• A demilitarized zone along the armistice line established – remains today (http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/05/maps/#)
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Results of the Korean War
• US anti-communist involvement in Asia were limited
• Nuclear weapons would not be used in Korea.
• Relations between China and USA deteriorated
• US policy towards China became more harsh than to SU
• Trade (and virtually all contact) was severed.
• The US increased its economic and military aid to Taiwan to prevent a communist takeover.
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Results of the Korean War
• The growth of U.S.-Soviet tensions
• General Dwight Eisenhower use opportunity to get elected in 1952
• The Republicans condemned Truman's containment policy
• Dulles called for the "rollback” of communism• Massive retaliation• To use nuclear weapons on Soviet Union if
necessary• Creation of other regional groupings
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Alliances • 1950s: alliances created
• Southeast Asian Treaty Organization
• Australia-New Zealand-United States (ANZUS) pact
• Bilateral security agreements with Japan and Taiwan
• Since UN unable to keep peace
• Each of the five permanent members of the Security Council could veto any action with which they disagreed
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Relations eased in 1955
• Tension eased after armistice ended fighting in Korea.
• 1955, Eisenhower and Nikita Khrushchev met at a summit meeting in Geneva
• This was the first meeting between leaders of the two countries since 1945
• Meeting was friendly but it accomplished little
• World heaved a sigh of relief
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Other world conflicts
• In 1956: "Spirit of Geneva" vanished
• Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary to quell an anti-communist uprising there
• British, French, and Israel forces invaded Egypt
• US was unable to help a revolution in Hungary that it condoned
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Soviet Union is ahead!
• 1957 when the Soviet
Union launched the
world's first earth
satellite, Sputnik
• It threatened to use its
missiles if it had to.
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U-2 Spy plane incident
• 1960, an American U-2 spy plane shot down over the Soviet Union
• Rhetoric escalated, and tensions increased
• 1950s-60s: United States and the Soviet Union developed large nuclear arsenals
• MAD: new version of deterrence developed
• Mutual assured destruction (MAD)
• Even if first strike, will be just as dead
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MAD
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1960s: Two hostile camps
• First World led by US
• Second World by USSR
• Third World : African, Middle Eastern, and Asian states ie former colonies
• They adopted the Nonaligned Movement.
• Not allied to superpowers
• But still received economic and military assistance from either
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Latin American states
• Considered as part of the Third World• Most were American allies, within the
American sphere of influence.• .
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Multilaterism
• Belief that to counter the Soviet Union and communism successfully, involvement and multilateralism were necessary
• Multilateralism had now become the key element of American foreign policy. Even so, supporters of unilateralism remained vocal and influential.