Minimizing Server Throughput for Low-Delay Live Streaming in Content Delivery Networks
Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider...
-
date post
20-Jan-2016 -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider...
![Page 1: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Low Energy Building Design Strategy
![Page 2: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Low Carbon Design Aim
• “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible in the building’s construction and operation
• whilst providing a healthy comfortable building that meets the occupant’s requirements”
• we need a coherent design and evaluation strategy to help us achieve this!
![Page 3: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Building & Systems Design
• meeting the needs of occupants (comfort, utility, etc.) whilst considering environmental impact and meeting a host of other sustainability and legal criteria means that building design is a complex process
• fundamentally a building a complex, integrated energy system
• it will not “work” unless properly designed and analysed
• the majority of buildings in the UK are poorly designed: poor occupant comfort, high energy consumption, reliant on systems to overcome basic design faults
• as a start we need to prioritise our design activities …
![Page 4: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Design Hierarchy for Low Energy Performance
Form & Fabric
Efficient Systems & Operation
LZC Energy Supplies• Impact on final energy
performance
demand reduction
energy supplies
![Page 5: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Design Hierarchy for Low Energy Performance• the point of the previous slide is that the 1st
priority in a low-energy building design should be:
- maximise the energy efficiency of the building by designing out the need for energy consuming systems (heating, cooling, lighting, etc.)
- maximise the energy efficiency of conventional energy consuming systems
- supply/offset energy demands using local zero-carbon sources
![Page 6: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
New Build Design Hierarchy for Low Energy
• without radically reducing the demand of a building (in comparison to the present-day standards) it would be almost impossible to achieve zero carbon operation
![Page 7: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Demand Reduction Example
![Page 8: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Demand Reduction Example
![Page 9: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Demand Reduction Example
![Page 10: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Demand Reduction
• All buildings have up to 4 basic energy needs:
![Page 11: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Demand Reduction
• before deciding on what demand reduction measures it is worth looking at the demands themselves
• enables reduction measures to be prioritised
• as new build regulations change so energy efficiency priorities will change
• thermal electrical
![Page 12: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Space Heating
• in northern Europe the predominant load in buildings is space heating
• … also the load that can be most effectively tackled
• there are a range of options available depending upon whether a design project is new build or retrofit
• however the basic aims are: – minimise heat loss rate to the
environment (fabric and infiltration)– maximise useful ‘free’ heat gains
![Page 13: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Space Heating
Qf - fabric
Qi - infiltration
Qs - solar
Q g -
gain
s
ifhgs
n
x xr QQQQQQ
dt
dC 1
Qh - heat
![Page 14: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Space Heating
• insulation (walls, windows, doors)
• reduction of infiltration– high quality construction, draft
stripping– MVHR
• maximise useful solar gain– positioning of glazing (south
facing)
![Page 15: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Space Heating
• overall demand reduction measures are one of the most cost-effective ways to reduce carbon emissions – particularly in older buildings/retrofit projects
• Source: EST
![Page 16: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Space Heating
1
10
100
1000
Insulation PV
Savings ratio £/tonne (over 30-year life)
![Page 17: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Space Cooling
• in warmer weather or climates or buildings with high internal heat gains we need space cooling not heating
• note we may have a building that has one set of requirements in winter (minimise heating) and another in summer (minimise cooling) – continental climate
• this tends to be an electrical load, electricity is used for compressors and pumps in the cooling system
• basic aims are:– minimise heat gains from the environment (fabric,
infiltration, solar)
– minimise internal heat gains
– make use of thermal inertia and ‘free’ cooling when available
![Page 18: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Space Cooling
Qs - solar
Q g -
gain
s
ifcgs
n
x xr QQQQQQ
dt
dC 1
Qi - infiltration
Qf - fabric
Qc - cooling
![Page 19: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Space Cooling
• shading (prevent solar radiation getting in)
• reflect solar (albedo)• bring in air from outside when T<Ti
• … otherwise prevent unwanted infiltration
• MVHR• insulation (prevent heat gains
through walls)• make use of thermal mass (plus
free cooling)• … or more exotic strategies
– ground cooling– evaporative cooling
![Page 20: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Space Cooling
• the use of exposed thermal mass is typically employed in buildings (or spaces) likely to experience overheating:
– sunspaces
– areas of high occupancy
– areas with high equipment loads
• thermal mass acts like a sponge – absorbing surplus heat during the day and releasing the heat during the evening
• however to work effectively the release of heat in the evenings needs to be encouraged through flushing of the air inside the building
![Page 21: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Space Cooling
insulation
exposed mass
daytime: Te > Tm
insulation
exposed mass
evening: Te < Tm
ventilation air
Qs - solar
![Page 22: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Space Cooling
Thermal Mass Temps.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hours
Tem
per
atu
re (
C)
Ambient
Air Temp
Mass Temp
start of night flushend of night flushheat release from mass
heat gain by mass
![Page 23: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Space Cooling
• useful in preventing overheating however:
– slow response to plant input
– more difficult to accurately control internal conditions (plant pre-heat required)
– risk of under-heating on colder mornings
– surface condensation risk
![Page 24: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Space Cooling
• thermally massive buildings are highly dynamic thermal systems
• typically rely on thermal modelling to gauge the effects on performance
• … particularly when also dealing with night flush, etc.
![Page 25: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Space Cooling
• testing thermal mass + night flush strategy with ESP-r
![Page 26: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Hot Water
• hot water use is very building dependent– very little in offices/shops– medium sized load in dwellings– big load in hotels/hospitals
• there are a variety of measures to reduce the associate energy load
• ‘good housekeeping’:– reducing hot water temperature 60→45oC– Why do we need to supply hot water at 60oC?!
(scalding risk)– to eliminate legionella, just occasionally raise
tank temp to 60oC or use chemical or UV dosing
![Page 27: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Hot Water
• technology “fixes”: – storage tank and pipe insulation – more efficient heating devices
(heat pumps, condensing gas boilers)
– aerating taps and nozzles (reduce flow of water)
– time limited taps/shower valves (prevent waste)
– ‘grey water’ heat recovery
![Page 28: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Electricity
• as with hot water there are two main strategies for the reduction in use of electricity
• ‘good housekeeping’:– switching appliances off when
not used (better control– avoiding ‘standby’ mode– awareness of energy use ‘smart
meters’
![Page 29: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Demand Reduction: Electricity
• Technology “fixes”:– low-energy appliances
(lighting, entertainment, heating, cooling ….)
– low energy fans and pumps (motors)
– daylight responsive lighting– occupancy sensors in
rooms– ‘active’ smart metering
(demand management)
![Page 30: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Energy Supplies
• there are two main needs – heat and electricity (electricity could also supply heating/cooling needs)
• as with demands – available resources need to be analysed before deciding on appropriate supply measures
• … these should be appropriate for the demand of the building!
![Page 31: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Energy Supplies
• available ‘renewable’ resources are entirely location dependent
![Page 32: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Zero Carbon Electricity
• photovoltaics (PV) (solar resource)
• biomass CHP (biomass resource)
• SWECS (wind resource)
![Page 33: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Low Carbon Electricity
• CHP (usually gas powered)– to achieve ‘zero carbon’ operation, resulting CO2 emissions
need to be offset by a zero carbon source
![Page 34: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Zero Carbon Heat
• solar thermal (solar resource)
• biomass boiler (biomass resource)
![Page 35: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Low Carbon Heat
• CHP (gas powered)• Heat pumps (electricity)• … energy consumption
needs to be offset by zero carbon sources
![Page 36: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Evaluating Options...
• there is a wide range of options for demand reduction and energy supplies
• how to choose between them?
• this requires performance evaluation
• this is an integral, iterative part of the evolution of a building design
• this type of design model requires feedback (data) on the likely performance of a system ….
![Page 37: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Selecting/designing a system
design team
design process
support environment
selection
implications
![Page 38: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Performance Evaluation
• an appropriate support environment for the building design process is building environmental simulation
• simulation is the mathematical modelling of a building operating in realistic dynamic conditions
• allows the design team to assess environmental performance (human comfort, energy consumption, emissions, etc.)
![Page 39: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Technical Assessment
• simulation enables a design team to make informed choices on a likely system’s performance accounting for the complex interactions
between the fabric-occupants and systems
![Page 40: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Technical Assessment
Mathematical model Performance assessment
![Page 41: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Exercise – James Weir Building
![Page 42: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Exercise – James Weir Building
• develop a “strategy” that would improve the James Weir Building
• this is one of the main teaching buildings in the University – yet is also one of the poorest energy performers, with exceptionally high electricity and space heating demand
• in addition – certain areas of the building (computer labs, lecture spaces in summer) over heat!!
![Page 43: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Exercise – James Weir Building
• What could we do to improve this building?
• think about – • the characteristics of the building• uses of the building• constraints on improving energy
performance• feasible improvement measures• costs of improvement measures• ranking improvement measures
![Page 44: Low Energy Building Design Strategy. Low Carbon Design Aim “minimizing the impact on the wider environment through consuming the minimum resources possible.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649d2d5503460f94a035cb/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Group 1 ANDERSON CRAIG Group 5 BURNS NICHOLAS FARGE YANNICK CHARTON AURELIE CORALIE LOWE GRAEME KENNETH LAINE PIERRE SERRI GAUTHIER MCDAID MORNA
Group 2 ARMOUR CRAIG ALEXANDER Group 6 BERGE MAXIME BRESLIN MARC COCHRANE NEIL FLATMAN ROSS LAMBOT HELENE PASCALINE ANDREE LUNDBERG EBBA MENSAH CLAUDE TOSELLI ALESSANDRA
Group 7 WILSON TOM Group 3 ARTHUR SAMUEL DEMANGE SIMON
BELTAGUI HODA LAVIER BERTRAND GAUDISSART SIMON MICHEL MAURICE RAIHAN HASHIR MACDONALD MICHAEL BICEGO MATHIEU Group 8 BONEY ADAM
DENOMME CHARLOTTE MARIE STEPHANIE Group 4 BARTON ROSS LLAMBIAS SEGOLENE
CASSELS FRASER RUTNOWSKI BENOIT HANROT ASTRID MACGREGOR GRAEME ZAMBEAUX AMELIE