Low Carbon Draft Plan Full 20140310

8/12/2019 Low Carbon Draft Plan Full 20140310

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BC3145

Low Carbon AucklandAucklands Energy Resilience and LowCarbon Action Plan

Toit te whenua, toit te tangata

March 2014

Find out more: phone 09 301 0101

or visit www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz


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Mayors foreword

The Auckland Plan lays the foundation for Aucklands transformation into a highly energy

resilient, low carbon city through a focus on green growth. It sets a bold target of reducing

greenhouse gas emissions by 40 per cent by 2040.

That was my position in our discussion document on how we could achieve this target and

nothing has changed. We have now worked with over 150 committed businesses and

organisations in a number of workstreams through an intensive time, focusing on the

transformation areas you will see in this draft action plan. These workstreams have

developed a plan for Auckland for all of us, whether your focus is business, personal or

community effort and here it is for you to review and comment on.

The council will lead by example but there are many leaders in this field in Auckland, and

through working together we will make substantial progress.

We know that achieving this target will do more than just reducing some abstract amount of

carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. It will give our children cleaner air and better quality

houses. It will also encourage and support the huge range of industries and technologies

that are emerging to meet this high resilience, low carbon challenge. This means more

employment for Auckland, and more giant strides towards being the worlds most

liveable city.

Now is the time.

Mayor Len Brown


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Steering Group

The Auckland Plan committed Auckland Council to develop, together with key industries and

partners, a strategy for transitioning Auckland to a liveable, low carbon future.

The Steering Group was established in early 2012 for that purpose. We represent industry,

non-government organisations and academia, supported by officials from Auckland Council

and its council-controlled organisations. The Mayor chairs a separate Advisory Group to

oversee our work.

From its inception, Low Carbon Auckland has been conceived as a plan for Auckland, not

an Auckland Council plan. It is not limited to the actions the council intends to make

Auckland the worlds most liveable city. To develop it, we

established a number of workstreams, drawing on the

wisdom and experience of over 150 people, firms and

organisations. Many of the people and businesses ofAuckland were already taking the initiative to reduce their

impact on our physical environment. We therefore had much

existing work on which to draw.

While the long-term (30-year) vision of an energy resilient

and low carbon Auckland is clearly set out in this action plan,

the plan can only provide a rough sketch of the actions

needed to achieve that vision. The world is dynamic and new

technologies, approaches and opportunities will arise. We

will continue to identify, research and monitor such changes

to ensure we are highly informed and responsive to new and

emerging issues.

One thing we are sure of is that there is no silver bullet that will secure the vision. Rather,

action across a wide range of fronts from how families heat their homes, through to the

application of multi-billion dollar clean technologies, to everything in-between

will be needed.

We recognise that many people are already taking responsibility and making a difference in

developing an energy resilient and low carbon Auckland. But it would be a mistake to simply

publish the plan and hope. The multi-faceted, multi-player and multi-action nature of thetransformations outlined in this action plan will require ongoing stewardship if they are to

happen. It must continue to grow and develop through time.

We commend the action plan to you.


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Executive summary

Auckland has a vision to become the worlds most liveable city. Energy resilience securing

sustained access to clean, efficient and affordable energy and reducing our greenhouse

gas (GHG) emissions are critical to this vision.

A fast-growing population, climate uncertainty, scarce resources, volatile fossil fuel prices

and dependence on imported energy are just some of the challenges and opportunities that

call for decisive action and innovation.

Transport and electricity account for around two-thirds of Aucklands emissions. Unless we

intervene, our emissions could increase by 46 per cent by 2025 and energy use by 65 per

cent in 2040. The Auckland Plans aspirational target is to achieve a 40 per cent reduction in

GHGs by 2040 (based on 1990 levels).

To reduce GHG emissions emissions by around 5.3 million tonnes, Auckland must transformfrom a fossil fuel-dependent, high energy-using, high waste society to a mobile, quality,

compact city.

Low Carbon Auckland envisions a city with a prosperous eco-economy powered by

efficient, affordable, clean energy and using sustainable resources. Thisdraftaction plan

sets out a 30-year pathway and a 10-year plan that will guide the first stage of the citys

transformation towards this low carbon, energy resilient future. It identifies five key areas:

1. the way we travel

2. the way we use and generate energy

3. our built environment and green infrastructure

4. Zero Waste

5. forestry, agriculture and natural carbon assets.

Achieving the interim targets in this plan demands a significant shift from business as usual.

Key actions include reducing the demand for travel and fuel consumption through

encouraging active modes of travel and public transport use, switching to alternative fuels,

accelerated uptake of local renewable energy generation, smart grid networks and

sustainable homes and buildings. New initiatives planned include trialling a warrant of fitness

for rental properties, a city-wide organic waste collection scheme and an enabling regulatory

framework in the Unitary Plan cost effective solutions. Innovative funding models will also berequired to generate finance for these activities.

This is a plan for Auckland and we all have an important part to play. Whether at work,

studying or at home, the decisions we make on a daily basis will determine what our

collective carbon future looks like.

It is not a static document. The plan must be flexible and responsive to the challenges and

changes that emerge, and be regularly reviewed. We encourage Auckland communities,

businesses, industry, and government to consider this plan as dynamic, facilitating ongoing

engagement and collaboration.


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Contents

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 8

2 Delivering on our commitments .................................................................................. 11

How does Auckland compare? ................................................................................... 11

Strategic context ........................................................................................................ 14

Playing our part .......................................................................................................... 14

New Zealands Emissions Trading Scheme ............................................................... 15

3 The way forward ........................................................................................................ 16

Aucklands pathway to 2040 ...................................................................................... 16

Our daily decisions will make the difference ............................................................... 18

Where we want to be Auckland in 2040 .................................................................. 19

Projected outcomes of the draft action plan ............................................................... 21

A 10-year action plan A summary of actions ........................................................... 22

Taking action ...................................................................................................................... 23

4 Transforming the way we travel ................................................................................. 25

5 Transforming the way we use and generate energy ................................................... 33

6 Transforming our built environment and greening infrastructure ................................. 41

7 Transforming to Zero Waste ...................................................................................... 52

8 Transforming forestry, agriculture and natural carbon assets ..................................... 61

9 Delivering on this plan ................................................................................................ 69

Governance ............................................................................................................... 69

Engagement and involvement .................................................................................... 70

Monitoring and reporting our progress ....................................................................... 70

Appendices ......................................................................................................................... 72

Targets ............................................................................................................................... 73

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 78

Glossary.............................................................................................................................. 80


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Together we can:

use energy more efficiently provide cleaner, more reliable and

affordable energy

improve energy planning modernise our energy transmission and

distribution systems

foster the greening of our builtenvironment

boost native biodiversity and growmore kai

make walking and cycling safer andmore convenient

improve and expand public transport

infrastructure and services reduce waste by not generating it increase the resources we recover from

the waste stream

use smaller amounts of resources toproduce the same products, services

and lifestyles connect with the stories and cultural

landscape of Tmaki Makaurau Auckland create resil ient communities through better

public information and engagement.


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1. Introduction

Aucklands vision is to be the worlds most liveable city. Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions, and improving the efficient use and access to secure, clean and affordable

energy are critical elements to achieving that vision. They go hand in hand.

Through this draft action plan, Auckland will combine growth, development and a higher

quality of life with reducing GHG emissions by around 5.3 million tonnes 1

.Aucklands

transformation by 2040 will bring far-reaching benefits and opportunities for our economy,

our environment and our overall well-being. These include:

cleaner, greener and more walkable neighbourhoods

partnering with Mori to practise kaitiakitanga (guardianship) and to leverage Moriassets and knowledge for the benefit of all

more efficient land use patterns greener buildings and more warm, dry and energy-efficient homes heated with

affordable energy

an energy-efficient transport system with greater choice, diversity of fuels and

alternative energy technologies

efficient development and use of renewable energy including transport fuels

greater access to secure and affordable energy supplies

reduced vulnerability to volatile fuel prices and potential supply disruptions through

becoming less dependent on imported fossil fuels

reduced vulnerability to resources becoming scarce through minimising waste,

stewardship of products and producing food locally improved air quality, avoiding ill-health and lost productivity, and reducing the cost of

public spending on health-related issues

profitable businesses through increased productivity and competitiveness

an enhanced profile and reputation for Auckland as a key export and tourism hub.

Achieving our liveability goals will depend on our ability to address future pressures and

uncertainties. A growing population, climate uncertainty, scarce resources (including peak

oil), volatile fossil fuel prices, and dependence on imported energy are just some of the

challenges and opportunities that call for decisive action and innovation. We must

understand how to manage and respond to uncertainty. This will requireconsiderable resilience.

Over the next 25 years, global energy consumption is expected to increase by approximately

33 per cent. Aucklands projected energy use will increase by around 65 per cent over a

similar timeframe. Auckland currently spends $5 billion per year on energy. Forecasts

indicate that by 2031 we could be spending 10 per cent of our gross regional product on

energy nearly double current levels2

1ARUP (2013) Assessing the carbon abatement reduction potential in Aucklands Energy Resilience and Low Carbon ActionPlan: Technical Report. Draft Client Report for Auckland Council, Auckland, New Zealand.

.

2Auckland Plan (2012) Auckland Council, Auckland, New Zealand.


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Three factors underpin these trends. The first is a growing population that will increase total

energy use. The second factor is rising energy prices. Lastly, our energy use per person

may not reduce because our more affluent lifestyles and growing economy are cancelling

out improvements to the energy efficiency of our buildings, vehicles and industrial

processes. Future increases in household energy use and/or increases in energy prices

present the risk of more Aucklanders being unable to adequately heat their homes in winter,or finding it difficult to afford a quality lifestyle.

In order to become one of the worlds most liveable cities, Auckland must transform from a

fossil fuel-dependent, high energy-using, high-waste society to a highly mobile, quality,

compact city a city typified by sustainable resource use and a prosperous eco-economy,

and powered by efficient, affordable clean energy.

A vis ionary plan in a dynamic world

We live in a complex, dynamic world where our increased knowledge and understanding is

resulting in innovation, creative solutions and the development of advanced technologies. It

is essential that the decisions and investments we make in the short-term support rather

than inhibit a better future. The actions we take need to guard against locking-in high

carbon growth or infrastructure, creating obsolete assets or limiting access to future options.

A visionary approach called foresighting has been used to develop this plan. Foresighting

generates big picture, future thinking and an understanding of the scale of change required.

It has enabled a what is possible approach rather than what is likely. The process started

with defining what the successful outcome sought is, then stepping back decade by decade

to the present day and asking the question: what do we need to do to deliver on thatoutcome?

Thisdraftaction plan sets out a 30-year pathway with a 10-year itemised plan of action that

will guide the first stage of Aucklands transformation towards a low carbon,energy resilient

future. Independent technical analysis has ensured this draft action plan is evidence-based,

informed by the most up-to-date information and global best practice; and focuses on the

most appropriate responses given the associated risks, costs and benefits.

Aucklands unique cultural heritage and the principles of Kaitiakitanga (or guardianship)

have been woven into developing the plan and how it will be implemented. This has beenfacilitated through a Moriworking group which has identified issues, opportunity areas andpriority actions for Mori.

This action plan is not a static document. It must be flexible and responsive to the challenges

and changes that emerge, and subject to regular review. We encourage Auckland

communities, businesses, industry, and government to consider this plan as dynamic,

facilitating ongoing engagement and collaboration.

Working together

This is a plan for Auckland.Low Carbon Auckland has been developed in close cooperationand collaboration with over 150 representatives from business, community, non-


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governmental organisations (NGOs) and knowledge institutions under the leadership of a

cross-sector Steering Group. Its success demands that this wide range of stakeholders

sustain their commitment. Long-term, cross-sector partnerships will deliver coordinated

action and investments generated by innovative funding and business models.

Auckland Council has a key leadership role to play and will, for example:

put in place the regulatory framework that removes barriers to the uptake of otherwise

cost-effective initiatives, for instance retrofitting rental properties

be a catalyst for change, leading by example in its own operations and services to

stimulate market uptake, for instance in biofuels and electric vehicles

advocate for policy options which may be costly to introduce but include substantial

co-benefits

mobilise funding and investment to stimulate market uptake of emerging technologies

(for instance solar photovoltaics), innovation, creative solutions-based thinking, and

green growth opportunities monitor and report regularly on progress made against targets

engage, involve and provide accurate and accessible information that inspires,

enables and empowers individuals, communities and businesses to make

low carbon choices.

Where the council plays a role in delivery, a full business case will first be carried out to

ensure the proposed activity is consistent with the Auckland Plan and the councils other

strategic objectives.

Figure 1.1 Key steps in developing the Low Carbon Auckland Action Plan.


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2. Delivering on our commitments

The Auckland Plan lays out a commitment and foundation for Auckland to transform to a

liveable, highly energy resilient, low carbon city through a focus on green growth. It sets a

bold target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 40 per cent by 2040 (based

on 1990 levels).

Figure 2.1 Auckland Plan st rategic direction and targets.

The scope and scale of potential actions required to deliver on the Auckland Plans

aspirational targets are highlighted in Figure 3.1 on page 19. The relative contribution of this

action plan in delivering on the target of a 40 per cent reduction is shown in Figure 3.3 on

page 20.

How does Auckland compare?

The priorities of energy efficiency, security and resilience; and mitigating climate change are

closely related. Aucklands largest sources of GHG emissions are transport and electricity,

which combined account for approximately two-thirds of our total emissions. For the rest of

New Zealand, emissions from agriculture and energy dominate, and transport accounts for

only 20 per cent.

Aucklands emissions profile is relatively unique internationally, particularly when compared

to other similar-sized cities in Australia and North America. This is partly due to the large

renewable electricity base, and the high levels of private vehicle usage in Auckland.

Projections indicate that unless we intervene, Aucklands GHG emissions could increase by

up to 46 per cent by 2025, a faster rate of growth than for New Zealand as a whole. This is

expected to be driven by Aucklands rapidly growing population and associated


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development, and an economy, urban form and lifestyle which are based on high energy

consumption, especially transport and electricity.

Figure 2.2 Aucklands emissions profile


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Cities are estimated to account for 80 per cent of global GHG emissions. In response,

international cities such as Vancouver and London are leading the transition to a low carbon

future.

Figure 2.3 A global comparison of Aucklands emissions reduction targets

There is some debate about how useful it is to rank cities, and if the methods used to

calculate a citys GHG emissions are comparable. In other words, are we comparing appleswith apples? However, it is important to know how Auckland stacks up as we learn to build

more liveable, low carbon cities. Our emissions reduction targets place Auckland among a

number of global leading cities (Figures 2.3 and 2.4), so we have confidence that we are in

good company.


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Figure 2.4 A global comparison of Aucklands emiss ions per person (Tonnes of CO2e per

person)

Strategic context

This action plan is intended to deliver on the energy and GHG emissions reduction targets

set out in the Auckland Plan. It also works with, and contributes to, the outcomes sought in a

wide range of other strategies and plans. In particular, the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan,Auckland Economic Development Strategy, Auckland City Centre Masterplan, Auckland

Waterfront Plan, Thriving Communities Action Plan, and the Children and Young People

Strategic Action Plan.

Playing our part

Aucklands efforts to reduce GHG emissions take place within a framework of increasingly

stringent international policy, in addition to national targets, economic drivers and market

pricing signals. New Zealand has committed to a long-term goal of reducing New Zealands

net emissions to 50 per cent of 1990 levels by 2050, as well as a short-term target of 5 percent below 1990 levels by 2020. The Auckland Plan commits to working towards a 50 per

cent reduction by 2050, which aligns with the national long-term target, and sets a short-term

target of a 10 to 20 per cent reduction. The plan demonstrates the key role Auckland has to

play in contributing to New Zealands efforts to curb global GHG emissions.

The New Zealand Energy Strategy and Energy Efficiency and Conversation Strategy also

set aspirational targets for increasing renewable electricity generation (90 per cent by 2025)

and the direct use of renewable resources.


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A range of external factors could inhibit the goals of this action plan, for example:

current low landfill costs which offer little incentive for minimising waste

relatively high cost and limited availability of electric vehicles and limitations to current

battery technologies.

Or conversely, support its goals, for example:

significant increases in the price of fuels and car parking make use of public transport

comparable in cost to car travel

reprioritising transport funding to support public transport

wider exposure to a higher cost of carbon under the New Zealand Emissions Trading

Scheme that facilitates a transformational improvement in energy efficiency and the

adoption of low carbon technologies.

New Zealands Emissions Trading Scheme

A direct and immediate economic cost is incurred on GHG emissions through emissions

trading schemes that put a price on carbon, both in New Zealand and overseas. New

Zealands Emissions Trading Scheme (NZETS) is the Governments primary mechanism to

achieve low-cost national emissions reductions. This plan proposes a range of

complementary measures to work alongside the NZETS to deliver on national and Auckland

targets.

Recent changes to the NZETS, aimed in part at protecting the international competiveness

of New Zealand industry, have reduced its effectiveness. This is compounded by flagging

carbon markets, and carbon prices which are at an all time low. They are far below the price

levels needed to bring about widespread behavioural change, to encourage industries and

consumers to adopt measures such as energy efficiency and low carbon technologies.


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3. The way forward

Low Carbon Auckland sets out a 30-year pathway to 2040 and 112 specific actions to be

completed within the first 10 years. It is structured around five areas of transformation.

These are presented thematically and not according to priority.

Transforming the way we travel.

Transforming the way we use and generate energy.

Transforming our built environment and green infrastructure.

Transforming to Zero Waste.

Transforming forestry, agriculture and natural assets.

Auck lands pathway to 2040

Essentially, three phases of transformation are required.1. The first decade involves building the runway,by reducing red tape. A more enabling

regulatory framework will allow new and emerging renewable energy generation

options to be adopted more easily. Introducing building rating tools and standards will

stimulate market demand and greater choice of affordable sustainable buildings.

2. The second decade is where we build on lessons learned and start to gain altitude.

Our focus will be on putting into action and widespread adoption.

3. The third decade is where we take flight. This will be characterised by rapid

acceleration of action, scale-up of deployment and significant adoption.

A series of decade by decade interim targets has been established to guide how this actionplan is implemented (Appendix 1) and to help us understand if we are making progress.

Achieving these targets will require significant change from business as usual. These

transformations are illustrated in Figure 3.2 on page 20.


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Did you know

A low carbon economy is the fastest

growing market globally. It is estimated

that a clean economy could result in a

NZ$150 billion high value low carbon

export economy by 2025.

PricewaterhouseCoopers (2009)

Green growth opportun ities for Auckland

Economic growth that locks in a high carbon future is both undesirable and unsustainable.The path towards a high growth, low carbon eco-economy, supported by green growth ishighly attractive. It creates prosperity, enhances our environment and delivers many

social benefits too such as new jobs, less poverty and more efficient use of resources.

A low carbon economy provides opportunities to develop and bring to the market cleantechnologies and smart thinking. This has the potential to transform existing sectors andcreate dynamic new ones.

Green growth demands new thinking and acollaborative approach from business,industry, Auckland Council and centralgovernment.

A transformation of this nature will allowAuckland to capitalise on and bolster New

Zealands clean and green reputation.Auckland has the opportunity to be a worldleader through attracting and maximising thegrowth of innovative and creative businesses.

A series of green growth opportunities are

woven throughout this action plan and

address three elements:

Engaging and owning it Building andcommunicating a shared sense ofunderstanding and purpose to deliver a low

carbon, high growth economy.

Doing it Building green business capability

and accelerating industry, business and

research collaboration.

Sustaining it Creating skills and jobs needed

to grow and innovate (e.g. in knowledge-based,

low carbon technologies).

What is green growth?

Green growth is economic growth that also

reduces pollution and greenhouse gas

emissions, minimises waste and inefficient use

of natural resources, and maintains biodiversity.

Green growth places environmental and societal

concerns, especially climate change, at the heart

of economic planning. The Future is Here: New

Jobs, New Prosperity and a New Clean Economy,

Greenpeace NewZealand, 2013


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Our daily decisions will make the difference

Whether at work, studying or at home, the decisions we make on a daily basis will determine

what our collective carbon future looks like.

Our individual carbon footprint is made up of decisions around what we eat, how we travel,

whether we maintain and/or retrofit our buildings, how we use energy and what we throw

away.

So if we estimate the footprint of an average Aucklander we find that our daily decisions

could amount to emissions of around 13kg CO2e per day per person.

These 13kg break down in the following way:

Figure 3.1 Our carbon contr ibutions

Finding ways to engage people and enable them to take ownership of their carbon output is

a key factor in delivering Aucklands low carbon future. This will be achieved by working

directly with our communities, at home, at school and at work, in order to highlight the

difference our decisions can make.

To find out more about how our daily decisions affect our carbon footprint, see some great

examples of leadership in energy efficiency and get some practical advice, go to the

Auckland Councilwebsite.
http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/PLANSPOLICIESPROJECTS/PLANSSTRATEGIES/THEAUCKLANDPLAN/ENERGYRESILIENCELOWCARBONACTIONPLAN/Pages/home.aspxhttp://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/PLANSPOLICIESPROJECTS/PLANSSTRATEGIES/THEAUCKLANDPLAN/ENERGYRESILIENCELOWCARBONACTIONPLAN/Pages/home.aspxhttp://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/PLANSPOLICIESPROJECTS/PLANSSTRATEGIES/THEAUCKLANDPLAN/ENERGYRESILIENCELOWCARBONACTIONPLAN/Pages/home.aspxhttp://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/PLANSPOLICIESPROJECTS/PLANSSTRATEGIES/THEAUCKLANDPLAN/ENERGYRESILIENCELOWCARBONACTIONPLAN/Pages/home.aspx


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Shift regulation and investment to support public and active transport infrastructure.

Widespread infrastructure rollout for EVs.

Increased adoption rates of hybrid, electric and fuel cell vehicles.Continued improvement to public and active transport infrastructure.

Reducing the demand for travel.

Increasing the use of public transport,walking and cycling.

Improving transport efciency to

reduce the consumption of fuel.

Moving away from the use of fossilfuels.

In 2040...

Public transport, cycling andwalking are the preferred means

of travel. Aucklands eet is poweredby sustainable, low-carbon

energy sources.

Managing the energy demand.

Developing Aucklands low carbonenergy options.

In 2040...A substantial proportion of

Aucklands energy is supplied byrenewable sources, located either

within or near the region. We are nolonger vulnerable to the volatile costs

of imported energy.

In 2040...

Sustainability is a core and centralelement in the plan, design,

construction and operation ofAucklands built environment.

Our homes and buildings are warm,dry and energy efcient.

In 2040...

We have zero waste; in fact, wasteas we know it no longer exists - it

is now a resource. We design andmanage our materials in ways thatallow every bit of a product to be

recovered and reused. Our organicwaste enriches our soils or is utilised

for the production of energy.

In 2040...

We live among trees and feelconnected to nature. Our air is

clean and healthy. Organic residuesfrom increased plantings utilised togenerate energy. We enjoy eatingfresh, healthy fruit and vegetables

from local gardens.

Demonstrating leadership andcreating quality exemplars ofsustainable development to inspire.

Sustainable design standards andstimulating demand for efcient,healthy and comfortable buildings.

Waste minimisation. Growing product design and

responsibility.

Growing the extent of urban andregional forests.

Turning forest and organic residueinto energy.

Enhancing local food production.

Exploring marine sequestrationpotential.

Thewaywetravel

Thewayweusea

nd

generateenergy

Ourbuiltenvironment

andgreeninfrastructure

Zerowa

ste

Ourforests,

farmsand

naturalcarbonassets

30 year pathway

2020s2010s 2030s

1st Decade: Build RunwayEstablish enabling framework/ early adoption

2nd Decade: Gain AltitudeImplementation/ wider adoption

3rd Decade: FlightSignicant scale-up/ adoption

Where we want to be -Auckland in 2040

Signicant expansion of bus lane network.

Emergence of smart grid and demandresponse technologies.

Green rating tools and minimum performancestandards introduced.

Pilots schemes and Investigations determine thefeasibility of utilising forest residues for waste to energy.

Expansion of waste to energy networks utilising residual forest and municipal waste.

80% of planned ecological corridors are planted by 2030.

Optimised energy and water efciency measures across Aucklands local agricultural sector deliver 40% saving by 2040.

All planned ecological corridors are planted by 2040.

30% of waste is diverted from landll . 60% of waste is diverted from landll. Mega efciency and closed-loop systems are

required for all new businesses.

All product design orientated arounddematerialisation and sustainability.

Take back schemes in place for all NZ madeand imported materials.

Commence designing waste out of products and processessupported by product stewardship schemes.

Improved reuse, recycle and recovery infrastructure established (including disassembly plants).

Citywide organic collection scheme is operational.

Increasingly stringent green rating tools andminimum performance standards introduced.

Sustainable built environment standards in place.

Sustainability is a core and central element inthe plan, design, construction and operation ofAuckland built environment.

All new buildings comply with performancestandards.

Innovative funding tools support exemplardevelopments and widespread retrotting of

existing buildings.

All new buildings and developments are zero net energy.

Exemplar projects showcase leading sustainable designsuch as the Living Building Challenge.

Planning and commencement of wide-scaletree planting.

Targeted retrotting of existing residential,commercial and industrial buildings.

Commence planning for urban gardenareas for local food productions.

District-scale smart grids come on stream. All consumershave access to smart grids and smart buildings optimise

energy efciency.

Signicant adoption of renewable energy generation, located either within or near the region.

Energy prices held at 2012 levels.

Rapid scale-up of city-wide smart grid technologiesreduce peak electricity demand.

Incentives and information provision driveenergy and process heat efciency gains.

Enabling regulation enables increasing adoption ofrenewables including 100MW wind generation, 20 MWpof distributed solar PV installed and commissioned.

Commence the shift from fossil fuels.

Comprehensive freight consolidation centres established.Improved smart travel information & engine technologiesenable freight movement & vehicle efciency gains.

Integrated ticketing andfares introduced.

Aucklands Vehicle eet meets world class standard

Zero emission Public Transporteet established.

Mandatory product stewardship schemes & take backnetworks are in place for many products.

Figure 3.2 The ve transformations and key elements.


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Projected outcomes of the draft action plan

The following gure shows the potential contribution of each of the ve transformational areas to the GHG reduction target, after the plan has been successfully implemented.

Figure 3.3 Aucklands proposed pathway to reducing GHG emissions by 2040


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A 10-year act ion plan a summary of act ions

Develop an enabling regulatory framework via the Unitary Plan to support and

promote renewable energy generation, energy efficiency measures, and a secure

and resilient transmission and distribution.

Actively manage the demand for travel.

Ensure price signals such as parking and road pricing support travel demand

management and quality, compact city development.

Introduce the new frequent bus network and electric trains supported by integrated

ticketing and fares.

Begin to convert the public transport fleet to alternative fuels and stimulate

widespread market uptake for fuel switching.

Improve transport efficiency to reduce how much fuel we consume.

Diversify energy generation options, focusing on an increased uptake of local

renewable sources such as solar and wind.

Mass market and integrate smart grid networks, building and appliance technologies

citywide, driving energy efficiency gains.

Facilitate the design and construction of more resource efficient buildings.

Plan and develop more people friendly communities and precincts.

Stimulate market uptake for sustainable buildings through increasingly stringent new

building standards.

Stimulate building retrofit in commercial, industrial and manufacturing buildings by

marketing and encouraging competition and voluntary commitment.

Expand the Retrofit Your Home programme.

Trial a warrant of fitness scheme for rental properties.

Introduce an Auckland-wide household recycling system, integrating

organics collection.

Establish innovative funding models for generating finance for these activities, and

improve our access to capital via public-private partnerships, incentives and

enabling regulation.


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Taking

actionThis section expands on the pathway to 2040 by providing more detail and setting out a plan

of action for each of the five transformations to be delivered within the first 10 years. This will

set Auckland on its course to realising its energy resilient, low carbon and ultimately

more liveable future.

Each pathway shown is indicative and is based on our current knowledge and

understanding. So, it is subject to change over time as knowledge and new andemerging technologies develop.

Each action is identified as either enabling (E) or delivering (D) emissions reduction. Each

action has owners identified as a delivery lead and contributor. This list of owners is not

exhaustive and does not exclude additional organisations from participating.


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16

Reducing the demand for travel

Switch from fossil fuels to clean alternatives.

Encourage biofuels and electric vehicles.

Rely less on imported fuel.

Convert the public transport eet and publicsector vehicle eet to alternative fuels.

Develop an electric vehicle charging network.

Moving away from use of fossil fuels

Introduce new frequent bus network and electric trains.

Integrate ticketing and fares.

Improve cycling infrastructure.

More busways and bus lanes andpriority at trafc signals.

Construct City Rail Link.

Increasing the use of public transport,walking and cycling

Aucklands urban form means fewer andshorter trips are required per person.

Note: these are per person trips, not total.

AUCKLAND NOW

Focus growth in centres with

good access to public transport.

Reduce the number and length of trips.

Transport pricing tools, e.g. roadpricing, workplace travel planning.

Cars will bemore efcient.

Public transport isfast and efcient and

the transport modeof choice, along withwalking and cycling.

public transport trips

per person per year

100

vehicles eet are electric40-50%

Improving transport efciency to reduce the

consumption of fuel

Encourage more efcient vehicles.

Enable more efcient freight movement;

establish freight consolidation centres.

Small butincreasingproportion ofhybrid-electricvehicles.

Transportcontribution to

Aucklands GHGemissions.

39%Low but increasing

use of publictransport.

Highly dependenton our vehicles and

fossil fuels.

fewer tripsper person20-30%

Auckland cycling

network will becompleted by 2030

Transforming the way we travel

AUCKLAND 2040


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44..TTrraannssffoorrmmiinnggtthheewwaayywweett rraavveell

Auckland now

More and more Aucklanders are travelling by public transport. While traffic growth in

Auckland has flattened over the past five years, public transport use has increased by a third

since 2007. The foundation for a connected and integrated public transport network is being

developed and the proposed Unitary Plan has started to give effect to the Auckland Plans

direction of integrating land-use and transport planning outcomes. A small but increasing

proportion of Aucklands vehicle fleet is hybrid-electric and biofuel blends are available for

sale in some locations.

Despite this progress, Aucklanders remain highly dependent on vehicles as their primary

method of transport and today transport accounts for nearly half of Aucklands GHGemissions by far the largest source of GHG emissions. Our dependence on fossil fuels

also means that Aucklanders are highly vulnerable to volatile international oil prices. For

example, during 2007-08 there was a 43 per cent ($2.5 billion) increase in spending on

imported fuel.

Our fossil fuel-dependent transport system generates significant adverse health and

environmental impacts equating to $465 million in health costs per year3and physical

inactivity costs4of $405 million per year. The transport system also currently creates

inequitable outcomes in terms of health and injury rates. Research shows that road crash

injury rates increase with levels of deprivation, and by ethnicity are highest amongst Mori,and also Pacific children.5

Where we want to be Auckland at 2040

Aucklands vibrant, compact, well-designed and accessible urban form is supported by a

resilient and integrated transport network, minimising the need for travel (fewer and shorter

trips); and providing zero carbon transport choices, e.g. walking and cycling. Our transport

fleet is efficient, affordable and powered by resilient and sustainable energy sources,

including the widespread use of electric vehicles. Public transport is fast, reliable and

efficient, and the mode of choice, along with walking and cycling. The transport systemreadily connects residents to areas of greatest demand and enables efficient distribution of

freight. Aligning transport funding with the priorities of this action plan has substantially

reduced Aucklands reliance on private vehicles for travel while retaining an efficient freight

system. The transport sector has made a fair share contribution to reducing GHG

emissions, which are 49 per cent lower than 2009 levels and accompanied by significant

improvements to Aucklands energy efficiency, resilience and security.

3Emission Impossible et al (2012). Health & Air Pollution in New Zealand Study. Accessed from:www.hapinz.org.nz4Market Economics et al (2013). The Costs of Physical Inactivity Towards a regional full-cost accounting

perspective. Accessed from www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Costs-of-Physical-Inactivity5University of Auckland (2013). Social and geographical differences in road traffic injury in the Auckland region.Accessed fromwww.aucklandtransport.govt.nz/about-us/publications/Reports/Documents/social-geographical-

differences-report-2013.pdf

Green growth action

Undertake research to

determine Aucklands greengrowth capabilities (current

and potential) and to

provide a performance

baseline and targets.
http://www.hapinz.org.nz/http://www.hapinz.org.nz/http://www.hapinz.org.nz/http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Costs-of-Physical-Inactivityhttp://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Costs-of-Physical-Inactivityhttp://www.aucklandtransport.govt.nz/about-us/publications/Reports/Documents/social-geographical-differences-report-2013.pdfhttp://www.aucklandtransport.govt.nz/about-us/publications/Reports/Documents/social-geographical-differences-report-2013.pdfhttp://www.aucklandtransport.govt.nz/about-us/publications/Reports/Documents/social-geographical-differences-report-2013.pdfhttp://www.aucklandtransport.govt.nz/about-us/publications/Reports/Documents/social-geographical-differences-report-2013.pdfhttp://www.aucklandtransport.govt.nz/about-us/publications/Reports/Documents/social-geographical-differences-report-2013.pdfhttp://www.aucklandtransport.govt.nz/about-us/publications/Reports/Documents/social-geographical-differences-report-2013.pdfhttp://www.aucklandtransport.govt.nz/about-us/publications/Reports/Documents/social-geographical-differences-report-2013.pdfhttp://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Costs-of-Physical-Inactivityhttp://www.hapinz.org.nz/


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By 2020

Increasingtheuseofpublic

transort,walkin

andcclin

A five per cent cycling mode

share.

Electrification of rail andIntegrated ticketing in place.

-Significant expansion of bus

lane network.

60 per cent of Auckland Cycle

Network is completed.

On average, an Aucklander uses

public transport for 73

trips/year.

Public transport, walking and

cycling becoming 'modes of

choice.City Rail Link completed by 2022.

-Rail link to the airport complete

by 2030.

Auckland Cycle Network is

completed.


PT for 90 trips/year.

A 10 per cent cycling mode

share.

Public transport, walking and

cycling are Aucklands preferred

modes of choice for travel.

Targeted expansion of Cycle

Network.


PT for 100 trips/year.

By 2030 By 2040

Alternativefuels

A 2 per cent of Aucklands fleet

is electric.#

Infrastructure for biofuels and

electric vehicles (EVs) rolls out.Three per cent of fuels sold is

advanced biofuel.+

Nine per cent reduction in

fossil fuel sales.**

Widespread opportunities to

test drive EVs.

Early adoption ofalternativefuels for public transport.

20 per cent of vehicle fleet is

electric.#

Seven per cent of fuels sold is

advanced biofuel.+

EVs enter mass market.

Widespread infrastructure for

EVs rolls out.

Public transport and fleet

conversions to EVs and

alternative fuels are

widespread.

25 per cent reduction in fossil

fuel sales.**

40-50 per cent of vehicle fleet is

electric.#

14 per cent of fuel volume sold

is advanced biofuel.+

Economic growth now

decoupled from hydrocarbons

Zero emissions from the public

transport fleet.

49 per cent reduction in

fossil fuel sales.**

Improvingtranspor

t

efficienc

A 7 per cent and 17 per cent

improvement for fuel efficiency

of heavy and light vehicles.*

Smart travel information and

improved engine technologies

enabled in freight movement

and vehicle efficiencies.

Adoption of latest EU

emissions standards fornewvehicles.

A 9 per cent and 33 per cent

improvement for fuel efficiency

of heavy and light vehicles.*

A 5 per cent increase in freight

efficiency achieved by load

management optimisation.

Freight network congestion

reduced to 2006-09 levels.

Comprehensive freightconsolidation centres

established.

An 8 per cent and 49 per cent

improvement for fuel

efficiency of heavy and light

vehicles.*

Completed network upgrades

make rail cost-competitive for

freight.

Vehicle fleet meets world-class

emissions and efficiency

standards.

How will this be achieved?

The pathway to 20406,7

6Air travel is excluded from this strategic action plan. It is assumed that air travel fuel use will be largely governed by international drivers.

7*based on 2006 levels. **based on 2009 levels. # Including hybrids. +By volume

Further rollout of transport

funding tools with a TDM focus.

Increased per cent of urban

growth through urban

intensification.

A 15-20 per cent reduction in

VKT.*

Transport funding largely

derived from tools with a strong

TDM focus.

Most growth through urban

intensification.

A 20-30 per cent reduction in

VKT.*

Reducingtraveldemand

Transport and development

pricing tools support Travel

Demand Management (TDM).

Minimum parking requirements

removed in areas of

intensification.

A 10 per cent reduction in

vehicle kilometres travelled(VKT) per person.*


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What we need to do in the next 10 years

Element 1: Reducing the demand for travel

Establishing a quality, compact urban form is critical to reducing the number and length of

trips and encouraging cleaner, healthier alternatives to driving such as public transport,walking and cycling8

The Unitary Plan will provide a regulatory framework to enable greater levels of

intensification in centres with good access to public transport. Removing minimum parking

requirements from areas where intensification is sought will take away an existing subsidy

for private vehicle travel. Travel demand management tools such as road pricing, workplace

travel planning and ensuring development pays its way can all contribute to reducing the

need to travel through creating better price signals. These tools will be progressively

introduced over the next 30 years. They will take into account the need to minimise any

adverse social equity outcomes and take advantage of technological developments.

Auckland Transports Integrated Transport Programme, emphasises that transportnetworks are optimised to ensure best value for money is achieved from building and

operating the transport network.

(see element 2 on page 27).

Delivery lead(in bold)andcontributors

Completiondate

Status

Action 1:Investigate and ensure alignment between transportinvestment and the outcomes sought by this actionplan. (E)

AucklandTransport,

AucklandCouncil, NZTA

2015 Started

Action 2:Update the Integrated Transport Programme to ensure it isconsistent with this action plan, including a stronger traveldemand management focus. (E)

AucklandTransport,NZTA

2015 Started

Action 3:Undertake detailed investigation into transport pricing toolswith a travel demand management focus and reach anagreed way forward. (E)

AucklandCouncil

2015 Started

Action 4:The Auckland Unitary Plan enables intensification in areaswith good access to public transport as well asencouraging walkable centres and communities. TheUnitary Plan supports action on infrastructureimprovements.

Ensure land use zoning patterns support efficient transportnetworks, connectivity and reduced reliance on cartravel. (E)

AucklandCouncil

2016 Started

Action 5:Remove minimum car parking requirements and reducerequirements for off-street parking. (D)

AucklandCouncil

2016 Started

8 Newman, P. and Kenworthy, J. (2006). Urban Design to Reduce Automobile Dependence. In Opolis: An International Journal of Suburban

and Metropolitan Studies 2(1): Article 3 http://repositories.cdlib.org/cssd/opolis/vol2/iss1/art3


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Element 2: Increasing the use of publ ic transport , walking and cycling

Emissions from different types (modes) of transport vary significantly. Walking and cycling

produce zero GHG emissions while emissions from public transport (e.g. buses, trains and

ferries) are generally lower than for private vehicles.9

A number of improvements to Aucklands public transport system are proposed in the

Auckland Plan, e.g. constructing the City Rail Link and rail to Auckland Airport. These are

supported by an improved public transport network and less costly infrastructural

improvements such as an expanded network of bus lanes. By 2040, the intention is that

public transport, walking and cycling will be the modes of choice for travel around Auckland.

To further encourage people out of

their cars we will have to significantly improve how attractive these modes of travel arecompared to private vehicles. This may require realigning transport funding priorities.


Completiondate

Status

Action 6:Ensure street design standards support walkability. (E)

AucklandTransport

2015 Started

Action 7:Implement new frequent bus network and electric trainsthat are supported by integrated ticketing and fares. (D)

AucklandTransport

2016 Planning started

Action 8:Ensure significant improvements to cyclinginfrastructure, particularly focusing on improving actual

and perceived safety, including separated routes andtraffic calmed streets. (D)

AucklandTransport

AucklandCouncil, NZTA


Action 9:Achieve extensive improvements to bus prioritymeasures, e.g. bus lanes, priority at traffic signals. (D)

AucklandTransport


Action 10:Complete key Auckland Plan first decade publictransport projects, e.g. City Rail Link, buswayimprovements. (D)

AucklandTransport

By 2022 Planning started

Element 3: Improving transport efficiency to reduce the consumption of fuel

Smarter management of the transport network to improve its efficiency will be essential as

Aucklands population grows. An increasing proportion of Aucklands transport emissions are

from freight trips that cannot be shifted onto public transport. Improving the efficiency of the

freight network through increasing the share of inter-regional freight being carried by rail and

the following measures will be critical to achieving the goals of this action plan:

Smart travel information.

Route optimisation.

9IPCC Fourth AssessmentReport, Working Group III. Table 5.4.


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More efficient vehicles.

Comprehensive freight consolidation centres.

Encouraging the adoption of international best practice standards for imported vehicles is

another key way to improve transport efficiency and reduce fuel consumption.


Completiondate

Status

Action 11:Deliver enhanced freight and bus driver trainingprogrammes and include performance monitoring. (D)

EECA By 2015 New initiative

Action 12:Provide smart travel information via the web, roadsidesignage and GPS devices, to enable more efficientfreight movement. (E)

AucklandTransport

By 2020 Started

Action 13:Co-ordinate an investigation into the shared use of freighthubs in key locations in and around Auckland. (E)

AucklandCouncil,

AucklandTransport

By 2020 New initiative

Action 14:Advocate for continued improvements to emissionsstandards for new and imported vehicles. (E)

AucklandCouncil

Ongoing New initiative

Element 4: Moving away from the use of fossil fuels

Even with a transformational shift to public transport, walking and cycling (see element 2 on

page 27), many trips will still be made by private vehicle in the future. So, switching fromfossil fuels to clean alternatives will be a critical step in achieving the goals of this Action Plan

(see sections 7 and 8). Whatever mix of fuels is introduced, it must be supported by a robust

and resilient fuel supply chain (see section 5).

This action plan will foster a progressively enhanced role for biofuels (where economically

and environmentally appropriate) and electric vehicles (including hybrids), intended to

achieve an almost complete transformation of new vehicles towards those powered by

electricity or biofuels. As around 75 per cent of New Zealands electricity generation is based

on renewables, electric vehicles offer significant potential to reduce GHG emissions. As a

result of this transformation, Auckland will rely less on the volatile prices and availability of

imported fuel.


Completiondate

Status

Action 15:Undertake targeted trials of alternative fuels forvehicle fleet. (D)

AucklandCouncil


Action 16:Start converting the public transport fleet toalternative fuels. (D)

AucklandTransport,public

transportoperators

By 2016 Started


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30 | P a g e


Completiondate

Status

Action 17:Undertake a public awareness campaign and facilitate

discussion about the benefits of alternative fuels. (D)

AucklandCouncil


Action 18:Work with partners to develop an electric vehiclecharging network. (E)

AucklandCouncil


Action 19:Undertake widespread conversion of public sector vehiclefleets to alternative fuels. (D)

AucklandCouncil,Government


The Plan in Action Beach Haven Communi ty Transport

How many people living in Auckland know where the buses go from their nearest bus stop?

And how many of those buses go close by their school, college or place of work?

Thats what Beach Haven residents have been finding out through an innovative project

commissioned by Auckland Transport. Personalised Journey Planning is an approach to

reducing congestion that has proven successful overseas. It typically involves giving people

detailed information about ferry, bus, train, walking and cycling options for trips that they

currently drive. More than that, the approach also takes account of the way that people think

about, or rather dont think about their travel options often getting in the car day-in and

day-out with little awareness of how improvements in public transport services, infrastructure

or information could make their commute easier.

As Melanie Alexander from Auckland Transport says, The Beach Haven project was

implemented to help people understand their travel choices and present alternatives to

solo-car journeys for their commute.

To achieve this, a behaviour change team went door to door in the early evening and asked

Beach Haven residents how they currently commuted, including where they went and,

importantly, what time they needed to get there. The team then scratched their heads to

come up with the best option that meant no-one would get detention at school or be in

trouble for arriving late at work. Participants were then

sent personal information on how, when, and where to

make their trip.

For public transport this included information on the

walking distance to the bus stop, departure and arrival

times and how to access real-time information for their

service. For walking and cycling trips, participants were

given distances, travel times and the calories that could

be burned along the way. Other options included

information on driving smarter and carpooling.

Green growth action

Develop and maintain an

evidence based and robust

monitoring framework about

Aucklands place in the world as a

competitive trading economy

with increasing green

credentials.


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After receiving this information, the team swung into action again and called residents up to

find out if they were happy with the information and whether they would make a commitment

to try the suggested way of travelling. Those that did were offered further support with trial

public transport passes or walking or cycling equipment.

The results for the project speak for themselves. Of the 1431 weekly driving trips made bypeople that took part in the programme, 601 were changed to bus, carpooling and the ferry

with around 10 people taking the healthy option and walking or cycling for local trips that

they used to drive.

So, overall, thats 601 less cars on the road during the morning each week and over 6900

fewer kilometres travelled. Auckland Transport calculates this as leading to a reduction of

109 tonnes of CO2per year providing close to double the benefits of previous projects

of this type.

Adding to the success of this project is the fact that householders liked taking part, with over

95 per cent being very satisfied with the personalised approach. This leads to knock on

benefits, where those that changed their behaviour might share their experiences with

friends and neighbours all helping to promote sustainable travel options as the first and

perhaps even habitual choice amongst increasing numbers of urban commuters.

Since Beach Haven, Auckland Transport has implemented Personalised Journey Planning

projects in other areas. As Melanie says, We deliver similar programmes across Auckland

to help raise awareness of travel choices in communities and promote the use of public

transport, carpooling, walking and cycling.


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17

AUCKLAND 2040

AUCKLAND NOW

of electricity isgenerated fromrenewable sources.

90%of energy generatedin Auckland.

Solar photovoltaics(PV) and wind energy

will account for83%

New buildings canachieve a 30 per

cent to 40 per centreduction in energy

use by applyingcurrent technologies.

-40%Only 35 per cent of Aucklands

electricity supply is generated fromrenewable sources, compared to the

national average of 73 per cent.

35% Nationalaverage73%

65%Aucklands energy

demand could increaseby up to 65 per cent

by 2040.

2.1%

Aucklands electricity demand isforecast to grow on average by

2.1 per cent annually over the next15 years higher than the national

average of 1.7 per cent.

annuallyNationalaverage1.7%

$5,000,000,000Aucklands current spend on energy per year.

Averagehousehold

spending onenergy is around17 per cent of

its income.

Managing the energy demandDeveloping Aucklands low carbonenergy options.

Develop smart green zero energy buildings anddevelopment through innovativelow impact design.

Improve the energy-efciency of existingbuildings through retrotting.

Invest in smart grid infrastructure andtechnologies.

Promote energy efciency.

Install energy efcient street lighting.

Remove regulatory barriers to encourage:

developing renewable generation (including windand solar photovoltaics) on a large scale

uptake of small-scale distributed generation.

Protect the key transmission corridors.

Develop combined heat and power (CHP) schemesand waste to energy (WTE) conversions usingresidual organic waste.

Stimulate widespread adoption of low-carbontechnologies.

Apply precinct and district scale approaches tooptimise renewable energy generation and smart

grid networks.

Local large scale wind generationwill power the equivalent of

238,909 homes.

Solar photovoltaics (PV)

on buildings will powerthe equivalent of

176,565 homes.

We reducethe energy

used in streetlighting.

All properties haveaccess to smart gridnetworks and technologies.

Auckland

The majority ofthe energy used inAuckland is sourced

from outsidethe region.

Transforming the way we use and generate energy


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55..TTrraannssffoorrmmiinnggtthheewwaayywweeuusseeaanndd

ggeenneerraatteeeenneerrggyy1100

Auck land now

Aucklands energy demand is projected to increase significantly over the next 30 years as

the population increases by an extra one million people. Future increases in household

energy consumption and volatile energy prices present the very real risk of more

Aucklanders experiencing fuel poverty, of being unable to keep adequately warm in winter,

and finding it difficult to afford a quality lifestyle. Currently, the majority of the energy used in

Auckland is sourced from outside the region (electricity, liquid fuels, natural gas, LPG and

coal). Aucklands electricity supply is between 30-35 per cent 11renewable electricity

generation, compared to the national average of 73 per cent. This is still enviable by worldstandards for major cities. Auckland is fortunate to have many energy resource opportunities

available to increase how much renewable electricity is used locally and nationally.

Where we want to be Auckland in 2040

A substantial portion of Aucklands energy is supplied from a diverse range and scale of

renewable sources including electricity from the national grid. The widespread presence of

wind turbines and solar generators visibly demonstrates the citys energy resilience and

Aucklanders are proud of these city icons. Aucklanders areproud of their reputation as aresilient, energy rich city.

Auckland makes an increasingly significant

contribution to supplying its energy needs from

renewable resources. Energy assets and

investments are future-proofed against local, national

and global disruptions, assisting in inter-regional

resilience. Incentives, regulatory measures and

informed and empowered consumers have attracted

investment into smarter distributed networks (which

can include small-scale embedded electricity

generation) and optimised energy efficiency

and conservation.

10This section of the strategy addresses energy supply and demand with respect to electricity, natural gas and processed heat. Transport

fuels are addressed in section 4 and bioenergy (e.g. biomass, landfill gas) is addressed in sections 7 and 8.11

Based upon data published by Transpower for the 2012 calendar year.

Green growth action

Understand and leverage

emerging green growth and clean

technologies to grow Aucklands

productive and tradeable sectors

and clusters who earn overseas

exchange.


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Managingthee

nergydemand

Develo

pingAucklandslowcarbonenergyo

ptions

17 per cent of energy supply

is renewably generated in

Auckland.

100MW large-scale wind

generation (equates to 30

wind turbines or the energy

needs of 47,782

households).

Solar becomes competitive

20MWp distributed Solar

Photovoltaics (SPV) installed

(equivalent of 3,641

households).

Protection of key

transmission corridors.

Planning for an alternative

grid and decentralisation.

Pilot combined heat and

power schemes/waste to

energy conversions utilising

residual waste.

50 per cent of energy supply

is renewably generated in

Auckland.

Capacity increases of large-

scale wind generation

(300MW) and SPV

(300MWp).

Incentivised integration of

new Distributed Generation

with centralised systems.

Thermal plant efficiency

improvements achieved.

Waste-to-energy networks

on stream utilising residual

organic waste.

Shift to alternative fuels and

network development.

At least 83 per cent of

energy supply is

renewably generated inAuckland.

500MW large-scale wind

(equates to 150 wind

turbinesor 238,909households).

970MWp distributed SPV

installed (equivalent of

176,565 households).

20 per cent of residential

and commercial buildings

are fitted with demand

response technology (DRT).

50 per cent of consumers

have access to smart grids.

Sustained incentives and

information provision drive

improvement in energyefficiency.

Process heat efficiency

gains.

Prices at 2012 levels (in real

terms).

80 per cent of residential

and commercial buildings

are fitted with DRT.

Efficiencies reduce growth in

energy demand.

District-scale smart grids

come on stream. All

consumers have access to

smart grids.

Smart green buildings

optimise energy efficiency.

Optimised process heat

efficiencies.

Prices at 2012 levels (in real

terms).

100 per cent of

residential and

commercial buildings are

fitted with DRT.

Citywide smart grid

technologies reducing

peak electricity demand.

Regulation supportsbuildings and

developments are zero

net energy.

Prices at 2012 levels (in

real terms).

How will this be achieved?

The pathway to 2040

By 2020 By 2030 By 2040


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What we need to do in the next 10 years

Element 1: Managing the energy demand

Managing the growth in peak energy demand is critical to improving Aucklands resilience.

Using energy efficiently in our homes, in the workplace and in the way we travel will helpreduce the rate of increase in demand for energy as a result of Aucklands rapid growth.

Energy security is harder to maintain when peaks in demand exceed supply capacity. In the

past, this mismatch has required long-term investment in costly infrastructure just to meet

demand peak which occurs in small time periods of a 24-hour cycle.

Insulating buildings and using more efficient appliances will play a critical role in managing

this mismatch in demand and supply. The biggest potential gains in reducing our total

demand are in more efficient motor drives, water heating, lighting and refrigeration. These

areas offer a range of benefits including reduced energy costs and the ability to defer

investing in costly infrastructure. They will also support the adoption of further renewable

energy generation.

Traditionally this load shifting has been obtained from the industrial sector12

and from

switching off domestic electric hot water systems. More opportunities for load shifting will

arise as new smart technologies are integrated into our buildings and energy networks.

These technologies include intelligent intuitive appliances, smart meters with automated

optimisation enabled through smart grids, local distributed generation, battery storage and

the use of electric vehicles (as described in section 4) for storage. Smart meters and in-

home energy management systems, when combined with appropriate retail tariffs, will

educate and potentially provide an incentive for customers to use more of their power needs

at off-peak times. As this process gains momentum, it will contribute to deferring investmentin expanding the network in specific locations.


Completiondate

Status

Act ion 1:Establish a plan to install modern energy efficient technologyfor street lighting to improve energy efficiency outcomes. (D)

AucklandTransport

2015 Started

Act ion 2:Deploy time-of-use metering and other demandmanagement measures and integrated smart technologies.These technologies will help manage peak demand andenable electric vehicles to be optimised. (E)

Industry/market ledvia energyretailers anddistributionbusinesses

2015-2020 Started

Act ion 3: Promote development that captures and utilises waste heatenergy from process industries to improve energyefficiency. (D)

EECA Ongoing Existingnationalinitiative to begiven higherlocal priority

12Transpower is currently also trialing a 100 MW industrial demand response pilot project which will place a price on demand side

response.


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Element 2: Developing Aucklands low carbon energy options

Auckland has many potential resources to increase locally generated, renewable electricity.

Solar photovoltaics, distributed hydro plants, bio-gas cogeneration facilities and large-scale

wind farms are all examples of local electricity generation options to be pursued

through this action plan.

Wind and solar resources generate electricity

intermittently rather than constantly. They can

support some of Aucklands and national energy

demands but require careful planning. As a result,

the push to increase renewable electricity

generation must occur in parallel with the phased

decommissioning of non-renewable energy

generation.

Thermal electricity currently makes up around 27 percent of New Zealands national supply. The 73 per

cent balance is met by renewable sources and this

gives electricity a lower carbon profile than the direct

use of gas. By 2025, renewable sources are estimated to be contributing 90 per cent of the

electricity supply, as new renewable generation displaces existing thermal plants. Given that

the less thermal electricity we generate the more we reduce GHG emissions, the plan is to

promote electricity over the direct use of gas for residential and commercial cooking, and

space and water heating.

Delivery leadandcontributors

Completiondate

Status

Act ion 4:Develop an enabling regulatory framework via the UnitaryPlan to support energy generation, efficiency, transmissionand distribution, and in particular renewable energy. (E)

AucklandCouncil

2013-14 Started

Act ion 5:Investigate and promote the most appropriate GHG-efficientenergy generation option to heat water and l iving spacesin Auckland.(E)

EECA 2014 Scopingcompleted

Act ion 6:Promote and support the move to generating 90 per cent ofelectricity from renewablesources by 2025, providing thisdoes not affect security of supply. (E)

EECA/AucklandCouncil

Ongoing Will start in2014

Act ion 7:Promote the use of renewable electricity for heating andcooking at residential and commercial premises. (E)

EECA/AucklandCouncil

Ongoing Will start in2014

Green growth action

Maximise opportunities through

national and international alliances to

support and promote local initiatives

for Auckland, New Zealand and the

Pacific Island nations , and to build

capability to reduce GHG emissions

and improve energy resilience.


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Delivery leadandcontributors

Completiondate

Status

Act ion 8:Identify appropriate measures to ensure networks are

adapted and flexible to enable efficient and effective uptakeof local renewable energy technologies.(E)

Electricitytransmission

anddistributionbusinesses

Ongoing Started

Act ion 9:Investigate the feasibility of district energy schemes thatutilise (i) waste heat and chilled water systems, and (ii)forest residues.(Links to section 5, action 16 and section 7, action 8). (E)

Industry/market led, vialarge propertyowners anddevelopers,EECA

Ongoing New

Act ion 10:Undertake pilot projects to demonstrate the viability ofembedded generation in Auckland, e.g. solar photovoltaics,

to catalyse wider rollout. (E)

Industry/Market led

2015 Started

Act ion 11:Consider long-term market-based power purchaseagreements to support large-scale renewableenergy projects. (D)

AucklandCouncil

2016 Started

Act ion 12:Monitor and evaluate the feasibility of fuel cell generationtechnologies and other emerging technologies.(E)

Industry/market led

Ongoing Ongoing

Act ion 13:Investigate the potential for large passenger and freightships berthed at Ports of Auckland to switch from on-board

diesel generation to local clean electricity generation. (E)

AucklandCouncil, Portsof Auckland,

WaterfrontAuckland

2020 New

Act ion 14: Increase the capacity, diversity and security of Aucklandselectricity transmission system in order to meet its needsthrough the completing the North Auckland and NorthlandGrid Upgrade project. (D)

Transpower 2020 Started

Act ion 15: Extend and reinforce the distribution network to meet growththrough greenfield and infill development. (D)

Energydistributionbusinesses

2020 Ongoing

Act ion 16: Facilitate discussion with large Mori landowners and iwi toidentify suitable sites for developing renewable energygeneration on land that they are kaitiaki. (E)

AucklandCouncil Iwi,Mori LandIncorporations,Mori Trustee,Mori LandCourt, PoutamaTrust, AucklandCouncil, CentralGovernment

2020 New


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The plan in action Henderson Valley Primary School

Maree Staverts eyes light up as she talks about the achievements of her pupils and staff at

Henderson Valley Primary School. In fact, their environmental programme is so advanced that

Enviroschools may have to create a whole new award BeyondGreenGold!

The school has always made environmental choices, and introducing a new wood-chip boiler in 2010

is a clear example of how staff integrate their long-term vision for the school into their daily decisions.

Maree remembers how

uncomfortable she felt as the

old coal fired boiler smoked

up the valley and released

around 10,000kg of carbon

dioxide each year. When it

started clanking more than

usual the staff swung into

action. They assessed their

options, gained support from

the council and Living

Energy, and funding from

both EECA (the Energy

Efficiency Conservation

Authority) and the

Ministry of Education.

The staff did the calculations and presented their proposal to the school board who saw the long-term

benefits of low running costs and agreed that the shortfall of $20,000 was well worth the investment.

These days even the schools pencil shavings are added to

carbon-neutral wood chips, which are sourced from a local

factory. Together, these provide heat throughout the winter.

The schools solar panels add to its self reliance, further

increasing its energy efficiency and lowering its

carbon emissions.

It doesnt stop there. The schools Power Rangers make

sure lights are turned off when not in use and a team of

Green Guardians works alongside Watercare and Project

Twin Streams to test water quality and restore wetlands.They also grow vegetables in a self-watering garden, run

zero-waste galas, recycle paper, compost scraps, look after

goats (that mow the grass around the wastewater treatment

area), take part in the new TravelWise programme, and

pester their parents to be as sustainable at home as they

are at school.

And as for waste the school has 421 students and 35

staff, and their weekly contribution to the waste stream?

One black plastic bag. You can tell Maree would like to do

something about that.


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From eco-sourced toilet paper, to fair trade coffee in the staff room, sustainable options have become

part of the schools everyday decision making. Once you start its hard to stop.

The cost and environmental impact of every option is

carefully thought through, says Maree, and in almost

every case, it just makes sense.

So much sense in fact that visitors from afar afield as

Sweden visit Henderson Valley Primary School to learn

how they can make better decisions for their schools.

Maree warmly acknowledges the help given by like-

minded people including the staff, the parents and those

working in other organisations. People who understand

what the school is trying to achieve share in its success

and pass their enthusiasm on to another generation.

Green growth action

Understand and grow the

potential of the Mori economy

in green growth and establish a

Mori green growth forum.


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18

AUCKLAND 2040

AUCKLAND NOW

Transforming our built environment and green infrastructure

Demonstrating leadership and creating quality

exemplars of sustainable development to inspire

Sustainable design standards and stimulating demand

for efcient, healthy and comfortable buildings

Develop and promote exemplar Green Buildingsand establish a collaborative learning programme.

Benchmark the performance of council buildingsagainst a 5 star NABERSNZ energy rating anda 5 Green Star rating, and retrot assets whichperform poorly.

Promote the benets of sustainable design andbest practice.

Deploy and promote the Auckland DesignManual.

Integrate the principles of sustainable designinto planning.

Develop a Green Infrastructure Plan.

Set minimum standards for new buildings,precincts and large-scale developments.

Start a retrot programme targeting areas of

poor performance.

Accelerate energy efciency audit and retrotprogrammes for residential, commercial andindustrial buildings.

Introduce disclosure of a buildingsperformance at the point of sale,rent or lease.

Establish a Warrant of Fitnessprogramme for rental properties.

Advocate for strengthening theBuilding Code to foster best practice.

Our housing is dispersedand low-density, whichis relatively inefcient,resource hungry and

dependent on fossil fuels.

Buildings and facilitiesconsume the vast majorityof electricity and natural

gas in Auckland.

Our homes arefrequently damp, coldand poorly insulated,

and so expensive to heat.

Lowest income householdspay the greatest proportion

of their income almost 13 per cent

on household energy.

Green and open spacestraditionally valued for

conservation and recreation,also help improve communityresilience to climate change.

400,000 new dwellings will need to be built by 2040to house our growing population.

13%

Best practice sustainable design is the norm for all Auckland development.

of all buildings achieve

sustainable designstandards equivalent

to a 6 Green Star

rating.

of the councils

property portfolioretroftted.

of new and existing

housing meetssustainable design

standards equivalent

to a 8 Homestar

energy rating.

of all new large scale

development achievesa high standardof sustainability

benchmarked by an

holistic assessment tool.

of all buildings have

their performancemonitored and

benchmarked to deliver

a high standard ofefciency.

95%80% 95% 90%95%

Of Aucklands schools, ofceand industrial buildings,

56 projectshave gained a 4 Green Star

Design or Built rating or above.

Up to


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ggrreeeenniinnffrraassttrruuccttuurree

Auck land now

The relatively dispersed, low-density nature of Aucklands urban form is somewhat

inefficient, resource hungry and fossil fuel dependent. This is both costly to communities and

unsustainable. Aucklands built environment currently consumes a high proportion of the

citys total electricity and natural gas. This is in part because we have not built to take

advantage of Aucklands warm temperate climate and we are using technologies inefficiently

to make up for it. Our energy sources are also significant emitters of greenhouse gases and

vulnerable to the effects of climate change.

The majority of our homes are damp, cold and

draughty making it difficult and expensive to heat

(particularly when theres no insulation), and leading

directly to increased respiratory ailments in the old and

the young. Industrial buildings are the biggest

contributors to our GHG emissions profile, while

commercial buildings contribute less as building

practices have already started to change in this area.

Our built environment is intermingled with green and open space

Low Carbon Draft Plan Full 20140310

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