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PrepTest 63Test ID: LL3063

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� LogicalReasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SECTIONI

� AnalyticalReasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SECTIONII

� LogicalReasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SECTIONIII

� ReadingComprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SECTIONIV

� WritingSampleMaterials

1 11–2–

1. Backyardgardenerswhowanttoincreasetheyieldsoftheirpotatoplantsshouldtrygrowingstingingnettlesalongsidetheplants,sincestingingnettlesattractinsectsthatkillawidearrayofinsectpeststhatdamagepotatoplants.Itistruethatstingingnettlesalsoattractaphids,andthatmanyspeciesofaphidsareharmfultopotatoplants,butthatfactinnowaycontradictsthisrecommendation,because_______.

Whichoneofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletesthe argument?

(A) stingingnettlesrequirelittlecareandthusareeasytocultivate

(B) sometypesofaphidsareattractedtostingingnettleplantsbutdonotdamagethem

(C) thetypesofaphidsthatstingingnettlesattractdo notdamagepotatoplants

(D) insectpeststypicallycauselessdamagetopotato plantsthanotherharmfulorganismsdo

(E) mostaphidspeciesthatareharmfultopotatoplantscausegreaterharmtootherediblefood plants

2. Jocko,achimpanzee,wasoncegivenalargebunch ofbananasbyazookeeperafterthemoredominantmembersofthechimpanzee’stroophadwandered off.Inhisexcitement,Jockoutteredsomeloud“foodbarks.” Theotherchimpanzeesreturnedandtookthebananasaway.Thenextday,Jockowasagainfoundaloneandwasgivenasinglebanana.Thistime,however,hekeptsilent.Thezookeeperconcluded thatJocko’ssilencewasastratagemtokeeptheotherchimpanzeesfromhisfood.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslycallsintoquestionthezookeeper’sconclusion?

(A) Chimpanzeesutterfoodbarksonlywhentheirfavoritefoodsareavailable.

(B) Chimpanzeesutterfoodbarksonlywhentheyencounterasizablequantityoffood.

(C) Chimpanzeesfrequentlytakefoodfromotherchimpanzeesmerelytoassertdominance.

(D) Evenwhentheyarealone,chimpanzeesoftenmakenoisesthatappeartobesignalstoother chimpanzees.

(E) Bananasareafoodforwhichallofthechimpanzeesatthezooshowadecidedpreference.

3. Arecentsurveyquizzedjournalismstudentsabout thesortsofstoriestheythemselveswishedtoread.A significantmajoritysaidtheywantedtoseestoriesdealingwithseriousgovernmentalandpoliticalissuesandhadlittletoleranceforthepresentpopularityofstoriescoveringlifestyletrendsandcelebritygossip.Thisindicatesthattoday’strendsinpublishingarebasedonfalseassumptionsabouttheinterestsofthepublic.

Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribesa flawintheargument’sreasoning?

(A) Ittakeswhatismorelikelytobetheeffectofa phenomenontobeitscause.

(B) Itregardstheproductionofaneffectasincontrovertibleevidenceofanintentiontoproducethateffect.

(C) Itreliesontheopinionsofagroupunlikelytoberepresentativeofthegroupatissueintheconclusion.

(D) Itemployslanguagethatunfairlyrepresentsthosewhoarelikelytorejecttheargument’sconclusion.

(E) Ittreatsahypothesisasfacteventhoughitisadmittedlyunsupported.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

SECTIONI

Time—35minutes

25Questions

Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For somequestions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer;  thatis, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are bycommonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer,blackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.

1 11 –3–

4. Electricbugzappers,whichworkbyattractinginsects tolight,areaveryeffectivemeansofriddinganareaofflyinginsects.Despitethis,mostpestcontrolexpertsnowadviseagainsttheiruse,recommendinginsteadsuchremediesasinsect-eatingbirdsorinsecticidesprays.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoaccountforthepestcontrolexperts’recommendation?

(A) Insect-eatingbirdswilltakeupresidencein anyinsect-richareaiftheyareprovidedwithnesting boxes,food,andwater.

(B) Bugzappersarelesseffectiveagainstmosquitoes,whichareamongthemoreharmfulinsects,thantheyareagainstotherharmfulinsects.

(C) Bugzappersusemoreelectricitybutprovidelesslightthandomoststandardoutdoorlightsources.

(D) Bugzapperskillmanymorebeneficialinsectsandfewerharmfulinsectsthandoinsect-eatingbirdsandinsecticidesprays.

(E) Developersofcertainnewinsecticidespraysclaimthattheirproductscontainnochemicalsthatareharmfultohumans,birds,orpets.

5. Gardener:ThedesignofJapanesegardensshoulddisplayharmonywithnature.Hence,rockschosenforplacementinsuchgardensshouldvary widelyinappearance,sincerocksfoundinnaturealsovarywidelyinappearance.

Thegardener’sargumentdependsonassumingwhichoneofthefollowing?

(A) TheselectionofrocksforplacementinaJapanesegardenshouldreflecteverykeyvalueembodiedinthedesignofJapanesegardens.

(B) IntheselectionofrocksforJapanesegardens,imitationofnaturehelpstoachieveharmonywithnature.

(C) TheonlycriterionforselectingrocksforplacementinaJapanesegardenistheexpressionofharmonywithnature.

(D) Expressingharmonywithnatureandbeingnaturalarethesamething.

(E) EachcomponentofagenuineJapanesegarden is varied.

6. Smallexperimentalvacuumtubescanoperate in heatthatmakessemiconductorcomponentsfail.Anycomponentwhoseresistancetoheatisgreaterthan thatofsemiconductorswouldbepreferableforuse in digitalcircuits,butonlyifthatcomponentwerealso comparabletosemiconductorsinallothersignificantrespects,suchasmaximumcurrentcapacity.However,vacuumtubes’maximumcurrentcapacityispresentlynotcomparableto thatofsemiconductors.

Ifthestatementsabovearetrue,whichoneofthefollowingmustalsobetrue?

(A) Vacuumtubesarenotnowpreferabletosemiconductorsforuseindigitalcircuits.

(B) Oncevacuumtubesandsemiconductorshavecomparablemaximumcurrentcapacity,vacuumtubeswillbeusedinsomedigitalcircuits.

(C) Theonlyreasonthatvacuumtubesarenotnowusedindigitalcircuitsisthatvacuumtubes’maximumcurrentcapacityistoolow.

(D) Semiconductorswillalwaysbepreferabletovacuumtubesforuseinmanyapplicationsother thandigitalcircuits.

(E) Resistancetoheatistheonlyadvantagethatvacuumtubeshaveoversemiconductors.

7. ThecauseoftheepidemicthatdevastatedAthensin430 B.C.canfinallybeidentified.Accountsoftheepidemicmentionthehiccupsexperiencedbymanyvictims,asymptomofnoknowndiseaseexcept thatcausedbytherecentlydiscoveredEbolavirus.Moreover,othersymptomsofthediseasecausedbytheEbolavirusarementionedintheaccountsoftheAthenianepidemic.

Eachofthefollowing,iftrue,weakenstheargumentEXCEPT:

(A) VictimsoftheEbolavirusexperiencemanysymptomsthatdonotappearinanyoftheaccountsoftheAthenianepidemic.

(B) NotallofthosewhoarevictimsoftheEbolavirusareafflictedwithhiccups.

(C) TheEbolavirus’shostanimalsdidnotliveinAthensatthetimeoftheAthenianepidemic.

(D) TheEbolavirusismuchmorecontagiousthanthediseasethatcausedtheAthenianepidemicwasreportedtohavebeen.

(E) Theepidemicsknowntohavebeencausedbythe Ebolavirusareusuallyshorter-livedthanwastheAthenianepidemic.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

1 11–4–

8. Lettertotheeditor:YourarticlewasunjustifiedincriticizingenvironmentalistsforclaimingthatmorewolvesonVancouverIslandarekilled byhuntersthanareborneachyear.Youstated thatthisclaimwasdisprovenbyrecentstudies thatindicatethatthetotalnumberofwolvesonVancouverIslandhasremainedroughlyconstantfor20years.Butyoufailedtoaccountfor thefactthat,fearingtheextinctionofthiswolfpopulation,environmentalistshavebeenintroducingnewwolvesintotheVancouverIslandwolfpopulationfor20years.

Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressestheconclusionoftheargumentinthelettertotheeditor?

(A) EnvironmentalistshavebeensuccessfullymaintainingthewolfpopulationonVancouver Islandfor20years.

(B) AsmanywolvesonVancouverIslandarekilledbyhuntersasareborneachyear.

(C) ThepopulationofwolvesonVancouverIslandshouldbemaintainedbyeitherreducing thenumberkilledbyhunterseachyearorintroducingnewwolvesintothepopulation.

(D) TherecentstudiesindicatingthatthetotalnumberofwolvesonVancouverIslandhasremainedroughlyconstantfor20yearswere flawed.

(E) ThestabilityinthesizeoftheVancouverIslandwolfpopulationdoesnotwarrantthearticle’scriticismoftheenvironmentalists’claim.

9. Computerscientist:Forseveraldecades,thenumber oftransistorsonnewcomputermicrochips,andhencethemicrochips’computingspeed,hasdoubledaboutevery18months.However,fromthemid-1990sintothenextdecade,eachsuchdoublinginamicrochip’scomputingspeed wasaccompaniedbyadoublinginthecostofproducingthatmicrochip.

Whichoneofthefollowingcanbeproperlyinferredfromthecomputerscientist’sstatements?

(A) Theonlyeffectivewaytodoublethecomputingspeedofcomputermicrochipsistoincreasethe numberoftransistorspermicrochip.

(B) Fromthemid-1990sintothenextdecade,therewaslittleifanyincreaseintheretailcostofcomputersasaresultoftheincreasednumberof transistorsonmicrochips.

(C) Forthelastseveraldecades,computerengineers havefocusedonincreasingthecomputingspeedofcomputermicrochipswithoutmakinganyattempttocontrolthecost ofproducingthem.

(D) Fromthemid-1990sintothenextdecade,adoublinginthecostoffabricatingnewcomputermicrochipsaccompaniedeachdoublinginthenumberoftransistorsonthosemicrochips.

(E) Itisunlikelythatengineerswilleverbeableto increasethecomputingspeedofmicrochipswithoutalsoincreasingthecostofproducingthem.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

1 11 –5–

10. Ms.Sandstrom’snewspapercolumndescribing a strangenaturalphenomenonontheMendels’farmledmanypeopletotrespassonandextensivelydamagetheirproperty.Thus,Ms.Sandstromshouldpayforthisdamageif,astheMendelsclaim,shecouldhavereasonablyexpectedthatthecolumnwouldleadpeopleto damagetheMendels’farm.

Theargument’sconclusioncanbeproperlyinferredifwhichoneofthefollowingisassumed?

(A) Oneshouldpayforanydamagethatone’saction leadsotherpeopletocauseifonecouldhavereasonablyexpectedthattheactionwouldleadotherpeopletocausedamage.

(B) Oneshouldpayfordamagethatone’sactionleadsotherpeopletocauseonlyif,priortotheaction,oneexpectedthattheactionwouldleadotherpeopletocausethatdamage.

(C) Itisunlikelythatthepeoplewhotrespassedon andcausedthedamagetotheMendels’propertywouldthemselvespayforthedamagetheycaused.

(D) Ms.Sandstromknewthathercolumncouldincite trespassingthatcouldresultindamageto theMendels’farm.

(E) TheMendelsbelievethatMs.Sandstromis abletoformreasonableexpectationsabouttheconsequencesofheractions.

11. Meyerwasfoundbyhisemployertohavecommittedscientificfraudbyfalsifyingdata.TheUniversityofWilliamstown,fromwhichMeyerheldaPhD,validatedthisfindingandsubsequentlyinvestigatedwhether hehadfalsifieddatainhisdoctoralthesis,findingnoevidencethathehad.ButtheuniversitydecidedtorevokeMeyer’sPhDanyway.

WhichoneofthefollowinguniversitypoliciesmostjustifiesthedecisiontorevokeMeyer’sPhD?

(A) AnyonewhoholdsaPhDfromtheUniversityof Williamstownandisfoundtohavecommitted academicfraudinthecourseofpursuingthatPhDwillhavethePhDrevoked.

(B) NoPhDprogramattheUniversityofWilliamstownwilladmitanyapplicantwhohas beendeterminedtohavecommittedanysort ofacademicfraud.

(C) AnyUniversityofWilliamstownstudentwhoisfoundtohavesubmittedfalsifieddataasacademicworkwillbedismissedfromtheuniversity.

(D) AnyonewhoholdsaPhDfromtheUniversityof WilliamstownandisfoundtohavecommittedscientificfraudwillhavethePhDrevoked.

(E) TheUniversityofWilliamstownwillnot hireanyonewhoisunderinvestigationforscientific fraud.

12. Aerobicsinstructor:Comparedtomanyformsofexercise,kickboxingaerobicsishighlyrisky.Overextendingwhenkickingoftenleadstohip,knee,orlower-backinjuries.Suchoverextensionisverylikelytooccurwhenbeginnerstry tomatch thehighkicksofmoreskilledpractitioners.

Whichoneofthefollowingismoststronglysupportedbytheaerobicsinstructor’sstatements?

(A) Skilledpractitionersofkickboxingaerobicsareunlikelytoexperienceinjuriesfromoverextendingwhilekicking.

(B) Toreducetheriskofinjuries,beginnersatkickboxingaerobicsshouldavoidtrying tomatchthehighkicksofmoreskilledpractitioners.

(C) Beginnersatkickboxingaerobicswillnotexperienceinjuriesiftheyavoidtrying tomatch thehighkicksofmoreskilledpractitioners.

(D) Kickboxingaerobicsismoreriskythanformsofaerobicexercisethatdonotinvolvehighkicks.

(E) Mostbeginnersatkickboxingaerobicsexperience injuriesfromtryingtomatchthehigh kicksofmoreskilledpractitioners.

13. Alargecompanyhasbeenconvictedofengaging inmonopolisticpractices.Thepenaltyimposedonthecompanywillprobablyhavelittleifanyeffecton itsbehavior.Still,thetrialwasworthwhile,sinceitprovidedusefulinformationaboutthecompany’spractices.Afterall,thisinformationhasemboldenedthecompany’sdirectcompetitors,alertedpotentialrivals,andforcedthecompanytorestrainitsunfairbehaviortowardcustomersandcompetitors.

Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressestheoverallconclusiondrawnintheargument?

(A) Evenifthecompanyhadnotbeenconvictedof engaginginmonopolisticpractices,thetrialprobablywouldhavehadsomeeffectonthecompany’sbehavior.

(B) Thelightshedonthecompany’spractices bythe trialhasemboldeneditscompetitors,alerted potentialrivals,andforcedthecompany torestrainitsunfairbehavior.

(C) Thepenaltyimposedonthecompanywilllikelyhavelittleornoeffectonitsbehavior.

(D) Thecompany’strialonchargesofengaginginmonopolisticpracticeswasworthwhile.

(E) Thepenaltyimposedonthecompanyinthetrial shouldhavebeenlarger.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

1 11–6–

14. Waller:Iftherewerereallysuchathingasextrasensoryperception,itwouldgenerallybeacceptedbythepublicsinceanyonewithextrasensorypowerswouldbeabletoconvincethegeneralpublicofitsexistencebyclearlydemonstratingthosepowers.Indeed,anyonewhowasrecognizedtohavesuchpowerswouldachievewealthandrenown.

Chin:It’simpossibletodemonstrateanythingtothesatisfactionofallskeptics.Solongastheculturaleliteremainsclosed-mindedtothepossibility ofextrasensoryperception,thepopularmediareports,andthuspublicopinion,willalwaysbebiasedinfavorofsuchskeptics.

Waller’sandChin’sstatementscommitthemtodisagreeingonwhether

(A) extrasensoryperceptionisarealphenomenon(B) extrasensoryperception,ifitwereareal

phenomenon,couldbedemonstratedtothesatisfactionofallskeptics

(C) skepticsaboutextrasensoryperceptionhaveaweakcase

(D) thefailureofthegeneralpublictobelieveinextrasensoryperceptionisgoodevidenceagainst itsexistence

(E) thegeneralpublicbelievesthatextrasensoryperceptionisarealphenomenon

15. Counselor:Hagerlesincerelyapologizedtothephysicianforlyingtoher.SoHagerleowesmeasincereapologyaswell,becauseHagerletoldthesamelietobothofus.

Whichoneofthefollowingprinciples,ifvalid,mosthelpstojustifythecounselor’sreasoning?

(A) Itisgoodtoapologizeforhavingdonesomething wrongtoapersonifoneiscapableof doingsosincerely.

(B) Ifsomeonetellsthesamelietotwodifferentpeople,thenneitherofthoseliedtoisowedan apologyunlessbothare.

(C) Someoneisowedasincereapologyforhavingbeenliedtobyapersonifsomeoneelsehasalreadyreceivedasincereapologyforthesame liefromthatsameperson.

(D) Ifoneiscapableofsincerelyapologizingtosomeoneforlyingtothem,thenoneowesthat personsuchanapology.

(E) Apersonshouldnotapologizetosomeonefortellingalieunlessheorshecansincerelyapologizetoallotherstowhomtheliewastold.

16. Asurveyofaddresschangesfiledwithpostofficesanddriver’slicensebureausoverthelasttenyearshasestablishedthathouseholdsmovingoutofthecityofWestonoutnumberedhouseholdsmovingintothecitytwotoone.Therefore,wecanexpectthatnextyear’scensus,whichcountsallresidentsregardlessofage,will showthatthepopulationofWestonhasdeclinedsincethelastcensustenyearsago.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpsstrengthentheargument?

(A) Withinthepastdecademanypeoplebothmoved intothecityandalsomovedoutofit.

(B) OverthepastcenturyanycensusofWestonshowingapopulationlosswasfollowedtenyearslaterbyacensusshowingapopulationgain.

(C) ManypeoplemovingintoWestonfailedtonotify eitherthepostofficeorthedriver’slicensebureauthattheyhadmovedtothecity.

(D) MostadultsmovingoutofWestonwereparentswhohadchildrenlivingwiththem,whereasmostadultsremaininginormovingintothecity wereolderpeoplewholivedalone.

(E) MostpeoplemovingoutofWestonwereyoungadultswhowerehopingtobeginacareerelsewhere,whereasmostadultsremaininginor movingintothecityhadlong-standingjobsin thecity.

17. Psychologist:Peopletendtomakecertaincognitiveerrorswhentheypredicthowagiveneventwould affecttheirfuturehappiness.Butpeopleshouldnotnecessarilytrytoridthemselves ofthistendency.Afterall,inavisualcontext, linesthatareactuallyparalleloftenappeartopeople asiftheyconverge.Ifasurgeonofferedtorestructureyoureyesandvisualcortexsothatparallellineswouldnolongereverappeartoconverge,itwouldnotbereasonabletotakethesurgeonupontheoffer.

Thepsychologist’sargumentdoeswhichoneofthefollowing?

(A) attemptstorefuteaclaimthataparticulareventisinevitablebyestablishingthepossibility of an alternativeevent

(B) attemptstoundermineatheorybycallingintoquestionanassumptiononwhichthetheoryis based

(C) arguesthatanactionmightnotbeappropriatebysuggestingthatacorrespondingactioninan analogoussituationisnotappropriate

(D) arguesthattwosituationsaresimilarbyestablishingthatthesameactionwouldbereasonableineachsituation

(E) attemptstoestablishageneralizationandthenusesthatgeneralizationtoargueagainstaparticularaction

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

1 11 –7–

18. Principle:Evenifanartauctionhouseidentifiesthedescriptionsinitscatalogasopinions,itisguiltyofmisrepresentationifsuchadescriptionisadeliberateattempttomisleadbidders.

Application:AlthoughHealy’s,anartauctionhouse,statesthatalldescriptionsinitscatalogareopinions,Healy’swasguiltyofmisrepresentationwhen itscatalogdescribedavaseasdatingfromthemid-eighteenthcenturywhenitwasactuallyamodernreproduction.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mostjustifiestheaboveapplicationoftheprinciple?

(A) Anauthenticworkofartfromthemid-eighteenthcenturywillusuallysell forat leasttentimesmorethanamodernreproductionofasimilarworkfromthatperiod.

(B) Although pottery that is similar to the vase iscurrently extremely popular among artcollectors, none of the collectors who areknowledgeableabout such pottery werewilling tobidonthevase.

(C) ThestatedpolicyofHealy’sistodescribeworks initscatalogsonlyintermsoftheirreadilyperceptiblequalitiesandnottoincludeanyinformationabouttheirage.

(D) SomeHealy’sstaffmembersbelievethattheauctionhouse’scatalogshouldnotcontainanydescriptionsthathavenotbeencertifiedtobetruebyindependentexperts.

(E) Withoutconsultinganyonewithexpertiseinauthenticatingvases,Healy’sdescribedthevaseasdatingfromthemid-eighteenthcenturymerelyinordertoincreaseitsauctionprice.

19. Anthropologist:ItwasformerlybelievedthatprehistoricHomo sapiensancestorsofcontemporary humansinterbredwithNeanderthals,butDNA testing of aNeanderthal’sremainsindicatesthatthis is not thecase.TheDNAofcontemporaryhumans issignificantlydifferentfromthatofthe Neanderthal.

Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptionrequiredbytheanthropologist’sargument?

(A) AtleastsomeNeanderthalslivedatthesametimeandinthesameplacesasprehistoricHomo sapiens ancestorsofcontemporaryhumans.

(B) DNAtestingofremainsissignificantlylessreliablethanDNAtestingofsamplesfromliving species.

(C) TheDNAofprehistoricHomosapiensancestorsofcontemporaryhumanswasnotsignificantlymoresimilartothatofNeanderthalsthanistheDNAofcontemporaryhumans.

(D) NeanderthalsandprehistoricHomosapiensancestorsofcontemporaryhumanswerecompletelyisolatedfromeachothergeographically.

(E) AnysimilarityintheDNAoftwospeciesmustbetheresultofinterbreeding.

20. Councilmember:Theprofitsofdowntownbusinesseswillincreaseifmoreconsumersliveinthedowntownarea,andadecreaseinthecostoflivinginthedowntownareawillguarantee thatthenumberofconsumerslivingtherewillincrease.However,theprofitsofdowntownbusinesseswillnotincreaseunlessdowntowntrafficcongestiondecreases.

Ifallthecouncilmember’sstatementsaretrue,whichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?

(A) Ifdowntowntrafficcongestiondecreases,thenumberofconsumerslivinginthedowntownareawillincrease.

(B) Ifthecostoflivinginthedowntownareadecreases,theprofitsofdowntownbusinesseswillincrease.

(C) Ifdowntowntrafficcongestiondecreases,thecost oflivinginthedowntownareawillincrease.

(D) Ifdowntowntrafficcongestiondecreases, thecostoflivinginthedowntownareawilldecrease.

(E) Iftheprofitsofdowntownbusinessesincrease,thenumberofconsumerslivinginthedowntown areawillincrease.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

1 11–8–

21. OntheDiscountPhoneline,anydomesticlong-distancecallstartingbetween9A.M.and5P.M.costs15centsaminute,andanyotherdomesticlong-distancecallcosts10centsaminute.Soanydomesticlong-distancecallontheDiscountPhonelinethatdoesnotcost10centsa minutecosts15centsaminute.

Thepatternofreasoninginwhichoneofthefollowingargumentsismostsimilartothatintheargumentabove?

(A) Ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork, theclasswillbeconductedinalaboratory;otherwise,itwillbeconductedin anormalclassroom.Thus,ifauniversityclassdoesnotinvolveextensivelabwork,itwillnotbeconductedinalaboratory.

(B) Ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork, theclasswillbeconductedinalaboratory;otherwise,itwillbeconductedinanormalclassroom.Thus,ifauniversityclassisnotconductedinanormalclassroom,itwillinvolve extensivelabwork.

(C) Ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork, theclasswillbeconductedinalaboratory;otherwise,itwillbeconductedina normalclassroom.Thus,ifauniversityclassis conductedinanormalclassroom,itwillnot beconductedinalaboratory.

(D) Ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork, theclasswillbeconductedinalaboratory;otherwise,itwillbeconductedinanormalclassroom.Thus,ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork,itwillnotbeconductedina normalclassroom.

(E) Ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork,theclasswillbeconductedinalaboratory;otherwise,itwillbeconductedinanormalclassroom.Thus,ifauniversityclassisnotconductedinanormalclassroom,itwillbeconductedinalaboratory.

22. Onechildpushedanotherchildfrombehind,injuringthesecondchild.Thefirstchildclearlyunderstandsthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong,sowhatwasdonewaswrongifitwasintendedtoinjurethesecondchild.

Whichoneofthefollowingprinciples,ifvalid,mosthelpstojustifythereasoningintheargument?

(A) Anactionthatisintendedtoharmanotherperson iswrongonlyifthepersonwhoperformedtheactionunderstandsthedifference betweenrightandwrong.

(B) Itiswrongforapersonwhounderstands thedifferencebetweenrightandwrongtointentionallyharmanotherperson.

(C) Anyactthatiswrongisdonewiththeintention ofcausingharm.

(D) Anactthatharmsanotherpersoniswrong ifthe personwhodiditunderstandsthedifference betweenrightandwronganddidnot thinkaboutwhethertheactwouldinjurethe otherperson.

(E) Apersonwhodoesnotunderstandthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongdoesnotbearanyresponsibilityforharminganotherperson.

23. Researcher:Eachsubjectinthisexperimentownsonecar,andwasaskedtoestimatewhatproportion ofallautomobilesregisteredinthenationarethesamemakeasthesubject’scar.Theestimateofnearlyeverysubjecthasbeensignificantlyhigherthantheactualnationalstatisticforthemake ofthatsubject’scar.Ihypothesizethatcertain makesofcararemorecommoninsomeregionsofthenationthaninotherregions;obviously,thatwouldleadmanypeopletooverestimatehowcommontheirmakeofcarisnationally.That ispreciselytheresultfoundinthisexperiment, socertainmakesofcarmustindeedbemore commoninsomeareasofthenationthaninothers.

Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressesareasoningflawintheresearcher’sargument?

(A) Theargumentfailstoestimatethelikelihoodthat mostsubjectsintheexperimentdidnotknowtheactualstatisticsabouthowcommontheirmakeofcarisnationwide.

(B) Theargumenttreatsaresultthatsupportsahypothesisasaresultthatprovesahypothesis.

(C) Theargumentfailstotakeintoaccountthepossibilitythatthesubjectpoolmaycomefrom awidevarietyofgeographicalregions.

(D) Theargumentattemptstodrawitsmainconclusionfromasetofpremisesthataremutuallycontradictory.

(E) Theargumentappliesastatisticalgeneralizationtoaparticularcasetowhichitwasnotintendedtoapply.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

1 11 –9–

24. Inuniversitytowns,policeissuefarmoreparkingcitationsduringtheschoolyearthantheydoduringthe timeswhenthestudentsareoutoftown.Therefore,weknowthatmostparkingcitationsinuniversitytownsareissuedtostudents.

Whichoneofthefollowingismostsimilarinitsflawedreasoningtotheflawedreasoningintheargumentabove?

(A) Weknowthatchildrenbuymostofthesnacksatcinemas,becausepopcornsalesincreaseastheproportionofchildmoviegoerstoadultmoviegoersincreases.

(B) Weknowthatthishouseplantgetsmoreofthesunlightfromthewindow,becauseitisgreenerthanthathouseplant.

(C) Weknowthatmostpeoplewhogotoauniversity arestudiousbecausemostofthosepeoplestudywhiletheyattendtheuniversity.

(D) Weknowthatconsumersbuymorefruitduringthesummerthantheybuyduringthewinter,becausetherearefarmorevarietiesoffruitavailableinthesummerthaninthewinter.

(E) Weknowthatmostofthesnacksparentsbuygo tootherpeople’schildren,becausewhenotherpeople’schildrencometovisit,parentsgiveoutmoresnacksthanusual.

25. Counselor:Thosewhobelievethatcriticismshould begentleratherthanharshshouldconsiderthefollowing:changerequiresamotive,andcriticismthatisunpleasantprovidesamotive.Sinceharshcriticismisunpleasant,harshcriticismprovidesamotive.Therefore,onlyharshcriticismwillcausethepersoncriticizedtochange.

Thereasoninginthecounselor’sargumentismostvulnerabletocriticismonthegroundsthattheargument

(A) infersthatsomethingthatissufficienttoprovideamotiveisnecessarytoprovideamotive

(B) failstoaddressthepossibilitythatinsomecases theprimarygoalofcriticismissomething otherthanbringingaboutchangein thepersonbeingcriticized

(C) takesforgrantedthateveryonewhoismotivated tochangewillchange

(D) confusesamotivefordoingsomethingwithamotiveforavoidingsomething

(E) takestherefutationofanargumenttobesufficienttoshowthattheargument’sconclusion isfalse

S T O PIFYOUFINISHBEFORETIMEISCALLED,YOUMAYCHECKYOURWORKONTHISSECTIONONLY.

DONOTWORKONANYOTHERSECTIONINTHETEST.

2 222–10–

Questions1–5

Eachofsevencandidatesforthepositionofjudge—Hamadi,Jefferson,Kurtz,Li,McDonnell,Ortiz,andPerkins—will beappointedtoanopenpositionononeoftwocourts—theappellatecourtorthetrialcourt.Therearethreeopen positionsontheappellatecourtandsixopenpositionsonthetrialcourt,butnotallofthemwillbefilledatthistime.Thejudicialappointmentswillconformtothefollowingconditions:

Limustbeappointedtotheappellatecourt.Kurtzmustbeappointedtothetrialcourt.HamadicannotbeappointedtothesamecourtasPerkins.

1. Whichoneofthefollowingisanacceptablesetofappointmentsofcandidatestocourts?

(A) appellate:Hamadi,Ortiz trial:Jefferson,Kurtz,Li,McDonnell,Perkins(B) appellate:Hamadi,Li,Perkins trial:Jefferson,Kurtz,McDonnell,Ortiz(C) appellate:Kurtz,Li,Perkins trial:Hamadi,Jefferson,McDonnell,Ortiz(D) appellate:Li,McDonnell,Ortiz trial:Hamadi,Jefferson,Kurtz,Perkins(E) appellate:Li,Perkins trial:Hamadi,Jefferson,Kurtz,McDonnell,Ortiz

2. WhichoneofthefollowingCANNOTbetrue?

(A) HamadiandMcDonnellarebothappointedtothe appellatecourt.

(B) McDonnellandOrtizarebothappointedtotheappellatecourt.

(C) OrtizandPerkinsarebothappointedtotheappellatecourt.

(D) HamadiandJeffersonarebothappointedtothetrialcourt.

(E) OrtizandPerkinsarebothappointedtothetrialcourt.

3. WhichoneofthefollowingCANNOTbetrue?

(A) JeffersonandMcDonnellarebothappointedtotheappellatecourt.

(B) JeffersonandMcDonnellarebothappointedtothetrialcourt.

(C) McDonnellandOrtizarebothappointedtothetrialcourt.

(D) McDonnellandPerkinsarebothappointedtothe appellatecourt.

(E) McDonnellandPerkinsarebothappointedtothe trialcourt.

4. IfOrtizisappointedtotheappellatecourt,whichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?

(A) Hamadiisappointedtotheappellatecourt.(B) Jeffersonisappointedtotheappellatecourt.(C) Jeffersonisappointedtothetrialcourt.(D) Perkinsisappointedtotheappellatecourt.(E) Perkinsisappointedtothetrialcourt.

5. Whichoneofthefollowing,ifsubstitutedfortheconditionthatHamadicannotbeappointedtothesamecourtasPerkins,wouldhavethesameeffectontheappointmentsofthesevencandidates?

(A) HamadiandPerkinscannotbothbeappointedto theappellatecourt.

(B) IfHamadiisnotappointedtothetrialcourt,then Perkinsmustbe.

(C) IfPerkinsisappointedtothesamecourtasJefferson,thenHamadicannotbe.

(D) IfHamadiisappointedtothesamecourtasLi,thenPerkinsmustbeappointedtothesamecourtasKurtz.

(E) NothreeofHamadi,Kurtz,Li,andPerkinscanbeappointedtothesamecourtaseachother.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

SECTIONII

Time—35minutes

23Questions

Directions: Each group of questions in this section is based on a set of conditions. In answering some of the questions, it may  beuseful to draw a rough diagram. Choose the response that most accurately and completely answers each question and blackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.

2 222 –11–

Questions6–10

Exactlysixmembersofaskydivingteam—Larue,Ohba,Pei,Treviño,Weiss,andZacny—eachdiveexactlyonce,oneatatime,fromaplane,consistentwiththefollowingconditions:

TreviñodivesfromtheplaneatsometimebeforeWeissdoes.

Laruedivesfromtheplaneeitherfirstorlast.NeitherWeissnorZacnydivesfromtheplanelast.PeidivesfromtheplaneatsometimeaftereitherOhba

orLaruebutnotboth.

6. Whichoneofthefollowingcouldbeanaccuratelistofthemembersintheorderinwhichtheydivefromtheplane,fromfirsttolast?

(A) Larue,Treviño,Ohba,Zacny,Pei,Weiss(B) Larue,Treviño,Pei,Zacny,Weiss,Ohba(C) Weiss,Ohba,Treviño,Zacny,Pei,Larue(D) Treviño,Weiss,Pei,Ohba,Zacny,Larue(E) Treviño,Weiss,Zacny,Larue,Pei,Ohba

7. Whichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?

(A) Atleasttwoofthemembersdivefromtheplane afterLarue.

(B) Atleasttwoofthemembersdivefromtheplane afterOhba.

(C) Atleasttwoofthemembersdivefromtheplane afterPei.

(D) Atleasttwoofthemembersdivefromtheplane afterTreviño.

(E) Atleasttwoofthemembersdivefromtheplane afterWeiss.

8. IfLaruedivesfromtheplanelast,theneachofthefollowingcouldbetrueEXCEPT:

(A) Treviñodivesfromtheplanefourth.(B) Weissdivesfromtheplanefourth.(C) Ohbadivesfromtheplanefifth.(D) Peidivesfromtheplanefifth.(E) Zacnydivesfromtheplanefifth.

9. IfZacnydivesfromtheplaneimmediatelyafterWeiss,thenwhichoneofthefollowingmustbefalse?

(A) Laruedivesfromtheplanefirst.(B) Treviñodivesfromtheplanethird.(C) Zacnydivesfromtheplanethird.(D) Peidivesfromtheplanefourth.(E) Zacnydivesfromtheplanefourth.

10. IfTreviñodivesfromtheplaneimmediatelyafterLarue,theneachofthefollowingcouldbetrueEXCEPT:

(A) Ohbadivesfromtheplanethird.(B) Weissdivesfromtheplanethird.(C) Zacnydivesfromtheplanethird.(D) Peidivesfromtheplanefourth.(E) Weissdivesfromtheplanefourth.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

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Questions11–17

Acompany’ssixvehicles—ahatchback,alimousine,apickup,aroadster,asedan,andavan—areservicedduringacertainweek—MondaythroughSaturday—onevehicleperday.The followingconditionsmustapply:

Atleastoneofthevehiclesisservicedlaterintheweekthanthehatchback.

Theroadsterisservicedlaterintheweekthanthevanandearlierintheweekthanthehatchback.

Eitherthepickupandthevanareservicedon consecutivedays,orthepickupandthesedanareservicedonconsecutivedays,butnotboth.

Thesedanisservicedearlierintheweekthanthepickuporearlierintheweekthanthelimousine,butnotboth.

11. Whichoneofthefollowingcouldbetheorderin whichthevehiclesareserviced,fromMondaythroughSaturday?

(A) thehatchback,thepickup,thesedan,the limousine,thevan,theroadster

(B) thepickup,thesedan,thevan,theroadster,the hatchback,thelimousine

(C) thepickup,thevan,thesedan,theroadster,the limousine,thehatchback

(D) thevan,theroadster,thepickup,thehatchback,thesedan,thelimousine

(E) thevan,thesedan,thepickup,theroadster,the hatchback,thelimousine

12. WhichoneofthefollowingCANNOTbethevehicleservicedonThursday?

(A) thehatchback(B) thelimousine(C) thepickup(D) thesedan(E) thevan

13. IfneitherthepickupnorthelimousineisservicedonMonday,thenwhichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?

(A) Thehatchbackandthelimousineareservicedon consecutivedays.

(B) Thehatchbackandthesedanareservicedonconsecutivedays.

(C) ThevanisservicedonMonday.(D) ThelimousineisservicedonSaturday.(E) ThepickupisservicedonSaturday.

14. IfthelimousineisnotservicedonSaturday,theneachofthefollowingcouldbetrueEXCEPT:

(A) ThelimousineisservicedonMonday.(B) TheroadsterisservicedonTuesday.(C) ThehatchbackisservicedonWednesday.(D) TheroadsterisservicedonWednesday.(E) ThesedanisservicedonWednesday.

15. Ifthesedanisservicedearlierintheweekthanthepickup,thenwhichoneofthefollowingcouldbetrue?

(A) ThelimousineisservicedonWednesday.(B) ThesedanisservicedonWednesday.(C) ThevanisservicedonWednesday.(D) ThehatchbackisservicedonFriday.(E) ThelimousineisservicedonSaturday.

16. IfthelimousineisservicedonSaturday,thenwhichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?

(A) Thepickupisservicedearlierintheweekthantheroadster.

(B) Thepickupisservicedearlierintheweekthanthesedan.

(C) Thesedanisservicedearlierintheweekthanthe roadster.

(D) Thehatchbackandthelimousineareservicedon consecutivedays.

(E) Theroadsterandthehatchbackareservicedonconsecutivedays.

17. WhichoneofthefollowingcouldbethelistofthevehiclesservicedonTuesday,Wednesday,andFriday,listedinthatorder?

(A) thepickup,thehatchback,thelimousine(B) thepickup,theroadster,thehatchback(C) thesedan,thelimousine,thehatchback(D) thevan,thelimousine,thehatchback(E) thevan,theroadster,thelimousine

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

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Questions18–23

Astreetentertainerhassixboxesstackedoneontopoftheotherandnumberedconsecutively1through6,fromthelowestboxuptothehighest.Eachboxcontainsasingleball,andeachballisoneofthreecolors—green,red,orwhite.Onlookersaretoguessthecolorofeachballineachbox,giventhatthefollowingconditionshold:

Therearemoreredballsthanwhiteballs.Thereisaboxcontainingagreenballthatislowerin the

stackthananyboxthatcontainsaredball.Thereisawhiteballinaboxthatisimmediatelybelow a

boxthatcontainsagreenball.

18. Ifthereareexactlytwowhiteballs,thenwhichoneofthefollowingboxescouldcontainagreenball?

(A) box1(B) box3(C) box4(D) box5(E) box6

19. Iftherearegreenballsinboxes5and6,thenwhichone ofthefollowingcouldbetrue?

(A) Thereareredballsinboxes1and4.(B) Thereareredballsinboxes2and4.(C) Thereisawhiteballinbox1.(D) Thereisawhiteballinbox2.(E) Thereisawhiteballinbox3.

20. Theballinwhichoneofthefollowingboxesmustbethesamecolorasatleastoneoftheotherballs?

(A) box2(B) box3(C) box4(D) box5(E) box6

21. Whichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?

(A) Thereisagreenballinaboxthatislowerthanbox4.

(B) Thereisagreenballinaboxthatishigherthan box4.

(C) Thereisaredballinaboxthatislowerthanbox 4.

(D) Thereisaredballinaboxthatishigherthanbox 4.

(E) Thereisawhiteballinaboxthatislowerthanbox4.

22. Ifthereareredballsinboxes2and3,thenwhichoneof thefollowingcouldbetrue?

(A) Thereisaredballinbox1.(B) Thereisawhiteballinbox1.(C) Thereisagreenballinbox4.(D) Thereisaredballinbox5.(E) Thereisawhiteballinbox6.

23. Ifboxes2,3,and4allcontainballsthatarethesamecoloraseachother,thenwhichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?

(A) Exactlytwooftheboxescontainagreenball.(B) Exactlythreeoftheboxescontainagreenball.(C) Exactlythreeoftheboxescontainaredball.(D) Exactlyoneoftheboxescontainsawhiteball.(E) Exactlytwooftheboxescontainawhiteball.

S T O PIFYOUFINISHBEFORETIMEISCALLED,YOUMAYCHECKYOURWORKONTHISSECTIONONLY.

DONOTWORKONANYOTHERSECTIONINTHETEST.

3 333 3–14–

1. Commentator:Inlastweek’swreckinvolvingoneofAcmeEngines’olderlocomotives,theengineerlostcontrolofthetrainwhenhiskneeaccidentallystruckafuelshut-downswitch.Acmeclaimsitisnotliablebecauseitneverrealizedthattheknee-levelswitcheswereasafetyhazard.Whenaskedwhyitrelocatedknee-levelswitchesinitsnewerlocomotives,Acmesaidengineershadcomplainedthattheyweresimplyinconvenient.However,itisunlikelythatAcmewouldhavespentthe$500,000ittooktorelocateswitchesinthenewerlocomotivesmerelybecauseofinconvenience.Thus,AcmeEnginesshouldbeheldliableforlastweek’swreck.

ThepointthatAcmeEnginesspent$500,000relocatingknee-levelswitchesinitsnewerlocomotivesisofferedinthecommentator’sargumentas

(A) proofthattheengineerisnotatallresponsiblefor thetrainwreck

(B) areasonforbelievingthatthewreckwouldhave occurredevenifAcmeEngineshadremodeledtheirolderlocomotives

(C) anexplanationofwhythetrainwreckoccurred(D) evidencethatknee-levelswitchesarenotin

fact hazardous(E) anindicationthatAcmeEngineshadbeen

aware ofthepotentialdangersofknee-levelswitchesbeforethewreckoccurred

2. Artist:Almosteveryoneinthiscountryreallywantstobeanartisteventhoughtheymayhavetoworkotherjobstopaytherent.Afterall,justabouteveryoneIknowhopestosomedaybeabletomakealivingasapainter,musician,orpoeteveniftheycurrentlyworkasdishwashersordiscountstoreclerks.

Thereasoningintheartist’sargumentisflawedinthattheargument

(A) containsapremisethatpresupposesthetruthoftheconclusion

(B) presumesthatwhatistrueofeachpersoninacountryisalsotrueofthecountry’spopulationasawhole

(C) defendsaviewsolelyonthegroundsthattheviewiswidelyheld

(D) basesitsconclusiononasamplethatisunlikelytoaccuratelyrepresentpeopleinthecountryasa whole

(E) failstomakeaneededdistinctionbetweenwantingtobeanartistandmakingalivingasan artist

3. Theqwertykeyboardbecamethestandardkeyboardwiththeinventionofthetypewriterandremainsthestandardfortypingdevicestoday.IfanalternativeknownastheDvorakkeyboardweretoday’sstandard,typistswouldtypesignificantlyfaster.Nevertheless,itisnotpracticaltoswitchtotheDvorakkeyboardbecausethecosttosocietyofswitching,intermsoftime,money,andfrustration,wouldbegreaterthanthebenefitsthatwouldbeultimatelygainedfromfastertyping.

Theexampleabovebestillustrateswhichoneofthefollowingpropositions?

(A) Oftenitisnotworthwhiletomovetoaprocessthatimprovesspeedifitcomesattheexpenseof accuracy.

(B) Peopleusuallysettleonastandardbecausethatstandardismoreefficientthananyalternatives.

(C) Peopleoftenremainwithanentrenchedstandardratherthanmovetoamoreefficientalternativesimplybecausetheydislikechange.

(D) Theemotionalcostassociatedwithchangeis afactorthatsometimesoutweighsfinancialconsiderations.

(E) Thefactthatastandardisalreadyinwideusecan beacrucialfactorinmakingitamorepracticalchoicethananalternative.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

SECTIONIII

Time—35minutes

26Questions

Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For somequestions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer;  thatis, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are bycommonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer,blackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.

3 333 3 –15–

4. Sam:Mountainlions,aprotectedspecies,arepreyingonbighornsheep,anotherprotectedspecies. Wemustletnaturetakeitscourseandhopethebighornssurvive.

Meli:Nonsense.Wemustdowhatwecantoensure thesurvivalofthebighorn,evenifthatmeanslimitingthemountainlionpopulation.

WhichoneofthefollowingisapointofdisagreementbetweenMeliandSam?

(A) Humansshouldnotintervenetoprotectbighornsheepfrommountainlions.

(B) Thepreservationofaspeciesasawholeismoreimportantthanthelossofafewindividuals.

(C) Thepreservationofapredatoryspeciesiseasiertoensurethanthepreservationofthespeciespreyedupon.

(D) Anymeasurestolimitthemountainlionpopulationwouldlikelypushthespeciestoextinction.

(E) Ifthepopulationofmountainlionsisnotlimited,thebighornsheepspecieswillnotsurvive.

5. Parent:Pushingveryyoungchildrenintorigorousstudyinanefforttomakeournationmorecompetitivedoesmoreharmthangood.Curriculafortheseyoungstudentsmustaddresstheirspecialdevelopmentalneeds,andwhilerigorousworkinsecondaryschoolmakessense,thesameapproachintheearlyyearsofprimaryschoolproduces onlyshort-termgainsandmaycauseyoungchildren toburnoutonschoolwork.Usingveryyoungstudentsaspawnsintheracetomakethenationeconomicallycompetitiveisunfairandmayultimatelyworkagainstus.

Whichoneofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheparent’sstatements?

(A) Forournationtobecompetitive,oursecondaryschoolcurriculummustincludemorerigorousstudythanitnowdoes.

(B) Thedevelopmentalneedsofsecondaryschoolstudentsarenotnowbeingaddressedinourhigh schools.

(C) Ourcountrycanbecompetitiveonlyifthedevelopmentalneedsofallourstudentscanbe met.

(D) Acurriculumofrigorousstudydoesnotadequatelyaddressthedevelopmentalneedsof primaryschoolstudents.

(E) Unlessournationencouragesmorerigorousstudyintheearlyyearsofprimaryschool,wecannotbeeconomicallycompetitive.

6. Atransitcompany’sbusdriversareevaluatedbysupervisorsridingwitheachdriver.Driverscomplainthatthisaffectstheirperformance,butbecausethesupervisor’spresenceaffectseverydriver’sperformance,thosedriversperformingbestwithasupervisoraboardwilllikelyalsobethebestdriversundernormalconditions.

Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentdepends?

(A) Thereisnoeffectivewayofevaluatingthe busdrivers’performancewithouthavingsupervisors ridewiththem.

(B) Thesupervisorsareexcellentjudgesofabusdriver’sperformance.

(C) Formostbusdrivers,thepresenceofasupervisor makestheirperformanceslightlyworsethanitotherwisewouldbe.

(D) Thebusdriversareeachaffectedinroughly thesamewayandtothesameextentbythepresenceofthesupervisor.

(E) Thebusdriversthemselvesareableto deliveraccurateassessmentsoftheirdrivingperformance.

7. Economicgrowthacceleratesbusinessdemandforthedevelopmentofnewtechnologies.Businessessupplyingthesenewtechnologiesarerelativelyfew,whilethosewishingtobuythemaremany.Yetanaccelerationoftechnologicalchangecancausesuppliersaswellasbuyersofnewtechnologiestofail.

Whichoneofthefollowingismoststronglysupportedbytheinformationabove?

(A) Businessessupplyingnewtechnologiesaremorelikelytoprosperintimesofacceleratedtechnologicalchangethanotherbusinesses.

(B) Businessesthatsupplynewtechnologiesmaynot alwaysbenefitfromeconomicgrowth.

(C) Thedevelopmentofnewtechnologiesmayaccelerateeconomicgrowthingeneral.

(D) Businessesthatadoptnewtechnologiesaremost likelytoprosperinaperiodofgeneraleconomicgrowth.

(E) Economicgrowthincreasesbusinessfailures.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

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8. Energyanalyst:Duringthisrecord-breakingheatwave,airconditionerusehasoverloadedtheregion’selectricalpowergrid,resultinginfrequentpowerblackoutsthroughouttheregion.Forthisreason,residentshavebeenaskedtocutbackvoluntarilyonairconditioneruseintheirhomes.Buteven ifthisrequestisheeded,blackoutswillprobablyoccurunlesstheheatwaveabates.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpsto resolvetheapparentdiscrepancyintheinformationabove?

(A) Air-conditioningisnottheonlysignificantdrainontheelectricalsysteminthearea.

(B) Mostair-conditioningintheregionisusedtocool businessesandfactories.

(C) Mostair-conditioningsystemscouldbemademoreenergyefficientbyimplementingsimpledesignmodifications.

(D) Residentsoftheregionarenotlikelytoreducetheirairconditionerusevoluntarilyduringparticularlyhotweather.

(E) Theheatwaveisexpectedtoabateinthenearfuture.

9. Long-termandshort-termrelaxationtrainingaretwocommonformsoftreatmentforindividualsexperiencingproblematiclevelsofanxiety.Yetstudiesshowthat onaverage,regardlessofwhichformoftreatmentonereceives,symptomsofanxietydecreasetoanormallevelwithintheshort-term-trainingtimeperiod.Thus,formostpeoplethegenerallymoreexpensivelong-termtrainingisunwarranted.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mostweakenstheargument?

(A) Adecreaseinsymptomsofanxietyoftenoccursevenwithnotreatmentorinterventionbyamentalhealthprofessional.

(B) Short-termrelaxationtrainingconductedbyamoreexperiencedpractitionercanbemoreexpensivethanlong-termtrainingconductedby alessexperiencedpractitioner.

(C) Recipientsoflong-termtrainingaremuchlesslikelythanrecipientsofshort-termtraining tohaverecurrencesofproblematiclevelsofanxiety.

(D) Thefactthatanindividualthinksthatatreatmentwillreducehisorheranxietytends,inandofitself,toreducetheindividual’sanxiety.

(E) Short-termrelaxationtraininginvolvestheteachingofawidervarietyofanxiety-combatingrelaxationtechniquesthandoeslong-termtraining.

10. Editorial:Manycriticsofconsumerisminsistthatadvertisingpersuadespeoplethattheyneedcertainconsumergoodswhentheymerelydesirethem.However,thisaccusationrestsonafuzzydistinction,thatbetweenwantsandneeds.In life,itisoftenimpossibletodeterminewhethersomethingismerelydesirableorwhetheritisessentialtoone’shappiness.

Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressestheconclusiondrawnintheeditorial’sargument?

(A) Theclaimthatadvertisingpersuadespeoplethattheyneedthingsthattheymerelywantrestsona fuzzydistinction.

(B) Manycriticsofconsumerisminsistthat advertisingattemptstoblurpeople’sabilitytodistinguishbetweenwantsandneeds.

(C) Thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisingthattriestopersuadepeoplethattheyneedcertainconsumergoods.

(D) Manycriticsofconsumerismfailtorealizethatcertainthingsareessentialtohumanhappiness.

(E) Criticsofconsumerismoftenusefuzzydistinctionstosupporttheirclaims.

11. Peoplewhobrowsethewebformedicalinformationoftencannotdiscriminatebetweenscientificallyvalidinformationandquackery.Muchofthequackeryisparticularlyappealingtoreaderswithnomedicalbackgroundbecauseitisusuallywrittenmoreclearlythanscientificpapers.Thus,peoplewhorelyonthewebwhenattemptingtodiagnosetheirmedicalconditionsarelikelytodothemselvesmoreharmthangood.

Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiontheargumentrequires?

(A) Peoplewhobrowsethewebformedicalinformationtypicallydosoinanattempttodiagnosetheirmedicalconditions.

(B) Peoplewhoattempttodiagnosetheirmedicalconditionsarelikelytodothemselvesmoreharmthangoodunlesstheyrelyexclusivelyon scientificallyvalidinformation.

(C) Peoplewhohavesufficientmedicalknowledgetodiscriminatebetweenscientificallyvalidinformationandquackerywilldothemselvesno harmiftheyrelyonthewebwhenattemptingtodiagnosetheirmedicalconditions.

(D) Manypeoplewhobrowsethewebassumethatinformationisnotscientificallyvalidunlessitis clearlywritten.

(E) Peopleattemptingtodiagnosetheirmedicalconditionswilldothemselvesmoreharmthangoodonlyiftheyrelyonquackeryinsteadofscientificallyvalidinformation.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

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12. Whenadultstossballstoveryyoungchildrentheygenerallytrytotossthemasslowlyaspossibletocompensateforthechildren’sdevelopingcoordination.Butrecentstudiesshowthatdespitetheirdevelopingcoordination,childrenactuallyhaveaneasiertimecatchingballsthatarethrownatafasterspeed.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainwhyveryyoungchildrenfinditeasiertocatchballsthatarethrownatafasterspeed?

(A) Ballsthrownatafasterspeed,unlikeballsthrown ataslowerspeed,triggerregionsinthebrainthatcontrolthetrackingofobjectsforself-defense.

(B) Ballsthataretossedmoreslowlytendtohaveahigherarcthatmakesitlesslikelythattheballwillbeobscuredbythebodyoftheadulttossing it.

(C) Adultsgenerallyfinditeasiertocatchballsthatarethrownslowlythanballsthatarethrownata fasterspeed.

(D) Childrenareabletotossballsbacktotheadultswithmoreaccuracywhentheythrowfastthanwhentheythrowtheballbackmoreslowly.

(E) Thereisalimittohowfasttheballscanbetossed tothechildrenbeforethechildrenstartto havemoredifficultyincatchingthem.

13. Likeageneticprofile,afunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimage(fMRI)ofthebraincancontaininformationthatapatientwishestokeepprivate.AnfMRIofabrainalsocontainsenoughinformationaboutapatient’s skulltocreatearecognizableimageofthatpatient’sface. Ageneticprofilecanbelinkedtoapatientonlybyreferringtolabelsorrecords.

Thestatementsabove,iftrue,moststronglysupportwhichoneofthefollowing?

(A) ItisnotimportantthatmedicalprovidersapplylabelstofMRIsofpatients’brains.

(B) AnfMRIhasthepotentialtocompromisepatient privacyincircumstancesinwhichageneticprofilewouldnot.

(C) Inmostcasespatientscannotbereasonablysurethattheinformationinageneticprofilewillbekeptprivate.

(D) MostoftheinformationcontainedinanfMRIof aperson’sbrainisalsocontainedinthatperson’sgeneticprofile.

(E) PatientsaremoreconcernedaboutthreatstoprivacyposedbyfMRIsthantheyareaboutthoseposedbygeneticprofiles.

14. Councilmember:Irecommendthattheabandoned shoefactorybeusedasamunicipalemergencyshelter.Somecouncilmembersassertthatthecourthousewouldbeabettersheltersite,buttheyhaveprovidednoevidenceofthis.Thus,theshoefactorywouldbeabettersheltersite.

Aquestionabletechniqueusedinthecouncilmember’sargumentisthatof

(A) assertingthatalackofevidenceagainstaviewis proofthattheviewiscorrect

(B) acceptingaclaimsimplybecauseadvocatesofan opposingclaimhavenotadequatelydefendedtheirview

(C) attackingtheproponentsofthecourthouseratherthanaddressingtheirargument

(D) attemptingtopersuadeitsaudiencebyappealingtotheirfear

(E) attackinganargumentthatisnotheldbyanyactualcouncilmember

15. ItwasmisleadingforJamestotelltheCoreCurriculumCommitteethatthechairoftheAnthropology Departmenthadendorsedhisproposal.Thechairofthe AnthropologyDepartmenthadtoldJamesthathisproposalhad herendorsement,butonlyifthedraftproposalshesawincludedalltherecommendationsJameswould ultimatelymaketotheCoreCurriculumCommittee.

Theargumentreliesonwhichoneofthefollowingassumptions?

(A) IfthechairoftheAnthropologyDepartmentdidnotendorseJames’sproposedrecommendations,theCoreCurriculumCommitteewouldbeunlikelytoimplementthem.

(B) ThechairoftheAnthropologyDepartmentwould havebeenopposedtoanyrecommendationsJamesproposedtotheCore CurriculumCommitteeotherthanthoseshehadseen.

(C) JamesthoughtthattheCoreCurriculumCommitteewouldimplementtheproposedrecommendationsonlyiftheybelievedthattherecommendationshadbeenendorsedbythechairoftheAnthropologyDepartment.

(D) JamesthoughtthatthechairoftheAnthropology Departmentwouldhaveendorsed alloftherecommendationsthatheproposedtotheCoreCurriculumCommittee.

(E) ThedraftproposalthatthechairoftheAnthropologyDepartmenthadseendidnotincludealloftherecommendationsinJames’sproposaltotheCoreCurriculumCommittee.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

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16. TravaillierCorporationhasrecentlyhiredemployeeswithexperienceinthebustourindustry,anditsexecutiveshavealsobeennegotiatingwithcharterbuscompaniesthatsubcontractwithbustourcompanies.ButTravaillierhastraditionallyfocusedonservingconsumerswhotravelprimarilybyair,andmarketingsurveysshowthatTravaillier’straditionalconsumershavenotchangedtheirvacationpreferences.Therefore,Travailliermustbeattemptingtoenlargeitsconsumerbasebyattractingnewcustomers.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheargument?

(A) Inthepast,Travaillierhasfounditverydifficulttochangeitscustomers’vacationpreferences.

(B) SeveraltravelcompaniesotherthanTravaillierhaverecentlytriedandfailedtoexpandintothe bustourbusiness.

(C) AtleastoneofTravaillier’snewemployeesnotonlyhasexperienceinthebustourindustrybut hasalsodesignedairtravelvacationpackages.

(D) SomeofTravaillier’scompetitorshaveincreasedprofitsbyconcentratingtheirattentionontheircustomerswhospendthemostonvacations.

(E) TheindustryconsultantsemployedbyTravailliertypicallyrecommendthatcompaniesexpand byintroducingtheircurrentcustomerstonewproductsandservices.

17. Educator:Traditionalclassroomeducationisineffectivebecauseeducationinsuchanenvironmentisnottrulyasocialprocessandonlysocialprocessescandevelopstudents’insights.Inthetraditionalclassroom,theteacheractsfromoutsidethe groupandinteractionbetweenteachersandstudentsisrigidandartificial.

Theeducator’sconclusionfollowslogicallyifwhichoneofthefollowingisassumed?

(A) Developmentofinsighttakesplaceonlyifgenuineeducationalsooccurs.

(B) Classroomeducationiseffectiveiftheinteraction betweenteachersandstudentsisneitherrigidnorartificial.

(C) Allsocialprocessesinvolveinteractionthatisneitherrigidnorartificial.

(D) Educationisnoteffectiveunlessitleadstothedevelopmentofinsight.

(E) Theteacherdoesnotactfromoutsidethegroupinanontraditionalclassroom.

18. Theprobabilityofavoidingheartdiseaseisincreased ifoneavoidsfatinone’sdiet.Furthermore,oneislesslikelytoeatfatifoneavoidseatingdairyfoods.Thustheprobabilityofmaintaininggoodhealthisincreasedbyavoidingdairyfoods.

Thereasoningintheargumentismostvulnerabletocriticismonwhichoneofthefollowinggrounds?

(A) Theargumentignoresthepossibilitythat,eventhoughapracticemayhavepotentiallynegativeconsequences,itseliminationmayalsohavenegativeconsequences.

(B) Theargumentfailstoconsiderthepossibilitythat therearemorewaysthanoneofdecreasingtheriskofacertaintypeofoccurrence.

(C) Theargumentpresumes,withoutprovidingjustification,thatfactorsthatcarryincreasedrisksofnegativeconsequencesoughttobeeliminated.

(D) Theargumentfailstoshowthattheevidenceappealedtoisrelevanttotheconclusionasserted.

(E) Theargumentfailstoconsiderthatwhatisprobablewillnotnecessarilyoccur.

19. Professor:Onecannotframeanaccurateconception ofone’sphysicalenvironmentonthebasisof asinglemomentaryperception,sinceeach suchglimpseoccursfromonlyoneparticular perspective.Similarly,anyhistorybookgivesonlyadistortedviewofthepast,sinceitreflectsthebiasesandprejudicesofitsauthor.

Theprofessor’sargumentproceedsby

(A) attemptingtoshowthatonepieceofreasoningisincorrectbycomparingitwithanother,presumablyflawed,pieceofreasoning

(B) developingacaseforoneparticularconclusionbyarguingthatifthatconclusionwerefalse,absurdconsequenceswouldfollow

(C) makingacasefortheconclusionofoneargumentbyshowingthatargument’sresemblancetoanother,presumablycogent,argument

(D) arguingthatbecausesomethinghasacertaingroupofcharacteristics,itmustalsohaveanother,closelyrelated,characteristic

(E) arguingthatatypeofhumancognitionisunreliableinoneinstancebecauseithas beenshowntobeunreliableundersimilarcircumstances

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20. Todate,mostoftheproposalsthathavebeenendorsedbytheCitizensLeaguehavebeenpassedbythecitycouncil.Thus,anyfutureproposalthatisendorsedbytheCitizensLeaguewillprobablybepassedaswell.

Thepatternofreasoninginwhichoneofthefollowingargumentsismostsimilartothatintheargumentabove?

(A) MostoftheVasanigrantsthathavebeenawardedinpreviousyearshavegonetoacademicbiologists.Thus,ifmostoftheVasanigrantsawardednextyearareawardedtoacademics,mostofthesewillprobablybebiologists.

(B) Mostoftheindividualtreesgrowingonthecoastalislandsinthisareaaredeciduous.Therefore,mostofthetreespeciesontheseislandsareprobablydeciduousvarieties.

(C) Mostoftheeditorswhohaveworkedforthelocal newspaperhavenotbeensympathetic tolocalfarmers.Thus,ifthenewspaperhiressomeonewhoissympathetictolocalfarmers,theywillprobablynotbehiredasaneditor.

(D) Mostoftheentriesthatwerereceivedafterthedeadlineforlastyear’sphotographycontestwererejectedbythejudges’committee.Thus,thepeoplewhoseentrieswerereceivedafterthe deadlinelastyearwillprobablysendthemin wellbeforethedeadlinethisyear.

(E) Mostofthestoneartifactsthathavebeen foundat thearchaeologicalsitehavebeendomestictools.Thus,ifthenextartifactfoundat the siteismadeofstone,itwillprobablybeadomestic tool.

21. Chemist:Themoleculesofacertainweed-killerarealwayspresentintwoforms,onethemirror imageoftheother.Oneformofthemoleculekills weeds,whiletheotherhasnoeffectonthem.Asaresult,theeffectivenessoftheweed-killerinagivensituationisheavilyinfluencedbywhichofthetwoformsismoreconcentratedinthesoil,whichinturnvarieswidelybecauselocalsoilconditionswillusuallyfavorthebreakdownofoneformortheother.Thus,muchofthedataontheeffectsofthisweed-killerareprobablymisleading.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthensthe chemist’sargument?

(A) Ingeneral,ifthemoleculesofaweed-killerarealwayspresentintwoforms,thenitislikelythat weedsarekilledbyoneofthosetwoformsbutunaffectedbytheother.

(B) Almostallofthedataontheeffectsoftheweed-killeraredrawnfromlaboratorystudiesin whichbothformsoftheweed-killer’smoleculesareequallyconcentratedinthesoilandequallylikelytobreakdowninthatsoil.

(C) Ofthetwoformsoftheweed-killer’smolecules,theonethatkillsweedsisfoundinmostlocalsoilconditionstobethemoreconcentrated form.

(D) Thedataontheeffectsoftheweed-killeraredrawnfromstudiesoftheweed-killerunder avarietyofsoilconditionssimilartothoseinwhichtheweed-killerisnormallyapplied.

(E) Dataontheweed-killer’seffectsthatrelysolelyontheexaminationoftheeffectsofonlyoneofthetwoformsoftheweed-killer’smoleculeswillalmostcertainlybemisleading.

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22. Principle:ApoliceofficeriseligibleforaMayor’sCommendationiftheofficerhasanexemplaryrecord,butnototherwise;anofficereligible fortheawardwhodidsomethingthisyearthatexceededwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficershouldreceivetheawardiftheactsavedsomeone’slife.

Conclusion:OfficerFranklinshouldreceiveaMayor’sCommendationbutOfficerPennshouldnot.

Fromwhichoneofthefollowingsetsoffactscantheconclusionbeproperlydrawnusingtheprinciple?

(A) Insavingachildfromdrowningthisyear,FranklinandPennbothriskedtheirlivesbeyond whatcouldbereasonablyexpected ofa policeofficer.FranklinhasanexemplaryrecordbutPenndoesnot.

(B) BothFranklinandPennhaveexemplaryrecords,andeachofficersavedachildfromdrowningearlierthisyear.However,indoingso,Franklinwentbeyondwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficer;Penndidnot.

(C) NeitherFranklinnorPennhasanexemplaryrecord.But,insavingthelifeofanaccidentvictim,Franklinwentbeyondwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficer.IntheonlycaseinwhichPennsavedsomeone’slifethisyear,Pennwasmerelydoingwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofanofficerunderthecircumstances.

(D) Atleastoncethisyear,Franklinhassavedaperson’slifeinsuchawayastoexceedwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficer.Pennhasnotsavedanyone’slifethisyear.

(E) BothFranklinandPennhaveexemplaryrecords.OnseveraloccasionsthisyearFranklinhassavedpeople’slives,andonmanyoccasionsthisyearFranklinhasexceededwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficer.OnnooccasionsthisyearhasPennsavedaperson’slifeorexceededwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofanofficer.

23. Essayist:Itismuchlessdifficulttoliveanenjoyablelifeifoneisabletomakelifestylechoicesthataccordwithone’spersonalbeliefsandthenseethosechoicesacceptedbyothers.Itispossible forpeopletofindthiskindofacceptanceby choosingfriendsandassociateswhosharemanyoftheirpersonalbeliefs.Thus,nooneshouldbedeniedthefreedomtochoosethepeoplewithwhomheorshewillassociate.

Whichoneofthefollowingprinciples,ifvalid,mosthelpstojustifytheessayist’sargument?

(A) Nooneshouldbedeniedthefreedomtomakelifestylechoicesthataccordwithhisorherpersonalbeliefs.

(B) Oneshouldassociatewithatleastsomepeoplewhosharemanyofone’spersonalbeliefs.

(C) Ifhavingagivenfreedomcouldmakeitlessdifficultforsomeonetoliveanenjoyablelife,thennooneshouldbedeniedthatfreedom.

(D) Noonewhoseenjoymentoflifedepends,atleast inpart,onfriendsandassociateswhoshare manyofthesamepersonalbeliefsshouldbedeliberatelypreventedfromhavingsuchfriendsandassociates.

(E) Onemaychooseforoneselfthepeoplewithwhomonewillassociate,ifdoingsocouldmake iteasiertoliveanenjoyablelife.

24. Physician:Theriseinbloodpressurethatcommonlyaccompaniesagingoftenresultsfromacalciumdeficiency.ThisdeficiencyisfrequentlycausedbyadeficiencyintheactiveformofvitaminDneededinorderforthebodytoabsorbcalcium.Sincethecalciuminoneglassofmilkperday caneasilymakeupforanyunderlyingcalciumdeficiency,someolderpeoplecanlowertheirbloodpressurebydrinkingmilk.

Thephysician’sconclusionisproperlydrawnifwhichoneofthefollowingisassumed?

(A) Thereisinmilk,inaformthatolderpeoplecan generallyutilize,enoughoftheactiveform ofvitaminDandanyothersubstancesneededinorderforthebodytoabsorbthecalciuminthatmilk.

(B) Milkdoesnotcontainanysubstancethatislikelytocauseincreasedbloodpressureinolder people.

(C) Olderpeople’sdrinkingoneglassofmilkperday doesnotcontributetoadeficiencyintheactiveformofvitaminDneededinorderforthe bodytoabsorbthecalciuminthatmilk.

(D) PeoplewhoconsumehighquantitiesofcalciumtogetherwiththeactiveformofvitaminD andanyothersubstancesneededinorderforthebodytoabsorbcalciumhavenormalbloodpressure.

(E) AnyonewhohasadeficiencyintheactiveformofvitaminDalsohasacalciumdeficiency.

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25. Politicalphilosopher:Ajustsystemoftaxationwouldrequireeachperson’scontributiontocorresponddirectlytotheamountthesocietyasawholecontributestoservethatperson’sinterests.Forpurposesoftaxation,wealthisthemostobjectivewaytodeterminehowwellthesocietyhasservedtheinterestofanyindividual.Therefore,eachpersonshouldbetaxedsolelyinproportiontoherorhisincome.

Theflawedreasoninginthepoliticalphilosopher’sargumentismostsimilartothatinwhichoneofthefollowing?

(A) Carsshouldbetaxedinproportiontothedangerthattheypose.Themostreliablemeasureofthisdangeristhespeedatwhichacarcantravel.Therefore,carsshouldbetaxedonlyinproportiontotheirabilitytoacceleratequickly.

(B) Peopleshouldbegrantedautonomyinproportiontotheirmaturity.Acertainpsychologicaltestwasdesignedtoprovideanobjectivemeasureofmaturity.Therefore,thosescoringabovehighschoollevelonthetestshouldbegrantedcompleteautonomy.

(C) Everyoneshouldpaytaxessolelyinproportiontothebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernment.Manygovernmentprogramsprovidesubsidiesforlargecorporations.Therefore,ajusttaxwouldrequirecorporationstopayagreatershare oftheirincomeintaxesthanindividualcitizenspay.

(D) Individualswhoconferlargematerialbenefitsuponsocietyshouldreceivehighincomes.Those withhighincomesshouldpaycorrespondinglyhightaxes.Therefore,weas asocietyshouldplacehightaxesonactivitiesthat conferlargebenefitsuponsociety.

(E) Justicerequiresthathealthcarebegiveninproportiontoeachindividual’sneed.Therefore,weneedtoensurethatthemostseriouslyillhospitalpatientsaregiventhehighestpriorityforreceivingcare.

26. Arecentpollshowedthatalmosthalfofthecity’sresidentsbelievethatMayorWalkerisguiltyofethicsviolations.Surprisingly,however,52percentofthosesurveyedjudgedWalker’sperformanceasmayortobegoodorexcellent,whichisnolowerthanitwasbeforeanyoneaccusedhimofethicsviolations.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainthesurprisingfactstatedabove?

(A) AlmostallofthepeoplewhobelievethatWalkerisguiltyofethicsviolationshadthought,evenbeforehewasaccusedofthoseviolations,thathisperformanceasmayorwaspoor.

(B) InthetimesinceWalkerwasaccusedofethicsviolations,therehasbeenanincreaseinthepercentageofcityresidentswhojudgetheperformanceofWalker’spoliticalopponentstobegoodorexcellent.

(C) AboutafifthofthosepolleddidnotknowthatWalkerhadbeenaccusedofethicsviolations.

(D) Walkeriscurrentlyupforreelection,andanticorruptiongroupsinthecityhaveexpressed supportforWalker’sopponent.

(E) Walkerhasdefendedhimselfagainsttheaccusationsbyarguingthattheallegedethicsviolationsweretheresultofhonestmistakesby hisstaffmembers.

S T O PIFYOUFINISHBEFORETIMEISCALLED,YOUMAYCHECKYOURWORKONTHISSECTIONONLY.

DONOTWORKONANYOTHERSECTIONINTHETEST.

4 444 44–22–

InAlaska,traditionisapowerfullegalconcept,appearinginawidevarietyoflegalcontextsrelatingto natural-resourceandpublic-landsactivities.Bothstate andfederallawsintheUnitedStatesassignprivilegesandexemptionstoindividualsengagedin“traditional”activitiesusingotherwiseoff-limitslandandresources.Butinspiteofitsprevalenceinstatutory law,theterm“tradition”israrelydefined.Instead,thereseemstobeapresumptionthatitsmeaningisobvious.Failuretodefine“tradition”clearly inwrittenlawhasgivenrisetoproblematicandinconsistentlegalresults.

Oneofthemostprevalentideasassociatedwiththe term“tradition”inthelawisthattraditionisbasedonlong-standingpractice,where“long-standing”refers notonlytothepassageoftimebutalsotothecontinuityandregularityofapractice.Buttworecentcourtcasesinvolvingindigenoususeofseaotterpeltsillustratetheproblemsthatcanariseintheapplicationof thissenseof“traditional.”

ThehuntingofseaotterswasinitiallyprohibitedbytheFurSealTreatyof1910.TheMarineMammalProtectionAct(MMPA)of1972continuedtheprohibition,butitalsoincludedanAlaskaNativeexemption,whichallowedtakingsofprotectedanimals foruseincreatingauthenticnativearticles bymeansof“traditionalnativehandicrafts.”TheU.S.FishandWildlifeService(FWS)subsequentlyissuedregulationsdefiningauthenticnativearticlesasthose“commonlyproduced”before1972,whentheMMPAtookeffect.Notcoveredbytheexemption,accordingtotheFWS,wereitemsproducedfromseaotter pelts,becauseAlaskaNativeshadnotproducedsuchhandicrafts“withinlivingmemory.”

In1986,FWSagentsseizedarticlesofclothingmadefromseaotterpeltsfromMarinaKatelnikoff,anAleut.Shesued,butthedistrictcourtupheldtheFWSregulations.Thenin1991KatelnikoffjoinedasimilarsuitbroughtbyBoydDickinson,aTlingitfromwhomarticlesofclothingmadefromseaotterpeltshadalsobeenseized.AfterhearingtestimonyestablishingthatAlaskaNativeshadmademanyusesofseaottersbeforetheoccupationoftheterritorybyRussiainthelate1700s,thecourtreconsideredwhatconstitutedatraditionalitemunderthestatute.ThecourtnowheldthattheFWS’sregulationswerebasedona“strainedinterpretation”oftheword“traditional,”andthatthereferenceto“livingmemory”imposedanexcessivelyrestrictivetimeframe.Thecourtstated,“ThefactthatAlaskannativeswereprevented,bycircumstancesbeyondtheircontrol,fromexercisingatraditionfor a

givenperiodoftimedoesnotmeanthatithasbeenlost foreverorthatithasbecomeanylessa‘tradition.’Itdefiescommonsensetodefine‘traditional’insucha waythatonlythosetraditionsthatwereexercisedduringacomparativelyshortperiodinhistorycouldqualifyas‘traditional.’”

1. Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressesthemainpointofthepassage?

(A) TwocasesinvolvingtheuseofseaotterpeltsbyAlaskaNativesillustratethedifficultiessurroundingtheapplicationofthelegalconcept oftraditioninAlaska.

(B) Twocourtdecisionshavechallengedthenotionthatforanactivitytobeconsidered“traditional,”itmustbeshowntobealong-standingactivitythathasbeenregularlyandcontinuallypracticed.

(C) TwocourtcasesinvolvingtheuseofseaotterpeltsbyAlaskaNativesexemplifythewaveoflawsuitsthatarenowoccurringinresponsetochangesinnatural-resourceandpublic-landsregulations.

(D) Definitionsofcertainlegaltermslongtaken forgrantedarebeingreviewedinlightofnewevidencethathascomefromhistoricalsourcesrelatingtoAlaskaNativeculture.

(E) AlaskanstatelawsandU.S.federallawsarebeingchallengedbyAlaskaNativesbecausethe lawsarenotsufficientlysensitivetoindigenouspeoples’concerns.

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SECTIONIV

Time—35minutes

27Questions

Directions: Each set of questions in this section is based on a single passage or a pair of passages. The questions are to beanswered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage or pair of passages. For some of the questions, more than oneof the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response thatmostaccuratelyandcompletelyanswersthequestion,andblackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.

4 444 44 –23–

2. Thecourtinthe1991casereferredtotheFWS’sinterpretationoftheterm“traditional”as“strained”(line 46)because,inthecourt’sview,theinterpretation

(A) ignoredthewaysinwhichAlaskaNativeshavehistoricallyunderstoodtheterm“traditional”

(B) wasnotconsonantwithanydictionarydefinition of“traditional”

(C) wasinconsistentwithwhattheterm“traditional”isnormallyunderstoodtomean

(D) ledtheFWStousetheword“traditional”todescribeapracticethatshouldnothavebeendescribedassuch

(E) failedtospecifywhichhandicraftsqualifiedtobe designatedas“traditional”

3. Accordingtothepassage,thecourt’sdecisioninthe1991casewasbasedonwhichoneofthefollowing?

(A) anarrowinterpretationoftheterm“long-standing”(B) acommon-senseinterpretationofthephrase

“withinlivingmemory”(C) strictadherencetotheintentofFWSregulations(D) anewinterpretationoftheFurSealTreatyof

1910(E) testimonyestablishingcertainhistoricalfacts

4. Thepassagemoststronglysuggeststhatthecourtinthe1986casebelievedthat“traditional”shouldbedefinedinawaythat

(A) reflectsacompromisebetweenthecompetingconcernssurroundingtheissueathand

(B) emphasizesthecontinuityandregularityofpracticestowhichthetermisapplied

(C) reflectstheterm’susageineverydaydiscourse(D) encouragestheterm’sapplicationtorecently

developed,aswellasage-old,activities(E) reflectstheconcernsofthepeopleengagingin

whattheyconsidertobetraditionalactivities

5. Whichoneofthefollowingismoststronglysuggestedbythepassage?

(A) Between1910and1972,AlaskaNativeswereprohibitedfromhuntingseaotters.

(B) TraditionalitemsmadefromseaotterpeltswerespecificallymentionedintheAlaskaNativeexemptionoftheMMPA.

(C) Inthelate1700s,RussianhunterspressuredtheRussiangovernmenttobarAlaskaNativesfrom huntingseaotters.

(D) By1972,theseaotterpopulationinAlaska hadreturnedtothelevelsatwhichithadbeenprior tothelate1700s.

(E) Priortothelate1700s,seaotterswerethemarineanimalmostoftenhuntedbyAlaskaNatives.

6. Theauthor’sreferencetotheFurSealTreaty(line22)primarilyservesto

(A) establishtheearliestpointintimeatwhichfursealswereconsideredtobeonthebrinkofextinction

(B) indicatethatseveralanimalsinadditiontoseaotterswerecoveredbyvariousregulatoryexemptionsissuedovertheyears

(C) demonstratethatthereisawell-knownlegalprecedentforprohibitingthehuntingofprotectedanimals

(D) suggestthattheseaotterpopulationwasimperiledbyRussiansealhuntersandnotbyAlaskaNatives

(E) helpexplaintheevolutionofAlaskaNatives’legalrightswithrespecttohandicraftsdefinedas “traditional”

7. Therulinginthe1991casewouldbemostrelevantasaprecedentfordecidinginafuturecasethatwhichoneofthefollowingisa“traditional”AlaskaNativehandicraft?

(A) Ahandicraftnolongerpracticedbutshownbyarchaeologicalevidencetohavebeencommonamongindigenouspeoplesseveralmillenniaago

(B) Ahandicraftthatcommonlyinvolvestakingthepeltsofmorethanonespeciesthathasbeendesignatedasendangered

(C) Ahandicraftthatwasoncecommonbutwasdiscontinuedwhenherdanimalsnecessaryforitspracticeabandonedtheirlocalhabitatduetoindustrialdevelopment

(D) Ahandicraftaboutwhichonlyaveryfewindigenouscraftspeoplewerehistoricallyinpossessionofanyknowledge

(E) AhandicraftaboutwhichyoungAlaskaNativesknowlittlebecause,whileitwasoncecommon,fewelderAlaskaNativesstillpracticeit

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TheliterarydevelopmentofKateChopin,authorof The Awakening(1899),tookherthroughseveralphasesofnineteenth-centurywomen’sfiction.Bornin1850,Chopingrewupwiththesentimentalnovelsthatformedthebulkofthefictionofthemid–nineteenthcentury.Intheseworks,authorsemployedelevated,romanticlanguagetoportrayfemalecharacterswhosesoleconcernwastoestablishtheirsocialpositionsthroughcourtshipandmarriage.Later,whenshestarted writingherownfiction,Chopintookashermodelstheworksofagroupofwomenwritersknownas thelocalcolorists.

After1865,whathadtraditionallybeenregardedas “women’sculture”begantodissolveaswomenenteredhighereducation,theprofessions,andthepoliticalworldingreaternumbers.Thelocalcolorists,whopublishedstoriesaboutregionallifeinthe1870sand1880s,wereattractedtothenewworldsopeningup towomen,andfeltfreetomovewithintheseworldsasartists.Likeanthropologists,thelocalcoloristsobservedcultureandcharacterwithalmostscientificdetachment.However,as“women’sculture”continuedtodisappear,thelocalcoloristsbegantomournitsdemisebyinvestingitsimageswithmythicsignificance.Intheirstories,thegardenbecameaparadisalsanctuary; thehousebecameanemblemoffemalenurturing;andtheartifactsofdomesticitybecamevirtual totemicobjects.

Unlikethelocalcolorists,Chopindevotedherselftotellingstoriesofloneliness,isolation,andfrustration.Butsheusedtheconventionsofthelocalcoloriststosolveaspecificnarrativeproblem:howtodealwithextremepsychologicalstateswithoutresortingtotheexcessesofthesentimentalnovelsshereadasayouth.Byreportingnarrativeeventsasiftheywerepartofaregion’s“localcolor,”Chopincouldtellrathershockingorevenmelodramatictalesinanuninflectedmanner.

Chopindidnotsharethelocalcolorists’growingnostalgiaforthepast,however,andbythe1890s shewaslookingbeyondthemtothemoreambitiousmodels offeredbyamovementknownastheNewWomen.Intheformaswellasthecontentoftheirwork,theNewWomenwriterspursuedfreedomandinnovation.Theymodifiedtheformofthesentimentalnoveltomakeroomforinterludesoffantasyandparable,especiallyepisodesinwhichwomendreamofanentirelydifferentworldthantheonetheyinhabit.Insteadofthecrisplyplottedshortstoriesthathadbeen theprimarygenreofthelocalcolorists,theNewWomenwritersexperimentedwithimpressionisticmethodsinanefforttoexplorehithertounrecordedaspectsoffemaleconsciousness.InThe Awakening,Chopinembracedthisimpressionisticapproachmorefullytoproduce39numberedsectionsofunevenlength unifiedlessbytheirstyleorcontentthan bytheir sustainedfocusonfaithfullyrenderingtheworkingsoftheprotagonist’smind.

8. Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsmostaccuratelysummarizesthecontentofthepassage?

(A) AlthoughChopindrewagreatdealofthematerialforThe AwakeningfromtheconcernsoftheNewWomen,sheadaptedthem,usingthe techniquesofthelocalcolorists,torecapturetheatmosphereofthenovelsshehadreadinher youth.

(B) Avoidingthesentimentalexcessesofnovelsshereadinheryouth,andinfluencedfirstbytheconventionsofthelocalcoloristsandthenbythe innovativemethodsoftheNewWomen,ChopindevelopedtheliterarystylesheusedinThe Awakening.

(C) Withitsstylisticshifts,varietyofcontent, andattentiontotheinternalpsychologyofitscharacters,Chopin’sThe Awakeningwas unlikeanyworkoffictionwrittenduringthenineteenth century.

(D) InThe Awakening,Chopinrebelledagainst thestylisticrestraintofthelocalcolorists,choosing insteadtotellherstoryinelevated,romanticlanguagethatwouldmoreaccuratelyconveyherprotagonist’slonelinessandfrustration.

(E) Becauseshefeltakinshipwiththesubjectmatter butnotthestylisticconventionsof thelocalcolorists,ChopinturnedtotheNewWomenasmodelsforthestyleshewasstrugglingtodevelopinThe Awakening.

9. WithwhichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutthelocalcoloristswouldChopinhavebeenmostlikelytoagree?

(A) Theiridealizationofsettingsandobjectsformerlyassociatedwith“women’sculture”was misguided.

(B) Theirtendencytoobservecharacterdispassionatelycausedtheirfictiontohavelittle emotionalimpact.

(C) TheirchiefcontributiontoliteraturelayintheirstatusasinspirationfortheNewWomen.

(D) Theirfocusonregionallifepreventedthemfromaddressingthenewrealmsopeninguptowomen.

(E) Theirconventionspreventedthemfromportrayingextremepsychologicalstateswithscientificdetachment.

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10. Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowingconventionsdidChopinadoptfromothernineteenth-centurywomenwriters?

(A) elevated,romanticlanguage(B) mythicimagesof“women’sculture”(C) detachednarrativestance(D) strongplotlines(E) lonely,isolatedprotagonists

11. Asitisusedbytheauthorinline14ofthepassage,“women’sculture”mostprobablyreferstoaculturethatwasexpressedprimarilythroughwomen’s

(A) domesticexperiences(B) regionalcustoms(C) artisticproductions(D) educationalachievements(E) politicalactivities

12. Theauthorofthepassagedescribesthesentimentalnovelsofthemid–nineteenthcenturyinlines3–9primarilyinorderto

(A) arguethatChopin’sstylerepresentsanattemptto mimicthesenovels

(B) explainwhyChopinlaterrejectedtheworkofthe localcolorists

(C) establishthebackgroundagainstwhichChopin’sfictiondeveloped

(D) illustratetheexcessestowhichChopinbelievednostalgictendencieswouldlead

(E) provethatwomen’sliteraturewasalreadyflourishingbythetimeChopinbegantowrite

13. ThepassagesuggeststhatoneofthedifferencesbetweenThe AwakeningandtheworkoftheNewWomenwasthatThe Awakening

(A) attemptedtoexploreaspectsoffemaleconsciousness

(B) describedthedreamworldoffemalecharacters(C) employedimpressionismmoreconsistently

throughout(D) reliedmoreonfantasytosuggestpsychological

states(E) displayedgreaterunityofstyleandcontent

14. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A) educatereadersofThe AwakeningaboutaspectsofChopin’slifethatarereflectedinthenovel

(B) discusstherelationshipbetweenChopin’sartistic developmentandchangesinnineteenth-centurywomen’sfiction

(C) tracetheevolutionofnineteenth-centurywomen’sfictionusingChopinasatypicalexample

(D) counteraclaimthatChopin’sfictionwasinfluencedbyexternalsocialcircumstances

(E) weighthevalueofChopin’snovelsandstoriesagainstthoseofotherwritersofhertime

15. TheworkoftheNewWomen,asitischaracterizedinthepassage,givesthemostsupportforwhichoneofthefollowinggeneralizations?

(A) Worksoffictionwritteninapassionate,engagedstylearemoreapttoeffectchangesinsocialcustomsthanareworkswritteninascientific,detachedstyle.

(B) Evenwriterswhoadvocatesocialchange canend upregrettingthechangeonceithasoccurred.

(C) Changesinsocialcustomsinevitablyleadtochangesinliterarytechniquesaswritersattempttomakesenseofthenewsocialrealities.

(D) Innovationsinfictionaltechniquegrowoutofwriters’attemptstodescribeaspectsofrealitythathavebeenneglectedinpreviousworks.

(E) Writerscanmostaccuratelydepictextremepsychologicalstatesbyusinganuninflectedmanner.

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Untilthe1950s,mostscientistsbelievedthatthegeologyoftheoceanfloorhadremainedessentiallyunchangedformanymillionsofyears.Butthisideabecameinsupportableasnewdiscoveriesweremade.First,scientistsnoticedthattheoceanfloorexhibitedodd magneticvariations.Thoughunexpected,this wasnotentirelysurprising,becauseitwasknownthatbasalt—thevolcanicrockmakingupmuchoftheocean floor—containsmagnetite,astronglymagneticmineralthatwasalreadyknowntolocallydistortcompassreadingsonland.Thisdistortionisduetothefactthatalthoughsomebasalthasso-called“normal”polarity—thatis,themagnetiteinithasthesamepolarityastheearth’spresentmagneticfield—otherbasalthasreversedpolarity,analignmentoppositethatofthepresentfield.Thisoccursbecauseinmagma(moltenrock),grainsofmagnetite—behavinglikelittlecompassneedles—alignthemselveswiththeearth’s magneticfield,whichhasreversedatvarioustimesthroughouthistory.Whenmagmacoolstoformsolidbasalt,thealignmentofthemagnetitegrainsis“lockedin,”recordingtheearth’spolarityatthetimeof cooling.

Asmoreoftheoceanfloorwasmapped,themagneticvariationsrevealedrecognizablepatterns,particularlyintheareaaroundtheothergreatoceanicdiscoveryofthe1950s:theglobalmid-oceanridge,animmensesubmarinemountainrangethatwindsitswayaroundtheearthmuchliketheseamsofabaseball.Alternatingstripesofrockwithdifferingpolarities arelaidoutinrowsoneithersideofthemid-oceanridge:onestripewithnormalpolarityandthenextwithreversedpolarity.Scientiststheorizedthatmid-oceanridgesmarkstructurallyweakzoneswheretheoceanfloorisbeingpulledapartalongtheridgecrest.Newmagmafromdeepwithintheearthriseseasilythroughtheseweakzonesandeventuallyeruptsalongthecrestoftheridgestocreatenewoceaniccrust.Overmillionsofyears,thisprocess,calledoceanfloorspreading,built themid-oceanridge.

Thistheorywassupportedbyseverallinesofevidence.First,atorneartheridgecrest,therocks areveryyoung,andtheybecomeprogressivelyolderaway fromthecrest.Further,theyoungestrocksallhavenormalpolarity.Finally,becausegeophysicistshadalreadydeterminedtheagesofcontinentalvolcanicrocksand,bymeasuringthemagneticorientationofthesesamerocks,hadassignedagestotheearth’srecent magneticreversals,theywereabletocomparetheseknownagesofmagneticreversalswiththeoceanfloor’smagneticstripingpattern,enablingscientists toshowthat,ifweassumethattheoceanfloormovedawayfromthespreadingcenteratarateofseveralcentimetersperyear,thereisaremarkablecorrelationbetweentheagesoftheearth’smagneticreversalsandthestripingpattern.

16. Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

(A) Inthe1950s,scientistsrefinedtheirtheoriesconcerningtheprocessbywhichtheoceanfloor wasformedmanymillionsofyearsago.

(B) Thediscoveryofbasalt’smagneticproperties inthe1950sledscientiststoformulateanewtheorytoaccountforthemagneticstripingontheoceanfloor.

(C) Inthe1950s,twosignificantdiscoveriesledtothetransformationofscientificviewsaboutthegeologyoftheoceans.

(D) Localdistortionstocompassreadingsarecaused,scientistshavediscovered,bymagmathat risesthroughweakzonesintheoceanfloortocreate newoceaniccrust.

(E) Thediscoveryoftheoceanfloor’smagneticvariationsconvincedscientistsoftheneedtomaptheentireoceanfloor,whichinturnledto thediscoveryoftheglobalmid-oceanridge.

17. Theauthorcharacterizesthecorrelationmentionedinthelastsentenceofthepassageas“remarkable”inordertosuggestthatthecorrelation

(A) indicatesthatoceanfloorspreadingoccursatanextremelyslowrate

(B) explainstheexistenceoftheglobalmid-oceanridge

(C) demonstratesthattheearth’smagneticfieldisconsiderablystrongerthanpreviouslybelieved

(D) providesstrongconfirmationoftheoceanfloorspreadingtheory

(E) revealsthattheearth’smagneticreversalshaveoccurredatveryregularintervals

18. Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowingistrueofmagnetitegrains?

(A) Intheyoungestbasalt,theyarealignedwiththeearth’scurrentpolarity.

(B) Inmagma,mostbutnotallofthemalignthemselveswiththeearth’smagneticfield.

(C) Theyarenotfoundinothertypesofrockbesides basalt.

(D) Theyareaboutthesizeoftypicalgrainsofsand.(E) Theyaretoosmalltobevisibletothenakedeye.

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19. Ifthetimeintervalsbetweentheearth’smagneticfieldreversalsfluctuategreatly,then,basedonthepassage,whichoneofthefollowingismostlikelytobetrue?

(A) Compassreadingsaremostlikelytobedistortednearthepeaksofthemid-oceanridge.

(B) Itisthisfluctuationthatcausestheridgetowind aroundtheearthliketheseamsonabaseball.

(C) Someofthemagneticstripesofbasaltontheoceanflooraremuchwiderthanothers.

(D) Continentalrockisamorereliableindicator oftheearth’smagneticfieldreversalsthanisoceanicrock.

(E) Withinanygivenmagneticstripeontheoceanfloor,theageofthebasaltdoesnotvary.

20. Whichoneofthefollowingwould,iftrue,mosthelptosupporttheoceanfloorspreadingtheory?

(A) Therearetypesofrockotherthanbasaltthatare knowntodistortcompassreadings.

(B) Theagesoftheearth’smagneticreversalshavebeenverifiedbymeansotherthanexaminingmagnetitegrainsinrock.

(C) Piecesofbasaltsimilartothetypefoundonthemid-oceanridgehavebeenfoundonthecontinents.

(D) Alongitslength,thepeakofthemid-oceanridge variesgreatlyinheightabovetheoceanfloor.

(E) Basaltistheonlytypeofvolcanicrockfoundinportionsoftheoceanfloornearesttothecontinents.

21. Whichoneofthefollowingismoststronglysupportedbythepassage?

(A) Submarinebasaltfoundnearthecontinentsislikelytobesomeoftheoldestrockontheocean floor.

(B) Theolderasampleofbasaltis,themoretimesit hasreverseditspolarity.

(C) Compassreadingsaremorelikelytobecomedistortedatseathanonland.

(D) Themagneticfieldssurroundingmagnetitegrains graduallyweakenovermillionsofyearsontheoceanfloor.

(E) Anyrockthatexhibitspresent-daymagneticpolaritywasformedafterthelatestreversaloftheearth’smagneticfield.

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4 444 44–28–

PassageA

Centraltothehistorian’sprofessionandscholarship hasbeentheidealofobjectivity.Theassumptionsuponwhichthisidealrestsincludeacommitmenttotherealityofthepast,asharpseparationbetweenfactandvalue,andaboveall,adistinctionbetweenhistoryandfiction.

Accordingtothisideal,historicalfactsarepriortoandindependentofinterpretation:thevalueofaninterpretationshouldbejudgedbyhowwellitaccountsforthefacts;ifaninterpretationiscontradictedbyfacts,itshouldbeabandoned.Thefactthatsuccessivegenerationsofhistorianshaveascribeddifferentmeaningstopasteventsdoesnotmean,asrelativisthistoriansclaim,thattheeventsthemselveslackfixedor absolutemeanings.

Objectivehistoriansseetheirroleasthatof aneutraljudge,onewhomustneverbecomeanadvocateor,worse,propagandist.Theirconclusionsshoulddisplaythejudicialqualitiesofbalanceandevenhandedness.Aswiththejudiciary,thesequalitiesrequireinsulationfrompoliticalconsiderations,andavoidanceofpartisanshiporbias.Thusobjectivehistoriansmustpurgethemselvesofexternalloyalties;theirprimaryallegianceistoobjectivehistoricaltruthandtocolleagueswhoshareacommitmenttoitsdiscovery.

PassageB

Theverypossibilityofhistoricalscholarshipasanenterprisedistinctfrompropagandarequiresofitspractitionersthatself-disciplinethatenablesthemtodosuchthingsasabandonwishfulthinking,assimilatebadnews,anddiscardpleasinginterpretationsthatfailelementarytestsofevidenceandlogic.

Yetobjectivity,forthehistorian,shouldnot beconfusedwithneutrality.Objectivityisperfectlycompatiblewithstrongpoliticalcommitment.Theobjectivethinkerdoesnotvaluedetachmentasanendinitselfbutonlyasanindispensablemeansofachievingdeeperunderstanding.Inhistoricalscholarship,theideal ofobjectivityismostcompellinglyembodied inthe powerful argument—onethatrevealsbyits everytwistandturnitsrespectfulappreciationofthealternativeargumentsitrejects.Suchatextattainspowerpreciselybecauseitsauthorhasmanagedtosuspendmomentarilyhisorherownperceptions so astoanticipateandtakeintoaccountobjectionsandalternativeconstructions—notthoseofstrawmen, butthosethattrulyissuefromtherival’sposition,understoodassensitivelyandstatedaseloquentlyastherivalcoulddesire.Tomountatellingattackonaposition,onemustfirstinhabitit.Thosesohabituatedto theircustomaryintellectualabodethattheycannotevenexploreotherscanneverbepersuasivetoanyonebutfellowhabitués.

Suchargumentsareoftenmorefaithfulto thecomplexityofhistoricalinterpretation—more faithfuleventotheirreduciblepluralityofhumanperspectives—thantextsthatabjureposition-takingaltogether. ThepowerfulargumentisthehighestfruitofthekindofthinkingIwouldcallobjective,andinitneutrality

plays nopart.Authenticobjectivitybearsno resemblancetothetelevisionnewscaster’smechanicalgestureofallocatingthesamenumberofsecondstobothsidesofaquestion,editoriallysplittingthedifferencebetweenthem,irrespectiveoftheirperceivedmerits.

22. Bothpassagesareconcernedwithansweringwhichoneofthefollowingquestions?

(A) Whatarethemostseriousflawsfoundinrecenthistoricalscholarship?

(B) Whatmusthistoriansdoinordertoavoidbiasin theirscholarship?

(C) Howdidtheidealofobjectivityfirstdevelop?(D) Isthescholarshipproducedbyrelativist

historians sound?(E) Whydotheprevailinginterpretationsofpast

eventschangefromoneeratothenext?

23. Bothpassagesidentifywhichoneofthefollowingasarequirementforhistoricalresearch?

(A) thehistorian’swillingnesstoborrowmethodsofanalysisfromotherdisciplineswhenevaluatingevidence

(B) thehistorian’swillingnesstoemploymethodologiesfavoredbyproponentsofcompetingviewswhenevaluatingevidence

(C) thehistorian’swillingnesstorelinquishfavoredinterpretationsinlightofthediscoveryoffactsinconsistentwiththem

(D) thehistorian’swillingnesstoanswerindetailallpossibleobjectionsthatmightbemadeagainsthisorherinterpretation

(E) thehistorian’swillingnesstoaccordrespectfulconsiderationtorivalinterpretations

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24. TheauthorofpassageBandthekindofobjectivehistoriandescribedinpassageAwouldbemostlikelyto disagreeoverwhether

(A) detachmentaidsthehistorianinachievinganobjectiveviewofpastevents

(B) anobjectivehistoricalaccountcanincludeastrongpoliticalcommitment

(C) historianstodayarelessobjectivethantheywere previously

(D) propagandaisanessentialtoolofhistoricalscholarship

(E) historiansofdifferenterashavearrivedat differinginterpretationsofthesamehistoricalevents

25. Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribesan attitudetowardobjectivitypresentineachpassage?

(A) Objectivityisagoalthatfewhistorianscanclaim toachieve.

(B) Objectivityisessentialtothepracticeofhistorical scholarship.

(C) Objectivitycannotbeachievedunlesshistorianssetasidepoliticalallegiances.

(D) Historiansarenotgoodjudgesoftheirownobjectivity.

(E) Historianswhovalueobjectivityarebecominglesscommon.

26. Bothpassagesmentionpropagandaprimarilyinorderto

(A) refuteaclaimmadebyproponentsofarivalapproachtohistoricalscholarship

(B) suggestthatscholarsinfieldsotherthanhistorytendtobemorebiasedthanhistorians

(C) pointtoatypeofscholarshipthathasrecentlybeendiscredited

(D) identifyoneextremetowhichhistoriansmaytend

(E) drawcontrastswithotherkindsofpersuasivewriting

27. TheargumentdescribedinpassageAandtheargumentmadebytheauthorofpassageBarebothadvancedby

(A) citinghistoricalscholarshipthatfailstoachieveobjectivity

(B) showinghowcertainrecentdevelopmentsinhistoricalscholarshiphaveunderminedthecredibilityoftheprofession

(C) summarizingopposingargumentsinordertopointouttheirflaws

(D) suggestingthathistoriansshouldadoptstandardsusedbyprofessionalsincertainotherfields

(E) identifyingwhatareseenasobstaclestoachievingobjectivity

S T O PIFYOUFINISHBEFORETIMEISCALLED,YOUMAYCHECKYOURWORKONTHISSECTIONONLY.

DONOTWORKONANYOTHERSECTIONINTHETEST.

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Acknowledgmentismadetothefollowingsourcesfromwhichmaterialhasbeenadaptedforuseinthistestbooklet:

W.JacquelyneKiousandRobertI.Tilling,This Dynamic Earth: The Story of Plate Tectonics.©1996bytheUnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey.

“OpenYourMind.”©2002byTheEconomistNewspaperLimited.

ElaineShowalter,Sister’s Choice: Tradition and Change in American Women’s Writing.©1991byElaineShowalter.

JenniferL.Tomsen,“‘Traditional’ResourceUsesandActivities:ArticulatingValuesandExaminingConflictsinAlaska.”©2002byAlaskaLawReview.

Wait for the supervisor’s instructions before you open the page to the topic.Please print and sign your name and write the date in the designated spaces below.

Time: 35 MinutesGeneral Directions

You will have 35 minutes in which to plan and write an essay on the topic inside. Read the topic and the accompanying directions carefully. You will probably find it best to spend a few minutes considering the topic and organizing your thoughts before you begin writing. In your essay, be sure to develop your ideas fully, leaving time, if possible, to review what you have written. Do not write on a topic other than the one specified. Writing on a topic of your own choice is not acceptable.

No special knowledge is required or expected for this writing exercise. Law schools are interested in the reasoning, clarity, organization, language usage, and writing mechanics displayed in your essay. How well you write is more important than how much you write.

Confine your essay to the blocked, lined area on the front and back of the separate Writing Sample Response Sheet. Only that area will be reproduced for law schools. Be sure that your writing is legible.

Both this topic sheet and your response sheet must be turned over to the testing staff before you leave the room.

Scratch PaperDo not write your essay in this space.

Print Your Full Name HereLast First M.I.

Topic Code

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Date

/ /Sign Your Name Here

–31–

–32– LSAT Writing Sample TopicDirections: The scenario presented below describes two choices, either one of which can be supported on the basis of the information given. Your essay should consider both choices and argue for one over the other, based on the two specified criteria and the facts provided. There is no “right” or “wrong” choice: a reasonable argument can be made for either.

The biggest newspaper in a large market is deciding whether to continue to write all of its local stories in-house or to contract out much of this work off-site to local freelancers. The largest section of the newspaper is devoted to local coverage. Using the facts below, write an essay in which you argue for one choice over the other based on the following two criteria:

• The newspaper wants to maximize the quality of its local coverage.• The newspaper wants to minimize the costs of producing local stories.

Writing all local stories in-house requires maintaining an extensive staff for this purpose. This involves expenditures for salaries, benefits, and overhead. Staff must also be reimbursed for employee business expenses associated with gathering stories. The day-to-day management of personnel frictions in a sizable staff can be challenging. Training and communicating with in-house staff is direct. This allows for the effective adoption and maintenance of strict standards. Different approaches and innovation tend to be discouraged.

Contracting out much of the responsibility for local coverage would tend to encourage different approaches and innovation. It would free up some staff time for potentially more rewarding work such as conducting in-depth investigations of local concerns. The only compensation for the freelancers contracted for local coverage would be a fixed amount for each accepted story, depending on its length after editing by in-house staff. There would be a high turnover of these freelancers. Their loyalty to the company would be relatively low. Hiring replacements would require staff time. Training and communicating with freelancers would be relatively difficult. This includes efforts to inculcate and enforce strict standards.

Scratch PaperDo not write your essay in this space.

Writing Sample Response SheetDo NoT WRiTeiN THiS SPACe

Begin your essay in the lined area below.Continue on the back if you need more space.

LAST NAMe (Print) Mi FiRST NAMe (Print)

SiGNATuRe

–33–

–34–

Computing Your Score

–35–

Directions:

1. UsetheAnswerKeyonthenextpagetocheckyouranswers.

2. UsetheScoringWorksheetbelowtocomputeyourrawscore.

3. UsetheScoreConversionCharttoconvertyourrawscoreintothe120–180scale.

ScoringWorksheet

1. Enterthenumberofquestionsyouansweredcorrectlyineachsection.

NumberCorrect

SECTIONI . . . . . . . .

SECTIONII. . . . . . .

SECTIONIII . . . . . .

SECTIONIV . . . . . .

2. Enterthesumhere: ThisisyourRawScore .

ConversionChart

ForConvertingRawScoretothe120–180LSATScaled Score

LSATPrepTest63

ReportedScore

RawScore Lowest Highest

180 100 101

179 99 99178 98 98177 97 97176 —* —*175 96 96174 95 95173 94 94172 93 93171 92 92170 90 91169 89 89168 88 88167 86 87166 85 85165 83 84164 82 82163 80 81162 78 79161 77 77160 75 76159 73 74158 71 72157 69 70156 67 68155 66 66154 64 65153 62 63152 60 61151 58 59150 56 57149 54 55148 53 53147 51 52146 49 50145 47 48144 46 46143 44 45142 42 43141 41 41140 39 40139 38 38138 36 37137 35 35136 33 34135 32 32134 30 31133 29 29132 28 28131 27 27130 25 26129 24 24128 23 23127 22 22126 21 21125 20 20124 19 19123 18 18122 —* —*121 17 17120 0 16

*Thereisnorawscorethatwillproducethisscaledscoreforthistest.

Answer Key

–36–

SECTIONI

1. C2. B3. C4. D5. B6. A7. B

8. E 9. D10. A11. D12. B13. D14. D

15. C16. D17. C18. E19. C20. B21. E

22. B23. B24. E25. A

SECTIONII

1. E2. B3. A4. C5. E6. B7. D

8. C 9. D10. A11. B12. E13. C14. E

15. A16. B17. B18. B19. C20. E21. A

22. C23. D

SECTIONIII

1. E2. D3. E4. A5. D6. D7. B

8. B 9. C10. A11. B12. A13. B14. B

15. E16. E17. D18. A19. C20. E21. B

22. A23. C24. A25. A26. A

SECTIONIV

1. A2. C3. E4. B5. A6. E7. C

8. B 9. A10. C11. A12. C13. C14. B

15. D16. C17. D18. A19. C20. B21. A

22. B23. C24. B25. B26. D27. E

*LSAT is a registered trademark of the Law School Admission Council.

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