Lowenthal, D.- The Heritage Crusade and Its Contradictions (article-2004)+

7/27/2019 Lowenthal, D.- The Heritage Crusade and Its Contradictions (article-2004)+

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1

Tli RHERITAGE CRUSADE AND

IT

S

CON

TRADlCTIONSI

David luwenrhal

I ERtTAt:t IS JlV>.tll'WllCRE in the news,

n

the movies,

n

the market

place in everything from galaxies to genes.

It

is tbc chief focus

or

pa

triotism and a prime lure of tourism. One can barely move with

out

b11

mp

ing into u heritage site.

Tivery

legacy is <:hcrished. f rom ethnic

r<10ts

>

history theme parks. Ho llyw

ood

to the Holocaust, milli

on

s

<

I C

busy

lauding

(or horne ll

ling) some pasl.

Why this t11sh of backw;n·d-lonking c

on

cern?

What

make.s heritage

so o ~ w l u r

in a world heset by po

ve

rty and

hu

nger, enmity and stri

fe?

We seek its co mfort pa rtly tn a

ll

ay these In recoiling from

tr

agic

loss nr fend int: off a fearsome future, people. the world over revert to

ancestrnllcgacies.

s

hopes of progress fade, heritage consoles

us

with

tradition.

At;<l

inst wbnt', dreadful and dreaded today, heritage is

gC111tl-indeed,

it

perhaps

fu·s

t appears

n

Psalm

16's g

oodly : l g e . ~

Yet much that

we

inherit is far [rom "goodly:•some of

it

downright

diaholical. Heritage brin l> manifold benelirs:

it

links

us

with ancestors

anti

u l l ~ p r i n g ,

bonds neighbor:. nnd

patr

iots, certilies identity, routs

in time honored ways.

But

heritage is also

opp

'i,•e, defeatist, deca

dent. Miring

n

the ohsolcte, the cult

of

heritage immures life

within museum>

and

monummts.

Breeding xenophobic

hate

.

it

he

comes a by.-ord for bellicose discord. Pcn•erting

the

ulrue" past for

greedy

or

chauvimst ends, heritage underminl'S historical

trulh

with

twistc:tlmyth. unhing rooted faith over critical reason,

it

stymie. so

cial action

and

sanctions passive

acceptan<. C of

preordained

fa

te.

19



hs benefit> hyPed and its perils e.xaggrruted, heritage by its ~ r y mo

1

ure excite;

parti.an <JCI

rcme:.. Heritage passions play a major role

in

na

tjunal

and

ethnic :

un tli

ct.

tn racism

;u\d

resurgent

generic dctem•inisru.

in nouselllll and commemorative policy in global rhell, illicit trade, and

r i s i

dem:onds

lc tl

rep

atr

iating ;

or

t and ant iqui ties. Jl

cdsi

ons

about

what

to

conserve

and

what

to

jell ison,

about

parent iH)< >d and adoptoon,

ahoul killing

or

Lonverting ur cosseting those

of

rival fairm

all

in

vnkt

heritage

to

explain how

we feel

and to validate how act.

1

Tcritage is as oltl as humnn ity. Prehistor ic p

ecoples

bequeathed

oo

ds and gnals: legacies he11ig

nand i ~ : n

suffus.e

H o m ~

tales,

I

he

Old lestament, and Con fucian precepts. 1\llt only on nur tune has her·

itage become " 111ass crus;ocle whose shrines and icons ~ a i l y multiply

and whose praise suffnses public discuursc.

Concern

woth

roots

and

recollect inn sa LLtrates the West and

e n c r o a c h ~ s

more and more

on

the

,·es t of the world. Nusw.lgia

fo

r

th

i

ng

s

old

and O

II IIVOrn n t ~

dreams

of

prngrt::.S.

A

c.elllury

or

even Jii Ly years ago, the untranlmelcd

future was all the rage; today we laud legacies b t ~ J u e a t h c d by ha>

been.,. n t ~ patrimony implied provincial backwardness or musty an

ti<)Uari anism; now it denotes nurturam:c and stewardship.

Devotion to heritage is a s

pi

1itual calling "like nursing no: in

lloly

Orders,"

as

Ta

mes

Lees Mill1c

ter111ed

his

ow

n ca •eer

oJ

rescoung

historic English

cuunrry

houses.

A

Natinnal Trust successor's \'erbal

slip, When

1

joi ned the Church- J

m e a ~ • ·

tbt:

T r u o t ~

reinforce' the

parallel. Hcl'itage everywhere betokens ptety. Austmlwns arc held to

"spend anore

of

their spiritual energy" in quesls for enshrined

symbc>

ls

nf identity than in any

other

pursuit; «wors

hip

of the past [is

on

e of

/ the great seLular religions."'

The

creed

of

h

er

itage nils needs for rinwl de

votinn

where formal

faith has dwind led . Like rd igious causes. heritage ft"ters exhilanoling

fealties. The qut::.l for and d

tl c

nse of

a l r i m o u i a l l c g a

is likcne 'l to

the

Crusade>-bittcr,

protracted, and n a t h l e s . ~ An<llike rel igion,

her

·

iragc relics on rcveakd faith rather

than

rational proof.

We

elect

a ~ d

exalt o

ur

legacy not by ubje(tively weighing i t s . d a i o ~

to truth,

but ".1

passi

onatel

y lccli

ngtha

t

it

sl

be n ght. Its mamstay

IS

nul me

nta l el

forl but nu)l'a] 1caL

Heri tage is mandatory.

t

comes

to

us willy-

11illy,

:111d call llOI he

shed

buweV< r shaming

it may

he.

Tn sh:ore a legacy is

to

h

dong to a

fan ily a comrnunity a

nu.

;c a nation.

\Nhat each

inherits is in

:snmt

u r c l i < l U e ~ I I U t common CO ITII

llitn.lents

b i n ~ l to

our grnup:

111-

l

wri tors are

ow

count

ayme

•a-not

)liSt pa tnots

hut

r:m tpalnoh.

Mutual identity

: o d ~

mutual

;allegi:oll

ce.

Thos

.: depnvcd

,,r

a

legacy

are r u o d e s . ~ and

hereavcd; those

who spurn nne :ore um1anor-.tl

Tlu: l l c t i i < ~ S ~ Crusadt and Its Contr.ttlu . lcms • 21

i11gr,1tes. Nations be oclt of birth rights wd<cy l:oiiiCilt thei r loss mud• as

F.sau

did

in the

hnok of

Genesis,

an

d intone UNBSCO's C.nnvention

on

che

Repatri

ation of

Culrurall'ropc:rly as llnly Scripture.

The

trails that aLign heritage with religion help explain its potent

pull, but tl1e y :als11

pnse

seriou> risks. A dogma of roo ts nnd or ig ins

t l ~ < H

must he accepted

on

faith denies t

he ru

le

ul

reason

an

d f o r ~

c l o s

t : s

compi'Omise. Credence in a cnyt hie past crafted for

wmc present

callSe

flies

in

the face

of

the

past's

actual

wmplcxity

and

precludes impartial

h istorica l knowledge. Tuuting

our ow

n heritage a; uniquely

sp

lendid

san,ti11ns na

rr

ow i

gnoranc

e.a

nd

r ~ c d s belligerent bigotry.

Hel ilage's potential for

both

good <end evil is huge. On the one

hand, it

otTers

a

rationale

liar

self-respe

cting

stewurd,hip

of

a ll we hold

dear; on

the

otht:r, it signals eclip,

e uf

rcasnn and regression

to em

batt

led tr ibalism. Benign and

baneful

consequences arc intertwined;

her

itage

vk

is ins<:-parable lroau hel'itage virnte. Yet heritage is cus

tomari ly either

admir

ed

or

reviled in lulu. Dcvntces ignore

oo

· sligh t

it

s

threats; detractors sim ply damn its ills and deny

it,

virtues.

I

begin

by tracing how and why heritage has come

to mailer

sn much.

H

ER

T

TAGE

RAM PANT

Herit;ogc is

not

our sole link with the past. Hiolory, tl"'.ldition, memory,

myth, and

memoir

variously

jnin

us

with

previous

tim<-s,

with fore

bears, and with our own earlier selves. These diverse routes

to

the past

ar

e neitla

cr

J1xed n

or

firmly

hound<.>d;

th ey

ovcd

ap and

sh

ift their

focu

s.

Much thai

was once termed lriscor) or

tmrliticm is nnw

heritage

llut the lure of heritage now outpaces other mndes of retrievnl. Ne i

ther hhtnry nor tradition

ever

commande

d the uhiquitnus reach

of

h e r i t a ~ e

today.

llcr11a

ge may

l.

ae heir

to th

e "continuous nnurishing

tradition" that the lois

t.

Mian

Carl

Schorske,

y

II< > means alone, fears

history has ahdicated.J

Never before have

so ma n

y lx:cn

' en

gaged

with so

many different

1""-Spanning

t h ~ < centuries

from

prehislnry

In

last

night,

heritage

commingles Mesoz

oic

monsters with Marilyn Monroe,

l:g

yptian pyra

mids with Elvis Presley. Memo rinl.'

and

mo

nume

nts mu

ll

iply, cit ies

and sites

arc

restored, historic exploits reenactL-d, nca-

mark

et bygones

reb

orn as antiques. Retrof."hion rages; camcorders perpetuate yester

day's trivia. Hislllric sites multiply from t h o u ~ a n d ~ to millions; JS per

cent ol existing postdate the Second World War. Nothing

seems

too rece

nt or

trifling

tn

cnmmem

orate;

l l u d ; o p

l

or exam

ple,

m u ~ e w of

everyday life r i n e

I

he

lclcph

one and the tr

•n

l,

p ; t s l r i < ~ and pharm<tceuticals, advertisin g and aninwl husbandry.



• D:=l\ iJ Lowc

•nt

hi.\l

Fifty ycuo·s ba d<, book titles a

nd

indexes

g J : ; ~ s t ,

heritage dwell

mainly on

heredi t

y,

probate

law,

aud

taxation; it now >

tr

esses

11tiqu

i

tics, r o o t ~ . idenlity, belonging.

Prior

pos..cssion cuKe mainly legiti

mated title to l

an

d o o luc.re; today it n c t i o cla ims t o sites aud relics.

On both

sides of

the

Atlantic,

modem preoccupation

with

heri

tage

dates fro

rn

about 1980, France's official "Year of P.atrimouy,"

when

l.arousse redclined it l'rom

s t r u i n ~ - :

the civil code tl> celebrating

the

national

estate.•

P.;oc

h p

eop

le esteems its newly influtcd heritage

coucerns unique,

rct1ect ing some u·ait of charuc ter ,,. circuonstnnce, some spirit

of

ven

er:otion or revenge peculiarly iL<

own.

But

the

pull of the

past

di iYers

le

ss than most

snpp e. Vaunting our

own

le acy,

we :ore

tm;oware

hu'v

similar mt r ne i

ghbors' often is

. He re is a 994 travel brochure

li

st o l'

U.uadian heritage goodies:

Cbcs ll'l\lt owoes . , t;oldt·n

,.,.ht'i.H

fields l lf the prail 1t: i • . Blackrom

mc

dk int . . , lh-1

itla

tutcm puld . v i l i < ~ A t S on l'ugo l

slancl

donning sk:tld

on

a

uisp

w i n r c r · ~

morning Northern 1 if;hts o

Anne

of

reen

Gubles.

,

\ t l a ~ 1 o u ~

c;trvings oons.

0

igloo) 0 ro-

bo

l'.san i

.

nl;tplc

sy

ful

)·

These

items

arc

q u i n t e s . ~ e n t i a l l y Canadian,

to be sure. Rut

tbeir iowo

cation o f

natur

e, cthni

dty, am

l cl

lildho

od typify mllst heritages. Max

ims

in Man ch

est

er

an

d Minneapolis. Madaguscar and the Ma r

qu

e.sas

sound

alike.

"If

wealth is lost,

nothing is

lost,"

say

Sikhs;

"if heriltlge

is

yoll>ll e los

t."

To a

C:om

eroon dip

lom

at, her itage is "b

eyond

pr ice,

beyo11d value; it

unilies

the

tri

be

[and

is the spirit of the n ation, what

holds us together."

Inuit and

Indian<

term

"eve

rything part

of

our

her

itnsco" .Every

where,

heritage

is

cwowr.d a nul riment tiS vital

iiS, fo

od

:1nd

drink'

Mosl heritage is ama.<sed

by

p:orticular

groups,

but global media

d iffusion

make

it ever

mo

re

common coin

. T

he same

con ce

rn

s with

precede n

ce and

anti(ltlity, c<mtinuity

an

d coher

enc

e,

heroism and

sac

rifice surface again and again. Heritage care anti conveyance

conjoin

tlo

c stew:m

:ls

lup

ul'

relics unique

to

Australi

:l

or Arnuz

onia

. New Mex

ico

v New Guinea.

Display

and tourism

imprint diverse legacies

with

like fucades. Legacies uf nature, prehistory, art, and architecture are

hype

d in t

en

us

ever mor

e alike. Exotic dra

gnn

tlies

and eml;noge

re.d d i

alects are nul yet shnwn a lMgside Old Master

paintings

in

Suth

eby's

t a l o g u e ~ but t

heir collectors and

pr

otectors

talk

the same

legacy

lingo.

' Way's heritage impulse

is Western in

origin,

language,

and

leadet··

Th

e first h i

stor

ic

monu

ment;

meeting

in

1931 en

gaged l'.uro

pelllos alone; Tunisia, Mexi

co, an

d l'eru joined in 19(i4; by 197 J, eigh ty

l hc Hcr

iiAf,C

Cru lath• me l hs C:

uu

tratlic.l ions • 23

nntions Irom :oil continent; crafted

the

World Heri llge C o n v ~ - n t i u n G

With conservation tcclm

iques

in Rcu 11e

and l.nndon

and Cali

fornia, Swedish and

German

firms dominate heritage work in Asia and

• Africa. Zimbabwe's nationalp;otrimuny-u"living" Shona village; the

replica Old B

ulaw<OyO

Herit

ag

e

Centre<-nr(

t)•pkul p omlucts o f Eurn-

American

enterprise.

C:A

USES OF MODERN HEIUTAGE CONCERN

Why d()Cs. m t ~ g e

l ~ o 1 ~ 1

large today?

Anwers eli

O er (mm place to

plaL'C. Hen tage m

Hn

t;nn o saod

to

refl

ect

nostalgia for im pt:rial self

esteem, in

Ame

rica to requite angst for lost ttUimlunity, in France tore

dress '" '' rt.ime l ~ g r a c c , in A ~ s t r a l i a

1 supplant the

non.e

nr

f.uropean

reccoJCy woth

llldtgenous antoquoty

.l

Rut

no

expla n

atio

n

sp

ecific to on e

people

can

ac w unt

lor

a cause so contagious.

Wh:ot is

iowolved is a clus

ter of trend$ whose p r c o n i ~ c s , p r o m i ~ c s and problem> are

tr

uly gloh:ol.

T_hese trends_ engender ~ w n llltd dislocation of self from fanlil y,

famoly from

ne•ghhorhood,

neighb

orhood

from

nation-even

oneself

f ~ ? m .

moe's .fom 1

er

>t:l;cs.

iuch

ch.anges involve manifold a>pects of

lole: mcreasong longevtty, fam

il

y <hssolu tim t, los.< oi f a m i l i e ~ r locales,

g ~ n o d d :

_and wholesale

migration, ac

ce.l

erated o b ~ o l c s c c n c c along

wnh

ll

nsong fe.ar

of

technology.

Th

ey

erode

future expectations,

spur

llO$ta lgia. an<l insti I .unong millions tbc

co

nvict ion I out they n

eed

a nd

arc clwed a heri.tagt·.

~ t 1 1 n a w a y

innovatio':' >toke> demands for her itage.

Markt't

force>

s_w1ftly outdate o s t thmgs

now

made or b11 ill ; migra lio n up mots m il

luut<

from

native locules;

new modes

of

transport and machinery

tr

ansform

urban

and

rural l

nncls<::

opcs at shocking speed. Beleaguered

by loss a

nd

t:

h;o

uge, we keep our beal'ings

un

ly by cliugi ug to rem nants

nf l a b i l i t y . Hence p r c . ~ e r v c r s '

aversion

to

let

anything

go, mani:os

li>r

p e r ~ o d

.styl

e.<, p a ~ a n cult

s

m e g < ~

lithic sill::s . We long for

is

la

nds

of

se

-o,

cunty m seas o l

chang

e. In a throwaway

so

ciety w lo ct'c everythi

ng

i<

ephemeral,"

London'•

College of

Arms

explains the

\'ague

for

ancestor

bunts,

: t . > p 1 e g i n to look for somt·thi

ng

more a ~ t i n g :

l e g ~

at n sk arc

che

n

shed

for

the

ir very frngi lit y T loc

heritage

of

rural

lofe

IS exalted

b ~ c u u s c

everywhere at risk, if

not

already lost. So

ra pid is French scenic and

social

decay that tourists were

urged

in 1993

to

"see France

whi c it

is

~ t i l l there." landscape

is

1\r

it

ni n's.urchetypal

lcg;oly; two ccn tunes

of

coty t:ddmont.<made

cou

nt ry life a metaphor

f

or the nat

ivn al so

ul, yearning

to "

win ~ < : k

n share in

the co mmon

heritage

filched

from

tiocm with Endosw-e

an

d the

industrial

Rcvulu

tion." The

historian

Herb

ert

llullerlicltl

lauded

Englishmen's "in

escapable heril :oge" of Whig history ns "part or

the

l;oudscape of



4 •

l nv

id f.nwemhal

English life, like

OUI ~ o u n t r y

lanes

or

our November mists

or

historic

inns."• At the

h ~ i ~ ~ h of

the "mad

cow"

epidemic in

the

late

1990s,

lead

ers of

udozen English i t y groups j

oin

ed

to

wa

·

n

th

at th e whole

sale

slaughter of livestock threatened, above all else, to doom the

p a . ~ t o m l l d s c a p e -the nut ion's spiritual bc:trtland.

Genocide and iconoclasm intensify needs liw abi

di

ng legacies.

Eu

rope's doon1ed Jews res<

>lve

d to leave ineffacenhle. witnesses

to

the

.Holocaust. Along with

human

bu tchery we mourn the carnage of rre

placcable art. I ~ > save

C i o t t o ~

frescoes, Tarold Nicolson

would

have

sacrificed hilllsclf. and

sooner

th:nl lose

St

, Mark's, V

en i

ce, would have.

given up his sons.•• A pace of los.' "pecllliar 10

our

times:· declared

UNF-"CO in

1972,

menaced mankind's culmral and motural heritage

and ll1undat

ccl

its protection. T

he

deliberate demoliti

on of

Mo>tar's

bridge and Sarnjcvo's library underscore the gravity or c

ontin

ulng k>s.

Yet horror at upheaval is not new. P.adl e n e r ~ l i o n since the French

Revolution h

:>s

felt buffeted

hy

nuhulent

i m e . ~ .

After Napoleon, many

felt s

trand

ed bet

we

en the past, when l i f ~ had heen much

th

e same

from con to con, and a present that sundered e;u:h year from the last.

'l1>Cy

were

the

firs t

to

mourn

th

e recent

as

beyond recall and

to

limn

a

childhoocl

un

imaginable to their own dlildren. Marx's

11148 ommu·

uist

Manifesto

note

d the

c < ~ n s

a n t

revol

ut

ion

of

pi'Oductions, t

he

un

int

errupte

d

d i s t u r b a n ~ e of

all social relai ions , ideas

be

coming obsolete

b

ef

ore they can

<><si

f

y:"

Our grcat-grcat-

gnmdpnrcn

ts were more sev

ered fmm the ir past than we, who liS heirs

to

two cen turies of change

ar

e

hahintatcd

to expect- and

unt

il

recently to

wek

ome- i

nn

ovation.'

1

lu•ing lost familiar vistas u ~ h as

we

do, our precursors were no e ~ ~

c.man

cd by novelty.

12

But they were k s.< s e l e ~ l y

reminded

of their

s . ~ .

N

or

did a sociall y accepted nostnlgi" sanct

ion

their yearnin

gs; on

the u ~ n t n

they

we

re

enj

oined

to praise

the

new.

They

suffered

change often a . ~ viokn t as ours; but we

percei e ou

rselves

to he its un

exampled victims. Modern media magnify

th

e past's remotencs.<.

J::vcn

recen t vis

ua

l imuges (st reet scenes, ho me decor, hairstyles, and cloth

ing) at o nce strike us as anachronistic. Old pho tos posed in

stud

ios

seem in<-onceivahly remote.

Our

llreat

grandparents look

more

like

foreigners

than fo

r

eb

e

ar

s.

Gro

wing l

ong

evity us

off

even fr

om our

own pas ts. flcreft of familiar scenes and comp

anio

ns, o ur

me n

wdes

b c ~ o m e

unreool nizablc 10 others. "If you age :o lot, there

is

Jinally :tl

onosl nobody

left who

sharedyuur

va't experience"

of a

bygo

ne

world.

ou

lov

k

around

for" ln

yon• of

he oklcr ge

nera

tion .

. .

to sutisfy your

curiosity

about

some det.ail

or th

e landscape or the pnst. There is n<)

longer any ulder gen

eration.

You have become it, while

yuur

mind was

mostly un

other

matlcrs,» no tes William Ma.xlvcll.')

'Jh those o n ~ i o u s of

being

poised between two worlds

nlthuughl

nnd action,

heri

tage seems

of

crucial im

port

.

"My

Bret

on-sp

eaking

co

oot

empo

ra

oi

cs

w

ill

p

erh:>ps be

the very

l:ts

t

people

n have spokc.l

Bre

tO

il on the ir

mmlt

ers' l

aps:'

says the folklorist Helias. Hence his

stewardship du ry

trans<:encl;

thai of his predecessors and successors.

T

he former were

not

much

concern

ed

with

the

fi>te of

t

heir

idinm";

the latter will

cond

emn us

J

w

fu

iling to

pro

te

ct

their

her

itage." We

feel uni<jucly accountable. Previous generations likewise looked hack

v

a

congenial world j ust gone, but their laments

were

formulaic; ours

harden into heritage dogmn.

tvlassivc migration sharpens n o s t a g i ~ . 'l'his century's d i a ~ p u r a have

suffered incomparable di.<placcmem. Fleeing violence hatred, and

hunger, tens

of

millions take refuge in alien

lamk M a s . ~

exodus has

man

y precedents,

I t ~

he sure- the Middle Passage. the Irish Famine.

Bu t refugee exodus, up twcnt fol d in

thiny

years,

is

now a global com

monplace. More than

half of all f ~ d e $ l i n i a n s ,

l.iberians, Afghans,

Rwa

n

dam,

a

ncl

llo"1ians mou

rn

l

ost

homelands. So do billions

of

rural folk forc.ed into cit ies. "D isplaced r s o n tlre displaced not just

in

p a c e

hul in t i ~ n c ; they have been cut off from their ow11 pllsts,"

wntes

'en lope Livd y severed from

her

own Egyptian

dlildbood

by

rem

ova

l to England.

l

you can n

ot

r

evi;

it

your own origins- reach

out :md

touch tht111 fro m

tim

e to

tim

e-you are fur ever in

cia sense

un

tethered."Js

from

.<uch traumas

ensue <JUCl>ts for roots."The rnorc people arc

on

the move," observes

il

co

lu

mnist, more they will ~ ; r a s p at tangible

memorials

of their

l v c p.tsl.

",. Urhan

newcomers d

om

esticate

alien ouilieu.< with rural furnishings and

old

farm tools; mconentos

of

bygone life;, tyles console those

to rn

from native scenes. l>iaspora ure

no t

ably h

erit

age-h

ung

ry. Five

ou

t of s ix ancestry searches in Italy are

made

l>y Italian-Americans. Dublin is dduged with in<Juiries

froon

Sons

of J::rin

abroad, .some ~ c k i n g a

lon

g-lost

le

gacy,

others

an

heir

on

whom to bestow one.

A

heritage past need not have been km

>wn

i rslh;ond.

"1

come fr

oon

Rotuma," says

a

Fijian who has never

been

in

Ro

nuua·

home

is where

his ancestors came from. Until

~ c n t l y , fourth-;eneratio

n New

7.calandc,

s

spoke of as "h

ome"

with no i

nt

en tio n ofever livi

g

t

her

e. Descendants u l r..onfedera te planters who fled

to

Brazil still

cleave

to old

Dixieland

w:ty>, exahing a

herilage

of

slavery

so

as to

" ' ""-'cherished values

on

to

fu t

u

re

gen

era

ti

ons.""

Heritage is

also

nurtur

ed by tech no

phoh

ic gloom. The.

horro

rs of

fasc ism, the failure

of

o m m u n i ~ m , ahnve :oil the

tlorc:J

t of nuclear and

biologic:tl c oa:>trophc corrode

f o r m ~ r

faith in progr('.ss. Many

douhl



26

•

Utwitll owc:nthal

their l e a d e r visioll or to sustain a livable globe; dismayed by

to<lay's

w o ~ r

they hark back 10 a

~ i m p l c r

pa:.t virtues they in

flate ~ o n d whose vi<;es they ignore.

The

l i ~ m a y e d

are

nc1 ly

kgion: heritage looms larger beca?se more

people nvw haw a share in it. In tirnes past, only a small anstocnotK

nlinority sought forebears. :una:.scd <nltiquities, enjoyed Old Masters,

or toured museums and histvric sites. Such pursuits now

lure

the mul

titude. Millions now hun

thdr

rovts, prntcct beloved

so.--cnes, cheti

h

mementos, and gener:olly

dote on

times past.

llcritagc growl h tho• r e f l e c t ~

tntumas

of change_and fears

of a menacing future. Hu•" rnany prescrvatJonosts docs tt take tn

change a light bulb? l'nur- une to ioscrl the bulb, one to d o < : u o n e ~ t

the event,

and

twn to lament the passing of the

old

bulb. Herrtagc os

non

pruonote<l on ly by felt

tkdioe;

it snouetimes celebrates success_. But

devotion to e ~ ; : " i c s is f:or ouorc apt to rnourn loss than to laud gauo.

FACE

TS

OP GROWTH

Unt il modern limes rnost peoples Irusted tradition, lived in accord

an

ce

with wbal

\'IllS

co nslltnt and ~ o n s i s t c and

cu

stom<Orily cooolmtrncd

1vith

ancestors. Hunding

dcllv

ll onodcs of life and thought to dcsce.n

tl:tnts wM tm

oi

iCr of ingnoined habit til

an

or delib c:rate elrort;

th

e inher

it

ance ui' la

nd and lives

tock, lineage

o

nd

reptJtc socholly

codilied and a q ~ e dosed to peo

s

omol decision.

Few

du ng to

ar

tifac.ls

th;tt had O\tt

hoslo:

d practical

m'

spir itual

use.

y cont rast, heritage ooow

rellccts nol just hubit

but

co

nsciot" choice.

Wa ys of va

l

uin

g t

he

pust

that

;orose

ioo Remtissance and Hnlig

lot

enrncnt Euro

pe

and were bol

stered

l.ly

nationalism lind pl>pulism are now d o p t ~ t l ever

yw

here .

17 11rl

i

er

l'

olk hu·g.c

ly fused pust with

prt>

.

cnt.

Stal)Jhty

cytlt

cal re

currence mu ted m;orks of change anti averted the breaches that now

so

tder nld froool new, obsolete frooon u.:tble,

Ihe

deud fron1 the

li

ving.

Spirits of 1he departed remained intimately

i n ~ o l v e d with

everyday

life,

bonding

1vhat t:ould

be

seen and touched wttlo what was vcolcd

or

imagined. For onost peoples, t h ~ past was not a foreign country

hu

t

the ir own. •

While in

our

world the new

rcpla<;es

the old, in theirs the nc.\f was

but anot her a>pcct

or

1he eternal. lienee few

d e s i r e ~

to preserve what

was old.

Th

e only vestiges of

d1c

past that medieval Europeans system

atically conserved were princely t a l i ~ m a n ~ and. p i r i r u a l _ i c o n s ~ e

V e \ t m e n t ~

and

bodily traces uf saints

and

sovcretgns. Ancient edtlices

were

allowL-d

to ~ : a y or were olcmolished with little st>nSC of lnss. The

ra1.ing and rehuildins of St. Peter's io Rome in the I 500s was wholly

T

he

l

lcrih•g<· \ msltdl·

hs Cnnlntdit:

riu ns

•

1 1

consonan t

wi

lh

~ t c w a r d s h i p

as

th

en seen.

Th

e o

ld

stones

mea nt noth

ing in thcmselve>; only lloc remembered <ilc i g n i l i e d the Church's in

~ t r u p e r m a n e n c ~ .

Over ensuing ccnturic.o;, material relics played an

i n c r e a ~ i n g

role,

emblems first of power <On<l piel y then

or

populHr purpose. Ever more

secular, onnrc social,

and

more substantial, heritage today augments

n

manifold ways.

Three

aspect•

of

growth merit special note: from

Ihe

e l i t ~ and grand to the vernacular and

~ v e r y d a y ;

from the remote to the

nxent; and rrom Ihe material to the intangible..

emamlar nts

Like it• new

mas.•

clientele,

the

past doted

on is more and

more

pop

ulist. l'ormcrly

ahout

splendid

monument•,

unique trca•ures,

and

great heroes, heritage now ulsn tnuts the typil'lll and evoke, the vcrn;ot:

ular. The homes

and

hatmts

of

Everyman and l::verywoman have

spread from

Sl:a

n

<limovian open

-

air museum.<

into historical theme

park.• the world over. Cvlvnia l

i n m ~ b u r g

privileges dirt, ruin, and

decay (unoolnwn grass, peeling paint,

and

horse

manm

e)

io an

every

day scene

mo1·e lll

hcntir : und hence mnrc

vir luuus

tban

lhc

genteel

of

previous r ~ s t o r ~ Unhappy Williamsburg craftsmen nre

now rc<tuirctl tn

I

urn

out

shod

dy replicas true

to

supp

osed eighteenth

c.

entury

prototypes.

lO

Run by the well bom and the well off, heritage remains more

an

elilt than " rulk

ol(oonai

n.

But if palaces arc moo-e lavishly stewarded

th

an

haunts of hu n

oh

l

t:

, i

lo

c l:o llcr noc

l>cllcr

loved.

ll

istori

c-

hnusc

vis it flock to kitchrns and servant and slave quarters; foil' mu seums

s t r f ~ S the huondruno

owco·

the exquisite, the ordinary Jnore than the

llll\tSttal, the

popuh

or ulong

wl

lh the p;otridnn. In reenacting

I

he ]>

tx

t,

peasants and pop srn rs gain center stage. The bedroom car

pe

t

an

d

plastk

h o u s ~ p l n u rrom l lvis Presley's Gr·acd a

nd

arc his fans' ona

Lisa

and

Elgin Marbles. Old baseball

~ : a r t l s , be-er

Coke bnllles,

and harbed wire thrill more collectors than

do

Queen Anne chairs or

mahog;ony highbuys. \.enrc scenes, decoy ducks, and ma

ng

le b o a r d ~

that once cluttered lofts and allies gel reclaimed as art. Pop oncrnora

hilia however trivial or tawdry becomes treasure trove.

'Jbe more who engage with heritage, the les.< c..<ntcric and exacting it

grows. If the weak and the meek have not inherited the earth, lht:y

in

U<"J\ingly l>ecomc keepers

of

its castoffs. Vestiges

of

folkways formerly

scorned as backw<rrcl arc nmv pri:t.ed as <juainL" Sanctuaries once cx

clu.•ively elite now cater to hoi poUoi. t.xlubitions at London's Victoria

Albert Mu;cuon hype New

Age

grunge and

s

treet crcd."

The

gener

als and grandees

whv

gluwcr dnwn from the walls

of

Britain'.< Natinnal



8

• lh vjd

~ ) w c n l l m l

Portrait

Gallery

are

now outfaced

by

grinning

athletes,

pop

stars, anti

media cclehritie•.

Some decry

such plebeian e n d ~ .

"Can

a perfectly

ordina

ry hon<e

in

a

perfectly or

dinary

town rea lly

be a

part

of

our Tlationlll heritage?"

So

carped a critic

in

1993, when England's

Natio

nal Trust wds be

queathed

a Victorian semidetached

house

in Worksop,

Nottingham·

sh ire, thnt had been left

in

a sixty-year ti

me

warp.

Rathe1· tb

;nl "a

m s - e y ~

view" of' the past. the Trust shoulcl"illustn

ll

e

the

jiuest

ex

amples

nf architecture and furnishings."

11

Yet

Our Grimy

Heritngt•

{1971) and

SAVE

Jlritain's Heritage's

Satauir. Mills (19M)

had already

won accolades f

rom her

i

tag

e

fancieN>.

The populi

st trend

is worldwide. Prance in

the

1980s legitimated t

wide

range

0

(' working-class lcgadcs: "a simpk oven or a vi llage lava

tnry elicits the patrimonial ardor

once

given an artistic masterpiece."

11

American heritage b e g ~ n

10 be

folksy a century ago, with

Gc Orge

Washington c k : ~ g e d frorn

a r i ~ t o c r u l

into

commo

n

m;on

,

Abraha111

Lincoln refashioned into,, •·ustic rail-split ter, o nd log cabins

dt

rigueur as

p r c . ~ i d e n t i a l

birthplaces; today

the

vernaculur is all

the

rage. 1\ustrulians zealou;l

promote

their folk p a ~ L Museums dwell

migration and the.

poor

and the imprisoned,

th

e notori

ous Ne

d

Ke

ll

y

g01ng.

This reflects u general view that Ihey

ha

ve

no

elite

past worth

notice-no monunlenl'

to wealthy taste,

no

heroic epi

~ d e s no formative

documems

like Magna Carta. Anything o m p o u ~

gets

~ s l y

mocked.

2

•

1

Genealogy typifies

th

e populist

tr

end. Milliuns

of Roots·

related

,

1

uests ,pawned fifty tl1ousand American f;nn ily-trec e ~ p e r

t s . Si11ce

1970 French ancestor

hunting

h;" become a veritable national

sport.

"N

ot long ago gem:alogy

w a ~

a

hohhy

for

aristocrat

s, maiden

aunt,,

and eccen tr ics," noted a

19X8

survey, and "must Emupeans would

haw

stared blankly if asked to give their great-grandmother's a1ne:' \'\lith

humble origins newly chic,

all

forebears

arc

now ancestral worthies.

2

'

"W h

en T

was a

hoy at

Harrow School in

th

e 1920s;·

the

tlfchitectural

historian

Si•·

John Su

mmersnn

me sixty years later, T did ; ~ I I I

cou

ld

to prtvent

fiii) One

finding

out

my

gra11dfu

ther

wns a

common

labourer. Today

I'd

make

~ u r e everyone

knew.»

' lbe writer

)on:llhan

Raban relates his father's switch

from

genteel

to rougher

roots. n

the

1950s he

mounted

an "nn tiqt

•c

truffle

hunt

(

fo ri

nn unllroken

arc of

pure ancestry. a tra il

of

bl

ood

[fr

on1

] helmeted

centurions

[a

nd I

J\nulo-Saxun.< in mead halls" dowu

through army

officers and

minor

g e • ~ r y .

But in

the

1980> Rab:111

pcre was

digging

up

"our criminal

past:' ancestors

a g e d

in smuggli ng, privatceri

ng

and the slave

trade

;'

showing

that

"ru

pine

, pltm

Je r

,

fiddling the

bol>ks

and

dealing

under the counter ran in ow·

blood."1r.

Th{·

Heritage Cru tt<Je

•n h 5 Conmdt<tiOn: •

9

Convict

fvrc_bem'l.

who

onc

e disgr;occd Australian desccnclnuls now

lend

l h ~ m

rad1cal

ch1c.

Some limits remain: "munlcr;

rape-no, w

1 ~ 1 1 u d n

1

brag

ahoul

m i . lklys e a l o g i s ~ .

"We would

brag

about high

WciY mbbe1y. though. More typ,c:llly, ruols seekers hope

1o

lind " .· 1

1 . 1 . b'd' ,.,, . . . . sunp e,

lOnesl, aw-a 1

6

anc'<.'>lors,

m Carol Slllcld<'s wcmb w h o ~ "

1

ol> <I I

d

.....

I'

'

II

' u.,

y

mun cv rvc.' wr wmpensate for their own complex fears and doubts.n

l11stnnt

r·ndi

tio11

O n ~ e confined

to

a distant

past-pre-1750

buildings. centuries-old

aniiiJUCS,

Old

Master paintings-heritage now engulfs yc>l. 1

H . b . h' . . erc ay.

ouses e c ~ o m ~ . 1stonc men' decades, school h

is

rnry takes

on

evellts w

1th

hvmg

me111vry.

a "Heritage"

car

is

one made hcic>r

c

1'J711. The c:onunem?rative pace quickens from cemen nials lo liflieth

and

twenty

-fifth anruversaric.,.

l l e r i t a g ~

today

a i l ~

v n the living. ln

d ~ a n a

fans,

of

Q ~ a y l boast

the lil-.<t museum hono ring

an extant

v•cc presoucnl, lca urmg

.l:.liblc

-school snapshots and his Lill ie 1 "

b·1 b

n

·r

A

1 . . .e

.gue

• se a 1m1orm. ol people Walt fifty yea", afler the

person

is

gone,

bur

we had all In; sluff lying riglu

here

so why not

do

·

1

hi

I ) ·u . . ,,.

I

I

\V

e

C

t'

>vmg.

A New Jersey 1

11use

nm

uf lruce p r i n g s t c < ~ n

mtmora-

hlha

ope

n

ed

tll1d

closed whi le

the rock

star yet lives.

Su:css on «'Cent heritage

m i l ' r o r il.<

mass cliemele lhe Rrit

ish

o r k l l l g d a ~ cult of steam tmins,

for e.xample. NotJhly for

those

with

l ttle

sch<X>hng,,

tl11ngs within living

memory

have a relevance ah.,ent

from

r ~ m n

tll

n<:s.

And recent souvenirs

ra

pidly gain scarcity val

ue

.

Fou

nla

m

pens are

al

read

y rurc,

antique

TVs a

nd

extinct Web sites

the

latest collewblcs.

A

. Novelties al

l i r ~ ~

decried in

the end

gain legacy sl:ltus,

amllhe end

is

mgh

so

oner.

hom hat

ccl

eyes

or

es,

Vic

tor ian

r u i l w ; ~ y

via

duc

ts

mu

ta ted

1nto bcl

ow

d scenery defended

o

re zea lously

than

a

11

ci

en

t

~ h h e y s .

T h e y a s ~ a g e from

horror n

hcl'ilage

once

rook a

century; now

happens n two ~ e c a d c s .

Once

proscribed

hy

Australian

towns

as

shahhy renllndcr.•

nl

a hated past, Victorian verandas

by the

ICJ7 s be

came vnluecl

h ~ n t a g

and

in

the

19

SO

s were often a

dd

e

cJ

to buildings

that bad

Jlever

had

vcrauchos.'" ' 'he golden

: u · c h t ~ of

McDonald's

earencs

a r ~ c o u ~ n r r c n t l y

a detested unvehy in London's

T T : u u p ~ l e a d

an

cl

n cbenshe<l le1,>acy in

Calil(orni<>.

. Like

po

p ulism, the vogue f

or

recency shnws

heri

tat::e

is

ope

n

l<)

~ p r o ~ c u o c

A mean

or

meager

l e g : ~ c y can

always be

augmented,

a

bnef ume

s p ~ n

k n ~ c n ~ . T?day s

~ e w

clients Mtpplant

or supple

ment

~ e C X

S t l l l g l c g a c Wllh ICons olthcir own. "O

ther

great Arneri

can,

w1ll bt: whose h d : ~ y s will force their w:ty in to the

<<1lenda

r;• <autJOncd a

CJ <'Ssay

against a ilxccl uncestral

canon.

"O

ur



3U

• Oj.vid l.owcuthal

fi

all

t

.,., fhev never will

. f · .

1 titudc arc

not

n Yse · ·

houndartts o n ~ t t O n a gra d lact:J> continue to annex what

be

b

e ltMters of htstonc pcrsoM an P . e

· · . d h 1what

]osel>

pertmenc ·

comts

ntwly

sahent an

to s et "IS As heritage expands

f

I

1 docs exact ·

'11te pace n rep

acemen

L

•

Fads for things

't I nes mnre

ep

. m e r a ~

closer to the

prcsenr

. 1 )eco•

I

culture hasten the aurition of

barely P"st, like most t c n ~ ~ f ? ~ P t ~ ~ ~ e d ~ n i c a legacies. The ;tc

h i ~ t o r i c a l

memory and mutliS Is a

I

s h•·r'tt•"e harder to demal'-

. . t

clics a

M

ma

,c. '

"o

enta

l ol ever mo•e reccn r • . ·d·ty's traces merge with thow of

ca

te from the o ngomg prescn:.

\c: le\i

1

c

ur r

e nt locales. Proximity

l.n

today; comerved legactes coa csce w• •lev·un to bu t ever less

dis

tinct

ak

· heritage ever more

re

' ' . . . L

th

e p • · e ~ t : m m

es

1

,

h

·II

that distinguishes hentHge ts 1ts ,, s-

from. our

<twn wo

rld. AI engt

a

tory of previous use.

Living

folkw ys .

1 heritage today suesses

I l l -

Along with the recent

and

the vernaC\t ar, usic. Such concerns

tangible f o l k w a y s - k i n s ~ i p , l : ~ ~ : ~ ~ · r ~ : : ~ j ; , ~ e r q u i ~ i t e s ; folk ega

a.re nol novel:

Hnmenc

i n e - a ~ . I deed two centuries ago the

cies sustained

European

~ a ~ • ~ n t a t ~ ~ ; e r ,.o'nsidered language and

philosopher Johann

Goll

r ~ e

v o • ~

, .

1

y

1

tan

iblc

monuments

and

folldore the c n t ~ of collecttve h ~ : ~ ~ g ~ f n:tion t patrimony well into

rnemMials dummated the lhscod. h 't•ec tural anti<tnitics b ecam e

• 1 S

f·

gu·tr lllg .,,., ' '

the t w c n 1 century .t•

c '.

d I . ·I t'tv•· acts att est. Even nnw, her-

d as rnyrn es•s

u - •

an

overn

mg

concern, . ' . I . te

mo

re on build ings and bones

itoge rcstilution c;llnpatgt

ts co

ncen

m

than on qulltrains or cookery. ,

gl

us <)n itleas

and

images. This

lhtt

legacy concerns incrcaslll. y

utc

do

not

share the Wes

te

rn bias

shift reflects the values of cultmes

th•a

'

sh

Jl'a•ked [llays, musical gen-

. 1 b' ·cts

Korea11s

c en • • . • .

toward matena o

Je

· . b

11

lt '•ng• and pot g1321Jlg. l.tv-

kill

lik

kn 1 nakmg ntss e • ·

res,

and

s s e o ' ·, admiration for ancient forn•s

ing

Culrural'lreasurcs"

~ t o k ~ ~ J a n ~ s e fo r sacred shrines) arc

and skills, whereas a_nctcnt ld

th g . ~

ink. Western conservation has

h d

as

umkusm

so

o

ey

s

.._

s unne h b ' ld l'rtle me ·nlt

(1)

las .

1 ue

transcen-

slllall allure for pwples o "' '

and

brickwork in UNESC:O's

d e n ~

v a ~ u e

accl)rded

o r ~ . s m a l l : r ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 e r

wlrures anti tra<iitioos ill_at

Ven•ce Charter

of

1966 leave.

h·

. . ·piritual values,

on

anthentJc

e;tse.[for

)IItey

place more

t • s

Ind eed as tl•c p u r p u ~ c of

ity

of

thought, than on n::'ateJ:\a >Yllls'

1

e·

111

• ~ t i l ; i t y of creati \•e

. di · · 1 ·kills 1s

to

en u ' ' .

l

)tescl'

VlJtg

tr:l tJnna s ' . ·e y ll"

a•tively

dtscour-

. f . tenaJ •

trtlutCI

S ma ' '

practice,

the

r

cte

ntJon o m.• ' l anti venerated,

the

impulse

to

aged. "Wher• product p ~ e ~ ~ r . ~ : r i l e s Chinua Ache

be

of Nigerian

repe;tt the process ts

compwnuse

•

The H t itUjlt u s ~ d e and IL'\ C:untmdictiom • 31

art. "

The

lgbo choose to eliminate

the

product

""d

retain

the

process

so

that every occasion

and

every gener.uion will receive its

own

ion

pulse and kinesis

o

creation:•••

C:uhnral heritage stressc.< words over things above all in China,

where esteem for tr:ulition

goes hand

in

hand

with recurrent

demoli

tion of material

remains.

Revering ancestral memory

and

c ~ t l l i g r a p h y ,

the Chinese h old

t.he

past's purely physi"d traces in snwll regard; in

deed, o ld worl<s

must

perish so 1 ut new ones can take their place.

Memory

of

art,

not

iL<

phy:,ical

p e r s i ~ t . e l l c c ,

suffuses awareness

and

spurs new artislic L - r e a t i o n . "We in

Ihe

West tend tu equate the un

tique presence with authe ntically ancient physical objecrs:' observes a

Sinologist. "Chi na has

no

ruins

comparable

to the

Roman

forum, or

even to Angkor

Wat"-

n

ot

for want of skills "hut because of a dill'er

cnt alii ude about how to achieve an enduring monwncnt ." Ancient

c i ies

became

sites of heritage through "a

past

of words, nol

uf

stones.•JJ The

Chinese

heritage

i,

not imperishable

monument;

but

imperishable words.

SentimcnL< linked with sites can ov

err

ide tangible concerns even io

the West. In North Carolina,

a

folklorist found

many

old homesteads

empty and neglected hut periodically u ~ e d for family reunions; what

mattered

was "nol

the

walls, tl1e roof, and the foundati01i

[hu

lj lhe

memory

of the

experience> within.

T

heyJ preserve stories about old

ltnuses

better

than they preserve the • tructut•cs th

em s

elves .""

Th

e

marginalized poor are most apl In discount material legacies. Preserv

ing old houses is

more

of a l>une

than

a hnllll

to

working-class

or

eth

nic neighborhoods

al

risk

of

bcinl). gentrified. Heritage

to

tltc •ll is

more likely to mean folkways (fitiths, foods, forms of music and

dance)

than

fabric, live performance mnrc

than

finished ;trtifact."

lntangihle fi.tlkwa)

S

now

a u r o ~ c l

mainstream support. Winners

of Natinnal Endowment for the Arts heril;tge fellowships in 1995

included a blues guilarist,

a

cowboy hHitadeer, a haskel weaver,

a

slep

dancer, a luthier, a quilunaker, und a blacksmith. A publicm, a

thatcher, a cheesemougcr,

and

an umbrella-h,.ndle maker figure among

Britain's oumry T.ife "living national treasures. In 2002, UNE.'i\.0

launched an international

charter

to register and protect a list

of the

Ma.<Lcrpie,.es of the Oral

and

Intangible I lcritage of Humanity,"

rang

ing from polyphonic: ~ i n g i n g in Georgirt lo puppet theater in Sidly.

VULNERABLE

ANI> DISPUTF.

I> LEGACIES

We value our

heritage

most when it seems :11 risk; threats of loss en

gender stewardly lcrvnr. Civil

war

l'Ouscd seventceuth-centmy anti

quaries to save Englan d's imperiled ec desia.<tical mo num ents.

On

ly



3 • f}:tVid ) AW fl)ll lil l

~ h e n

English antiquaries wrote

of

"saving'' rui ned Nom1an abbeys by

dismanding and shipping them acms' Channel dod tbc f-rench f<'.l'

cuc then\ froul further ncslect; only when London

museuul

bough1

the 's Ht·rt.ogenhoS<Oh seventeenth-century

rnod

l o ~

did

the Dutch

nolly to defend their

natinnallcgaq; o ~ l y

w l ~ e n 1 \ m e n ~ a n ~ were ".bout

to rxport Tattcrshall Castle brick by bnck dod llntam 1913 l e g ~ ~ l a t e

to prutect its built kgacy. lieritage ne,•er means more to us than

when we see it inherited hy someone else." )<; _

The conservntion uf England's architccnoral hentage owes umch to

a

1930<

student hinge at h L ~ t o r i c Rousham, Oxfordshirc. Helplessly

watchms his drunken host take potshots at

g a r ~ l e n statuary

and slash

lamily portraits

, ~ i t h huntiog

crnp ruusetl m _young

) ~ m < - s

Lecs-

Milne "some deep atavistic compassion for

annent

archotecture so

v u h o c r a b l ~

ami

transient, and some p11ternal iostinct to prntect and

,.,

1

fegu.ord all tangible 1vork' of art." Thus inspircd,l.ccs-Milne became

the guiding ~ o 1 i u > of the a t i o n ~ Truot's country

-h

ouse crusade;

dur

ing and at'ter the Second World

V:ar

scores the greatest t-states

on

Hngland were brOU)lhl into publtc ownership and thu s savetl fion1

ruiu u

Cnnsr.rvat

io

n in P.ngland is commonly c u u ~ h < : d

in ~ c r m s

of some

natio

1

al legacy in peril, he

it

Wren

1 e . s ,

lox-huntt l»•

du

cal col

of Greek nnd ltnlian art, or the anstocntcy tt>d

f. We

are now

down to 25 breeding

dukes:'

the Duke of ~ c l c i 1992

.

"At tbis rate i t : ~ II soo n need ouo· own norc breed soetety. EJ..tlnctton

seems always imminent lot' legacie• of

nanorc.

ln World Wildlife

Fund

app eals every bit·d is o n the brink, ~ v e r y mammal all bu t doomed. So

S :arce , ~ n s the ba ld eagle, Anlerica's nationalln rd, that corporallons

launched

a

~ n s t l y (:uld succe•sfu l) drive lo restock eaglets. To

shrinking rain e s t ~ , conoc•vcrs cry havoc o ~ e r

tre

es felled, specocs

lost, e ~ o s y s t c m s rmraged. As developers dcspool and robbers ~ a n s a e . < ,

the. world's ct

olt u r a l l e g < ~ c y

shrinks like th

e, rai_n

forest. So ' re

hralpatrirnony; nine lenths of the globes stx thousand extsttn g lan-

g u a g ~ are expected soon to vanish. . . . .

Such fears

;ore

not chirncrintl. Many

w m d l ~ g

legaoes are

C:est111cd

10 die out . Rut alarmi.on b endemic in the

hentage

nuno-sct. Hurry.

1'he bulldcYtcrs arc coming.

H i ~ t o r i c

buildings are falling," wuned

Amcric.1\ Natiunal Trust in

1970;

thirty years on the same

en

treaty • :

echoes. llritish patrimonial

alarm

;, perpetual-yet thcor legacy

os

probably the "tOrld's

b.:>t

protccled. Aghast at t l ~ e drn.•n of e a ~ u r e s

abro;td, they forget that the flux w < ~ s e v ~ r thus. Prcaou.\

tb•ngs

;tre

guing nut of

our

tlistraLted L'lluotry;' agoni7.ed a Henr_y Jarnes grJndec

a century

ago\

at a

ctuickcr ralc than they

ever

cc.une

m.

11

L he Heritage <r Nitc lc

ttml rls

Cunt mdictions • 33

l l ~ r i t a g e dep lctivn bette•· unde rs tood as pan oi an ongoing dy

na

moe

process than as trreplaceable loss. To expunge Ute nhsolete and

restore

it

as heritage ao-c, like d i s c a ~ :oud its treatment, conjoint and

even symbiotic. '

lbe

a z i ~ gutted Old Warsaw to obliterate an icon of

Polid1 identity;

p o s ~ r

Poles speedi ly rebuilt it

t<J

imply unbroken

wltural_

n t _ i n u i t > : ·

T ~ o e ' ~ n r l d

g r e - ~ t e s t

technocrats

married

genius

for anmh1lauon wnh mstmcts to preserve: the inventor uf tlynamite,

Ions t he globe's most explosive substance , is now best recalled for the

Nobel

Peace

l'rizc; Henry Ford

and

John

U.

Rockefeller, whose jugger

n a u t ~ of progress doomed older

modes

of life, hccmnc exemplary col

lectors und

w•tmJians,

at Ford's Old Dearborn and Rockefeller's

Colonial Williamsburg,

of

the heritage their engines

and

oil uut

modcd.

H c r i l a ~ ; e fdl ofTen,ivc to new orthodoxies is jettisoned in turn.

Afghanistan's lluddhas blasted by the Taliban, disnoantlcd Snviet

heroic statues :ore just the latest victim•

nf chronic

acts

of

iconoclasm.

llolsheviks

t o p p l ~

t•tar monuments, Stalin erases old Bolsheviks,

Khrushchev tears down Stalin, llrezhncv tears dmvn Khrushchev . . .

Nn dil'fcrencc," say., u Russian critic. This is classic old Moscow tech

nique: either worshlp or destroy."J''

Hcritasc also succumb s because ravished

by

;odmirers-loved to

death.

ll

evot

e S

wear clown old lloors , abrade ancient stones, e ro

de

prehistoric trackways. The more we learn of the ill c t . ~ nf light, the

less can c ~ f d l:thl'lcs und watcocolms he Sioce.b reath is lethal

to the <

ave

p 1 1 i n t

n t : : ~ l c g m ; i e s lik

e

La

sc.1ux are closed to public vi

ew

; to

see Leonardo 's La t

upp

er visitors must tlrst he decontaminated.

P.couuori

l's the fragile sites it wns designed to safeguard.

To

protect Galapagos t o r t o i s ~ nnd birds, an annual ceiling of twelve

thousand visitors was set three decades ago; this " u l l i m : ~ t environ

me ntal experience" 110w disastrously lures five times that many.

' 'he best_intenti<Jns prove lethal; the more heritage is apprcci;o lccl,

t h ~ e • · 1t decays or ~ m s to dmss. The very

' '

o f d ~ i g n a t i n g a

hutldong ;ts worth conscrv111g often has the opposite effect; the owneo·'s

fr.ar that it

may

come under k >al protection triggers ha.,ty dconnlitinn

10

avert the

burden

of care.

Stonehenge, llritain's heritage ;1rchetype and a reJ10wned World

Heritage Site, typifies global heritage dilemmas. t has long served

;ond

s u ~ e ~ c d for 111yrind purposes.Some

I n c a ~ $

took stones for fencing and

huoldtng,

others ~ n t ~ d

tools to tourists to

chip

off bits

of sarscn-onc

antiquary grumbled at being "

Obliged wiLh

a

Hammer to labour hard

three Quarter> uf on I lour.•'"' National property sioce the

fil'St

World

War, Stonehen ge now

a f ~ from

religious zealots, farmers, and sou-



34 •

Davi

d l

.m\ tn

llml

vcnir hunters. nut l e dures c n d l e s ~ ~ u ~ t o folly. Access is lhrough

a dank concrete lu nnel;

ha

1bed wire inttcronitlcn dy festoons the stones;

car parks, l a v a t o r i ~ . a cramped

Rifl

shop. a dingy calc's Sarscn Sand

wiches degrade 1he arnhience. "We

'

ve 1

11anagcd

to separate the slones

from 1heir ,ctting," bragged English Heritage; "we've

surrounded

a

great

monument

to 1he genius

of the

early Tlritish

w i l ~ •

the wnrst e x·

c e s s ~ - s of 1hc 20th century."" Cull statu> and comrneroal pressure ag

gravale 1hese woes. To make Stonehenge e m l y Cor paying n w i s t s , i l s

c.uslodians in the mid l'JROs

ba11ned

Nc'v

Age

cuhL,ts, h•pp1es,

Icy

-

hoe

mystic.,, and "Drnitls.• english Heritage pledged a ~ u r i f i e d S t o ~ e b e n g :

as honeypot and sancmary. Still a self styled nat•onal < h s g r a ~ e ,

Stonehenge 1oday "is a

monument

above all to the

modem

11nllsh

vandal.""

Stonehenge's woes reflect ron usion over herilage goals and means

comrnon to many famous

site>.

Popularity equally degrades_

Mont

·

Saint-Michel. nandil> drawn hy the

a n t i q u i t i e ~

market m a d 1 1 1 ~ e g u n

their way into A11gkor Wat, ill-protected even

hough

floo

dhl

,.,ired li

ke

a conccutratio11 camp; tOtll'ists must evade land m

mcs

planted 10 hall plunder, sornelimes y the .,ery dep u1i1.ed to

guard the place. Al't-h islorical n ~ : nf Cyda

d1

c figu nnes led to the

lo

otin

g of t

ho

usands

of

J>odccanc>C gruvcs a

ud

a H

ood

of

Cy

cl

adic

fi

•kcs.

A

millinll and a

hall'

ritual and cultural objects

M e

being retu rned

from Americ:tll mu seums to

lnd

ian trib es tuider the 199 1 Native

American

Gr

aves and Repatri11

1i

o n Acl. Ml>

St

arc reburied,

some ex

posed to tile elements, many dest royed for ~ c s

of

purificati<.>ll.

Similar fates ell ho nes und grave t r i a t e ~ · a h m

Ab o1

·igincs a

ft

er 1984. Some :ll'gue that th•s depnves tnd1genes

bettcr-edm.atcd (in o ther words, Western ized) desccndanl s of

an m·

valuable legacy. One archaeolog ist surmises that

"A

boriginal people

may come to ackll0\1/Iedge the good fnrtunc thai P.uropcan collecto rs

f

h

. I h .

""

reserved a g m e n l o

c>r

cu tura en tage. . . .

Or they may continue to deplore hat preservauon. Abongmes who

have lived with loss

remark

thai "white peuple

don't

know what

lo

re:,

member and 1•hat

10

forget, whnl

10

let go

or

and what to preserve.

Ametican whites try

10

keep

il all.

At one meeting wit h lriballc-.tders, a

curator r ~ . . : a l l s < ~ n t h r o p o l o g i s t ~ u p p o ~ i n g the reburial of grave goods

lest knowledge be l<)St.

J in ally

vnt Nali,

·e

Amtrk-...n activa)t .&aid.

\ ~ y

c l ~ y ~ u

i t c po-.ple

need

to know alllhiS •1ulrl

Wby

t'llll't yuu

ju

_t kl ol

go?

I.ISt<nHil\> I b;,tlsuch a

viscc:nl fc:ll it ln

orhortc )f,

I

kue\ 1

he

bdd

hit

Vtl something sarn.:d

to

y cuhuro.n lhourlol nf dcliberatdy lettmg knowledge perish ,..., as

ih<

llrriti1gt Crusnde

w

J (Alulr.ulid nn • 35

. ; ; ; u : l i t g i n to

m

t•

as

tbi. tlu.Jut>ht u

kt·tping on

e s

an

cestors OJl a

iU

IM

Unt

shd(w.ts s;tcri

iC gious

rn

rhc-

Indians.tt

Such disputes are myriad.

The past is

mnr

c : u w ~ ~ i l . t l c , more O n l r o v e r s a l , and more vulnera

ble lhau ever before. Heritage appetites outpace heritage growth.

Awareness of Cragilily cudcars whal we inhcril; ever more popular,

heritage h c m m ~ ever mor e pel'hhal.tle. And squabbling over heritage

spoils its integrity for

all

claimants.

The

long-dispulcd Stone of Scone

\\'aS stolen from We>lmin>lcr hy

1 9 5 0 ~

Scottish Nationalists, whu

cnpicd i1 before returning it; in 1996 it was again S U 1 1 d e r ~ • l from the-

acrompanying Coronation

chair

and

oOici:olly

"re patriated" to Scot

land, but no one knows ii

h

the "real"

Stone

or a copy.•; Rivalry

ul'ien t':lu>es 1reasures to be withdrawn from view cnlirdy. forbidden

to take

out

of Bri1:1iu

:o

l.uci:m Freud painling had bought at auc

tion

in

London. ILD An1erican locked it away in a l>ank vaull.

"If

Tlril:lin's export laws could stop her hanging il in her collection, she

would stop u i u ~ public g.allerie. hanging it

in

theirs."·"'

a r r e l ~

over possession and stewardship aggravale lhesc risks. The

passions for

o . ~ s e s ~ i o

that enrich victors tra umatize victims. The

tangible dassic:d l u g ~ has ~ e n so long admired- and co llcclcd

nh •o

:ulihal

littlt of it survives

intact

in

Cir

c

ecc' '

Given

he

avarice of

priva te and

he

c h a u v

t u f

' "

''i on

-states, no policing caJJ

stem the evil irnp1"1 of illicit excavation and smuggling. An i

<p

,ities

slripp,:d f

ro

m site, sundered from context, a rc lnsl nul only to their

lands

of or

igin bui also n Jhe t

mll

nu

n

it

y.••

HJ

RITAG

E DEPRIVATION, HERITAGE POSSESSION

Yc1 in many monttmcnt

-r

ich lands, the sacred national patrimony

m

ea

ns litde

cxcepl l< ru l

in

c lil

cs

t

' '

111 udjunct to tourism.

Most

peo

ple arc too poor nul lo market any antiquities they can unc:trlh. "To be

rid

t, di

g up an ancient tomb;' runs a

Chin

ese j>Ca.sanl

saying;

to n1

ake

a

fortune, open

a

cnlnu." r,.,.J<..,d, illicit ex

purls

of an tiquities from Mcxim

and C:ualem:tla may feed more mouths than any olher rcsouru:. Against

' "ch a c t ~ . legal codes arc impotent and moral ~ : n l r e a t y otiose. Why

should the indigcnl nul

huwk

heir heritage

lo

feed their families?

Do hey c v ~ n view it as rlt ir heritage? Peruvian villagers about

to

luot

a

newfound pre-lucan grave site were persuade.< not to "steal

from the n c c . < l u or"sack lhdr fitther's sacred tomb.• But such vcn

cmliun

s

rare.

When told

that plundering Mayan

s i t e : ~ was

~ t r o y i n g

their own legacy, Yu,alan pc.&S<Iltls were unrepentant. "The ancient

people made il; il is not a part of what we are.••• Even hose who

cher



ish "

th

e ancient people" may

sdl

them oiT.'lomb ro

bb

ers in Sicil) and

1\

n.cany

led

fully jtt>tified in smuggling antiquities

tn

Swiss dealers.

"T

hey consider

that

these tomhs contain the hodles of their

n . ~ e s t o r s

and they are

thcreli1o'C

entitled to the cnments,

e.><plams a S1<:ohan.

Tuscul tomh

robbers avow endor•ement from Etruscan forebears who

tell them when

and

'"here to dig,

;u1

d which tombs to leave inviolate.

ombnroli skills

are handed down within particular families. with pro

ceed> .haretl among

the

whole community.:iO

heritage in alien hands

is

fel

t

not

worth husbanding. "

T1le

is

su

e

is

owt1crship and (;Ontrol

,"

says an American civil-rights crusader cam

paigning to

<'Onservc

and interpret that movement's sites.

If we

don

't

tell the story ur control the telling, tl•en it is n?

Longer

about us."

F:f-yp

tians

who>c

antiquitie> have mostly ended

up

m

f_.uro

pe,

and

Jamatcans

whose

bcachc.<

are fenced

off

for exclusive usc by tuurists,

cannutsup·

pose the>e legacies uf culture and nature are truly

c i r

Similar

dispus.<cssion

is

k-gion.

We>tcmi1.cd J < ~ v a n e s e

cut o

lf

frurn mclogenous

ro<,tS

by Dutd• imperial rule rclt e ~ i l e d in their own land; "living in "

hotel owned

by t h e r ~ . we >cek

neither to irnpruve nor

eq

uip

it

as we

do

not f•-cl

t h < ~ l it

is ours ' Achrunicl

er a y ~

Sicilian despondency tu aware

ness "that

nv

ne of thelirl rid

ocs-

Lhe Greek temples, the Byuontine

mosaics, Catalan-Gothic

h c ~ · e

reully" theirs. A dozen faceless,

limbless stnlucs

0

1

the

godd\:Ss

Cy

hele, hac

ked to

pieces by a peasant

angered

by

tou ,

i

sts trampling his 011 ions, attest "the danger presented

by

\1people that lccls that its past doesn't

bdong

to

it '"

L

el):tCies

arc

e ~ p c c i a U y

cripplinl) a

pe

o

ple

are c?·

erccd inll) the conviction they d 110 proper patnmony. Ch 1ldrcn m

French culnnial were

ta

ught to rever

e" our

ancesturs, the Gauls."

'f

hr

ousho

ut the Ctlribhc

an

,

~ r i t i c o l o n i l

builL

s c h o o ~ s

a

11d

li

braries where

ym•

distorted

or

erased rny history

and

glonfie.d your

nwn," charges

ja111a

ica Kincaid; West Indians

:; e

re

l.eft

with

_"no

muth

"'land,

no fatherland,

no so

ds, .

.. no

tongue. Earher leg

acoes

olfer

no

solace. "

No

per

i

ods

<>f

tim e over which my

I

African ancc.

LOrs

held

sway,

no documentation

of

compl

eJ< c ~ i Y . a t i o n ~ , is

a ~ y

co

mf

or

t

_to

me.•

To redeem ancient legacies as nallonal

hent

age ts harder snll.

Third Wnrld tfforts tu

for C

emblems

of

tradition are mocked as.imi

tativc

and

nhsoletc, not "authentic" heritage

hu

t

annpera

boutTe

sunu

lacrum of fh•gs anc.l folk

co;tumcs."

Heritage is truly transmitted,

sul) \Csts V.

S. Naipaul, only in

d e - ~ d

cuuntties. or s ~ - c u r e d by

passed

ones-where

can cherish the

and

th

mk

nf

pas:m

g

on

furninore

and

china to their heirs"

p l

aces like Swedct\

and

Gtnada.

"Everywhere l s ~ the past

atn

only cause pain.",} . . . .

Mfrcly tu gain a heritage is fruitless,

w a n ; ~

a_ Bntosh c u s t o o o a t ~ ; m

i t o r ~

must

he

actively cognizant they are

heors to

the

past,

heors

to

Tb

c Heri

tage

<:rusadt o t s <:cmlr .t

ciclions • 37

the coU

et:

l

ons

which they own,

free

to decide for themselves what

they nrc

goin1; IU

du

with the past. what

it

means for them now and

what it 111ay mean for them in the future.""'

Chokes

are constrained

to

he

sure; most heritage

conK'S

]>repackaged by

our

precursors.

nu:

fo

r

I

he past to enrich our present, we must make

its lcg:ocy ou

r veq•

nwn.

~ h e

supreme. merit uf

l_•critage

identity was underscored

hy

an Is

raeh archaeologiSt

add

ressmg army

e c r u i t ~ at

Masada:

Wh<-n

N • t > ~ > l ~ o n stood a n > Q ~ t g l U . troops next to

th

e pyramid< nf 1. \Ypt,

he dcclart'd: Four thousand ycors of history look down "I"'" yuu."

•.•

What

would

be

not have

wwn to he ahle

tn

Y'

"Fuu

r

thousand )"""'of

) flllr wu hi·unry look dowtt U(Nlu )VU.

Our own heritage indeed matters most tv us. Jlut we have a stake in

whHI other. <1m

: fnr,lon. "

Tii

slvry did

not

need to he mine in nrder to

engage me,"

r i t e ~

a Haitian.

"It

just needed to relate tu

u m e o n e ,

any

one. It could not JUSt be The P;t.<L

t

hat to be someone's past.".;.; Heirs

of cumm

inl)l

cd

l c g n t i e ~ ,

we

ga

in

more

from attachment to many pasts

t?an

fmm

ex.c

lttsive devo ion to our "own"- assuming we could de

Ci

de

whiCh

past ' ~ a s truly JUS l

our

. .

Nul on ly is

n<J

pasl

c x d u ~

ours,

no

past people arc enough like

o m s e v e ~

to justif>: essentialist claims lo a particular history. Rather

than .

''

'ohal

s e c r e t ~ ,

ou r cosmopolite ancestors have th ings

to

>UY IO

all th

<t1r

cosmop<Jiite descendants, never just tn a k w ~ e l f

chosen ones. (ilob a

ll

y

c.her

ishcd legacies de

mand

shared possession

and Co n.'rol.

All

her

Huge

is in any case ours for only a brief spell, l>c

fure we

111 tum

pass

11 on

ru

nu

less myriad heirs.

li AZARDS

OF

HERITAGE GLUf

Our

newly augmcntcu ~ : r i t u g e answers a congeries of needs, hu t the

magnitude a11d mo_

mennun

of its growth give ri;;e to their own perils.

~ m a g c

of every

k111d

accumulates to cou nter

the

transience of cvery

t h l l ~ g

newly

m:I<lc.

w r

dun off

more

and more reli

cs

of

the pasl

ilgamst. the ra.

ptd

deJlliSe

of

the disposable. A Legacy of protected sites

and OhJCCll o l e ~ up as

the_ felt opposite

of

obsolescence. Salvaging

ever

more from

UO>tun and

d1scard, we strive to rcctif)'

the

imuillaoce be

tween

the

ephemeral

and

the cndurin1).56 Fending

off

irreversible

cha•.•gc, we

prc:.crvc,

rcslnrc,

v rtplicate. Any

enincrion

is considered

a cnme

, Her itage

ac

cumulates by its ..cry nature: stockpiling

is

its raison

d

~ I r e .

We

Hmu.:.

out ol habit,

and then

contend

that

keeping

t u f f

is



)\OOd fo r us and for pos t

<:ri

ty. Parsi

mo

n)'

c t i ~

the s

to

rage bags

c c l Pt£c;>.S or kiN<; roo SHOIIT 111 USf., the prs of excrement Lhe1r

begetter

cot tl

d not

hear to

purt wil h

, the auto

-icon__

f

je.remy fle

nt

h:un

left in

perpetui

ty

to

University College London. Srr Va

un

cey :1:trpur

l.rewc

stufTi.'Ci

shells anti

shards

:tnd

o c ~

and swords 01? to c v c ~ y shelf

of every room in Calke AI bey, now a Nauonal Tmst

ro h1s

anal

r e t ~ n t i v e uhsession.> ' Such board>

can

he lethally lOXlC. T.1ke

Mark

T . ~ a i n ' ~

Com ecricu

l aukee, mortally

marooned

among

the r o t ~ o n g

corpses of

his

ckctrowted enemy knights,'" many h_eritagc cust odian s

· ~ o u l c l sooner perhh amid putrc.<eeJK"C than culltherr o l ~ e c l t o n s . .

Cnos.rdcs to save endangered heritage seldom bet.-d limoted <."lL,to<hal

resources. Arch:ocolo Sists hemnan ~ i t e s p l u n d c ~ e d

or

lost

to d e v c l o ~

ers, yet more gets excavated than

can

~ e a p p r a S t . ~ , conserved:

or dis

played." Archival accretion has rnultophed holdmgs

a

_thous:ondfold

within denrdes. Each Ameri'an president's

papers ar

esatd to

outnum

bcr tlmsc of a

ll

h i ~ prtdece,.sors

mmbin

ed. '.very

enterprise

. . . : o n ~ e s

memor

11

hle; out only ba11ks

hu

t nlso ba keries

an

d heaul y shops hie

dos.icrs:

No c.·pnch has delilx·

1

atd y pru(luccd

s

m;t llY an:hives as l

lu r

s , clue alike

ted ,n icHl

advomte:s

in reprvduclion and

to

ou r

ti•>

n<rc:,:pl·(t tur

the.s<.·

'races.

As

t r - ~ t d

n a l

(t)des

.

f

ed

c c l

c l i t ~ i n

l

<l

ac<.·unlulnh:

th

e:

n ~ t . ~ o c u

images,

v

t<lbl

c

<igns vf whu\

\

\1.15,

.1

If cvcr-prvl1e ra l•ng o s s • ~

. t d

be c ~ U c on

evl<.h:uce in ,some trlhunill of hi

s't

ory. H<.&1 t:e the

1nht

b tl1011 ag.(unst

SII:<Jy

ing,

lht rcknt ioJ ,

of

t:'ier)•lhing. . . In

d a ~ s i c

i t ~ . the ~ h , alllt the t < . kept today n\en:l•l'ee .s re

t:nrdc;·d •

1

nd mcll

lOit:\

w

ri

uen

uM

only by

1n i

nor 14dor

s

in htstory bu1

hy

1lu-i1 v ~ t ~ t s l\1 111

doclors.

On

ce

reproached for saving too m

uc

h, ;orch ivists are now adjured to

keep everyth ing . The glu t ch aos: reduced pul>lteatonn

_ ~ o n

m : o i

1 t e n :

~ e e f1u1ds make

th

ci1 expanded stocks ever les.• accesSible.

New

a c q u i s i t i o n ~

go

un

rep01ted,

their

ver y exis tence_unkno•

l

l to the

publi

c l

est

>Ollie se-ck to use them.'"' JTcirs tn a g n . > • ~ l e ~ a c y of

un

sorted

verbiage, chroniclers, like Tris

tr

am

Sh;ortdy,

are lo lll\

gronncl

alit he time. "

1

rll ·

Heritage overload i not ,, new

prohlem,

to be sure. T 1e wo < IS

accumulating

too many

material< for knowledge," observed Haw

thonoc

after

a day

at the

l riLisb

Museum in

1855,

a n d - '

each genera·

tion leaves it> fragment> &

potsherds

behind it,

such

will ftnaUy

be

the

de>peratc conclusion of the le:trnecl.••

1

Oolly

in

our t_ime., ~ h o u g h , h a ~

the glut e ~ 1 1 m e

~ u f f o u t t i n g l y

unmanageable. Yet hentage sLLch sa

cred

cow that none can halt its growth. For example, Italy

os so

sruffc-d

The H

er

itagt' m i(ldc and Jt s Comrad i< :Lons • 39

with treasure tha t o

nl y

li·action of t

s

cataloged, let

:t

lone cared for,

leust of all optn lo the public.•' Everyone kn

ows

th is, yet no steward

dares puhlicly affirm it. To a.•per.c sa<red a realm goes :tg:tinst

the

grain.

As a

heritage a c l i v i ~ 1

mys

elf almost insli ncth,ely applaud the

n:new;tl of local

pride

in ancestral roots, lht;protection of relics threat

coed by erosion or plu11dcr, :ond

the

rescue

of

cherished legacies from

purblind

r ~ ~ : t l .

. lndiscrimin_te

retention

baR'S other her i

tage

faults. The

shL-cr

mag

DIIude

or

lallgohlc

mementos

and

documentary

lrdCCS

inhibits creative

action. Worship

of

a bloated heritage invites passive reliance on ,...

ce.ived

a u t h o r i t y ~

stifles rational inquiry, replaces Ullplc:tsant reality

woth feel good h o ~ l o r y ,ond saps creative innovation. And all too often

it ignores the needs of local inhabitants whose involvement L-ssen

~ i a l .

Thai

heritage is viahlc only

in

a living

community

is a tenet widely

;occepted but seldom acted

on.

To sustain a legacyof stones, those

who

dwell

among

them also need ~ l C W l l r d s We arc the heritage," de

claimecl " ttu1yur 11f Dijon of plans to conserve lh;ot indigent city;

the

French government sh

oul

d "ex tend p;otrimonial solic

it ude

to us."

Tn

1

ditio_m•l Georgia Sea lslancls' crafts

hav

e b

een

revived, but rampa nt

to t nsm e l l g ~ the people themselves: "'v'lt:, the black native

pop

u

latton

of

these tslands, have bcw me the

ne

w endangered specks.''

•'

: he IS

u s ~ a r c c o l l l - c e ,

remarked an a ntloropol.ogist ab

out

h is

t.oncal 1nemory lncha.M With regard to relics, scarcity seems ipso

f<1C to evtdent. Y

et

It

IS

nnl

I

rue; scarci

ty

is only a ctdtu

r:cl

c;onstruct, its

dd

init ic.m

v a r ~ i n g

_with circumstance. T he West toda y attaches h

ig

h

value to wha t

IS

muq ue,

hence

rare arul induplicable,

suc

h a• the D;:ad

Sea S c r o 01 a Sha kespeare firs t folio. We have forswC>rn , if not for

go

t

t ~ n

m o ~ of enlarging sacred hcr itago:. ln med ieval Ch ristcn

dom,

m irac ulous intervention made sa uce. relics, such as frag

me

nt;. of

the T1·ue O ·oss, in r.nitcly rt:plicable. Mere p mxi 111ity

t o ~ ·

relic could

s a n c t i ~ y

ol ht:r

relic;s.

'l'he_p

rodu

ctivity or late nineteenth ce

nrury

relic

factones enabled the Vaucan lu l•uy

back many

more sacred 1n;.,sures

t ~ 1 a n

it

had lost alier 1X70, wh

en

Italy expropri

:olcd

r c l i ~ , o i o u s proper

l i e s . ~ Moreover, ~ o w n above, not every re.alm of memory tc<)uirL.,.

tangtble or e v ~ n Vtsoblc mementos. Mem

ori

als become compelling by

mea 1" ul a l ~ ' < : I I C L . , ' well as presences. Ghostly monuments to the

Holocaust iJ;t s e v e r ~ German

cities-shafts

lower

ed

gradually helow

ground,

leavmg

nothmg

hcyuncltbe memory of heir disapp.,orance bm

a pi:UJIIC on the

l>llrlin:e.

are

more

poignant than solid mausolewns. '

final )', heritage is oot a static linished product pickled in amber

hut

a11 ever-changi11g palimpsest. New creations and recob'llitions

more thun m:tke

up

for

what

is lost through erosion, demolition, and



changing taste

s.

Care for

what

we inherit requires acth•c embrace

of

whal we acid to it. To conserve the

past i> nev<:r

enough; good caretak

ing involves continual crt>ulion. flcrit;oge i• ever rcvitali1.cd.

Our

legacy

is

not

purely original,

ror

it includes our forebears' alterations and ad

ditions along with their first cro:ations. We treasure that heritage in our

own pn>tcctivc and

trJnsformativc

fashion, handing it down reshaped

in the faith that our heirs will also hccon1e creati ve as well as retentive

s t e w a r d ~ .

We

bo:nefit our sua.cssor,lcss by encumbering them with a bundle

of canonical artif;octs ami srructw·es than by banding down memories.

' fhe

future may

he bcncr

served

hy inheriting

from

t iS nut

specific ma

terial

relk-,; hlll

knowkdge of traditional creative skills, institutions in

good \vorking order, and habit> of resilience in coping with the uncer

taln vicis.c:itudc:\

of

x i ~ t e n c c .

NOTES

l. rhi;) (1.41AY

Ui$1i1h ollld f'XfcnJ.s

th

e . a t g l l n H ~ l H

in

c:Laptcr,. l .-.nd

I0

of my

Jook

Tilt

l h • l j ( I T ~ CtiiJffrlf '

(Uid ' ' ' ~ p o J i s

tlj i ~ t u r y

( New

York: <:aatlbridso: U.nivmicy JrC'SS,

1998).

].,

l.t<d

Milne, H•o(Jit

wtrl Plll(t 1-:

Couutry

Hom1.· Donors

cmJ

1 lr: l ' l t 1 I i o ~ r n / 1 i ust

{Londuu.

Murr:ay,

l J

4

)l.),

5; "111lmr'5 interview with tvl;urin Dr wy,

PJTI; /\. Mur

l'

l\)',

P ~ r ' l i $ t t l l ( t

;, J-olly;

Sd((.ttd

l rrut:

Writiugs (I

om

lon:

Angus

& Ruhtt'fsonJS""uiut>,

I ? M , l l ~ . l 6

,J

.

C ~ ~ o t l S c h n ~ k ~ . ( 1 . : . . . S i ~ d Vit•lmil (N

t'W

York:. d d g c Uui IC rslty

Press

. l')Sl), :evil.

4.

Aht

ill Bourdin. IJI JHUrlmmi/Cl n i m ~ t l l · (1 'lrill:: rrc:;sc.'i unjvcrsilaitcs d

e:

l'rt'nre,

198-t), 1X: Pitr•r u r ~ . " I t:rc de Ia

~ , . l ) i n m e u 1 0 n

o n , " in his l.iem: de m f uwite (t 'aris:

C . < ~ l n ' " ' t

9R

'I-92).111.:1,

99>.

S.

i t ~ g c : ~ l l t C . ~ I : i t i o in Museum 33 (1'J81), 1

17

}..J, .tud In Jnhu H

('

nry MCCT) tmul,

'

J1

u•

Nation

: ~ n d th<' OhJ<<f,"

lultmuliOJIIJI /vttnw l

lJf (.. ulwtrll

l rntu:rly 3 (1994},

6 8 - ' J ~

UN1".$Ct'), <.:ortwmtluu( ami l(a •uuuuemlatious . .. t m c l m i u ~ tl1c Jlr()tecliull

af

( . , u l

t u r t ~ l

t-lr.ritngt UNF.S<..:<J, 198Sl.

(,,

~ r - . n \ O b ~

C..ltu,ly

.

J . ' M l ~ r i r . rlu pmrutJOIIIC

(l'ttris: Stull,

199

1),

JO

- t

L

'/. Kc\·in

'1: VfG.

I

sh.

'n1t

IWptt>MJitmiml of ltr fu<;t.: Mtm:mm ond llcritage ; ,

lht' 1•m1·

M w l t ~ ' 1Vullrl

( I undO&"': Kuutlfflsc, JlttJ1),

J2; Jaull"$

MarSt

on Fild t,

Hi$tout

l ' r t s ~ · r

• ~ u ; o , ~ CJ1mrm·iuf

Mmtngi. IIIC., uJ

lilt: B11ilr ~ u l d (N

ew York: Mc.G

J:

m-·Hill. l'J82);

Alfrrtl

CirOSSt"',l.t

'' rmr ~ l t r

m€nuJ1re.

(P.ui..: fl.u:nm.ariOJl , 1989); M·nrr.ty,

\ t $ P

s t ~ n u

in

Mil);

109-lYt ~ r m t Duvi:o.t.n, ' 1 - l c : r i l ~ f , C : Ffom P.•LJ.inmn

y

lo 1\lsriche-"' in

11tt.

Vv

mttl

Aftft«

a/

AUfJfldum

I

lbttH

y

(Sydn

Cy

: AU('n

and l1nwin,l000).

l lG-lO.

K. l ~ t r

Spnrric:'f QUnhxl

lU · ~ . u i \ ) P " " ~

(.i("ncakJgy

\,nze-."'

Nt'1nn'f"l'.k,

I

~ 1 . 1 r c h 1988.

..8-9; $C"" 11lw M i c h ~ d K : ~ n u o c n , Afysric <Jmnb of Mtmorr (New York \ r a . n t a ~ ' < '

II<M>b. 1•.1'11 ), 611.

9.

('"..

H.. W.unll ( •J.43)

~ o n c c : d in \ i .kolm

(;h.1..'it',

-r

his b No CJapt.tap. Titis

Is

Our

I h·til;'lp: . ' i.o Uui,wphn l ~ , . , and Makolm

CJtaSC.

eds. 1ht: lmngmi'JI Pnst

(Ma

tt

JifStl"'':

Ma.nrho

te1'

UruvcfSJty

PtC'SS. 1989). I.H ;

Herbe-rt

H u u ~ r f i d ~ TIN b•gti:J,

tJNJn "'" 'HI( ITI)l0f1

C . . . w a b ~ t : tJnivtr"'i'ily

Pf("'SS

, l ~ i l . 2; Rtg

C.amu\On,

·our

Conntry,An

F.A Iialy 111int;$

A '- , A'

Alwal -·Jk

Fitl.l

>.l l

(l\;

lay

9 9 0 ) . ~

10. H-;mlld

Nk,.

sou ( I'.H"' ) ~ u O C 1 . - d in fniUl t-lt'ntf

\k-rr-ym:an,l w o a : ~

of.fhinkin?,

about . : u h u r a l l ~ f k " " > · "

Amni(OUJuurmal PflnUnut.liollal

L•w80

) ~ M O .

f

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h:ritnge

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llradi

ttions • 4J

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t In Rl-,·olul iun,.

in

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invrnttoo

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10

C.mr tutu·

tluu did thr

3llt0. ldt:phnnt'

('j . I'

h •

r.tdtu_ 41114.1 cmcm.a

hc-twt'('O 1900 .Uid I 9 5 U ~ Or

railroad. « t ~ t l . t. t r p ~ n t ' .

t d ~ a p h . r.,u,ry--m•dr:

tint .tmJ hou§Chold

..........._

tha

., gas

:u t t ' a m 1 h ~

t in \'l'Ottd bri'"'"" uton .net l860?

N

n

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~ n s nnt'd Lhc \\\"sr

nn• \"'rld ( t•I\A.. . • u unc m 1M 1750s amid h:n·e iluaginnJ rhr-

0 .

ovv.

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c n n l m ~ .

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from

the

1950s .uJd

fi

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~ n

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Whik I

he

IH90$

$('(1l.Jcd Ji\c the ) a r ; ~ ~ i n n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - J • f t ' S i t ' n l ~ y

t l . ~ : ~ likt

OJ _r

n l c t d . f ~ L'lptops amJ: mobile phootSaside-. • my · r s on

Y u ~ ~ : · ; . - ~ , ( ' : ; ~ 1 ~ ~

$ ~ ~ c Mlln

m

the

Moou; n his

llill;t-

l>rw

u.ml Other Stnril-s

(New

14.

Picrn-•Jikl?

H t - l i ~ $ .

11Jt Hone oJ Pridt::

I

l{t in

o Breton

v:·

• -.

UtU\'cr$ily

p ~ ' - t

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e-

) j , W'tlliaau B.

\ ~ - c t d , . . .

J'C'C"d t w L ~ A r . a l i o u : l.uCllll t:ou.O.il.lsand In . . •

Amur/1 of

l h ~

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Amtri(tm

Gt• rn lrm 84 . r c r ~ u o u a J D i l c m r _ n : t ~ .

>lrnmftt, f • ~ m - u m l t r • A

r:tuldho.>d

Y " ~ / : d

ondo

V i J ~ 4

(Jf)7- .,1;

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ltwly,

ll ~ i m

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n: L,ms. 1fJ<J.t) 175

•· • tin

t w u J ~ . ~ o a d and

U i ~ m c m b e r n l

un

th Nil T1 T. ' .

1ary

I'N), 12. c e, ' mu:s(l.ondO l),9 Janu·

I?. Run Cirorombt,

"''

r Jc Cunlmm nu Cn'·lt·

1

•• r I I . • . . .

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·

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l("S

ut

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Is

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t ' ~ u . s o n

ed < i r : v ~ r t pi d N 1 1 · · Jill • '

8

T - ., "

1

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nt

.

.JIW ltli. 'Ullty(<Jl.fotd: Blackwell l

?CH) 3J7·

n

&.u '

fJ

U

n<'<l

in

M.&dMcl

Kc-pp,

.f.lchrls

Whu SUI Tmc · ·. " ' ' '

dtty(Lundcln), 2 AIIP,:U

St

1992.

Jl. r tol>wc, Ob:>.t'rl

lt rtlll

Stm

Ut

I

t x ~ l l v ~ · c

wlmt

m ~ c k

past

fot'C'iJ;

u in

'11

1a•l'a)..l

fl·

((

Forr.i

11

C •

( ~ t u b r , J ~ c U n i v ~ : r . ; h y , rC"&S

1985)

and

in

... .h• n .

I

. AJmJtJ)'

{Camhndy.e:

I ld d • • .. . l.sl s :. ro t t:IPTt Counl"r)'" • T'

R"P't •

••

t > ~ : f m iu Autlu'opolCJgy

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0

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in Austr-a lia.... ·. .

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II

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1990) 46-54· A ist.tir '

11

u:nr. M.•mM;ts: L w i r r ~ will• tlrr I cgouf (M II . C;r, '. . '

:wmsun.

1.:-i.

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M •t;,ylor j.1. ,&.ud

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J

ls ' ~ . ~ > 1 i m n

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r r y l ~ r t s s l 9 9 4

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.. ·

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( Macon

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1

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c- F

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tn ..

furor<'·<

<.i<'otaln••y

Crv:

N

~ - . . ' C r

MJnrvcrs.uy Press, 198l•),

11

JS;

l l•.

27.

~ n f ~ "Lit

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I .

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-o t.tVSWt't' -

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c. g t . . : n ~ ~ a ttgl(', in l \ ' o ~ o l , Li<'IO: lh

mhiJtlil 't, rn.J,

20. •

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RaJ,.n, :.AHI(fl"i (Loudou: Pic.otdor

, 1987), J52,

17

2.

\ . r ' ~ ' t t n W

001voon, TI1e Urokrn

A l'

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td l,.. l

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u IJStn\

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of

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Tmu C.il'iffi1h"• HmH(tS nml Culltrlflrs: Tlrt AulltJIJtltfiUl lmttgim'llion ; ~ t t d l i r r

(l\•ttlbo\1fne:

Cit.lll

bridp,f' Univt'.f$it)' 1rcl>S. 19%).240-2.

James I Allcu ( l'H 1) c.tutUed

in

Kllnuu<n, Mrslir

Ch

ordsoj t m t ' I I J ' ~

2»-7.

Olt.ic-1-rl

r::r.t'IIIC(,

"C,;nmmuu.&

J . : u h m o ~ . l H c r i t a ~ c iJl \JnilieU t w o p c ~ · / C O . M O S Nt.nrs

l:l ( M ~ r c : h

1991

), 25.\.hinu.a

Achcl>e

,"Tbc 1ghu World amlltsArt, . in hi.s Hopesrmd

lmtu•.d;mc,b:

Stlmtd roSS41J')• J9f,'S-1987

(Lund<ux Hciuem.uul, 1988). _.3_

\ Qng C.unl "

u, "I twins Ute Ancient

io

<.ltina."

.n l iahcl M11.Btrdc.

rd.,

Wh"

Uwm

tltt'

1\'ICT/

(MdbournC'

Odurd Umvcnit)' I ' ~ J98j),

ItS

95;

PiC'.flC R y c b

m ~ n s . '"TI1

c

(..hinooe Auinutc tuw•nis

the'

P'"t'" ll'JM6). in Simnu

Leys

(pseudonym for Ryd

rn•n,), 1 1< AIIKri on<l

lilt

IJ<tuJ.,f:

Cni «ltd

1'.<.<1) 1983-I'J'JX (Sfdufl" Huffy

&

~ n c l s r v Y < , I 9 ' J ' l ) , . l - 1 4 .

J..

\'I.

MOt(.

"A Mill.:oi&WUm

nf 0uo('1C Urban llislory: f o r m ~

T

t e ~

and p a C C '

C..oo

n-1,b

in So<w-huw;

Rkt. Vwwnitr t t u f r n

)9:1

( 9 7 3 ) ~ i.?-53.

Midta.dAnn Willwns,• fhc

RKoilin

o( l1<

: : m g i b l in

lktr1

f ' C i u t u c b ~

cd... TIK Con

~ r r n i H n l C:lllltirt(I Mina;lutl Univcn.ity

V'n..-:n uf

KcnhKky. 1988). I ?'J-200.

A.ulolnrnc r L«, ' l h S O ' I n : t i u ~

Okl CuJturG

in the New

World:"

in

Hobert E. )ti)X'

ilrld A. J. T.cc, l 1 r ~ Amc:r;cn,

Mo.mrt"

J ~ r t t i , g 11 /llaliun'$ HartllK£

(\Y.ub.ingron:

U Wif'.OM()S, 1931), 119 2 0 ~ ; Kkm,

•t;uhur.t

tlivcrsily iu ffisroric

P r ~ N . J r i c m

HrHnrit; Pto<fWUiltll fu1um

6:·1

( 1992),

2M-t:

L

1)(-uih iu my f tut

(,

« fortiKII Cuu,lry. 9 _ . ~

J : . m t ~ Le-tS Mi1ne.lmutlrtr $t lf(Luru.ion: f..L(r, l'J70).93 5: idem,

T1.

vplt mul Plncn.

1:Si1110n J('flkinl>, Tl1r t t l i . ~

uj

M.nry f)nvks nm l Olher Wrirings

(Loudon:

J.Mum\r,

~ 9 3 ) ,

9')-IIU.

Hc-nty l > ' m - ~

Tlh•

Oumy ll91l ]

( N ~ : - w

Y u ~ k : fl. l ' t ' t ~ .

JIJHl),

5.

Vita1y Knrnitr .iUOtc<lln l.nwftll(('" Wt:t.hskr, ~ . h t Modili,:aliollS, . Nnv

Yorker

, 12

)uly 1 I' . I,

>9

65.

Rabe-n

1<1\vUS<IIl

(

1

?'N)

lf.UO

tcd in Chri.swphtt Gh ippinJate,

Stone1u:llgt• Complete

(rl"

\

, <:<1,, tu adOI\ l h ; , 1 n c ~ &. Hnd >ml, J ~ N < I ) , 91.

..,._.,.glis

ll 1L

1

l 1 r . ~

ch:utumu jOfi:lyn S t e v r n ~

quoted

in Alcx<lOdc.r Pratt:r, "

11H'

Last

n ~ ;

t,ur<: ul tht

t o n c : l l , ' '

0/.n'r

Vfr rm

$mllifl) t lO Ji.I.OC l

1

J'J3, 49 50.

l o t o p h a (";h ippiud.llt

C"t

WIICJ Owus S t o m : l u : n g ~ r ( Iondun: Baf$fonl, 1990);

P.u) .lish n ~ : ; c .

C : < l t r u n • i m r Bull. November (99•1: Chri

'>tup

llt'l'

Ch

ippi1

Jo.tk

,

"'

Put

df\y,

l

h(

: T ' hl

~ t i ) O C ' c n g t ' , Hi$tary

10&1)'

4J

(April

l'

JIJJ),

6-7; &rh:m

t

t ~ d r r ,

"Stoodu•ng

.

Comcsrrd

l.flm f5\0.lpc::,·· i

ll

(t.-d.)

Ltm(i

w:tt[IC Politi(.S mul

t . · n p t • ( . t

i v ~

(l•tCIVitknt-c, Rl: BrfR. 19'J:S).

24:•-7'1;

Simon

Jenkins,

"'l.ct Stonehenge-:

Ri:r><:,

of

Suffer

the

f:urk o( f ' , ~ . I

T11

7'imd ( l..onduu), 8 ..

cbruary

lliCJl.

1>.

}.

Mulvawry."A Q u ~ : l l t i U u of

Valut'$:

MII\CWllS

and

Cultunl.ll'mpcrly, .

Ul

Mt"Urydc:,

W''o Owns tit,.

l ' n ~ t ? 87 $; l<km. ··r:.u

t Rcsaitted, futureLosr: I he

Kuw

S\-tJmp Plc:ls

uw:cut' BuriAl<."' '"""Jwty6.1

(

1

99

1 , 12- 11.

Aul>ltall:tl' Ahurigial( ~ n o t t . - d ul (.)riflitbs. HmrltrS mrd C ' . . n l l ~ d o r s .

.1.2l•; l.a.rulyn

Gilsn.all rn the ltulbor, l

1

J J u u ~ : 199.-., "'-"'

:illli.ng

a 1989 symposium.

P . I U I I ~ • n ~ ; k l , E , t ' l l Mo1'C rna;lish than t . : o t t i ~ ; · Sp«tntor, 13 July 1996, 11- 16.

Quorrci

in

Oal)'.1

Alhc:-rgc:.-su)'('f Fru.lt-att ' Art Expo n

taws,"

11te

Jimr:s

(

London

), >

M•rcil

1996.

~ JU>I, 'X.A.dnu·AI C'.t:rt.UnflO a u ~ l'rinlC'

o u b t ~

in \.Vendy J.a.mcs, ed., ·111e Pur-

(Uil uJ CtNnmry Rdi);IOIIS Gild Ollturol r'OIIJIIIlnriuns

(London:

RoutJed ';(', PJ95),

21\$-308 Oll'Xl.

C.uliu lttnfn"w.

.J.IOI, J.tt•trmliC}'rmd OwucnJrip (l.uudoo:

I )udc:wurili,

2000).

An.I.-IJI Ii" W.dltl

Ak-•

quul« ;n S;dory D. Gtkpolrick, l.mds ~ Siptin

(N,

,v

\'urL. Mnm"v•

1992),

l.)•J-42;

~ 1 3 r y Dc.Oip oey, "'

Pfok"(tors;

ur Pttu's

Shining l':aSl,•

~ m i ~ f .

20

1\Uf.UU 199-1,

l.l-5; "SIOJlC'S ofTbcir

Anceslol'$,• e ~ 1

Sql-

ltmb<r

1'189.

;1.

r

tiL

Sl.

52.

53.

S4.

"'·

51<.

>9.

60.

(; I .

b 2.

63.

1>4.

6S.

Giuli:tnn Lun.1 ( J97t5) tlunlt't l in John

u r y M ~ ' T ) m o t u ,

"A Licit fmrrnil.douaf Trade in

C.:u ln11

't1

l b i t • . : l . $ , ~ '

Jmmwtimwl

}mmk11

of

Cultuml

Pro/)l.'rly-4 ( IIJI)5}. ;16;. Diuril Tho

r i ~ n ' ' ' ~

Vdu-14

...

'he

\ ~ \ n l d ufT\Lc;ran

10mb

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Local Cununu

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(

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26.

l l i i ~ I J ~ r l k \ ~ , , nt:U'<1 (Suw•nJi

u r j a n i n ~ : a t ]

(191

1

J)

qnoted in Denys l.ombaui, "Jn

dni\Clii;J: l'nlllnr; I O P , c ~ ~ ( J ' Uu· S t r a n d ~ of t1ult'

..

UNE.I:;C..V Courh·t. April 1990,16-..H;

f-crmuuJ" fo.htr<uc1t, lh t Pal;u;.-e

<tnd

rhe Gty; 1 o.lr.w )l:trktt: .B

D«cmbt·

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).ilknillllUIS the N.Ul()n lo ~ d e u and Anlt'ric-.,·

Olmos

-g (1993), 164-5.

V.

N J . . y ~ W .

A

&' I;,

l 1 ~

H . J a ~

(Lundun:

l><'utsdt.

1979),

J S Z - ~ .

f'lo:ril M a t < r ~ ' t l t , - ~ h n b , . . . , i p ; ~ n d

the Puhli.-:

Jomna/ oJ JWral

S«kly

uf

Am

139

(1?'11),

191

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Y;1din (J96.l) quuh.-d1n

Amos.

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YCwk:

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& NK\Irlwn,

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lht'

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I

tum

1111J ht' Ptr.Hb.l<t;rmof

Hi)lury

fktston:

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P n . . ~ llJl).:;);

1-11.

Andre h ~ < r c l .

' .La uotiuudu

. ~ t r i m n i n e , ' iu

Nnr01, I iem

1

k

rninroirr. II.J., 446;

Guil-

l..Uuru(: .Pt,/''"l"'- du P,llfmwiuc, 1-ltJ;

B("Ulot.n.l

Smith,

'"Art O b j ~ t t t s

and

Hi.stori'--al

w . ~ e \

111 McU'}'fk. Who On"m tire Pmt , 33

4.

M.-ttliu O n ~ r y ,

' ~ h e t l o t o r o ~ t i O t l

ul

C:alkC"

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nf

-tt l

l ' l < \ ( 1 9 8 8 ) . ~ Y 7 ' '

MO 'k ' l\vaju,

A C l l l l l l ~ : f t l ' . u t

Ymtktpt

;,

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(N('w

York:

Tt

:arpC'r &

llrnrhm.

1889), 40-1-

>

.

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Thnn11\$

t-. K.i.da: -o

· · s . ~ : r l c : < . ~ l h Ihe Amcri

t:.ut

Mu:;.1fc:: fh( Plact" of

Arch

Aeology," in Sli}lC"

$1nd Allltl ittlft o s t ~ k ,

l6U.

~ u ~

•.

r t '

m . t ~ U O i f c d I , J i ~ t m r c ,

..

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x"liViii

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tra n

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huu,

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Am:SJ.ing

tllo• C:cuulilitJns

of

Hisrvrkul Rutmh

hr

tl•e Sltlk>·

{AI()auy. NY. I'

JH:l)

, notably

t'$.1ays

hy Richard. J. (19 36) aud

\ V i l l i ~ m

1 J"rc

(37 46). ' " u <

NA

tlulltiel

tluwlhtU'IH", Z

)

S('

pt

t.

I

IILcr

111

55,

11te EuglisiJ f\ nreboC ks, ..-

d. R

und:-.

11

Ste

Wil

l

(Nt\1/ u ~ k :

M u 1 k ~ : ~ n r , l t . l R ~

.N.sm:iatino of

AJ

11

erica., Jl);ll ), 242.

( ' ; h m t o ~ ~ h t

Gurdu

11 Nmmtrnf Gu

lmwl

Pt1l

r.y iu/td{)':

A

fU:p

n

rt or

llrt

Gnmril

ku

'

'''1 ' ' I \ $ b O

u t ~ : C u u ~ U . : i l uf Q p ~ J 1 9 9 ~ ) -

r ~ m j : u i c

(1980) lftwlt'd in (';uifl:utme, Pt1litique d11 pttlrimuiuP., 167

70.;

Emnry

( ~ I I I J l h c (P>S<i}

quOt(..J

iu Dale ttos('ngartt'n, '"Swtcrgtass

i:-.

C.nltl•: Natul'al Rc

$ 0 u n . ; ~ .

(";nn IC'I'\..,Iion

l 'oliq,

,;

w J

1\fri( ;;lO Aulerican

U3skt

t

l)'

.. iu rvfal')' HuftiOJ

d

·'

(. ' • r

I

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eu.,

.,(htx•n•mt

\.u

l

i l i t: A Nelli' Vmuursc rm a i l t t g t { U r l l < l : ~ : Uniwoi ly urTIIinnis1' ·-

fot

A l u l l . ' r i c - . ~ ~ n

Pulk lik

c n l ~ t .

1

- 1 ) ,

157.- 63

at

J tJ. t c - ~ : - .

Arjun App . lur.ai. "Th(: 1 :1-;:t \1$01 icun:e Rc.o;our(e,"

Mm

1

16

{1'>

81 ), 201 - J9.

I ' A t r k ~ J,

Geoif)'•

~ m e ~

Snr.m:

., u•-(ts oj

Relics

;II

t i l t

G:ulm/ Middle .-\, ;t•> (PrinCl'.tnn,

NJ: l•nncctOJl ~ I J J Y t ' n . P t e . _ ' ( ~ , 1978); idt'm,liv;,,g with l h t Dead ; ,

ilt

Middle

C tha.r.-. \IY:

C:.:Ou.trU

Um'I'Cn.uy 1

.-C"$$,

1994),

1 ~ > ;

l o w ~ n t h a l ,

I./nsf

Is ,

f ' O r e i g r ~

C t m t l l f ) ~ 2'.'0-l, 10S.

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Lowenthal, D.- The Heritage Crusade and Its Contradictions (article-2004)+

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