LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT APPLICATIONS OF ......Business Industry Agriculture Waste Other energies...

H. Safa

LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT APPLICATIONS

OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

IMPACT ON CLIMATE CHANGE

Henri Safa

International Institute of Nuclear Energy, I2EN, France

&

Nuclear Energy Division, CEA, France

1INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018

H. Safa

OUTLINE

2

1. Nuclear & Climate Change

2. Nuclear Power Plant for Cogeneration

3. District Heating

4. Low Temperature Applications

5. Conclusions

INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018

H. Safa

ENERGY & CLIMATE CHANGE

3

0

5

10

15

20

25

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Pri

ma

ry E

ne

rgy

(in

Gto

e)

A: Business as usual

B: Medium or Moderate

C: Ecological

Actual

Scenario A

Scenario B

Scenario C

We are here

H. Safa

CO2 EMISSIONSDUE TO ELECTRICITY GENERATION

4

Thanks to nuclear energy, France is emitting 6 time less

GHG than average EU countries for electricity generation

GHG emissions per Capita in 2012

for Electricity and Heat Production

Country GHG emissions

(t CO2/Capita)

Austria 1.76

Belgium 1.75

Czech Republic 5.67

Denmark 2.63

Estonia 9.18

Finland 3.78

France 0.71

Germany 4.08

Greece 3.77

Hungary 1.46

Iceland 0.01

Ireland 2.72

Italy 2.09

Luxembourg 2.10

Netherlands 3.19

Norway 0.46

Poland 4.01

Portugal 1.70

Slovak Republic 1.51

Slovenia 2.87

Spain 1.94

Sweden 0.78

Switzerland 0.36

Turkey 1.51

United Kingdom 2.81

Source: IEA, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2014, www.iea.org

http://www.iea.org/

H. Safa

CO2 EMISSIONS BY ENERGY SOURCE

5

950

750

400

50

150

100

70

18

7

2

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000

Coal

Oil

Gas

Photovoltaic

Wind

Hydraulic

Nuclear

Electricity Generation: CO2 emissions (in g/kWhe)

Direct Emissions

Indirect Emissions

Not accounting for fugitive emissions

H. Safa

37%

14% 7%

21%

3%

5%

4%

9%

GHG emissions due to energy use in France (2015)

Transport Residential

Business Industry

Agriculture Waste

Other energies Electricity & Heat Production


CO2 EMISSIONS BY SECTOR

Thanks to nuclear energy, electricity generation is almost fully decarbonized in France.

Main GHG emitters are transport and heat production (residential, commercial and industry)

H. Safa

THE ENERGY TRANSITION

7ECOCLIM – le 13 juin 2018, Orsay

We need to decarbonize the non-electric uses of energy :

1. Transportation (electric cars)

2. Heat in Residential and Commercial sectors

3. Industry

H. Safa 8

ENERGY AND HEAT

In 2017, the total world energy production

amounted to 15 000 Mtoe = 15 Gtoe

Heat has always been an issue for mankind.

The primary use of energy is for heating purposes

Potential space heating and cooling demand > 20 000 TWh

Actual world District Heating and Cooling delivery 2500 TWh

Over 38% of it (5 700 Mtoe) is ultimately used as heat.

50% of this heat is feeding residential homes,

commercial businesses and public services (hospitals, schools, universities, offices, etc)


H. Safa 9

ENERGY AND HEAT IN THE WORLD

Wasted Heat ≈ 4.2 Gtoe

Image from IEA website http://www.iea.org/Sankey/

Produced

Energy

14.7 Gtoe

Final Energy

+ Own use

10.5 Gtoe

2016


H. Safa 10

Losses

≈ 4.5 Gtoe

▪ Liquid Fuels▪ Gaseous Fuels▪ Solid Fuels▪ Electricity▪ Heat

▪ Oil▪ Gas▪ Coal▪ Nuclear▪ Hydro▪ Renewables

Final Use in Industry, Residential, Commercial, Transportation,

Agriculture

SOURCES ENERGETIC PRODUCTS

Energy sector

≈ 1 Gtoe

Heat Use

≈ 4.5 Gtoe

≈ 15 Gtoe

≈ 10.5 Gtoe

≈ 9.5 Gtoe

Heat

Recovery ?


ENERGY AND HEAT

H. Safa

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

An

nu

al H

eat C

on

sum

pti

on

(PJ)

Heat Use in Europe> 400°C

<400°C

<120°C

13000 PJ

SPACE HEATING IN EUROPE

11

Data from Euroheatcool, 2006

= 3600 TWh


H. Safa

HEAT IN FRANCE

12

One third of the primary energy is dedicated to heat


33%

41%

21%

5%

Primary energy use in France (2016)

Heat

Electricity(excluding heaters)

Transport

Non-energetic

Total = 250 Mtoe

H. Safa

HEAT IN FRANCE

13

In France, heat represents

➢ 80% of all energy consumption in the residential and

service sectors

➢ 40% of all industrial energy needs

Domestic uses : heat, sanitary hot water,…

Industry uses: Drying, chemistry, oil refinery, matter transformation,

fusion, boiling, sterilization,…

➢ 80% of heat uses are at temperatures below 400°C

➢ 65% of heat uses are at temperatures below 120°C

Most of Heat requirements stand at low temperatures


H. Safa

0

50

100

Spac

e H

eati

ng

Des

alin

atio

n

Pap

er a

nd

Pu

lp

Foo

d a

nd

Liq

uo

r

Suga

r

Milk

Oth

er F

oo

d In

du

stry

Pla

stic

s &

Ru

bb

er

Text

ile

Co

nst

ruct

ion

mat

eria

l,…

Tran

spo

rt E

qu

ipm

ents

Mac

hin

ery

Ch

emis

try

Gla

ss

Min

eral

s, C

emen

t

Met

allu

rgy

Oth

er in

du

stri

es

Oil

Ref

inin

g

Oil

extr

acti

on

Hyd

roge

n p

rod

uct

ion

Co

kin

g

He

at C

on

sum

pti

on

(TW

h)

Heat demand in France> 400°C

< 400°C

< 140°C

456 TWh

14

HEAT IN FRANCE


Residential heating represents by far

the larger consumption amount

H. Safa

OUTLINE

15



3. District Heating


5. Conclusions


H. Safa

WHAT IS COGENERATION ?


Cogeneration Mode

Reduced electrical efficiency

(condensation at higher temperature)

Better overall energy efficiency

(from 34% up to 90%)

Electric only Mode

Electrical efficiency

from 34% (Nuclear) to 56% (Gas in CCGT)

ELECTRICITY

Cooling(Heat Loss)

ELECTRICITY

Cooling(Heat Loss)

Other energeticProduct(Heat, Fuels, Steam, Water…)

ELECTRIC POWERPLANT

H. Safa

2/3 of energy is

dumped in the

environment

1/3 of fission energy is

converted into

electricity

A Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

RECOVERY OF NUCLEAR HEAT


H. Safa

GRID EQUILIBRIUM

1. Better Efficiency✓ Over 80% energy efficiency✓ Open new sectors for nuclear power

2. Better Use of energy✓ Make best use of heat at the right temperature✓ Match industrial applications needs

3. Better Flexibility✓ Allow flexible operation of the NPP✓ Diversify energy outputs

4. Lower Environmental impacts✓ Lower dumped heat in the environment✓ Additional heat sink

COGENERATION LEADS TO…

INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018 18

H. Safa

➢ 74 reactors worldwide are being used in a cogeneration mode (heat, industrial steam, water desalination)

➢ 700 reactors-years of accumulated experience

➢ The thermal power extraction vary from 5 to 240MW

➢ The maximum length for the heat transport line is 64 km (Kola, Russia)

NUCLEAR COGENERATION TODAY

Some facts and figures on Nuclear Cogeneration


H. Safa

NUCLEAR COGENERATION : A REALITY FOR 74 NPP

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

IN JP PK BG CH CZ HU RO RU SK UA CH IN RU SK

Desalination District Heating Process Heating

No

. o

f R

eacto

rs

PWR

PHWR

LWGR

FBR

Source : I. Khamis, IAEA Technical Meeting, Prague, October 2010


H. Safa

DISTRICT HEATING USING NUCLEAR

21

▪ 18 nuclear sites

▪ 51 reactors

▪ 110 GWh thermal of

Heat delivered in DH

networks

▪ 0.17% of the District

Heating deliveries in the

European Union

Source: Energy Technology Institute, 2016

H. Safa 22

A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

Two 1300 MWe reactors with cooling towers


H. Safa 23

THE SECONDARY LOOP OF A PWR

STEAM

WATER

REHEATER

LPTURBINE

COLD SOURCEFeedwater TANK

PUMP

PRIMARY CIRCUIT

SEPARATOR

HP TURBINE

CONDENSER

STEAM GENERATOR


H. Safa 24

THE MACHINE HALL OF A NPP

The turbine hall of a NPP showing the major components


The ALSTOM Low Pressure Turbine

Source: EDFAlternator

H. Safa 25

THE CONDENSER

The condenser is located below the LP turbines


Source: TVO, FinlandEPR, Olkiluoto 3 NPP

H. Safa

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

Entropy S (J/g/K)

AB

C D

E

F

GCondensing

Boiling

Expanding (2)

Expanding

(1)

Reheating

26

THERMODYNAMICS:THE RANKINE CYCLE


A two-stage process: High Pressure then Low Pressure turbine

H. Safa 27

THERMODYNAMICS

hot

coldcarnot

T

T1

max of 340°C in PWR

If Thot = 288°C and Tcold = 39°C, carnot = 44.4%

Theoretical efficiency

In an electric transformation, heat is unavoidable


H. Safa 28

EXERGY & ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY

iQ

WWW = PBPHP

➢WBP on the Low Pressure Turbine decreases with

increasing output temperature

)T

T - (1 . Q=E 0

outout

➢ The output exergy increases with increasing temperature


H. Safa

➢ Heat at ambient temperature has no value

➢ Exergy is more appropriate to taken into account the

temperature at which the heat is produced

.S0T-H=E

)T0T

- (1 . Q=EExergetic value of a heat quantity Q

generated at a temperature T

EXERGY

Example of a 1300 MWe PWR reactorT

hot

T

coldWp Qi WHP WBP W gross Qs

carnot

(°C) (°C) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MWe) (MW) (%) (%)

288 39 9 3 920 -417 -936 1 353 -2 562 44.4% 34.3%


H. Safa 30

THE SECONDARY LOOP OF A PWR

STEAM

WATER

REHEATER

LPTURBINE

COLD SOURCEFeedwater TANK

PUMP

PRIMARY CIRCUIT

SEPARATOR

HP TURBINE

CONDENSER

STEAM GENERATOR

LP TURBINE

HEAT EXCHANGER


H. Safa 31

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

Entropy S (J/g/K)

AB

C D

E

F

G

THERMODYNAMICS: THE RANKINE CYCLE

Modify the low pressure turbine: outlet at 2 bars

Condensing

Boiling

Expanding (2)

Expanding

(1)

Reheating


H. Safa 32

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

0 50 100 150 200

Exer

gy

(MW

)

Elec

tric

Eff

icie

ncy

(%

)

Temperature (°C)

Efficiency

Exergy

ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY

Trade-off between electric output and ExergyINPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018

H. Safa

NUCLEAR COGENERATION & DISTRICT HEATING

Return

Hot Fluid

Forward

Nuclear Power Plant

length ~ 100 km

Connection

to the Heat

Network

District HeatingNetwork

Main Transport Line

Nuclear District Heating

Substation

Buildings

Primarycircuit

Secundary circuit

vapor liquid

Steam

Generator

ReactorCore

Vessel

ReheatCondenser

Water

pump

Generator

Pressurizer

PrimaryPump

Control Rod mechanism

Pumping

Station

Pumping

Station


H. Safa

ONE TYPICAL CONFIGURATION

10 km

34

Urban City

Nuclear Power Plant

Main Heat Transport Line

IndustrialArea

Airport

➢A 100 km long Heat Transport Line delivering

energy in the form of hot water to a large urban

city, one airport and industrial areas.


H. Safa

35

THE MAIN TRANSPORT LINE THERMAL LOSSES

Diameter

Insulator thickness e

Insulator conductivity < 0.04 W/m.K

e

T

T0

soil

pipe

insulator

)T-(T )2e(1Ln

2=dz

dQ0

< 120 W/m

Total heat loss 2% of the transported power!


H. Safa 36

-1 000

-500

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Ele

ctri

c o

r T

he

rmal

En

erg

y (

MW

)

Temperature (°C)

Loss in Electric Energy

Thermal Energy Delivered

Global Energetic Balance

OPTIMIZATION RESULTS

A gain equivalent to 920 MWe (+70%) can be achieved !!


H. Safa

ECONOMICAL ADDED VALUE

➢ Assume an annual production of 9 TWh

Annual heat sales value of +540 M€

➢ Loss of electrical production of -1.8 TWhe

Electric loss value cost of -180 M€

Overall annual gain of +360 M€

➢ One Heat Transport Line 100 km long

✓ Buy heat from the NPP production site

✓ Sell heat to the District Heating Network Company


H. Safa

Greenhouse gas reduction

38

CO2 emissions from district heating60% fossil fuels40% waste incineration

Average of 200 gCO2/kWh

Large reduction in CO2 emissions

Huge savings in CO2 emissions

Avoid 0.2 Million ton of CO2 per TWh

If pGHG = 50 €/ton, = 0.2 ton CO2/MWh

Additional financial gain of Ct = 10 M€/TWh

Zero GHG emissions

from nuclear cogeneration

ENVIRONNEMENTAL ADDED VALUE


H. Safa

OUTLINE

39



3. District Heating


5. Conclusions


H. Safa 40

DISTRICT HEATING NETWORKS IN EUROPE

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Ice

lan

d

Latv

ia

De

nm

ark

Lith

ua

nia

Est

on

ia

Po

lan

d

Fin

lan

d

Swe

de

n

Slo

vaki

a

Cze

ch R

epu

blic

Ro

ma

nia

Au

stri

a

Slo

ven

ia

Ger

man

y

Ko

rea

Cro

atia

Fran

ce

Ita

ly

No

rway

Source: Euroheat and Power, 2009

District Heating is developed in northern European countries

Percentage of citizens having access to district heating


H. Safa 41

District Heating networks are expanding

Source: D. Magnusson, Linköping University, Sweden

DEVELOPMENT OF DH NETWORKS


H. Safa

In a tunnel…

…or in a

trench

Copenhagen District Heating

Bore Tunnel, 2010

(maybe shared with

other utilities)

THE MAIN HEAT TRANSPORT LINE


H. Safa

A major cost issue :

Construction and

installation of piping

Source: Urecon

Source: R. Narjot, Techniques de l’ingénieur

THE MAIN HEAT TRANSPORT LINE


H. Safa 44INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018

EVOLUTION OF DH SYSTEMS

Source: Li & al., “Towards 4th generation District Heating: experience and potential of low-temperatureDistrict Heating”, 14th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 2014, Sweden

New generation of DH work at very low temperatures (< 80°C)

favours the

development of

Nuclear Heat

H. Safa

COST OF HEAT PRODUCTION

45

C’ = Annual cost of the plant in the cogeneration mode

E’ = Electrical energy annual production in the

cogeneration mode

H = Annual production of the cogenerated product

c = Cost of the cogenerated product

c0 = Cost of electric power

C = Increase in annual costs due to cogeneration

E = Loss in electricity production due to cogenerationINPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018

H. Safa


46

c0 = 50 $/MWh (average actual cost of nuclear electricity)

C = 24 M$/y (200 M$ at 5% interest rate over 20 years

plus additional operating costs)

E = 1.5 TWh (loss of 500 MWe for 3000 h/y)

H = 9 TWh (production of 2000 MW thermal for 4500 h/y)

Production cost is very competitive


H. Safa


47

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

-6 -1 4 9 14 19 24 29 34 39

Dis

cou

nte

d C

ash

Flo

w (

M$

)

Year after start of commercial operation

Financial Analysis: Net Present Value of Benefits

Payback time

Start of operation


H. Safa

DH distribution Back-up Transport

NUCLEAR HEAT COST

Splitting of Heat costs

48

Source: Martin Leurent, PhD thesis, 2018

« Nuclear plants as an option to help decarbonizing the European and French heat sectors»

H. Safa

OUTLINE

49



3. District Heating


5. Conclusions


H. Safa

APPLICATIONS FOR ENERGY

➢ DISTRICT HEATING

➢ DESALINATION

➢ INDUSTRIAL STEAM

➢ SYNTHETIC FUELS PRODUCTION

➢ OIL & TAR SANDS EXTRACTION

➢ COAL LIQUEFACTION & GASIFICATION

➢ HYDROGEN PRODUCTION


H. Safa

NUCLEAR COGENERATION ELECTRICITY & HEAT APPLICATIONS

Medium

temperatures

250°C to 550°C

Industrial Steam

Coal Liquefaction and

Gasification

Oil Shale

Tar Sands

Biomass

Synthetic Fuels

High temperatures

550°C to 900°C

Hydrogen

Production

Low temperatures

40°C to 250°C

District Heating

Water Desalination


H. Safa 52

INDUSTRIAL NUCLEAR COGENERATION

About 40% of energy consumption in industry is heat < 400°C

INDUSTRY USE

Electricity

HeatHydrogen

Steam

Water

NuclearReactor

TransformationPlants

Many industries require steam or heat at

moderate temperatures (from 60°C to 400°C)


H. Safa

WATER DESALINATION


Source : V. Srivastava & P. Tewari, BARC, IAEA Technical Meeting, Prague, October 2010

H. Safa

SYNTHETIC FUELS

CxHyOz + 2 H2O + O2 CO + H2 (-CH2-) + H2O

Gasification Purification

Pre-treatement

Fischer-Tropsch

Grinding,

Drying,

Pyrolisis

Heat

Biomass

Hydrogen

Diesel

Oil

Upgrading

H2/CO ~ 1 H2/CO ~ 2

Oxygen

Water


H. Safa

SURVEY OF FRENCH INDUSTRIAL HEAT

55

2156 industrial sites identified

as large low-temperature heat

consumers and located less than

100 km away from nuclear sites

Source: Etude du CVT ANCRE,

Sébastien Sylvestre, « Cogénération nucléaire

Intérêts et potentiels d’une offre de chaleur

basse température pour l’industrie française »

2016

H. Safa

OUTLINE

56



3. District Heating


5. Conclusions


H. Safa 57INPRO Dialogue Forum – Vienna, December 12-14, 2018

WORLD ENERGY PROJECTIONS

*BP values Hydro in equivalent primary energy and does not evaluate Biomass

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Increase in Energy Source(from 2017 to 2040)

> 400 %

Nuclear energy is projected to increase

+60% by 2040

avoiding the emissions of 1.8 Gt of CO2

All these projections do not take in

consideration nuclear heat !

(Mtoe) Comparison of Future World Energy Consumption in 2040

InstitutionWEO

Reference

WEO

New Policies

Scenario

WEO Sustainable

Development

Scenario

BP* Exxon Shell EIAIEEJ

Reference

IEEJ

ATSAverage

Coal 4 769 3 809 1 597 3 762 3 890 3 101 4 045 4 352 3 391 3 635

Oil 5 570 4 894 3 156 4 836 5 617 4 291 5 695 5 416 4 662 4 904

Gas 4 804 4 436 3 438 4 707 4 670 3 601 4 637 4 628 4 140 4 340

Nuclear 951 971 1 293 912 1 028 1 525 955 856 1 246 1 082

Hydraulic 514 531 601 1 241 482 419 466 466 494

Biomass & Waste 1 772 1 851 1 504 1 521 1 995 1 640 1 595 1 647

Renewables 948 1 223 2 132 2 527 880 2 979 806 1 149 1 381

Total 19 328 17 715 13 720 17 983 18 088 17 910 18 557 18 164 16 649 17 483

3 226

H. Safa

GRID EQUILIBRIUMADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR HEAT

1. Save Energy✓ Recover waste heat✓ Open new utilization of nuclear power

2. Save Environment✓ Drastically reduce CO2 emissions✓ Reduce nuclear waste

3. Save Money✓ Get cheaper energy✓ Reduce the need for fossil fuels


H. Safa

➢ Heat recovery from a Nuclear Power Plant for District Heating or industrial applications is technically at hand

➢ Nuclear Cogeneration improves the overall energy efficiency of the Power Plant (from 33% to over 90%)

➢ The Main Heat Transport line is a key economic issue for competitiveness. Heat can be transported with low thermal losses (a few %) at long distances (> 100 km)

➢ The use of nuclear energy for District Heating and other Low-temperature applications allows large reduction of CO2

emissions and could significantly contributes to fight climate change.

59

CONCLUSIONS


LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT APPLICATIONS OF ......Business Industry Agriculture Waste Other energies...

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