Low level Computer Vision1. Thresholding

2. Convolution

3. Morphological Operations

4. Connected Component Extraction

5. Feature Extraction

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3. Mathematical Morphology Morphology: Study of forms of animals

and plants Mathematical Morphology: Study of

shapes Similar to convolution Arithmetic operations Set Operations

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Need to define Image as a Set Given a binary image I (r,c), assume 1

correspond to object 0 correspond to backround. Define a set with elements to the coordinates of the object

X = { (r1,c1), (r2,c2),….}

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Set OperationsSet Operations

Set Operations on ImagesSet Operations on ImagesAND, ORAND, OR

Set Operations on ImagesSet Operations on ImagesAND, ORAND, OR

TRANSLATION REFLECTIONTRANSLATION REFLECTIONTRANSLATION REFLECTIONTRANSLATION REFLECTION

Set OperationsSet Operations

Morphologic Operations

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Binary mathematical morphology consists of twobasic operations

dilation and erosion

and several composite relations

closing and opening

Dilation:

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Dilation expands the connected sets of 1s of a binary image.

It can be used for

1. growing features

2. filling holes and gaps

Structuring Elements

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A structuring element is a shape mask used inthe basic morphological operations.

They can be any shape and size that isdigitally representable, and each has an origin.

boxhexagon disk

something

box(length,width) disk(diameter)

Dilation with Structuring Element S:B+S ={ Z: (Sz)∩ B≠ Φ}

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The arguments to dilation and erosion are

1. a binary image B2. a structuring element S

dilate(B,S) takes binary image B, places the originof structuring element S over each 1-pixel, and ORsthe structuring element S into the output image atthe corresponding position.

0 0 0 00 1 1 00 0 0 0

11 1

0 1 1 00 1 1 10 0 0 0

originBS

dilate

B S

DILATIONDILATION

DILATIONDILATION

Erosion B-S ={ Z: (Sz) B}

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Erosion shrinks the connected sets of 1s of a binary image.

It can be used for

1. shrinking features

2. Removing bridges, branches and small protrusions

Erosion with Structuring Elements

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erode(B,S) takes a binary image B, places the origin of structuring element S over every pixel position, andORs a binary 1 into that position of the output image only ifevery position of S (with a 1) covers a 1 in B.

0 0 1 1 00 0 1 1 00 0 1 1 01 1 1 1 1

111

0 0 0 0 00 0 1 1 00 0 1 1 00 0 0 0 0

B S

origin

erode

B S

EROSİON:EROSİON:

IMAGE ENHANCEMENT WİTH MORPHOLOGYIMAGE ENHANCEMENT WİTH MORPHOLOGY

Example to Try

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0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

1 1 11 1 11 1 1

erode

dilate with same structuring element

SB

Opening and Closing

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• Closing is the compound operation of dilation followed by erosion (with the same structuring element)

• Opening is the compound operation of erosion followed by dilation (with the same structuring element)

Use of Opening

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Original Opening Corners

1. What kind of structuring element was used in the opening?

2. How did we get the corners?

OPENİNG AND CLOSİNGOPENİNG AND CLOSİNGOPENİNG AND CLOSİNGOPENİNG AND CLOSİNG

FINGERPRİNT RECOGNİTİONFINGERPRİNT RECOGNİTİON

HOW DO YOU REMOVE THE HOLESHole: A closed backround region surrounded by object pixels

HOW DO YOU REMOVE THE HOLESHole: A closed backround region surrounded by object pixels

Morphological Analysis for Bone detectionMorphological Analysis for Bone detection

OBJECT DETECTIONOBJECT DETECTION

BOUNDARY EXTRACTİONBoundary: A set of one-pixel-wide

connected pixels which has at least one neighbor outside the object

BOUNDARY EXTRACTİONBoundary: A set of one-pixel-wide

connected pixels which has at least one neighbor outside the object

BOUNDARY EXTRACTİONBOUNDARY EXTRACTİON

Skeleton finding:Skeleton: Set of one-pixel wide connected pixels which

are at equal distance from at least two boundary pixels

Skeleton finding:Skeleton: Set of one-pixel wide connected pixels which

are at equal distance from at least two boundary pixels

Morphological Image ProcessingMorphological Image Processing

Morphological Image ProcessingMorphological Image Processing

Morphological OperationsMorphological Operations

Morphological OperationsMorphological Operations

Gear Tooth Inspection

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originalbinary image

detecteddefects

How didthey do it?

Some Details

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Region Properties-Features

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Properties of the regions can be used to recognize objects.

• geometric properties (Ch 3)

• gray-tone properties

• color properties

• texture properties

• shape properties (a few in Ch 3)

• motion properties

• relationship properties (1 in Ch 3)

Geometric and Shape Properties

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• area:

• centroid:

• perimeter :

• perimeter length:

• circularity:

• elongation• mean and standard deviation of radial distance• bounding box• extremal axis length from bounding box• second order moments (row, column, mixed)• lengths and orientations of axes of best-fit ellipse

4. Connected Components Labeling

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Once you have a binary image, you can identify and then analyze each connected set of pixels.

The connected components operation takes in a binary image and produces a labeled image in which each pixel has the integer label of either the background (0) or a component.

binary image after morphology connected components

Methods for CC Analysis

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1. Recursive Tracking (almost never used)

2. Parallel Growing (needs parallel hardware)

3. Row-by-Row (most common)

• Classical Algorithm (see text)

• Efficient Run-Length Algorithm (developed for speed in real industrial applications)

Equivalent Labels

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0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 10 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 10 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 10 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 10 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

Original Binary Image

Equivalent Labels

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0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 3 30 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 3 3 30 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 3 3 30 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 3 3 30 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 3 3 30 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

The Labeling Process

1 21 3

Run-Length Data Structure

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1 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

0 1 2 3 401234

U N U S E D 00 0 1 00 3 4 01 0 1 01 4 4 02 0 2 02 4 4 04 1 4 0

row scol ecol label

01234567

Rstart Rend

1 23 45 60 07 7

01234 Runs

Row Index

BinaryImage

Run-Length Algorithm

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Procedure run_length_classical { initialize Run-Length and Union-Find data structures count <- 0

/* Pass 1 (by rows) */

for each current row and its previous row { move pointer P along the runs of current row move pointer Q along the runs of previous row

Case 1: No Overlap

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|/////| |/////| |////|

|///| |///| |/////|

Q

P

Q

P

/* new label */ count <- count + 1 label(P) <- count P <- P + 1

/* check Q’s next run */Q <- Q + 1

Case 2: Overlap

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Subcase 1: P’s run has no label yet

|///////| |/////| |/////////////|

Subcase 2:P’s run has a label that isdifferent from Q’s run

|///////| |/////| |/////////////|

QQ

P P

label(P) <- label(Q)move pointer(s)

union(label(P),label(Q))move pointer(s)

}

Pass 2 (by runs)

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/* Relabel each run with the name of the equivalence class of its label */For each run M { label(M) <- find(label(M)) }

}

where union and find refer to the operations of theUnion-Find data structure, which keeps track of setsof equivalent labels.

Labeling shown as Pseudo-Color

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connectedcomponentsof 1’s fromthresholdedimage

connectedcomponentsof clusterlabels

Region Adjacency Graph

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A region adjacency graph (RAG) is a graph in whicheach node represents a region of the image and an edgeconnects two nodes if the regions are adjacent.

1

2

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1 2

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