LOW FREQUENCY ELECTRO-MAGNETIC
Transcript of LOW FREQUENCY ELECTRO-MAGNETIC
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WHENDOWNTIMEISNOTANOPTIONANDSAFETYISP
LOWFREQUENCYELECTRO-MAGNETICSHIELDINGSOLUTIONS
• ShieldedCableTrays.• Shieldedbackplanesfor
TransformerandPowerrooms.
Ref.0320
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WHYSHIELDING 3
GENERALDESCRIPTION 3
SHIELDMAX 4
EFFECTOFELECTROMAGNETICFIELDSONPEOPLE 5EMFEFFECTSONELECTRONICEQUIPMENT 6EMFEFFECTSONHUMANBEINGS 7
ORIGINOFEMFANDSOURCES 8
BENEFITS 8
SHIELDINGTECHNOLOGY 9
MAGNETICFIELDLOWFREQ.:HYBRIDTECHNOLOGY 9
LIMITSANDSTANDARDS 10
MAGNETICANDELECTRICFIELDLOWFREQUENCY 10
NORMS:EN61000-4-8 10
RECOMMENDATIONS 10
NCRPDRAFTRECOMMENDATIONSONEMFEXPOSUREGUIDELINES 10
GENERALAPPLICATIONS 11
HOWTOPROTECTPEOPLEANDELECTRONICSFROMELECTROMAGNETICFIELDS 11BENEFITSOFEMCBUILDING 11
SELECTIONGUIDE 18
ATTENUATIONTEST 19
MECHANICALWEIGHTPERFORMANCE 19
OVERLAPPING 20
VENTILATION 20
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MODELS&DIMENSIONS 21
INSTALLATIONGUIDE 25
APPLICATIONSANDINSTALLATIONSEXAMPLES 26
MAGNETICANDELECTRICFIELDLOWFREQUENCY 26
SELECTIONGUIDE 27
SELECTIONGUIDE 28
MODELSANDDIMENSIONS 28
REF.NUMBER(EXAMPLE) 28
FLATANDCORNERPLANES 28
INSTALLATIONGUIDE 28
APPLICATIONSANDINSTALLATIONEXAMPLES 30
MODELSANDDIMENSIONS 31
INSTALLATIONGUIDE 32
APPLICATIONSANDINSTALLATIONEXAMPLES 35
DISTRIBUTIONLINESANDSHIELDINGCHANNELS 13
DESCRIPTIONOFSHIELDINGMATERIALS 15
CERTIFICATES 36
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TUTORIALWHYSHIELDINGGeneralDescriptionElectroMagneticFields(EMF)generatedbyhighpowercablesandbus-barsareagrowingconcernandatechnicalchallengetoConsultants,FacilityManagersandpeopleingeneral,world-wide,inmanyfacilitiesandbuildings,duetonewrestrictingEMFemissionstandardsthatlimitcontinousexposuretopeopleandmachinesduetohealthandperformanceissues.ShieldMaxtechnologyistheresultofyearsofexperienceandover500successfulinstallationsthathaveprovidedtheknow-howtostandarizehigh-performanceEMFShieldMaxproductspresentedinthiscatalog.ContinuousexposuretoLowFrequencyElectroMagneticFields(EMF),causedbyhighpowerelectricloads,ashighpowercables,alterthenormalfunctioningofelectronicequipmentandaffectshumanbeingshealth.15%ofelectronicequipmentfailures(suchasservers,electro-medical,PLCs...malfunction)orcommunicationnetworksÅLunderperformancearereportedtobecausedbyEMF.
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EMFrelatedproblemsaregrowingrapidlyasperincreasingpowerconsumptioninanybuiding,creatingmoreEMFsourcesandatthesametime,affectingmorepeople,asperspacescarcetyandproximitytosuchloads.EMFexposureislimitedbyvariouscompulsorynorms:-ElectronicequipmentandMachinery:LimitofMagneticFieldexposurebynormIEC/EN61000-4-8is3,75uT(microTeslas)andiscomplusorytoprovideanenvironmentwithlessthansuchleveltoensurethesecureandgoodperformanceofevery-day-more-sensitiveelectronicsandmachinery.NormIEC/EN61000-4-3establishesforsensitiveelectronics<1v/mlimitexposuretohighfrequencyEMF.-HumanBeings:limitofEMFcontinousexposurebyNCRPto1μT,mustbeobservedtoensurepeopleÅLssafetyandavoidanyhealthrisk.
ShieldMaxInalldomesticandbusinessenvironmentsthereareelectromagneticfieldswhichmayoccurnaturally,asaconsequenceoflightitself,orwhichmaybeartificiallygeneratedbytheextensivepresenceofelectricalplantsanddevices.Inthetwentiethcentury,environmentalexposuretoartificialelectromagneticfieldshassteadilyincreasedasaresultofahugeincreaseinenergydemand,thecontinuingdevelopmentofwirelesstechnologiesandbecauseofchangesincommunicationandworkpractices.Whenpeopleareexposedtoelectromagneticfieldstheirbodyabsorbsenergy.Thiscausesanimbalancetothebody’snaturalequilibriumand,whilethescientificand
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medicalcommunityisstilllookingforconclusiveevidence,itisimportanttoprotectpeoplefromthepossiblelong-termeffectsofelectromagneticfields.Interestinelectromagneticpollutionhasincreasedinrecentyearsasaresultofextensiveresearchandstudies.Standardsandtechnicaldocumentshavebeendraftedandspecificlawsapprovedtoprotecttheenvironmentsmostatrisk,suchastheworkplace.Itisimportantthereforethattherisktohumanhealthbeevaluatedandmeasurestakentolimitelectromagneticexposureinordertoguaranteehealthandsafetyatwork.Aswellaspossibleeffectsonhumanhealth,electromagneticfieldscancreatedisturbanceandcauseinterferencewithelectronicequipment.Europeanlegislationhasthereforesetlimitstoguaranteetheadequateandsafeperformanceofinstruments.Asaresult,theuseofappropriatescreeningsystemsisessentialinallindustrialprocessesthatinvolvehighcurrentintensityortheuseofintenseelectricormagneticfields.ThisistoprotectbothworkersandelectricequipmentneartothefieldsourcesEffectofElectromagneticFieldsonPeopleElectricandmagneticfieldsthatvaryovertimeinteractwiththeelectricallychargedparticleswhichmatterismadeof.Ofparticularinterestistheinteractionwithbiologicalsystemsrangingfrombasiccellularstructurestocomplexorganismssuchasplantsandanimals.Toproperlyquantifytheenergyabsorbedbyamaterial,especiallybyhumantissue,dosimetricquantitiesareused.Dosimetryexpressesthecurrentandpowerdensityandtheenergyabsorbedperunitareaorvolumeasdefinedbelow:•Currentdensity‘J’:isthecurrentflowingthroughacrosssectionofaconductorsuchasthehumanbodyorapartofit.ItismeasuredintermsofA/m2.•Densityofpower‘S’:isusedforveryhighfrequencytypesofcurrentwheredepthofpenetrationissmall.ItiscalculatedastheradiantpowerperpendiculartoasurfacedividedbythesamesurfaceareaandisexpressedinW/m2.•Specificenergyabsorption‘SA’:isdefinedastheenergyabsorbedperunitofmassofbiologicaltissueandisexpressedinJoule/kg.•SpecificAbsorptionRateofenergy‘SAR’:Thisistherateofabsorptionofenergyperunitmassofbodytissueaveragedovertheentirebodyorspecificpartsofit.Itisusedtoassessandeventuallylimitexcessiveenergydepositioninsmallpartsofthebodyresultingfromparticularexposureconditions.BothSAR,averagedoverthewholebody,aswellaslocalbodypartvaluesareused.ItismeasuredinW/kg.
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Thequantitiesmentionedaboveareusedasreferencestomeasuretheeffectsonthehumanbodyandtodefineexposurelimits.These,however,cannotbemeasureddirectlyontheindividualexposedtoassesstheintensityofradiation.Instead,measurablephysicalquantities
EMFEffectsonElectronicEquipment
1. Electromigration:causebrokenstripsandcommunicationproblems.
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2. HotElectronEffect:inducedtransients,provokelogicerrorsanddestroytransistors.
3. AntennaeEffect:EMFInterferenceandsomeoftheelectronsareradiated,transformingthenarrowstripinanantenna.
4. ImageDistortion
5. Hardwaredegradationanddestruction.EMFEffectsonHumanBeings-U.V.Radiations:skinproblems(reductionofLangerhanscells)andeyes.-InfraredRadiations:thermaleffects-Radiofrequency(R.F.):thermaleffectsandbioelectricinterferences,genetictransmissionproblems,nervousandheartsystem.Somerelevantstudiesconductedtodate:-NationalInstituteofOccupationalHealth(MagneticFieldsandCancer:cellularstudy.BoHolmberg):researchoncancertumorsandEMFexposure.-DivisionofBiomedicalandBehavioralSciences,NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth(OSHA)(Cincinnati)MagneticFieldexpositioninskincells,J.Snawder,R.Edwards):researchontumorandmagneticfieldsof100μTovera14dayperiod.-ElectricPowerResearchInstitute(PaloAlto)(MagneticFieldsandAnimalCells,J.Mc.Cann,R.Kavet,C.Rafferrty):researchontumorandmagneticfield.
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Note:AlthoughnoneofthestudiesconductedtodatecanabsolutelycorrelateEMFandhumanhealtheffects.ShieldMaxstronglyrecommendstoapplytheALARA(AsLowAsReasonableAchievable)principleinaccordancewithNCRPrecomendation.
OriginofEMFandSourcesMagneticandElectricFieldLowFrequency(0Hz–100kHz)MagneticFields:-Transformers-LowVoltageCabinets-LowVoltageLines(includingBus-barandSubwaycables)-HighVoltageLines(aerial,underground)-Railwayslines,SubwayLines-UPS-Others:lightning,engines,electricalheaters,...ElectricField:-HighVoltageLinesElectricFieldHighFrequency(100kHz-10GHz)-Radars,Radioemitters,MobilePhoneSubstations,ACDrives
BenefitsEnsuretheaccomplishmentofcompulsoryEMFlimitstandardsandprovidesecurityandsafetyofanyequipmentorpeoplenearby:-Cabletrays(providingshieldingandpowerdistributionatthesametime)-Switchcabinets-TransformersBy-Fullystandardizedproducts.-Specialsolutionsuponrequest.-Providessecureenvironmentforelectronicequipmentandmachineryandforpeople.-CertifiedEMFshieldingperformanceaccordingtoIECstandards.-Suitedtoanysortofbuildingandapplications:Officevbuildings,Hospitals,vSemiconductorplants,...-Completeturn-keysolutionfromonesinglecatalogvandsource(trays,fasteners,supports,...)-Easytoinstall.-Suitedtoinstallinhorizontalorverticalcablerisers.-Shield-Trayprovidesconvenientair-coolingtocables.-Variousmodels,sizesandShieldingperformancesuitedtodifferentneedsandapplications.-Maximumsafety
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-Easytoselect.-Shield-TraysegmentsoverlappedtominimizeEMFleakbyBelttechnique.-Documentedcertification.-CEmarked.-Earthingconnectionpoints.-Heavydutyconstruction.-Warranty10years.-Anti-rusttreatment
ShieldingTechnologyMagneticFieldLowFreq.:HybridTechnology
ShieldMaxSolutionconsistsofacost-effectivehybridshieldingtechnologythatbythecombinationofhigh-permeabilityandhighconductivitymaterialsproduceadoubleeffectofEMFabsortionminimizingtheresidualmagneticfieldbyan“eddycurrent”effectthatpushesbacktheresidualfieldback-in.Asmartdesign,thatoverlapsallcabletraysegmentsminimizesanyEMFleakage.
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LimitsandStandardsMagneticandElectricFieldLowFrequency
Norms:EN61000-4-8
RecommendationsNCRPDraftRecommendationsonEMFExposureGuidelinesHerebelowisrepoducedSection8oftheJune13,1995,draftofthereportofNCRP(NationalCouncilRadiationofProtection)ScientificCommittee89-3onExtremelyLowFrequencyElectricandMagneticFields,whichcontainsitsconclusionsandrecommendations.
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GeneralApplicationsHowtoprotectpeopleandelectronicsfromElectroMagneticFields
BenefitsofEMCBuildingCompleteprotectionto:
• Hardware:electronicsdestruction,degradation,screenflickering,harddiskcdamage,..
• Software:dataloss,datacorruption,networkspeeddecrease,..• HumanBeings:shortandlongtermdiseases,headache,migraine,child
leukemia..
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OutputofMV/LVTransformersOneofthemaincausesofmagneticfieldexposureinMV/LVelectricalsubstationsisrepresentedbytheoutputoftheLVtransformer.AsshowninFig2,theoutputisequivalenttothethreesectionsoftheconductorwhicharespacedoutthesamedistanceastheterminalsofthetransformer(D)onthetransformerside.Theyareclosertogether(d)ontheotherside,wheretheyformthebundleofcablesdirectedtowardtheLVdistributionsubstation.Theheightofthecablesisaparameterthatcanvarydependingontheinstallationmode.Thedistancesonthedifferentaxis(withreferencetoFig2)whenmagneticinductionisequalto3μT(qualitytarget)havebeencalculatedonthebasisofthenominalpowerandthereforeonthebasisofthesecondaryLVcurrents.
TheresultsareshowninTables1,2and3respectivelyforx,yandz.ItisclearfromthetablesthattheoutputLVisasubstantialpollutantcomponentandthatinthecaseofmajorpowersuppliesthedistancesaffectedcanbesignificantlymorethan10metres.Whensubstationsarelocatedinthevicinityofcivilian,commercialorindustrialsettingswherethequalitytargetmustbesatisfied,itisnecessarytoimplementshieldingsystemsforalmostallpowersupplylevels.
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DistributionLinesandShieldingChannelsUnipolarpowercablesarecommonlyusedforhighcurrentdistributionlinesinindustrialandcivilianenvironments.Aclassicexampleisthepowersupplyofairconditioningsystemengineswhereitiscommontofindmorecablesusedinparallel,addingtothousandsofamperes.Theexposurelevelcausedbyinductionisclearlytobekeptwithinthequalitytarget(3μT),butsometimesmorestringentlimitsarerequired(0.1μTnearelectronicmicroscopesforexample).
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Figure3showsthecolouredmapofthemagneticinductionofathree-phaselinewith400mm2cableswithanampacityof605A.Itcanbeseenthatinordertostaybelow3μTthedistancefromthecentreofthelineisabout1.4m.Table4showsthebufferzonevaluesassociatedwiththeinductionof3μTforlinesupto2000Aconsistingofsinglecorecablesinparallel.
Shieldingchannelshaveahighshieldingperformancewithanaveragescreenfactorofapprox30.Figure4showsacolouredmapofthemagneticinductionofathree-phaselinewith400mm2cableswithanampacityof605A.Thecomparisonwithinductionlevelsintheabsenceofshieldingisobvious.Thereductioninlevelsofinductioninvolvesasignificantreductioninbufferzones.Table5showsthebandswithrespecttothedifferentlinesinsertedintotheshieldingchannelwhileFigure4showsthecomparisonbetweenthebufferstripswithandwithoutchannelshielding.
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DescriptionofShieldingMaterialsMitigationofthemagneticfluxdensityisachievedforbothshieldingplatesandshieldingchannelsbyaffixing
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magneticshieldsmadeoftwodifferentmaterials:•Materialwithhighmagneticpermeability.•Materialwithhighelectricalconductivity.Theeffectofincorporatingbothmaterialsisclearlyvisiblefromsimulationscarriedoutusingspecificsoftwarethatallowsviewingtheevolutionofthefieldlinesfortheshieldingmaterialswhentheyareaffectedbyamagneticfieldgeneratedbyacoil.Figure5whichalsoshowstheprogressofthefieldlinesintheabsenceofashieldingsystemclearlydemonstratestheeffectivenessoftheshieldingmaterials:
Thelayerofmaterialwithhighmagneticpermeabilityeliminatesmagneticinductionthroughabsorptionofthemagneticfield.Itsbehaviourissimilartoashielding“umbrella”asprotectionfromtheintensityofthemagneticfieldcanbeveryhighclose
totheshield,buttendstodecreaseawayfromit.
Thelayerofmaterialwithhighelectricalconductivityinthepresenceofavariablemagneticfield(inductionfield)becomesthesiteofcurrentmovement,whichinturngeneratesamagneticfieldofreaction(inducedfield).Thecombinedeffectsofthefields,inductionandinduced,resultsinareductionintheoveralltotalmagneticfield.
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Thelayerofmaterialwithhighelectricalconductivityinthepresenceofavariablemagneticfield(inductionfield)becomesthesiteofcurrentmovement,whichinturngeneratesamagneticfieldofreaction(inducedfield).Thecombinedeffectsofthefields,inductionandinduced,resultsinareductionintheoveralltotalmagneticfield.
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ShieldedTrays(Power&Data)Selectionguide
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AttenuationTest
MechanicalWeightPerformance
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DesignHighlights
Overlapping
Ventilation
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Models&Dimensions
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Installationguide
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ApplicationsandInstallationsExamplesMagneticandElectricFieldLowFrequency
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ShieldedBackplanesSelectionguide
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SelectionguideModelsandDimensions(alldimensionsinmm)
Ref.Number(example)Flatandcornerplanes
InstallationGuideInstallationmethoddependsonwallmaterial.Ifwallismadeofbrickorconcrete,shieldingpanelswillbefixeddirectlytowallwithscrews.Incaseofwallismadeofgypsumwall,panelsmustbefixedwithscrewsandspecialnuts.NOTE:Panelsmustbeconnectedtogroundwith25mm2copperwire.
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ApplicationsandInstallationExamplesMagneticandElectricFieldLowFrequency
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ShieldedTransformersCagesSelectionGuide
ModelsandDimensions
Ref.Number(example)
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InstallationGuideThereare3differentkindofinstallationsforshieldingtransformers:-Wallprotection(side)-Ceilingprotection-Completeprotection(wallsandceiling)
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*Selfstandingstructurequotedunderrequest
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ApplicationsandInstallationExamples
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Certificates
SHIELDINGPERFORMANCECERTIFICATE