GRAVITATIONAL BREMSSTRAHLUNG IN ULTRA-PLANCKIAN COLLISIONS Theodore Tomaras University of Crete.
LOW-ENERGY SUPERSYMMETRY: REVIEW AND CURRENT STATUS · 2019. 11. 17. · - Local supersymmetry...
Transcript of LOW-ENERGY SUPERSYMMETRY: REVIEW AND CURRENT STATUS · 2019. 11. 17. · - Local supersymmetry...
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LOW-ENERGY SUPERSYMMETRY: REVIEW AND CURRENT STATUS
july 20, 2016 IFIN-HH
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E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
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Outline 1) Motivations for low-energy Supersymmetry - The hierarchy problem - Dark Matter - Unification of gauge couplings - Cosmology, Supergravity and String Theory 2) Supersymmetry breaking: scales and models 3) The supersymmetric flavor problem - Flavor and inverted hierarchy/natural SUSY in MSSM 4) Expectations and experimental constraints - SUSY constraints from LHC searches and Higgs mass 5) Perspectives
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E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
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1) Motivations low-energy supersymmetry
• In july 2012, LHC discovered the last missing brick of the Standard Model, the Higgs boson.
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• It seems to be a scalar of mass close to 125 GeV. There are many important questions: - do the couplings to Standard Model (SM) particles exactly
match that of the minimal SM one with a Higgs doublet ?
- c= 1 at tree-level in the SM
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• There are light elementary fermions in nature, protected by chiral symmetries Ex: In QED
• Before Higgs boson discovery the only known light scalars were fermionic bound states (mesons).
• QUESTION : Is it the first fundamental scalar in nature ?
ÃR ! ei®ÃR ; ÃL ! e¡i®ÃL
±me = 3®4¼me ln ¤2
m2e
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• Are fundamental scalars required by fundamental symmetries or principles ?
YES, SUPERSYMMETRY Fermions Bosons Unbroken SUSY Broken SUSY, TeV splittings = Low-energy SUSY
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mF = mB
L = LSUSY + Lsoft
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‘Soft’ terms: scalar (squarks,sleptons,higgs masses) gaugino masses A-terms B-term Higgs sector
m20j~qj2M1=2¸¸Au~q~uh2
B¹h1h2
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E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
Standard Model MSSM Higgs doublet Two Higgs doublets v.e.v. vev’s ,
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SUSY interactions 9
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a) The hierarchy problem (mis?)guided BSM physics for the last 30 years. Quantum corrections to the Higgs mass in The SM are UV sensitive
E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
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Low-energy Supersymmetry naturally adresses some of the mysteries of the SM:
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In SUSY models, cancelation between fermionic and bosonic loops removes the UV sensitivity
E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
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b) The missing Dark Matter Candidate: LSP (Ligthest Supersymmetric Particle=WIMP), protected by R-parity ? (Fayet), R=1 (SM particles), R = -1 (superpartners)
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c) Gauge coupling unification (Dimopoulos,Raby,Wilczek) around very close to the energy scale during inflation. Coincidence ??? 2£ 1016 GeV
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d) Cosmology, Supergravity and String Theory - Local supersymmetry implies Einstein gravity
- Inflation with super-Planckian field variations need an UV description String Theory - Supersymmetry crucial ingredient in String Theory - SUSY-GUTS seem a right framework for inflation. E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
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Typical low-energy SUSY (MSSM) predictions: - Higgs mass < 130 GeV - TeV-scale superpartners: squarks,sleptons,gluinos, higgsinos,neutralinos, 4 additional Higgs scalars. However, at tree level need large radiative corrections : some superpartners may be heavy. - Missing energy signatures (LPS’s) from the LSP
I think that low-energy SUSY is the only known framework naturally incorporating a),b) , c) + d) simultaneously.
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E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
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2) Transmission of supersymmetry breaking: mass scales and models
• Analogy electroweak symm. breaking SUSY breaking Order Parameter Goldstone (goldstino) particles Gauge fields (gravitino)
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G§; G0 G®
W§; Z ª®¹
Supersymmetry breaking is the key question: its origin and transmission to Standard Model fields.
E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
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- Gravity mediation: Planck-suppressed interactions between the hidden and the observable sector generate soft terms of order . Here Simplest scenario: minimal Supergravity (mSUGRA) : - all scalar masses equal - all gaugino masses equal - All trilinear terms equal Potential flavor (FCNC) problems
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m~q = m~l = ¢ ¢ ¢ = m0
m¸3= m¸2
= m¸1= M1=2
A0
m3=2 » TeV
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Here
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E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
Gaugino and scalar soft masses in gauge mediation
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There are no perturbative models with It is however possible to use strong dynamics (holographic models) such that In this case, insisting on (non-linear) supersymmetry instead of explicit breaking (soft-breaking terms) leads to additional dynamics (Antoniadis,ED,Ghilencea,Tziveloglou,2010). Ex: Higgs potential is modified, Higgs mass can be increased
- Low-scale dynamics
V = VMSSM + 1f2 jm2
1jh1j2 + m22jh2j2 + B¹h1h2j2
E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique,
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Mini-split SUSY models
Most « economic » versions of split-SUSY with: - scalar masses at 100-1000 TeV , of the order the gravitino
mass
- gaugino masses in the TeV range (loop suppressed , anomaly mediation)
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E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique,
• Split SUSY This is realized for high-scale SUSY breaking and approximate R-symmetries (Arkani-Hamed,Dimopoulos, 2004) - Long-lived gluinos, displaced vertices.
- Split, mini-split and high-scale SUSY
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• High-scale SUSY
LHC is pushing SUSY bounds. Perhaps soon time to abandon low-energy supersymmetry and contemplate fine-tuned theories ?
Maybe a hint towards a (more) perturbative SUSY breaking in string theory
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Higgs scalar mass versus scalar masses in split and high-scale SUSY models ( from Giudice-Strumia (2011))
E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
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Flavor transitions (FCNC) in the Standard Model are protected by the GIM mechanism FCNC transitions , etc are very weak, protected by the : - Unitarity of CKM matrix, GIM mechanism - Hierarchical structure of - Smallness of neutrino masses
This protection is lost in most of extensions of the SM. In SUSY models, FCNC are suppressed if: i) The three generations of squarks/sleptons are very degenerate or ii) Some squarks/sleptons are very heavy (> TeV )
VCKM
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3) The SUSY Flavor Problem
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E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
K0 ¡K0 - mixing in the SM
- In the MSSM: strong constraints from and ¢mK ²K
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¹ ! e° in the SM and MSSM
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- Naturalness, natural SUSY spectra Corrections to Higgs mass in SUSY
Electroweak scale natural for light higgsinos,gluinos,stops and L-handed sbottom:
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- Inverted hierarchy/Natural SUSY
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Old scenario, became popular because of LHC constraints: - third generations squarks (light stops) - First two generation scalars much heavier (10-15 TeV). They affect little the tuning of the electroweak scale.
This is natural in flavor models and holographic constructions. Simplest constructions: 1) U(1) gauged, spontaneously broken flavor symmetry (Froggatt-Nielsen,79). Yukawa matrices given by
and are charges of left-handed quarks, etc.
E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
Yukawa couplings
qi
where
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E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
The origin of such higher-dimensional operators can be : - Mixing with heavy fermions:
- Operators present in String Theory
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Quarks masses and mixings are given by ( ,etc)
Good fit to to data larger charges for the lighter generations
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E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique, Facing the scalar sector 2013
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.
scalar masses are of the form
then an inverted hierarchy is generated.
If D-term dominates,
Gauge anomalies constraints on the charges
F-term contributions to scalar masses.
Also D-term contributions; so
This can be realized in explicit models (E.D.,Pokorski,Savoy; Binetruy,E.D.; Dvali,Pomarol,94-96)
Obs: 1-2 generations cannot be too heavy, otherwise tachyonic stops (Pomarol,Tommasini;Arkani-Hamed,Murayama)
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FCNC constrain seriously these models : need degeneracy between first two generations of squarks/sleptons
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where
In such flavor models very large ! One can avoid this if D-term contributions are large and equal for 1,2 generations
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There is a challenge to explain simultaneously fermion masses and FCNC within one flavour theory !
But then squark mass not protected by the U(1) symmetry m212
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Without flavor symmetries one needs m > 1000 – 100.000 TeV !
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SUSY constraints from LHC searches and the Higgs mass
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E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
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- LHC direct SUSY searches and Higgs mass set new limits on superpartner masses for simple (simplified) SUSY models
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Bounds on « Natural SUSY » models
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Direct gluino production
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Popular models: CMSSM, minimal gauge mediation have more difficulties in accomodating the data : It is important to theoretically analyze and experimentally search for non-minimal SUSY models. Signatures and constraints can change significantly if : - Missing energy signatures difficult if NSLP close in mass to its superpartner or the LSP - R-parity violation models - colored particles production suppressed in Dirac gaugino extensions of MSSM (G.Kribbs,A.Martin)
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Perspectives 41
E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
SUSY still the best option nature has to address misteries of the Standard Model. Alternatives (Xtra dims/strong dynamics) are more constrained by data. Popular SUSY models are more tuned; stringent limits from
LHC searches and flavor physics. But no reason to reduce low-energy SUSY to MSSM; even less to its simplest incarnations (CMSSM, mGMSB).
Theories of fermion masses generate flavor-dependent soft
terms. Inverted hierarchy/natural SUSY arises naturally in flavor models . Signatures in flavour physics ? (B,D mesons
mixings and decays)
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There are alternatives (Dirac gaugino models) that can suppress coloured particle production and FCNC.
If no sign of SUSY at LHC14, maybe nature did chose other options, with fine-tuning :
- (mini)split SUSY, with very heavy scalars. - high-scale SUSY or just SM until GeV or , as
suggested by the (meta)stability of the Higgs potential in SM.
E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
1012 MP
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THANK YOU
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Backup slides
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(More) Natural SUSY models: - Natural SUSY/inverted hierarchy/split families : light stops,gluinos,higgsinos (TeV) heavier 1,2 generations (10-15 TeV) - Extended scalar and/gauge sector (ex: NMSSM) - RPV models (ex. baryonic RPV, operators UDD) - Dirac gauginos - Spectrum more degenerate/decays stealthy… (Less) Natural SUSY theories : - Mini-split/Spread SUSY models - Split SUSY models: - High-scale SUSY
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Large stop mixing can be generated from RG running (M. Badziak et al, 2012; Brummer et al, 2012.)
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Inverted hierarchy can also be realized in field theory: - SUSY(SUGRA) RS 5d warped models - flavored (higgsed) gauge mediation.
Some string comments: - Natural SUSY/Inverted hierarchy in string theory - Anomalous U(1)’s in all string theories and F-theory, flavor dependent + additional discrete symmetries - Different localization of the third generation versus the first two ones: twisted/untwisted fields, varying fluxes - Some recent attempts to compute flavor structure of soft terms (Blumenhagen,Deser,Lust; Camara,E.D.,Palti; Camara,Ibanez,Valuenzuela).
E. Dudas – E. Polytechnique
- Dirac gauginos are natural in intersecting brane models (Antoniadis,Benakli,Delgado,Quiros and Tuckmantel)
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Some simple flavor models we are considering: - One U(1) models with alignment; ex. charges Squark mass matrices are and quark rotations are
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