LTE Introduction_Ericsson

8/20/2019 LTE Introduction_Ericsson

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LTE technology introduction


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LTE technology introduction| p 2

My business card

Lance Yang

( 聯 )

Application Engineer

Application & System Support

ROHDE & SCHWARZ Taiwan Ltd.14F,No.13,Sec. 2,Pei-Tou Road,Taipei, 112,Taiwan, R.O.C.

Phone: +886-2-2893-1088 Ext.321Fax: +886-2-28917260

email: [email protected]: www.rohde-schwarz.com.twHot Line: 0800-889-669


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Contents

l Overview UMTS evolution and 3GPP standardization

l LTE radio transmission schemes

l OFDM

l OFDMA / SC-FDMA

l Physical channels

l Downlink/uplink

l LTE MIMOl MIMO

l Fading

l R&S LTE portfolio

l R&S Test Solutions


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UMTS / WCDMA today

140 WCDMA networks launched commercially worldwide*

120 million WCDMA subscribers worldwide as of Mar 2006*

Services: video telephony, video streaming, mobile TV, mobile e-mail,…

Challenges:

Continuously improved end-user experience

Improved speed, service attractiveness, service interaction

Long-term 3G competitiveness

*Source: www.umts-forum.org

UMTS = Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

WCDMA = Wideband Code Division Multiple Access


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2009/2010

Today's technology evolution path

GSM/GPRS

UMTS

EDGE, 200 kHzDL: 473 kbpsUL: 473 kbps

E-EDGE, 200 kHzDL: 1.9 MbpsUL: 947 kbps

HSDPA, 5 MHzDL: 14.4 MbpsUL: 2.0 Mbps

HSPA, 5 MHzDL: 14.4 MbpsUL: 5.76 Mbps

HSPA+, Rel. 7DL: 21.0 MbpsUL: 11.5 Mbps

2003/2004 2005/2006 2007/2008 2011/2012

LTE (2x2), Rel. 8, 20 MHzDL: 173 MbpsUL: 58 Mbps

LTE (4x4), 20 MHzDL: 326 MbpsUL: 86 Mbps

HSPA+, Rel. 8DL: 42.0 MbpsUL: 11.5 Mbps

cdma2000

1xEV-DO, Rev. 01.25 MHzDL: 2.4 MbpsUL: 153 kbps

1xEV-DO, Rev. A1.25 MHzDL: 3.1 MbpsUL: 1.8 Mbps

1xEV-DO, Rev. B5.0 MHzDL: 14.7 MbpsUL: 4.9 Mbps

1xEV-DO, Rev. D(= UMB 4x4) 20 MHzDL: 280 MbpsUL: 68 Mbps

Mobile WiMAXscalable bandwidth1.25 … 28 MHzup to 15 Mbps

Mobile WiMAX, 802.16e10 MHzDL: 64 Mbps (2x2)UL: 28 Mbps (1x2)

Mobile WiMAX, 802.16m20 MHzDL: >130 Mbps (4x4)UL: 56 Mbps (2x4)

IEEE 802.11a/b/g IEEE 802.11n

1xEV-DO, Rev. C(= UMB 2x2) 20 MHzDL: 140 MbpsUL: 34 Mbps


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UMTS/HSPA voice and data traffic

Voice

Data

Source: Peter Rysavy, 3G Americas

approximately

4x-over-year-growth

of data traffic

How the data trafficwill develop in

the next years?


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Data traffic growth forecast

Source: Peter Rysavy, 3G Americas

Hypothesis

Today's (air interface and) corenetwork might not be able to

handle the forecasted data traffic!?


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Ambitious targets with LTE

– Significantly increased peak datarate, e.g. 100 Mbps (downlink) and50 Mbps (uplink),

– Significantly improved spectrum

efficiency, e.g. 2-4 times comparedto 3GPP Release 6,

– Improved latency,

– Radio access network latency (userplane Network UE) below 30 ms,

– Significantly reduced control planelatency, e.g. idle to active


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Don’t get confused…

LTE = EUTRA(N) = Super3G = 3.9Gl EUTRA(N) = Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

(Network)

l

Used within 3GPP for LTE technology / network, like UTRA FDD andUTRA TDD is used within 3GPP for 3G/UMTS

l Super3G

l

Is referring to LTE, like WCDMA is referring to UTRA FDD and TDD

l 3.9G

l Used to indicate that LTE is not 4G, since the requirements for 4G areset by ITU / IMT-advanced, where 3GPP will approach theserequirements with LTE-Advanced


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LTE Key Parameter

Multi-user collaborative MIMO

Wide choice of MIMO configuration options for transmit diversity,spatial multiplexing, and cyclic delay diversity (max. 4 antennas atbase station and handset)

Downlink

75 Mbps (20 MHz)

150 Mbps (UE category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20 MHz)

300 Mbps (UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20 MHz)Downlink

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)Downlink

SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access)

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAMDownlink

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM ( optional for handset)

Uplink

MIMO technology

Uplink

Peak Data Rate

UplinkMultiple Access

Uplink

Modulation

Schemes

100 RB75 RB50 RB25 RB15 RB6 RB

20 MHz15 MHz10 MHz5 MHz3 MHz1.4 MHzChannel bandwidth

1 Resource Block (RB)

=180 kHz

UMTS FDD bands and UMTS TDD bandsFrequency Range


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LTE UE categories (downlink and uplink)

436672001513763027525

21827072753761507524

21237248753761020483

2123724851024510242

125036810296102961

Maximum number ofsupported layers for

spatial multiplexing in DL

Total number of soft

channel bits

Maximum number of bitsof a DL-SCH transport

block received a TTI

Maximum number ofDL-SCH transport block

bits received within TTI

UE category

MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple OutputUL-SCH = Uplink Shared ChannelDL-SCH = Downlink Shared ChannelUE = User EquipmentTTI = Transmission Time Interval

Yes753765

No510244

No510243

No254562

No51601

Support 64QAMin UL

Maximum number of

UL-SCH transport block

bits received with in TTI

UE category~300 Mbps

peak DL data ratefor 4x4 MIMO

~75 Mbps peakUL data rate

~150 Mbpspeak DL data rate

for 2x2 MIMO


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Spectrum flexibility

Transmission

Bandwidth [RB]

Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB]

Channel Bandwidth [MHz]

R e s o u

r c e b l o c k

C h ann el e d

g e

C h ann el e d

g e

DC carrier (downlink only) Act ive Resource Blocks

100755025156Number of resource blocks

201510531.4Channel bandwidth BWChannel

[MHz]

l LTE physical layer /FDD/TDD) supports any bandwidth from 1.4 to 20MHz,

l Current LTE specification supports a subset of 6 different systembandwidths,

l All UE’s must support the maximum bandwidth of 20 MHz,


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Deployment scenarios for LTE

l LTE will use same frequency bands as 3G,

l Current 3G frequency blocks, licensed by operators in variouscountries provide not enough bandwidth, for example in Europe/USA,or a continuous frequency range, for example USA, to roll-out LTE

and use the full capacity,

l New frequency ranges will be used to use full capacity of

LTE,

l Asia/Europe1) 2.5 to 2.7 GHz,l USA2) 700 MHz Band,

l Inter-working between WCDMA/HSPA,CDMA2000 1xRTT/1xEV-DO and

GSM/EDGE is considered andcurrently specified,

2.6 GHz antennas used for field trial test on LTE in Nuremberg, GERMANY

1) Auction in Norway, Sweden happened, Austria, Hong Kong, Netherlands Q1/2009,Germany, UK probably Q2/2009, Spain, Portugal probably Q4/2009, Italy, France probably Q1/2010

2) auction happened, spectrum available in February 2009


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What is OFDM basically?

5 MHz

Single CarrierTransmission

(e.g. WCDMA)

e.g. 5 MHz

(Orthogonal )

Frequency DivisionMultiplexing ((O)FDM)

Typically several 100 sub-carriers with spacing of x kHz

l Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is a multi-

carrier transmission technique, which divides the available

spectrum into many subcarriers, each one being modulated

by a low data rate stream,


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OFDM Summary Advantages

OFDM Summary Advantages and disadvantages

l High spectral efficiency due to

efficient use of available

bandwidth,

l Scalable bandwidths and data rates,

l Robust against narrow-band co-

channel interference,

Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

and fading caused by mult ipath

propagation,

l Can easily adapt to severe

channel condit ions without

complex equalization

l 1-tap equalization in frequencydomain,

l Low sensitivity to time

synchronization errors,

l Very sensitive to frequency

synchronization,

l Phase noise, frequency and clock offset,

l Sensit ive to Doppler shift,l Guard interval required to minimize

effects of ISI and ICI,

l High peak-to-average power ratio

(PAPR), due to the independent

phases of the sub-carriers mean that

they will often combine constructively,

l High-resolution DAC and ADC required,

l Requiring linear transmitter circuitry, which

suffers from poor power efficiency, – Any non-linearity will cause intermodulationdistortion raising phase noise, causing Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) and out-of-bandspurious radiation.


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LTE Physical Layer Concepts

OFDMA in the Downlink


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Difference between OFDM and OFDMA

l OFDM allocates user just in time

domain,

l OFDMA allocates user in time

and frequency domain,

Time domain Time domain

F r e q u e n c y d o m a i n

F r e q u e n c

y d o m a i n

User 3User 3 User 2

User 2

User 1User 1


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Downlink physical channels and signals

Carries data (user data, system information,…)Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

Indicates format of PDCCH (CFI)Physical Cont rol Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)

Carries control information (DCI = Downlink Control Information)Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)

Provides essential system information e.g. system bandwidthPhysical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)

Carries MBMS user dataPhysical Multicast Channel (PMCH)

LTE Downlink Physical Channels

Carries ACK/NACK (HI = HARQ indicator) for uplink data packetsPhysical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)

LTE Downlink Physical Signals

Provide acquisition of cell timing and identity during cell searchPrimary and Secondary Synchronization Signal

Cell search, initial acquisition, coherent demod., channel estimationDownlink Reference Signal


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Downlink reference signals

l Each antenna has a specific reference signal pattern, e.g. for 2 antennas,

– Frequency domain spacing is 6 subcarrier,

– Time domain spacing is 4 OFDM symbols 4 reference signals per resource block,

Resource Block


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?!

Physical Downlink Shared

Channel (PDSCH)

Physical Downlink Control

Channel (PDCCH)

How to derive information in LTE?

Check the PDCCH for an uniqueIDENTITY1). As soon as you have

found it, you will get all theinformation you need there.

I would like to read the PDSCHbut I don‘t know which resources

are allocated for the transportof system or paging informationor data and how they look like?

1) Several identities are used in LTE to identify UE’s (e.g. C-RNTI),System Information (SI-RNTI), Paging Information (P-RNTI) or during

Random Access Procedure (RA-RNTI), for details see 3GPP TS36.321 MAC Protocol Specification


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?!

Physical Control Format

Indicator Channel (PCFICH)

Indicating PDCCH format

I would like toread the PDCCHbut where is it?

Check PCFICH! It willtell you how many

symbols (1, 2, 3 (or 4))in the beginning of each

subframe are allocatedfor PDCCH!

Physical Downlink

Control Channel (PDCCH)


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Resource Allocation

24

12

Sub-

carrier

33.310243Extended CP

∆f = 7.5 kHz

16.75126Extended CP

∆f = 15 kHz

5.2 for 1st symbol

4.7 for other symbols

160 for 1st symbol

144 for other symbols7Normal CP

∆f = 15 kHz

Cyclic Prefix

Length in µs

Cyclic Prefix Length

in Samples

OFDM

SymbolsConfiguration

MBMS Scenario

l Smallest resource unit is ResourceElement, which is 1 symbol on 1 subcarrier,

l But minimum allocation for transmission isa Resource Block (RB),

l 1 RB spans 12 sub-carriers (12*15 kHz =180 kHz) in the frequency domain and1 Time Slot (= 0.5 ms) in the time domain,

– 10 MHz = 50 RB 50 RB*180 kHz = 9.0 MHz +1 unused DC subcarrier (= f Carrier ) = 9.015 MHz

– TTI is 1 subframe, which is 2 time slots, – With normal (extended) cyclic prefix (CP)

we got 7 (6) OFDM symbols per time slot,

DLsymb N

slotT

0=l 1DLsymb −= N l

R B

s c

D L R B

N

N

×

R B

s c

N

RBsc

DLsymb N N ×

),( lk

0=k

1RBsc

DLRB −= N N k


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LTE frame structure type 1 (FDD),

downlink

1 radio frame = 10 ms

1 slot = 0.5 ms

1 subframe = 1 ms

L1/2 downlinkcontrol channels

Downlinkreferencesignal

Downlinkreferencesignal

#0 #1 #19

lUser dataallocations

Screenshot of R&SSMU200A signal generator


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LTE frame structure type 2 (TDD)

One radio frame Tf =10 ms

1 radio frame = 10 ms

1 slot = 0.5 ms

1 subframe = 1 ms

#0 #1 #19

Special subframes containing:

DwPTS: downlink pilot time slotUpPTS: uplink pilot time slotGP: guard period for TDD operation

Possible uplink-downlink

configurations (D=Downlink,

U=Uplink, S=Special Subframe):

Screenshot of R&SSMU200A signal generator

D S U U U UUSD


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LTE Physical Layer Concepts

SC-FDMA in the Uplink


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l DFT “pre-coding” is performed on modulated data symbols to transformthem into frequency domain,

l Sub-carrier mapping allows flexible allocation of signal to available sub-carriers,

l IFFT and cyclic prefix (CP) insertion as in OFDM,

l Each subcarrier carries a portion of superposed DFT spread datasymbols, therefore SC-FDMA is also referred to as DFT-spread-OFDM(DFT-s-OFDM).

How to generate a SC-FDMA?

Time DomainFrequency DomainTime Domain

…

…

……………………….

..…………….

coded symbol rate R

NTX symbols

N-pointDFT

Subcarrier Mapping

P

ar al l el / S er i al

M-pointIDFT

CPInsertion


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How does a SC-FDMA signal look like?

l Similar to OFDM signal, but…

– …in OFDMA, each sub-carrier only carries information related to one specific symbol,

– …in SC-FDMA, each sub-carrier contains information of ALL transmitted symbols.


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SC-FDMA parameterization (FDD and TDD)

l LTE FDD

l Same as in downlink,

l TD-LTE

l Usage of UL depends on the selected UL-DL configuration (1 to 8),

each configuration offers a different number of subframes (1ms) foruplink transmission,

l Parameterization for those subframes, means number of SC-FDMAsymbols same as for FDD and depending on CP,

12

Number

ofSubcarrie

r

16.75126ExtendedCP

∆f = 15 kHz

5.2 for 1st symbol

4.7 for othersymbols

160 for 1st symbol

144 for othersymbols

7Normal CP

∆f = 15 kHz

Cyclic PrefixLength in µs

Cyclic Prefix

Length

in Samples

Number SC-

FDMA

Symbols

Configuration


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Uplink physical channels and signals

Enables uplink channel quality evaluationSounding Reference Signal (SRS)

LTE Uplink Physical Signals

Enables channel estimation and data demodulationDemodulation Reference Signal (DRS)

Carries control information (UCI = Uplink ControlInformation)

Physical Uplink Contro l Channel

(PUCCH)

Preamble transmission for initial accessPhysical Random Access Channel

(PRACH)

Carries user dataPhysical Uplink Shared Channel

(PUSCH)

LTE Uplink Physical Channels


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?! I would like to send dataonPUSCHbut I don‘t know which resource blocks

and transport formats I can use?

Physical Downlink

Control Channel (PDCCH)

CheckPDCCH for your UE ID.

As soon as you are addressed,

you will find your uplinkscheduling grants there.

Physical Uplink

Shared Channel (PUSCH)

Scheduling of uplink data

(QPSK, 16QAM modulated,64QAM is optional for the UE)


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l DRS are used for channel estimation in the eNodeB receiverin order to demodulate data (PUSCH) and control (PUCCH)

channels,

– PUSCH. Located in the 4th SC-FDMA symbol in each slot (symbol #3, #10 fornormal CP), spanning the same BW as allocated for user data,

– PUCCH. Different symbols, depending on format (see one of the followingslides),

Demodulation Reference Signal (DRS) in the UL

Demodulation Reference Signal (DRS)

Screenshot of R&S® SMU200A Vector Signal Generator


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Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) in the UL

l SRS are used to estimate uplink channel quality in other frequencyareas as a basis for scheduling decisions,

– Transmitted in areas, where no user data is transmitted, first or last symbol ofsubframe is used for transmission,

– Configuration (e.g. BW, power offset,cyclic shift, duration, periodicity,hopping pattern) is signaled byhigher layers,

Screenshot of R&S® SMU200A Vector Signal Generator


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LTE MIMO

MIMO?


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MIMO?

l MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output

l Refers to the use of mult iple antennas at transmitter and/or receiver side

l Requirement of 100 Mbps peak downlink data rate

=> MIMO urgently needed in LTE

SISOSingle Input Single Output

MISOMultiple Input Single Output

MIMOMultiple Input Multiple Output


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Topics related to MIMO in LTE

l Classical configuration with 2 Tx and 2Rx antennas

l Scenarios with 4 Tx antennas are also supported

l Modes of operation of mult iple transmit antennas:l Spatial multiplexing (linear codebook-based precoding)

l Beamforming

l Single stream transmit diversity

l Single User - MIMO and Multiple User - MIMO systems are supportedl Multiple codeword (MCW) transmission is agreed for the SU-MIMO


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MIMO in LTE

l Requirement of 100 Mbps peak downlink data rate

=> MIMO urgently needed in LTE

l Configuration with 2 Tx and 2 Rx antennasl Scenarios with 4 Tx antennas also supported

l Modes of operation of mult iple transmit antennas:

l Open or closed loop spatial multiplexing

l Single stream transmit diversityl Beamforming

l Single User - MIMO and Mult iple User - MIMO systems are

supported

MIMO d


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MIMO modes

l Transmit diversity (TxD)

l Combat fading

l Replicas of the same signal senton several Tx antennas

l Get a higher SNR at the Rx

l Spatial multiplexing (SM)

l Different data streams sentsimultaneously on different

antennasl Higher data rate

l No diversity gain

l Limitation due to path correlation

l Beamforming

s1 s2 sMt

…

…

T1 T2 TNt

R1 RNr

s1 s1 s1

Antenna array


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Increasing data rate with spatial multiplexing

TX RX

010

110

010110 010110

original hij

Nt antennas at node B Nr antennas at UE

⎥⎥

⎥⎥

⎦

⎤

⎢⎢

⎢⎢

⎣

⎡

=Η

NrNt Nr Nr

Nt

Nt

hhh

hhh

hhh

K

MOM

K

21

22221

11211

Nr

Nt

MIMO channel modelhij = channel coefficients in

time domain from Tx

antenna j to Rx antenna i


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Downlink spatial multiplexing - precoding

l The signal is “ pre-coded” at Node B side before transmission

l Optimum precoding matrix is selected from predefined

“ codebook” known at Node B and UE side

l UE estimates the channel, selects the best precoding matrix at the

moment and sends back its index

SUMIMOversusMUMIMO


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SU-MIMO versus MU-MIMO

s1 s2 sn

… …

UE1UE2

UEn

l SU (Single User)-MIMO

l Goal: to increase user datarate

l Simultaneous transmissionof different data streams to 1

user l Efficient when the user

experiences good channelconditions

l MU (Multiple User)-MIMO

l Goal: to increase sectorcapacity

l Selection of the usersexperiencing good channel

conditionsl Efficient when a large number

of users have an active datatransmission simultaneously

Beamforming


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Beamforming

l Smart antennas are divided into two groups:

- Phased array systems (switched beamforming) with a finite

number of fixed predefined patterns

- Adaptive array systems (AAS) (adaptive beamforming) with

an infinite number of patterns adjusted to the scenario in

realtime

MIMOinRadioCommunicationsSystems


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MIMO in Radio Communications Systems

MIMO dF di


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MIMO and Fading

l MIMO precodingWhen testing MIMO receivers two major aspects need to be taken into account, the

MIMO precoding and the channel simulation.

Fadingsources


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Transmitter

Ampl itude

Time

Delay

A: free spaceB: reflection

(object is large compared to wavelength)

C: diffractionD: scattering

(object is small or its surface irregular)

E: shadowing (birth death)F: doppler

A

C

D

B

E

F

Fading sources

Delay Spread

MIMO i ifi ti ith R&SSMU200A


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MIMO receiver verification with R&SSMU200A

MIMO Fading (R&S SMU-K74)

Code word

and precoding

selection forMIMO

TX1TX1

TX2TX2

Screenshot of R&S SMU200AScreenshot of R&S SMU200A

Signal Generation&MIMOPrecoding


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Signal Generation& MIMOPrecoding

SupportedFeatures in SMU/SMJ/SMATE/SMBV/AMU/AFQ

Yes, supported

2 Tx,Matrix B

2 Tx,STC, Matrix A

Antenna 1 or 2

mobile WiMAX

IEEE 802.16e-2005

Option -K49/-K249

Yes, supported

2 or 4 Tx,Code Book

(219 alternatives)

2 or 4 TxSFC

Antenna 1, 2, 3 or 4

LTE

(3GPP Release 8)

Option -K55/-K255

Collaborative / Virtual /Multi User MIMO (UL)

Spatial Multiplexing(DL)

TX Diversity coding(DL)

Signal generation(Pilots + Data)

Feature

LTE with MIMO precoding available


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Downlink MIMO receiver verificationConfiguring MIMO mode and precoding

l MIMO data precoding per allocation

Screenshot of R&S SMU200AScreenshot of R&S SMU200A


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LTE MIMO channel model supported

l Particularly relevant for receiver performance

testsl Extension to traditional ITU fading models

(tapped delay line) required to cover higherbandwidths of LTE and MIMO operation

l Propagation condit ions agreed in 3GPP for:l

Extended pedestrian A (EPA)l Extended vehicular A model (EVA)l Extended Typical Urban model (ETU)

l Definition of delay profile, Doppler spectrumand set of correlation matrices describingcorrelation between UE and BS antennas

Unique LTE/MIMO signal generation solution


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Unique LTE/MIMO signal generation solution

R&S® SMU200A

• Vector signal generator • LTE signal generation

• Dual channel baseband + RF• Fading + AWGN simulator option• 2x2 MIMO option K74•

R&S® AMU200A

• Baseband signal generator• LTE signal generation

• Stand-alone basebandfading + AWGN simulator • Dual channel baseband in/out• 2x2 MIMO option K74

dual channel RF

dual channel I/Q

MeasurementReal timeMIMOfadingup to4x2


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Measurement Real-time MIMO fading up to 4 x 2

and 2 x 4

l 4 x 2 MIMO up to 3 GHz two SMU200A

Each of the four basebands represent onetransmit antenna. The two receiveantennas are represented by combiningthe first RF outputs of both SMU200A andthe second RF outputs of both SMU200Aby RF combiners respectively. By doing

so, all eight possible fading channels of a4 x 2 MIMO setup can be simulated.

l Minimum instrument configuration:

Both SMU200A need the same options

as described above for the 2 x 2 MIMOcase.

LTEMIMOanalysis (SoftwareOptionFSQ-K102)


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LTE MIMO analysis (Software Option FSQ K102)

l Supports 2x2 and 4x4 MiMO

l Supports

l

Transmitt Diversityl Spacial multiplexing

l Cyclic delay diversity

l Measurements are possible on single antennas or combined

LTEMIMOanalysis


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LTE MIMO analysis

MIMO transmitter tests on multiple antennas

DUT

PrecodedMIMO Signal

LTERFTestingAspects


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LTE RF Testing Aspects

UE/BS requirements according to 3GPP

Transmitter Characteristics:

Transmit powerFrequency error

Output power dynamics

Output RF spectrum emissions

Transmit intermodulationModulation quality, Error Vector

Magnitude

…

Receiver characterist ics:

Reference sensitivity levelUE maximum input level

Adjacent channel selectivity

Blocking characteristics

Intermodulation characteristicsSpurious emissions

…

Performance requirements

Currently captured in

TR 36.803: User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception

TR 36.804: Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception


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l Further information on Technologies:http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/en/technologies


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