LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIETARY PLANNING SYSTEM ......berasaskan web yang direka untuk menyediakan pelan...

LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIETARY PLANNING

SYSTEM

NORMARLINA BINTI ABDULLAH

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

(SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT) WITH HONOURS

UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

2018

LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIETARY PLANNING SYSTEM

NORMARLINA BINTI ABDULLAH

Bachelor of Computer Science (Software Development) with Honours

Faculty of Informatics and Computing

Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia

2018

i

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this report is based on my original work except for quotations

and citations, which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been

previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Sultan Zainal

Abidin or other institutions.

________________________________

Name : Normarlina Binti Abdullah

Date : 13 August 2018

ii

CONFIRMATION

This is to confirm that:

The research conducted and the writing of this report was under my supervision.

________________________________

Name : En Mohd Isa Bin Awang

Date : 13 August 2018

iii

DEDICATION

First of all, I am grateful to Almighty Allah the Most Gracious and the Most

Merciful, who give me strength and patience to complete this final year project report.

I would like to showw my heartiest gratitude to my supervisor En Mohd Isa Bin

Awang for giving me a good guidelines, invaluable advices, knowledgeable

information, kindness, patience and support for this project.

Furthermore, many thanks go my family especially both of my parents also my

brother for their understanding and support for me to complete this valuable project.

A big thank to my friends for their great support, suggestions and encouragement.

Without their help it is impossible to complete this report as well as possible.

In addition, I would like to thank Faculty of Informatics Computing UniSZA that

give me such a great chance to explore myself with this project.

Last but not least, we would like to expand our deepest gratitude to all those who

have directly and indirectly involved in this project.

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ABSTRACT

Most people are concern about what they eat every day. People tent to search

information about the things that they eat or what related to their diet. Diet is the sum

of food consumes by a person. The diet often implies the use of specific intake of

nutrition for health or weight-management reasons. A particular diet may be chosen

to seek weight loss or weight gain. Some food are specifically recommended or

altered for conformity to the requirements of a particular diet .Nowadays, there are

systems which help people to manage their diet. However, the systems are not

specifically focusing on the user’s needs. Different people will require different

dietary needs or nutrition for their body. This is due to variety of weight, daily activity

level on so on. So, they need something that will help them with their own personal

body needs. The system that has been developed is a Low Carbohydrate Dietary

Planning System. Low Carbohydrate Dietary Meal Planning System is a web-based

system designed to provide dietary menu plans for Malaysians. There will be dietary

recommendations for the user based on what they need. The meals in the system are

referred to Atkins diet .The Atkins diet allows the dieter to consume as much protein

and fat as desired, while severely limiting carbohydrate consumption [1].

Rule-based system method are used to store and manipulate knowledge to interpret

information in a useful ways. Hence, rule-based system method is implemented in the

system to generate the diet plans and health guidelines for user.

v

ABSTRAK

Kebanyakan orang bimbang tentang apa yang mereka makan setiap hari. Seseorang

itu cenderung untuk mencari maklumat tentang perkara yang mereka makan atau apa

yang berkaitan dengan diet mereka. Diet adalah jumlah makanan yang diperlukan

oleh seseorang. Diet sering dibayangkan dengan penggunaan kuantiti makanan

khusus untuk kesihatan atau sebab-sebab pengurusan berat badan. Diet tertentu boleh

dipilih untuk menambah berat badan atau mengurangkan berat badan. Sesetengah

makanan disyorkan secara khusus atau diubah untuk mematuhi keperluan diet

tertentu. Pada masa kini, terdapat sistem yang membantu orang untuk menguruskan

diet mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, sistem tidak menumpukan perhatian khusus

kepada keperluan pengguna. Orang yang berbeza akan memerlukan keperluan

pemakanan atau nutrisi yang berbeza untuk tubuh mereka. Ini disebabkan oleh

pelbagai jenis berat badan, tahap aktiviti harian dan sebagainya. Jadi, mereka

memerlukan sesuatu yang akan membantu mereka dengan keperluan badan mereka

sendiri. Sistem yang telah dibangunkan adalah Sistem Perancangan Diet Rendah

Karbohidrat. Sistem Perancangan Makanan Diet Rendah Karbohidrat adalah sistem

berasaskan web yang direka untuk menyediakan pelan menu makanan untuk rakyat

Malaysia. Terdapat cadangan makanan untuk pengguna berdasarkan apa yang

mereka perlukan. Makanan di dalam sistem ini dirujuk kepada diet Atkins. Diet diet

Atkins membolehkan dieter menggunakan banyak protein dan lemak seperti yang

diinginkan, sementara mengehadkan penggunaan karbohidrat [1].

Kaedah sistem berasaskan peraturan digunakan untuk menyimpan dan memanipulasi

pengetahuan untuk menafsirkan maklumat dengan cara yang berguna. Oleh itu,

vi

kaedah sistem berasaskan peraturan dilaksanakan dalam sistem untuk menjana pelan

diet dan garis panduan kesihatan untuk pengguna.

vii

CONTENTS

PAGE

DECLARATION i

CONFIRMATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ABSTRACT iv

ABSTRAK v

CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF APPENDICES

xiii

xiv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 System Background 2

1.3 Problem Statement 3

1.4

1.5

Objectives

Scopes

4

4

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

Limitation of Work

Expected Result

Project Planning

Conclusion

5

5

5

6

viii

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 7

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

Rule – Based System (RBS)

Low Carbohydrate Diet Plan

Atkins Diet

Comparison of Existing system

Conclusion

9

11

13

13

15

17

ix

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 18

3.2 System Development 18

3.3 Project Methodology 19

3.3.1 Phases 20

3.3.1.1 Initial Planning Phase

3.3.1.2 Planning Phase

20

20

3.3.1.3 Requirement Phase 20

3.3.1.4 Analysis and Design Phase 20

3.3.1.5 Implementation Phase 21

3.3.1.6 Testing Phase

3.3.1.7 Evaluation Phase

21

21

3.4

3.5

Context Diagram

Data Flow Diagram

22

23

3.5.1 Data Flow Diagram Level 0


23

26

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.10

3.11

Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

Framework

Database Design

Data Dictionary

System Requirement

Conclusion

28

29

30

32

36

38

x

CHAPTER IV IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT

4.1 Introduction 39

4.2 Test Result (Interface) 39

4.2.1 Patient Module 39

4.2.1.1 Homepage 40

4.2.1.2 Sign Up 41

4.2.1.3 Sign In 42

4.2.1.4 Sign In Success

4.2.1.5 Profile

4.2.1.6 Update Profile

4.2.1.7 Update Profile Success

4.2.1.8 Diet Plan Recommendation

4.2.1.9 Knowledge

4.2.2 Admin Module

4.2.2.1 Sign In


4.2.2.3 Manage Diet Plan

4.2.2.4 Add Diet Plan

4.2.2.5 Diet Plan List

4.2.2.6 Update Diet Plan

4.2.2.7 Delete Diet Plan

4.2.2.8 Report

4.2.2.9 Diet Group Report

43

44

44

45

46

47

48

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

xi

4.2.2.10 Gender Report 57

4.3 Conclusion 57

CHAPTER 5 TESTING AND RESULT

5.1 Introduction 58

5.2 Test Cases 58

5.3

5.2.1 Patient Module

5.2.2 Admin Module

Conclusion

59

64

69

CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

6.1 Introduction 70

6.2 Project Contribution 70

6.3

6.4

6.5

Project Constraint and Limitations

Future Work

Conclusion

71

71

71

REFERENCES 72

xii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

1.1 First table in chapter 1 5

2.1 First table in chapter 2 15

3.1

3.2

3.3

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

5.7

5.8

5.9

5.10

5.11

5.12

First table in chapter 3

Second table in chapter 3

Third table in chapter 3

First table in chapter 5

Second table in chapter 5

Third table in chapter 5

Fourth table in chapter 5

Fifth table in chapter 5

Sixth table in chapter 5

Seventh table in chapter 5

Eighth table in chapter 5

Ninth table in chapter 5

Tenth table in chapter 5

Eleventh table in chapter 5

Twelfth table in chapter 5

32

33

34

59

60

61

62

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

68

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

3.1 First figure in chapter 3 19

3.2 Second figure in chapter 3 22

3.3 Third figure in chapter 3 23

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.10

3.11

3.12

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

Fourth figure in chapter 3

Fifth figure in chapter 3

Sixth figure in chapter 3

Seventh figure in chapter 3

Eighth figure in chapter 3

Ninth figure in chapter 3

Tenth figure in chapter 3

Eleventh figure in chapter 3

Twelfth figure in chapter 3

First figure in chapter 4

Second figure in chapter 4

Third figure in chapter 4

Fourth figure in chapter 4

Fifth figure in chapter 4

Sixth figure in chapter 4

Seventh figure in chapter 4

25

26

27

28

28

30

30

31

31

40

41

42

43

44

44

45

xiv

4.8

4.9

4.10

4.11

4.12

4.13

4.14

4.15

4.16

4.17

4.18

4.19

4.20

4.2

Eighth figure in chapter 4

Ninth figure in chapter 4

Tenth figure in chapter 4

Eleventh figure in chapter 4

Twelfth figure in chapter 4

Thirteenth figure in chapter 4

Fourteenth figure in chapter 4

Fifteenth figure in chapter 4

Sixteen figure in chapter 4

Seventeenth figure in chapter 4

Eighteenth figure in chapter 4

Nineteenth figure in chapter 4

Twentieth figure in chapter 4

Twenty-first figure in chapter 4

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

53

54

54

55

56

57

xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS / TERMS / SYMBOLS

PHP Personal Home Page

SQL Structured Query Language

AI Artificial Intelligence

MeDHES Mental Health Diagnostic Expert System

RBS Rule Based System

CBR Case Based Reasoning

CAMP Case Based Menu Planner

RBR Rule Based Reasoning

PRISM Pattern Regulator for the Intelligent Selection of Menus

RxSem Rule-based semantic data integration method

BSIS Bariatric Surgery Information System (BSIS)

OWL Ongoing Weight Loss

CD Context Diagram

DFD Data Flow Diagram

ERD Entity Relationship Diagram

xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A

B

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

74

75

1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

People nowadays are very concern about their health. Most of them are willing to

spend lots of money in order to be in the best of health. Being healthy is not merely

the absence of disease or infirmity, but it is a state of complete physical, mental, and

social well-being. This includes the eating habit, physical movement, and so on.

Healthy diet is the healthy eating habit. A good diet is the well-balanced food intake

that fulfills all the body's need. Malaysia is one of the countries that have diet issue.

Diet is an essential part of our everyday life. Going on a diet can be mean making

some good choices about nutrition (eating more fruit, vegetables and fibre, or cutting

down on snack foods) or bad choices (skipping meals, eating too little or not eating

enough variety of food)[3].Diet is the sum of food consumes by a person. The diet

often implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management

2

reasons. A particular diet may be chosen to seek weight loss or weight gain. Some

food are specifically recommended or altered for conformity to the requirements of a

particular diet.

Different people will have different needs of food nutrition based on their age,

weight, height, gender, and daily activities. So, different people will need different

kind of food servings. In addition, they also need to have a better diet management

and food intake for their body based on nutrition needs and body condition. Therefore,

the guidelines of managing eating habits and lifestyles are important in daily life.

1.2 System Background

Low Carbohydrate Dietary Planning System is a web based application system. It is

responsible to develop diet plan and health guidelines of diet for people that want to

lose weight through the concept of burning carbohydrate and fats in body. Low-

carbohydrate diets have claimed to promote weight loss [4].

It is a system which can help the user in Malaysia to manage their daily diet or food

intake that is suitable for their body needs. The system is one of the effective and

efficient alternatives to reduce the weight loss and change to healthy lifestyles which

benefit people in many ways. The dietary menu plans are generated based on user

health conditions which are activity level phases of diet, and body mass index (BMI).

The system will suggest the suitable dietary intake for the user. This is based from

their needs. So, it will help the user to choose what kind of food servings those are

suitable for their body. It will be easier for the user to plan their daily diet better.

While diet plan suggestion are referring to Atkins Diet. The Atkins diet allows the

3

dieter to consume as much protein and fat as desired, while severely limiting

carbohydrate consumption [1]. According to Atkins research the less carbohydrate and

high protein a person take can loss their weight.

The system is developed using PHP for web development and MySQL as the

database platform. Artificial intelligence methods are implemented in the system by

using rule-based system in order to produce diet plans and guidelines of low

carbohydrate diet.

1.3 Problem Statement

People nowadays are very concern about their health. They care about what they

eat. However, most of them lack knowledge about how to choose and what kind of

food servings that is suitable for their body. This is because, different people will have

different needs of dietary .Due to variety of age, weight, height, gender, and lifestyle.

In this modern day, people live in a hectic world and always on the go. So, some of

them just do not have the time to go very details about what they should eat. They just

eat without knowing what is actually suitable for their body. In this case, they need

something that can help them quickly without having to cost them much in their eating

habit. They need something that can help them quickly like in just a few clicks.

There are online diet systems in the Internet, mostly Western, just want to gain

profit and make money. Even though at first it looks like the system want to provide

useful information for the user, but then it will promote their product such as

slimming patch and weight loss drink.

4

1.4 Objective

The objective of the Low Carbohydrate Dietary Planning System are:

1. To design a dietary planning system for people who want to lose

weight via low carbohydrate concept.

2. To develop a system that can recommend appropriate diet plan for

low carbohydrate diet people.

3. To implement rule-based method in Low Carbohydrate Diet

Planner.

1.5 Scope

The main scopes of the system are:

1.5.1 Dietician

Dietician will able to log into the system. Dietician has authority to manage,

update and delete data of menu diet and health guidelines in the system.

1.5.2 Patient

Patient can register and log into the system and do tasks in the system. Patient

will able to manage profile, manage health condition, manage diet plans and

health guidelines. Patient can access the system anytime and anywhere.

5

1.6 Limitation Of Work

Low Carbohydrate Dietary Planning System provided diet plan suggestion and

health guidelines based on the phases of diet, body mass index (BMI) and activity

level. Diet plans are the menu of suitable diet for people to follow in their daily

lives. The diet planner consists of recommended diet which are based on Atkins

diet and health guidelines that are suitable for those who need to lose weight. The

system is made for Malaysians according to Malaysia lifestyles.

1.7 Expected Result

The relation between food and carbohydrate intake can be identified.

Rule-based method can be implemented on the system.

Compatible web-based system that can monitor carbohydrate consumption

can be develop.

1.8 Project Planning

Table 1.1 Planning of project

6

1.9 Conclusion

This thesis contained 6 chapters. In chapter one, it consists of introduction of the

system, system background, problem statement, objective, scope, limitation of

work, expected result and project planning.

In chapter two, there are literature reviews of several research paper related to the

proposed system. It contains introduction of the chapter, artificial intelligence

method, rule-based system which is will be used in the system, high blood

pressure, diet plan and conclusion.

In chapter three, it explained the methodology that will be used in the system. It

explained processes of the system in every stage. There are data flow diagram

level 0 and level 1 and entity-relationship diagram and framework of the system.

DFD and framework show the flow of the processes in the system and ERD shows

the relationship between the entities of the system which will describe how the

system worked.

In chapter four, it consists of interface and user manual of the system. Each

interface is labeled and explained specifically and properly.

In chapter five, there are test cases of the system. The results from the system

testing are included in this chapter.

In chapter six, there are project contribution, project constraints and future work of

the system. Lastly it will conclude all the chapters in the report.

7

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Literature review of Low Carbohydrate Dietary Planning System contains the

definitions and previous research of artificial intelligence method, rule-based systems,

Atkins diet and low carbohydrate diet plan.

2.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

According to John McCarthy, the father of Artificial Intelligence, where “The

science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent

computer programs”.

Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot,

or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent human think

[16].

8

Artificial intelligence is a sub-part of computer science, concerned with how to

give computers the sophistication to act intelligently, and to do so in increasingly

wider realms. It participated thoroughly in computer science’s passion for abstraction,

programming and logical formalism and detail for algorithms over behavioral data,

synthesis over analysis and engineering (how to do) over science (what to know). [11]

Artificial intelligence is presented by machines or software. AI is an academic

field of study of how to create computers and computer software with the ability of

performing intelligent behaviour. Intelligent agent is a system that can understand the

environment and take actions in order to survive and succeed. Companies act as

intelligent agents can develop, manufacture and distribute products by using required

skills. [10]

Artificial intelligence consists of several magnificent techniques for example

rule-based systems, case-based reasoning, artificial neural networks, fuzzy models and

genetic algorithm. Advanced artificial intelligence covers the integration of two or

more techniques such as case-based reasoning and rule-based system. The Mental

Health Diagnostic Expert System (MeDHES) uses three artificial intelligence

techniques; rule-based reasoning, fuzzy logic and fuzzy-genetic algorithm in order to

diagnose and treat mental patients as well as to help patients to choose a suitable

treatment plan that fits their budget without risking their health condition. Rule based

reasoning will be used to diagnose to figure out the specific disorders. The fuzzy logic

is used to determine the severity level of mental disorder and fuzzy-genetic algorithm

is responsible to determine the treatment plan. [12]

Artificial intelligence techniques can contribute in medicine by producing new

tools to support medical decision-making , training and research, providing

examination, organization, representation and cataloging of medical knowledge,

9

integrating activities in medical, computer, cognitive and other sciences and offering

a content-rich discipline for future scientific medical specialty . A web-based medical

diagnosis and prediction consists of four components; database, prediction module,

diagnosis module and user interface. Expert system uses and interpreted set of rules

of patients, patients-disease database and expert knowledge on the disease domain to

diagnose patient’s illness based on their current condition when dealing with fuzzy

data. Then they will form a hybrid system called expert-fuzzy to increase the system

performance. [13]

Artificial intelligence is a study to emulate human intelligence into information

technology. It helps in encouraging health-care provider to provide health-care over

the internet or telemedicine and reduce cost and time. [13]

2.3 Rule-Based System (RBS)

Rule-based systems are used to store and manipulate knowledge to interpret

information in a useful way. RBS is also known as expert system and consist of rule

base, inference engine, working memory and user interface as well as a set of if-then

statements and rule set containing encoded knowledge of an expert . Rule-based

system are the simplest form of artificial intelligence [14].

A rule-based system consists of a set of IF-THEN rules, a set of facts and some

interpreter controlling the application of the rules, given the facts. The idea of an

expert system is to use the knowledge from an expert system and to encode it into a

set of rules. When exposed to the same data, the expert system will perform (or is

expected to perform) in a similar manner to the expert. Rule-based system are very

simple models and can be adapted and applied for a large kind of problems. The

requirements is that the knowledge on the problem area can be expressed in the form

10

of if-then rules. The area should also not be that large because a high number of rules

can make the problem solver (the expert system) inefficient [14].

In the research paper entitled integrating case-based and rule-based reasoning to

meet multiple design constraints, the system has been developed to design a daily

menu for an individual using integration of the case-based reasoning (CBR) from

Case-Based Menu Planner (CAMP) system and rule-based reasoning (RBR) from

Pattern Regulator for the Intelligent Selection of Menus (PRISM). Case-based

reasoning is responsible to satisfy multiple numeric constraints while rule based

reasoning allows the performance of “what if “analysis. RBR succeeds in solving new

problems by drawing inferences from rules containing the problem-solving knowledge

and has the ability to produce new cases in a RBR module so the new menu can be

saved for future use when nutritionist changes a proposed menu [15].

Rule-based semantic data integration method (RxSem) has been used to solve data

preparation and combination problems associated with Medical Data for Bariatric

Surgery Information System (BSIS) [7]. Rule-based approach is used for specification

of data selection and integration directives in order to have a precise specification.

Application domain experts supply the data selection and integration directive which

are often unclear and hard to understand especially for system programmers. Then

they translated the directive using database Structured Query Language (SQL)

programming.

The research of Rule-Based medical diagnosis with learning: Application to the

Diagnosis of Acute Renal Failure in Children presented a new method for recognition

of both empirical data and knowledge representation obtained from an experienced

physician is needed since the existing method which is the Bayes method can

diagnose only one kind of the information. The research uses empirical data and

11

expert rules to implement in computer system shell in order to give the result of

diagnosis of acute renal failure [8]. The main functions of the implementations are to

create an internal knowledge base structure, decision making, store patient data,

specifications of the features, list of class names and expert rules.

Rule-based system has four basic component; a list of rules which is specific type

of knowledge base, interface engine or semantic reasoned containing three phases

which are match phase, conflict-resolution phase and act phase, temporary working

memory and user interfaces.

Rule-based system is known as the simplest form of AI. Although, it is the most

important technique of AI that had been used in many systems and frequently used in

advanced artificial intelligence. It gives a big contribution in IT world.

2.4 Low Carbohydrate Diet Plan

Diet in nutrition means is the sum of food consumed by person or other organism.

Dietary or eating habits are the routines, styles or manners of people when choosing

food to eat. Diet is more likely to be known as the use of specific intake of nutrition

for health reasons. A particular diet is chosen or developed for health or weight

management.

A low- carb diet is a diet that restrict carbohydrates, such as those found in sugary

foods, pasta and bread. It is high in protein, fat and healthy vegetables. There are

many different types of low-carb diets that show they can cause weight loss and

improve health. The foods that should eat depends on a few things, including how

healthy you are, how much you exercise and how much weight you have lose [5]

12

In order to get a balanced diet, people must know their Body Mass Index (BMI).

BMI provide reliable indicator of body fatness for most people and is used to screen

for weight categories; underweight, normal, overweight and obese that may be lead to

health problem. It helps people to choose the healthy appropriate food with the right

nutritional requirement as the diet plan is different for every person according to their

BMI weight category.

An expert system is been constructed in a health record management system by

using case-based approach for diet recommendation. They will filter the collection of

available food products, considering the data stored in the health records of the clients

or patients such as food intolerance, allergy and diet. Ripple down rules (RDR) of

case-based approach and suitable rule representation are used to implement menu

planning [6].

In a proposed system of diet recommendation, there are four components; user

management module, diet planning module, menu construction module and menu

adaption module. Diet planning module is implemented using case-based reasoning

(CBR) and rule-based reasoning (RBR) with reusability matrix. Menu adaption

module works as the user choose the particular diet menu, then the system will select

from the food database and display to user [14]. A healthy diet provides essential

nutrition, protein and calories needed by the body. It helps to maintain or improve

overall health and automatically leads to healthy lifestyle. It is not actually about strict

dietary limitations but a proper balanced diet assists people to have complete meals

with the best nutrition for the body. The goal of healthy diet is to develop a diet that

people can maintain for life and manage to help people reduce unhealthy food.

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2.5 Atkins Diet

The Atkins diet was first introduced to the public in the 70s by Dr Robert Atkins.

The Atkins plan advocates a high protein, high fat diet with a significant restriction of

carbohydrates. The Atkins diet is a low-carbohydrate diet, usually recommended for

weight loss. Proponents of this diet claim that you can lose weight eating as much

protein and fat as you want, as long as you avoid foods in high carbs. In the past 12

years, have shown that low-carb diets are effective for weight loss (without calorie

counting), and can lead to various health improvements.[8]

The Atkins diet consists of four different phases. The first is called “Induction” and

during this two-week phase, carbohydrate consumption is extremely limited. The

dieter is allowed to eat as much fat and protein as the likes, but only 20 grams of

carbohydrate may be consumed per day. Eat high-fat, high protein, with low-carb

vegetables like leafy greens. This kick-starts the weight loss [8].

The second phase is called Ongoing Weight Loss (OWL). In the OWL phase, the

goal is to achieve an amount of carbohydrate that will maintain weight loss while

providing adequate energy controlling hunger. Essentially, food are gradually added

back into the diet while dieters keep track of the amount of carbohydrates consumed

daily. This phase is similar to the Induction phase with the addition of more

carbohydrates and more acceptable foods [9].

Next, dieters move on to the third phase, called Pre-Maintenance, when they are

close to their goal weights. In this phase, dieters continue to add more foods to their

14

diets as well as more carbohydrates until they are reach their Atkins Carbohydrate

Equilibriums. The Atkins Carbohydrate Equilibrium is the amount of carbohydrates a

person consume while either gaining or losing weight. During the Pre-Maintenance

phase, weight loss may be slow, so this phase may take several months [9].

The fourth and final phase is called the Lifetime Maintenance phase. In this phase,

goal weight is maintained when dieters eat in accordance with their Atkins

Carbohydrate Equilibriums discovered in the Pre-Maintenance phase. Here they can

eat as many healthy carbs as their body an tolerate without regaining weight [9].

In summary, the Atkins Diet begins with a dramatic restriction of carbohydrates,

after which dieters slowly add back foods and increase carbohydrate until they reach

their goal weights.

15

2.6 Comparison of Existing System

AUTHOR /

YEAR

TITLE DESCRIPTION STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

Giuseppe Agapito,

Mariadelina

Simeoni, Barbara

Calabrese, Ilaria Car,

Theodora

Lamprinoudi, Pietro

H. Guzzi, Arturo

Pujia, Giorgio

Fuiano and Mario

Cannataro

(2018)

DIETOS : A

Dietary

Recommender

System For

Chronic Diseases

Monitoring and

Management

DIETOS is a

food

recommender

system for

healthy people

and individuals

affected by

diet-related

chronic

diseases.

The proposed

system builds a

user health

profile and

accordingly

provides

individualized

recommendatio

ns, also with

attention to

food

geographical

origin.

DIETOS

includes some

well-known

methods for

user profiling

(overlay

profiling) and

content

adaptation

(content

selection)

coming from

general

purpose

adaptive web

systems.

Availability of

food

recommender

systems

providing high

quality

nutritional

advices to both

healthy and

diet-related

chronic

diseases user is

very limited.

A. Nurdiana, M.A.

Nurul Atiqa, H. Chek

Zaini, I. Roesnita and

A.M. Mohd Nazmi

(2013)

Islamic Dietary

Menu Planning

System for

Breastfeeding

The system

provides

guidelines on

good nutrition

and daily

practices for

lactating

mothers.

An

alternative

method for the

mothers to

manage their

diet with

specific

nutritional

Planning

menus for

individuals with

different

Personal Health

Record (PHR)

and individuals

with special

16

Mothers This menu

planning

system not only

provides on the

calories intake

and nutritional

content in the

food but also in

line according

to the Islamic

values.

needs and to

have a better

understanding

on the

importance to

breastfeed their

babies with

some

additional

features and

experts tips.

nutritional

needs

especially for

pregnant and

breastfeeding

women are very

challenging.

The menus

should guide

the right

amount of food

intake for the

mothers.

Johan Aberg

(2006)

Dealing with

Malnutrition : A

Meal Planning

System for Elderly

A new

approach to

meal planning,

aiming at

helping elderly

people deal

with

malnutrition

problems by

increasing their

behaviourial

control.

Even if the

system is

targeted at the

elderly

population

with

malnutrition

problem, the

system also

could be used

for the younger

population as

well.

The

explanation

facilities could

be regarded as

persuasive

features, but

other

approaches

should also be

explored.

Balazs Gaal, Istvan

Vassanyi, Gyorgy

Kozmann, Zsuzsanna

Szente, Erzsebet

Mak and Istvan

Szabolcs

(2005)

Dietary Ontology

for Nutrition

Counseling Expert

System

The dietary

ontology

developed for

the automated

menu generator

MenuGene.

The menu

generator uses

Genetic

Algorithms to

prepare weekly

menus for web

users.

By common

sense some

dishes or

nutrients do not

appeal in the

way others do.

Table 2.1 Comparison of Existing System

17

2.6 Conclusion

As a conclusion, rule-based system is one of the methods use in artificial

intelligence. Furthermore, there are a few researches proved that artificial intelligence

contributes a lot in medical and diet recommendation.

18

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

In this chapter, it will explain the methodology design used in the system

development. Dietary Planning System will undergo several phases from beginning

until project submission.

3.2 System Development

The development of the system will follow System Development Life Cycle

(SDLC) to ensure the effectiveness of the implementation process. Dietary menu

planning system will use the iterative and incremental model as the methodology

approach. Iterative and incremental development is the combination of iterative design

or method and incremental build model for software development. They are long

lasting and widely use in large development efforts.

19

Figure 3.1 Iterative and Incremental Model

The advantages of iterative and incremental model are:

1. Progress can be tracked for every complete cycle.

2. A functioning product is available at the end of every function.

3. Product requirements maybe changed to optimize future iteration.

4. Greater flexibility to change the plan as the project leaders can decide to change

or not.

5. Ability to focus its efforts on addressing the most critical risks early in the life

cycle.

3.3 Project Methodology

Every development phases will implemented into systems from initial planning,

requirement, analysis and design, implementation, testing, evaluation and lastly the

deployment phase.

20

3.3.1 Phases

Dietary Menu Planning System development processes are:

3.3.1.1 Initial Planning Phase

The phase starts with brainstorming the ideas of the current problems and system

requests. Then continue the discussion with the supervisor to choose a project to be

implemented. Literature reviews with the current similar system are studied to find the

problems of the systems.

3.3.1.2 Planning Phase

The title has been confirmed including the details of the project. Then system’s

problem statement, objectives and scopes are also been discussed with the supervisor.

Feasibility study has been done to get more info about the diet plan.

3.3.1.3 Requirement Phase

The requirement of the system have been discussed with supervisor. After the

discussion, the system needs to specify the scope of meal suggestion. Low

carbohydrate and Atkins Diet are chosen for the system.

3.3.1.4 Analysis and Design Phase

In this phase, data flow diagram (DFD), entity relationship diagram (ERD) and

framework are designed. They help to understand the process flow of the system. Any

changes might occur during development according to user’s requirements.

21

3.3.1.5 Implementation Phase

The phase also known as code generation phase. Developer writes codes based on the

previous phase. The system will build using PHP language and MySQL as the

database platform. User interfaces are also included in the phases as they are

important in delivering information and messages to user.

3.3.1.6 Testing Phase

Every sub-module needs to be tested before it will implement into the system. Any

changes of the coding, error, functionality or upgrades are also will be tested. User

interfaces will be checked to ensure they are connected to database and appropriate

with the system.

3.3.1.7 Evaluation Phase

System will be evaluated to check for bugs or errors. Any best practices and

techniques that will be used in the first iteration then can be used for the next

requirement changes and needed in the next iteration.

3.3.1.8 Deployment Phase

In the last phase, Dietary Menu Planning System will be presented and delivered to

the end user. Ant complement will be given to check whether the system has been

developed correctly or not.

22

3.4 Context Diagram

Figure 3.2 Context Diagram of the system

Figure 3.2 shows the data flow diagram in Low Carbohydrate Menu Planner System.

There are two main users in this system which is patient and dietician. This diagram

shows the data flow involving those two main users. Patients are required to register

and login to access into the system.

23

3.5 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

Data flow diagram is a two-dimensional diagram that explains how data processed

and transferred into the system. DFD consists of entities, processes and files to show

the flow of the data in the system.


Figure 3.3 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) Level 0 of the system

According to the DFD shown above, there are two entities; patient and dietician. The

processes of the system are registration, login, manage health condition, manage

profile, manage diet plan, manage health guidelines and generate report.

24

Process 1.0: Register

In register process, patient is required to fill the registration form to create an

account in the system. Then all the information given by the patient will be saved and

stored on Patient file in the database.

Process 2.0: Login

In login process, dietician and user are required to log into the system to access

into the system. Then system will verify the username and password for dietician and

patient from Dietician file and Patient file.

Process 3.0: Manage Profile

In manage profile process, patient can manage and update their profile details. Then

all the information changed by the patient will be saved and stored in the database.

Process 4.0: Manage Diet Plan

In manage diet plan process, dietician will manage including add, update and delete

the meals information from Diet Plan file. Then all the information will be saved and

stored in the database.

Process 5.0: Generate Report

In generate report process, dietician generates report from all files for records.

Patient can generate monthly or weekly report of their health condition. Then all the

information will be obtained from the database.

25


Data Flow Diagram Level 1 shows the processes in DFD Level 0.There are DFD

Level 1 of user registration, generate diet planner, manage user profile and manage

food (diet plan).

3.5.2.1 User Registration

Figure 3.4 DFD Level 1 of Registration process

In the process of Registration as shown in Figure 3.4, patient are required to enter

their personal details, username, password and health condition. Then submitting, the

data will be stored in the database and the system will display the details to patient

26

3.5.2.2 Manage Profile

Figure 3.5 DFD Level 1 of Manage Profile process

In the process of Manage Profile, patient can manage their profile by updating their

details and health condition. All changes will be updated in the database and display

them in the user interface.

27


Figure 3.6 DFD Level 1 of Manage Diet Plan process

In the process of Manage Diet Plan as shown in Figure 3.7, dietician will add the diet

plan details into the database and edit the details. All changes will be updated in the

database and displayed them in interfaces.

28

3.6 Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)

Figure 3.7 Entity Relationship Diagram of the system

The entity relationship diagram is to show the relationship between each entity that

have in the system. Based on the Low Carbohydrate Diet Planner System, the entity

that have on it is Patient, Admin and Diet Plan .

Patient entity contains patient_id as primary key, name, gender, age, height, weight

and bmi. Patient are required to input all the data then their data will be saved in the

database. While dietplan entity contains patient_id as the foreign key, diet_id as

primary key, diet_group, diet_servingsize, diet_example and diet_notes. Admin entity

contain username and password.

29

3.7 Framework

Figure 3.8 Framework of the system

According to the framework, admin will login into the system then admin can manage

the diet plan and generate report. Admin is responsible in updating the food (diet

plan). Users need to register to login into the system to able to manage their personal

details and diet recommendation. Then the system will generates the suitable menu

diet and guidelines for them to control their eating habits and lifestyles. All the

information will be stored in the database.

30

3.8 Database Design

Figure 3.9 Database of the system

Figure 3.9 shows the tables contained in the database of the system. The database is

named as fyp. There are table admin, table dietplan and table patient.

Figure 3.10 Table admin in the database

Figure 3.10 shows the table admin in the database. The table contains admin_id and

password. The data will be verified when admin log into the system. The admin_id is

the primary key in the table.

31

Figure 3.11 Table food (diet plan) in the database

Figure 3.11 shows the table food contained in the database. The table contains diet_id,

diet_servingsize, diet_group, diet_example, and diet_notes. The primary key is

diet_id. All the data entered by admin will be stored in this table.

Figure 3.14 Table patient in the database

Figure 3.12 shows the table patient contained in the database. The table contains

patient_id as the primary key, name, gender, age, password, height, weight and bmi.

The primary key is patient_id. All the data entered by admin will be stored in this

table.

32

3.9 Data Dictionary

1. Table Admin

No Attributes Description Type Key Length Default

1 admin_id admin_id

represents the

unique id that

holds by admin.

It is primary key

for table admin

varchar PK 10 NOT

NULL

2 password password

represent

password to

login system

varchar 30

Table 3.1 Table Admin of data dictionary

33

2. Table Dietplan


1 diet_id diet_id represents

the unique id that

holds by food. It is

primary key for

table dietplan

Varchar PK 10 NOT

NULL

2 diet_servingsize food_servingsize

represent the size

serving of the food

Varchar 20

3 diet_group diet_group

represent the

group of the

dietplan

Varchar 20

4 diet_example diet_example

represent the

examples of the

food

Varchar 20

5 diet_notes diet_notes

represent the

notes of the food

Varchar 20

Table 3.2 Table Food (Dietplan)

34

3. Table Patient


1 patient_id patient_id

represents the

unique id that

holds by patient.

It is primary key

for table patient.

Varchar PK 10 NOT

NULL

2 Name name represent

the name of the

patient

Varchar 50

3 gender gender represent

the gender of the

patient

Varchar 10

4 password password

represent the

password email

Varchar 20

5 Height height represent

the height of the

patient

varchar 20

6 Weight weight represent

the weight of the

patient

Varchar 20

35

7 Bmi bmi represent the

bmi of the patient

Varchar 20

Table 3.3 Table Patient

36

3.10 System Requirements

In order to develop the system properly, software and hardware are required. Below

are the lists of software and hardware requirements which are been used to develop

the proposed system efficiently.

3.10.1 Software Requirements

1. Microsoft Office 2013

- Tools for writing report, proposal and Gantt chart

- Tools for preparing slideshow presentation

2. Notepad++

- Tools for developing PHP programming

3. XamppServer

- Tools for connecting with MySQL database

- Tools to support PHP programming

4. Adobe DreamWeaver

- Tools for designing and developing system

5. Snipping Tool

- Tools for print screen and cropping images

6. Google Chrome

- Platform to display the system

7. Dropbox

- Tools for cloud storage of backup data

37

3.10.2 Hardware Requirements

1. Laptop

- The laptop used was Acer Aspire V5-473P with Intel Core i3-4010U

(1.7GHz, 3MB L3 cache), 4 GB RAM memory.

2. Printer

- Canon E510 series printer was used to print document (proposal and final

report.)

38

3.11 Conclusion

Every phases is crucial to ensure the development of the proposed system will be

implemented correctly and to follow the flow of the system. Iterative and

incremental model approach is the suitable development model to follow with the

system development. Meanwhile, the design method and system design; context

diagram, data flow diagram entity-relationship diagram and framework in this

chapter explained the data flow of the system on how the system are working.

Database design shows the database that contains tables with required data that

are needed in the system.

39

Chapter 4

IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS

4.1 Introduction

System implementation is the construction of the system and the delivery of it

into production. Interfaces and user manual of the system are included in this

chapter.

4.2 Test Result (Interfaces)

4.2.1 User Module

40

4.2.1.1 Homepage

Figure 4.1 Homepage Interfaces

Figure 4.1 shows the homepage interface of the system. The system provides sign up

option, sign in option and contact us at the navigation menu. Patient can choose to

sign up or sign in.

41

4.2.1.2 Sign Up

Figure 4.2 Sign Up

Figure 4.2 show the sign up interface of the system. Patient are required to fill

their personal details in the form. The sign up consists of name, gender, date of

birth, height(cm), weight(kg) and bmi. User must enter the form correctly as

the system only allows a required format for the form. The pop-up messages

display “Successful sign up in the system” when patient are success to sign up.

42

4.2.1.3 Sign In

Figure 4.3 Sign In

Figure 4.3 shows the sign in interface of the system. Patient are required to

enter their sign up username and password.

43


Figure 4.4 Sign in Success Interface

Figure 4.4 shows the sign in success interface of the system. Patient are

successfully sign in into the system. The system successfully verified the

username and password.

44

4.2.1.5 Profile

Figure 4.5 Patient Profile Interface

Figure 4.5 shows the patient profile interface. The system displays patient

profile. There are an option edit to update profile.

4.2.1.6 Update Profile

Figure 4.6 Update Patient Profile Interface

45

Figure 4.6 shows the update patient profile interface of the system. When

patient clicks Edit profile option, the system display patients profile and

patients can update their profiles. Patients are given the Cancel option if they

do not want to do any changes. After patient update their profiles and clicks

button Save, a messages displays “Successful update patient details” to inform

patients about the changes.

4.2.1.7 Update Profile Success

Figure 4.7 Success Update Patient Profile Interface

Figure 4.7 shows the interface when the patient was successfully updated their

details.

46

4.2.1.8 Diet Plan Recommendation

Figure 4.8 Patient Diet Plan Interface

Figure 4.8 shows the patient diet recommendation interface of the system. The

system displays the recommended diet plan for patient. The result obtained by

bmi reading.

47

4.2.1.9 Knowledge

Figure 4.9 Patient Knowledge Interface

Figure 4.9 shows the patient knowledge interface of the system. Patient are

provided with the result of their bmi. The interface above shows the bmi and

guidelines for patient.

48

4.2.2 Admin Module

4.2.2.1 Sign In

Figure 4.10 Admin Sign In Interface

Figure 4.10 shows sign in interface of the system for the administrator. Admin

clicks the Sign In as Admin at the Admin Sign in interface and enter the

username and password. Then the system verifies the username and password.

A pop-up message displayed to inform admin had successfully sign in into the

system.

49


Figure 4.11 Admin Sign In Interface

Figure 4.11 shows the sign in success interface of the system. Patient are

successfully sign in into the system. The system successfully verified the

username and password.

50


Figure 4.12 Manage Diet Plan Interface

Figure 4.12 shows the manage diet plan interface of the system. The system

displays three options to manage profile which are Add Diet Plan, Update Diet

Plan and Delete Diet Plan.

51

4.2.2.4 Add Diet Plan

Figure 4.13 Add Diet Plan Interface

Figure 4.13 shows the diet plan form interface of the system. Admin add the

new diet plan by fill the form. Then the new diet plan will be added to diet

plan list.

52

4.2.2.5 Diet Plan List

Figure 4.14 Diet Plan List Interface

Figure 4.14 shows the diet plan list interface of the system. Admin views the

list of diet plan available in the system. Each diet plan can be update and

delete.

53

4.2.2.6 Update Diet Plan

Figure 4.15 Update Diet Plan Interface

Figure 4.15 shows the update diet plan form interface of the system. Admin

need to insert the diet id that they want to update.

Figure 4.16 Update Diet Plan Interface

Figure 4.16 shows the update diet plan form interface of the system. Admin

update diet plan that they want to based on the diet id inserted before. The new

changes diet plan saved in the database system.

54

4.2.2.7 Delete Diet Plan

Figure 4.17 Delete Diet Plan Interface

Figure 4.17 shows the delete diet plan form interface of the system. Admin

need to insert the diet id that they want to delete.

Figure 4.18 Delete Diet Plan Interface

Figure 4.18 shows the delete diet plan form interface of the system. The form

shows the details of the diet plan that want to delete based on the diet id

inserted before. The new changes diet plan saved in the database system.

55

4.2.2.8 Report

Figure 4.19 Homepage Admin Interface

Figure 4.19 shows the homepage of admin interface of the system. The system

was shown that the report consists of two category which is Diet Group and

Gender.

56

4.2.2.9 Diet Group Report

Figure 4.20 Diet Group Report Interface

Figure 4.20 shows the diet group report interface of the system. Admin can

views the report. The report show the number of diet plan based on the diet

group.

57

4.2.2.11 Gender Report

Figure 4.21 Gender Report Interface

Figure 4.21 shows the gender report interface of the system. Admin can views

the report. The report show the number of patient based on gender.

4.3 Conclusion

The interfaces and user manual described the functions and the flow of the

system. User will be able to use the system properly if they follow the user

manual.

58

Chapter 5

TESTING AND RESULT

5.1 Introduction

Testing is executed to ensure the Low Carbohydrate Dietary Planning System is

developed according to the requirements and achieved its objectives. Test cases are

included in this chapter.

5.2 Test Cases

Input, action, event or unexpected response of the system will be described in test

cases in this chapter. The tables below show the test cases for the processes in the

system.

59

5.2.1 Patient Module

Table 5.1 Test Case for Patient Registration (Sign Up)

Test Cases for Patient Registration (Sign Up)

Step Test Procedure Expected Result Result

1. Patient clicks “Sign Up”

from homepage

System displays registration

form

Success

2. Patient fill in the required

information in the

registration form.

3. Patient clicks “Submit” Validation:

If there is empty form,

System displayed error pop

out :

“Please fill out this field”

If else there is any form filled

incorrectly,

System displayed error pop

out :

“Please match the format

requested”

Else

Data saved into database and

displayed patient profile

Success

Success

Success

60

Table 5.2 Test Case for Patient Sign In

Test Cases for Patient Sign In


1. Patient clicks “Sign In”

from homepage

System displays sign in form

consists of username and

password

Success

2. Patient enter name and

password

3. Patient clicks “Submit” Validation:

If patient enter wrong

username and password or

empty form,

System displayed message

pop out :

“Your username and password

wrong”

Else

System displayed message

pop out :

“You are now successfully log

in into the system”

Success

Success

4 Patient clicks “OK” System displayed homepage

for patient

Success

61

Table 5.3 Test Case for Patient Update Profile

Test Cases for Patient Update Profile


1. Patient clicks “Edit”

from update profile

interface

System displays profile patient

in an update form version

Success

2. Patient changes any data

3. Patient clicks “Cancel” System displayed patient

profile

Success

4 Patient clicks “Submit” A pop-up message displayed

“Successfully update patient

detail” and data are updated to

the database and system

displayed the updated profile

Success

62

Table 5.4 Test Case for Diet Plan Recommendation

Test Cases for Diet Plan Recommendation


1. Patient sign up System displays sign up form Success

2. Patient sign in System displays patient

homepage

Success

3. Patient clicks “Diet

Planner” from navigation

menu

System displayed a list of

recommended diet plans

Success

Table 5.5 Test Case for View Knowledge

Test Cases for View Knowledge



2. Patient sign in System displays patient

homepage

Success

3. Patient clicks

“Knowledge” from the

navigation menu

System displayed patient’s

body mass index (BMI) and

showed the guidelines

Success

63

Table 5.6 Test Case for Logout

Test Cases for Logout



2. Patient sign in System displays user

homepage

Success

3. Patient clicks “Logout” System processed and logout,

then system displayed

homepage

Success

64

5.2.2 Admin Module

Table 5.7 Test Case for Admin Sign In

Test Cases for Admin Sign In


1. Admin clicks “Sign In”

from homepage

System displays login form

consists of username and

password

Success

2. Admin enter username

and password

3. Admin clicks “Submit” Validation:

If admin enter wrong

username and password or

empty form,

System displayed a message

pop-up :

“Your username and password

wrong”

Else

System displayed a pop-up

message “You are now

successfully log in into the

system

Success

Success

4 Admin clicks “OK” System displayed homepage

for admin

Success

65

Table 5.8 Test Case for Add Diet Plan

Test Cases for Add Diet Plan


1. Admin clicks “Manage

Diet Plan”

System displayed add diet plan

form

Success

2. Admin fill in the required

information in the form

Success

3. Admin clicks “Submit” Validation :

If there is an empty form,

System displayed a message

pop-up

“Please fill out this field”

Else

Data saved into database and

displayed diet plan list

Success

Success

66

Table 5.9 Test Case for Update Diet Plan

Test Cases Update Diet Plan



Diet Plan”

System displayed update diet

plan” form

Success

2. Admin insert the diet id

that want to update

System displayed the details of

diet plan that related to diet id

inserted

Success

3. Admin changes any data

4. Admin clicks “Cancel” System displayed diet plan

details

Success

5. Admin clicks “Submit” A pop-up message displayed

“Successfully update diet plan

detail” and data are updated to

the database and system

displayed the updated diet plan

Success

67

Table 5.10 Test Case for Delete Diet Plan

Test Cases Delete Diet Plan



Diet Plan”

System displayed delete diet

plan form

Success

2. Admin insert the diet id

that want to delete


diet plan that related to diet id

inserted

Success

3. Admin clicks “Cancel” System displayed diet plan

details

Success

5. Admin clicks “Submit” System delete the entire details

of the selected diet plan and

displayed current diet plan list.

Success

68

Table 5.11 Test Case for Generate Report

Test Cases Generate Report


1. Admin clicks “Report” System displayed the list of

report

Success

2. Admin clicks “Diet

Group”


diet plan that related to diet

group

Success

3. Admin clicks “Gender” System displayed the details of

patients based on gender

Table 5.12 Test Case for Logout

Test Cases for Logout


1. Admin sign in System displays admin

homepage

Success

2. Admin clicks “Logout” System processed and logout,

then system displayed

homepage

Success

69

5.3 Conclusion

The information of the implementation of the system is delivered by using test

cases. The test method is used to test the functionality and validations of the

system on every main module in the system.

70

Chapter 6

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

6.1 Introduction

This chapter discussed the project contributions, constraint and future works for that

can be taken into consideration for Low Carbohydrate Dietary Planning System and

conclusion.

6.2 Project Contribution

The contribution of this system is it assists people with high reading of bmi to manage

their health and lifestyles. Diet plan recommendation helps patients to eat the healthy

meal per day properly. The system helps user to tracks their body mass index (BMI) to

encourage self-awareness. People need to take a good care of their health by following

health guidelines and healthy eating habits. Atkins diet which are being used in the

system is proved that it can help to people to lose weight by the following

recommended Atkins diet plan.

71

6.3 Project Constraint and Limitation

There are a few constraint that are discovered in this system. The requirements

become so complicated in the initial phase of the development. The requirements

caused the plan of and the output system changed.

Besides, the current system is unable to track the user bmi when it was calculated.

Patient need to input the calculated bmi itself. It is considered as a system limitation.

6.4 Future Work

In future, there are many improvements can be done for this system. Firstly, make

sure the bmi calculated is directly insert once it was calculated. Next, implement in

mobile application it can be easily accessed by user at anytime and anywhere. Last but

not least, add planner modules of users; diet to calculate their calories intake and also

planner modulus which contain diet suggestion for every weeks or month

6.5 Conclusion

As a conclusion, Low Carbohydrate Dietary Planning System has two user which is

patient and admin. This system aimed to suggest suitable diet plan for people with

high reading of bmi and provide health guidelines according to patients’ health

condition. The methodology used to develop this system is incremental and iterative

model. The interfaces and test cases are included in this report. Hopefully the system

can help many people in managing their diet and lifestyles

72

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System for Cancer Patients.

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(CHUSER 2011), Dec 5-6 2011.

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The Atkins Diet: Everything You Need to Know (Literally)

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A Research Paper: Various Diets and an Evaluation of Them

Dr. Bruckbauer, March 18, 2010

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74

APPENDIX

APPENDIX A

Gantt Chart

Duration

Task

Jun

1 2 3 4

July

1 2 3 4

August

1 2 3 4

Implementation and

documentation

Development, implementation,

slides and documentation

Pre-presentation

Development, implementation,

poster and documentation

Final Presentation

Report Submission

Thesis submission

75

APPENDIX B

Implementation of Rule-Based method coding for Knowledge

<?php

include ("conn.php");

$cid=$_SESSION['username'];

$SQLstringDisplay = ("SELECT * FROM patient WHERE name='$cid'");

$QueryResult = @mysql_query($SQLstringDisplay, $DBConnect);

echo "<table width=300 border='0'style='background-

color:white;'align='center';>\n";

while (($Row = @mysql_fetch_row($QueryResult)) !== FALSE){

//test for BMI condition

if($Row[6]<=18.5){

echo "<tr>Your BMI is {$Row[6]} .

Your BMI is in the Underweight category. 

Healthy BMI is between 18.5 and 25. 

Follow a healthy eating plan and live a healthy lifestyles</tr>";

}else

if ($Row[6]>=19 && $Row[6]<=24.9){

echo "Your BMI is {$Row[6]} . 

Your BMI is in the Healthy Weight category. 

Healthy BMI is between 18.5 and 25. 

Follow a healthy eating plan and live a healthy lifestyles";

}else

if ($Row[6]>=25 && $Row[3]<=29.9){

echo "Your BMI is {$Row[6]} . 

Your BMI is in the Overweight category. 

Healthy BMI is between 18.5 and 25. 


}else

if ($Row[6]>=30 && $Row[3]<=34.9){

echo "Your BMI is {$Row[6]} . 

Your BMI is in the Obese category.

76

}else

if ($Row[6]>=35 && $Row[3]<=39.9){


Your BMI is in the Severely Obese category. 



}

if ($Row[6]>=40){


Your BMI is in the Morbidly Obese category. 



}

}

echo "</tr>";

echo "</table>\n ";

//close the MySQL server database connection

mysql_close($DBConnect);

?>

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