Lounsberry Alice & Ellis Rowan_A Guide to the Wildflowers

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A GU IDET O T H E

W I L D F L O W E R S



P L A T E X X . W I L D H O N E Y S U C K L E . Azalea nudiflora.

COPYRIGHT, 1899. BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.

PRINTED IN AMERICA.



A G U I D ET O T H E

WILD FLOWERS

BY

A L I C E L O U N S B E R R Y

W I T H S I X T Y - F O U R C O L O U R E D A N D O N E H U N D R E D B L A C K - A N D -

W H I T E P L A T E S A N D F I F T Y - F O U R D I A G R A M S

B Y

M R S . E L L I S R O W A N

TKWtb an •ffntrofcuctfon

B Y

D R . N . L. B R I T T O N E m e r i t u s P ro f e s so r o f B o t a n y , Co lu m b i a U n i v e r s i ty , A u t h o r o f " An I l l u s t ra t e d

F lora ] ' an d Direc tor o f t h e N ew Y o r k B o t a n i c a l Ga r d e n .

FO U R T H E D I TI O N W I T H R E V I S I O N S

N E W Y O R K

F R E D E R I C K A . S T O K E S C O M P A N Y

P U B L I S H E R S



COPYRIGHT, 1899,

B Y F R E D E R I C K A . S T O KE S C O M P A N Y



Contents .

P A G E .

P R E F A C E , . . . . . . . iv

L I S T O F I L L U S T R A T I O N S , . . . . i x

I N T R O D U C T I O N B Y D R . N A T H A N I E L L O R D B R I T T O N , . xv

A C H A P T E R T O S T U D Y , I

F I V E C O N S P I C U O U S P L A N T F A M I L I E S , . . . 1 5

P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N W A T E R , . . . . 2 1

P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M U D : B O G S , S W A M P S A N D

M A R S H E S , . . . . . - 4 3

P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L : L o w M E A D O W S A N D

B Y R U N N I N G S T R E A M S , . . . - 7 9

P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L : D E E P W O O D S

A N D H I L L S I D E S , . . . . . 1 3 9

P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N L I G H T S O I L : O P E N W O O D S , . 2 0 3

P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N S A N D Y S O I L , . . . 2 3 1

P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N D R Y S O I L : U P L A N D P L A C E S , T H I C K E T S

A N D M E A D O W S , . . . . . , 2 5 6

P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N W A S T E S O I L : R O A D S I D E B A N K S A N D

L A N E S , . . . . . . . 2 9 6

I N D E X T O C O L O U R , . . . . . . 3 2 6

I N D E X T O E N G L I S H N A M E S , . . . . 3 3 3

I N D E X T O L A T I N N A M E S , . . . . . 3 4 0

I N D E X O F T E C H N I C A L T E R M S , . . . . 3 4 6



Preface.

T H E lo ve of flowers is on e of the ea rl ie st of pa ss ion s, as it isone of th e most en du r in g . Ch i l dr en wi t h th e bees and butter

flies de lig ht i n the op en in g of the s p ri n g ; an d a br ig ht bo y that

is re ar ed in the co u n tr y foll ow s the seaso n by its flowers. H e

it is who knows when to push aside the snow and dried leaves

to find the first sweet blos som s of the t r a i l i n g arbutus ; nor

does he mistake the del l where the whit e v i ol et peeps shyly out

for the spreading patch of blue v iolets to which he returnsever y year . H e kn ow s the hi l ls id e where the mo un ta in lau re l

a nd the l a m b k i l l grow, a nd dr ives away th e fool i sh cows th a t

would eat of th ei r fre sh, gre en sho ots . T h e pre cio us haun t of

the pin k orc his and the ro ck y cr ag over whi ch droo ps the lov ely

c o l u m b i n e is to hi m an un ra ve l l ed m ys te ry . A stre am of fish

i n g he m ar k s by the sta te ly ca rd in al f lower or the co y jew el-

weed.H i s know ledge of th e m a l l i s int ima te a n d lo v i n g— on e th a t h e

has acq ui re d by h is ow n s k i l l a nd observa t ion, a nd th rough th is

close fr i en ds hip w it h them he feels pr ou dl y that they are his

ve ry ow n. T h e sw am ps an d the wood s, the hi l l s and the road

sides, are his especia l domain.

T h e great poets o f A m e r i c a have sh own a p rofound a p p recia

t io n of th eir inc om p a r a bl e w i ld flowers. In fac t, the im pe rs on allov e of flowers is one of the ch ar ac te ris ti cs of m o de rn po etr y.

B u t thi s has not alw ays bee n so. T h e Pe rs ia ns m ade use of

the i r flowers as m ou th pi e ce s to express th ei r own sent im ents

a n d f ro m th e m th e idea ra d ia t ed ver y gen era l ly . T h e y served

th e a ncient G ree ks mo st ly as tombsto nes to com mem ora te th eir

sorr ow s : and a lth ou gh the Gr ee k boy kn ew where to find th em

an d ho no ur ed th em as fav ou rit es of his gods, he h ad not the



v i P R E F A C E .

same sen tim enta l fondness for the m as has our l i t t le A m e ri c a n

f r ie n d . A wild rose w ou ld ne ve r sa y to hi m : " I desp ise yo u

n or does he expect a black-eyed Susan to blush from shyness.

T h e wild flowers have th eir own unique personal i t ies . T h ey

exis t as ind ivi dua ls an d reproduc e themselves . E v e r y plant i s

a me mb er of a fam il y an d has its rel at ive s qu ite as wel l as

thos e of the an im al wo rl d. T o k no w th em it is necessary th at

we should seek them in their homes : they seldom come to us.

It is for this reason that a classification according to the soil

in wh ic h they gr ow is feasible. It is a ta ng ibl e po in t of w hi ch

to ta ke h ol d. A n d al th ou gh the re are some fickle-mindedpl an ts th at app ear to flourish in differen t ki nd s of soil , t he y

may be rega rded rath er as those str ay in g away f r om f a m i ly

t r a d i t io n , than as tr us tw or th y examp les. A s a rule they are

pa r t ia l to part icular k inds of soi l and do not thrive nearly so

well in other than that a l lo t ted to them by Da m e Na tu re . T h e

m a r s h ma rig ol d, wi th wh ic h most of us are fam ilia r , when it

reaches the sunny, warmer south retires to the wet, cool woods

in search of a soi l si m il ar to that of its hom e mar she s. T h e

h ar eb e l l , that is w it h us a shy pla nt, h id i n g itse lf in shad y

places and ro ot in g in mois t soi l , in England ventures out into

the meadows and hig hw ays. I t has there not our mid su m me r

heat wi th wh ic h to co nt en d a nd finds the soi l of the fields not

u n l ik e that of our shaded banks.

It wo ul d ther efore seem th at, p ut ti n g aside an ana lysi s of

their minuter parts , the different species of plants could be

most readi ly known by their loca l i ty . W i t h one exception the

great fa mi ly of go ld en -ro ds are yell ow ; but they do no t al l

grow in the same k i n d of soi l . The knowledge, therefore , that

one inhabits a swamp w i l l be of mo re valu e to id en tif y it th an

to kn ow its col our . F o r the con ven ien ce of those, however,

tha t are a ccus tom ed to a c lassif icatio n by col our , an inde x, in

which the plants are arranged under the dominant colour of the blossoms, has been provided.

W i t h the kno wle dg e of this poin t and k n ow in g also the soil



P R E F A C E . vii

in wh ich they g row , l i t t le diff iculty sho uld be encoun tered in

determining the posit ion of any plant in the book.

It has seemed mo st n at ur al to mak e the divi sio ns of soi lac co rd in g to a gra dat ion fro m plan ts that gro w in water

through those of mud and those of moist, r ich, rocky, l ight and

san dy soils res pe cti vel y to t hose that flourish in dry an d waste

gr ou nd . U n d e r this c lassif ication the pr im ary idea in group

i n g the gen era has been to keep the families together, and so

far as is con sist ent wi th this pl an they have been arranged

according to their seasons of b loom i ng.

T h e co mm on E n g l i s h name, or several com mo n names, when

th ey ex ist, an d the scien tif ic nam es of the pl an ts are first giv en .

A c c e n t s have been retained on the latter as being an assistance

to thei r cor rec t pr on un ci at io n. T h e n fol low , so that they ma y

be seen at a gl an ce, the fa mi ly , co lo ur , odo ur, ran ge an d tim e

of blo om . A sim ple ana lysis is also gi ve n, fr om wh ic h the

ma nn er of th eir gr ow th a nd the fo rm an d nu mb er of the ir pa rts

can be learned. F r o m the routine order of placing first theroot, or stem, a dev iati on has been in du lg ed in by be gi nn in g

with a de sc ri pt io n of the flowers. It is th ou gh t to be mor e

con sid erat e to all ow the no vic e to satisfy his ent hus iasm ov er

the blossom before cl ai mi n g his att ent ion for the root, stem,

an d leaves.

The technica l terms that have been used wi l l not be found

difficult to con que r by a li tt le patience and st udy of the nex tchap ter . T h e student w i l l then be arm ed with a vo cab ula ry

f r o m which two words wi l l serve h im for tw elve of his own

that he mi gh t oth erw ise emp loy . E v e r y science has its phe

nom ena that in di vi du al s are read y to master ; but for some

strange reason botany has, unt i l rec en tly , been so en wrap ped

in the gl oo m of t ech ni ca l expre ssions th at it has been dec lare d

impo ssibl e. H a p p i l y this idea has become a ph ant om of history . The change und oub ted ly is grea tly ow in g to the man y

del i g h t f u l books that have been wr it te n on thi s subject. It is

these books that make naturalists .



vi i i P R E F A C E .

M o d e s t y , we le ar n fr om the flowers, is one of the win som e

virtues. It is therefore said wi th mu ch mod est y tha t what has

been for me rly la ck in g to mak e these books thoroughly useful

and pra cti cab le to the student is su pp lie d in the present vo lum e.It is C O L OUR . T o the dev elo pm en t of science we owe the

existence of the sixty-four coloured plates that are here repro

d u c e d . They and the pen-and-ink sketches are fro m ori g in al

studies fr om nat ure and show us ma ny of our fa mi l i ar as we l l

as rare wild flowers. I n the se lec tio n of th em the ran ge has

not been l i m i t e d ; s im p l y f r o m A m er ica ' s great weal th of b loom

thosehave

been chosen thathave

some especial cl ai m on oura t t e nt i on. T h i s wo rk has been gre at ly fa ci l i ta ted by the most

k i n d an d generous aid of Dr . B r i t t o n .

M r s . R o wa n r ece iv ed in v a l u ab l e ass is tance f r o m M r . Beadl e ,

the wel l -kn o wn b o tan is t o f B i l tm o r e ; an d whi l e in A s he v i l l e

was ena ble d, th ro ug h his cou rte sy an d that of his colle agu es, to

get ma ny rare specim ens of nativ e plan ts fro m the mo un ta in s

of N o r t h C a r o l i n a .

Bes ides accur acy , M r s . R o w an has a p a r t ic u l a r l y hap p y

f a c u l t y of tr an sm it ti ng to paper the atm osp her e of the plan ts,

so tha t in lo o k in g at th em we almo st feel th eir tex tur e and

sense a whiff of the salt marsh in which they grew, or the cool,

spicy odour of the pine thi ck ets . H o w dif ferently these

c o lou r e d plates impress us from those that gave dreary pleasure

to o ur ancestors , when a pa tc h of colo ur and a bi t of gre en

that was tak en on fai th as the a cc om pa ny in g leaves causedt he m to exclaim mechanical ly, " It is a f lower."

Th at the book intr odu ces man y new fr iends am ong the w i l d

flowers an d that it add s co lo ur co ns tit ut es its cla im upon the

reader.

A b o u t the flowers grave lessons c l i n g ,L e t us softly steal l ik e the tread of spring

A n d learn of them.



List o f Il lustrations.

T h e m a r k * * * w h i c h a p p e a r s i n the l i s t d e s i g n a t e s the plat e s t hat are p r o

d u c e d i n c o l o u r . T h e n u m b e r of the page g i v e n for e a c h of these c o l o u r e d

p l a t e s is t h a t of the p r i n t e d page faced by the c o l o u r e d p l a t e i n e a c h case.

P L A T E . P A G E .

1. WATER-ARUM. Calla palustris, . * * * 20

II. GOLDEN CLUB. Orontium aquaticum, 23

III. YELLOW POND-LILY. Nymphcea advena, 25

IV. YELLOW NELUMBO. Nelumbo lutea, . 27

V. COMMON WHITE WATER CROWFOOT. Batrachium trichophyllum, 29

YELLOW WATER CROWFOOT. Ranunculus delphinifolius, 29

VI. WATER HEMLOCK. Cicuta maculata, . . . . 31

VII. WATER-HYACINTH. Piaropus crassipes, * * * 32

VIII. COMMON BLADDERWORT. Utricularia vulgaris, • 35

IX. ARROW-HEAD. Sagittaria lati/olia, . • 37

X. WATER-PLANTAIN. Alisma Plantago-aquatica, • 39

XI. AMPHIBIOUS KNOTWEED. Polygonum antphibium, . •40

XII. FLOATING-HEART. Limnanthemum lacunosum, 42

XIII. AMERICAN CRINUM. Crinum Americanum, * * * 44

XIV. SWAMP PINK. Helonias bullata, . 45

XV. PITCHER-PLANT. Sarracenia purpurea, * * * 46

XVI. MARSH MARIGOLD. Caltka palustris, . • <<)

XVII. GOLDTHREAD. Coptis trifolia, . • 5 i

XVIII. SWAMP ROSE. R o s a Carolina, . * * * 52

XIX. LIZARD'S TAIL. Saururus cernuus, . 54

XX. WILD HONEYSUCKLE. Azalea nudiflora, . * ** Frontispiece.

XXI. WHITE SWAMP HONEYSUCKLE. Azalea viscosa, * * * 54

XXII. AMERICAN CRANBERRY. Oxycoccus macrocarpus, • 58



X L I S T O F I L L U S T R A T I O N S .

XXIII. CALOPOGON. Limodorum tuberosum, . . . . * * * 60

XXIV. SNAKE-MOUTH. Pogonia ophioglossoides, 61

XXV. SMALL PURPLE-FRINGED ORCHIS. Habenaria psycodes, 63

XXVI. WHITE-FRINGED ORCHIS. Habenaria blephariglottis, ** * 64

YELLOW-FRINGED ORCHIS. Habenaria ciliaris * * * 64

XXVII. MARSH CLEMATIS. Clematis crista, . . . . 66

XXVIII. HORNED BLADDERWORT. Utricularia cornuta, 68

XXIX. ROSE MALLOW. Hibiscus Moscheutos, . . . . * * * 70

XXX. BUCKBEAN. Menyanthes tri/oliata, . . . . 7 i

XXXI. SEA PINK. Sabbatia campanulata, . . . . 73

XXXII. VENUS'S FLY-TRAP. Dioneea muscipula, * * 74

XXXIII. MILKWEED. Asclepias lanceolata, . . . . * * * 76

ASHY MILKWEED. Asclepias cinerea * * * 76

XXXIV. LARGER BLUE FLAG. Iris versicolor, . . . . * * * 80

XXXV. CRESTED DWARF-IRIS. Iris cristata, . . . . 81

XXXVI. POINTED BLUE-EYED GRASS. Sisyrinchium angusti/olium, * * * 82

XXXVII. YELLOW-ADDER'S TONGUE. Erythronium Americanum, . * * * 84

XXXVIII. CAROLINA LILY. Lilium Carolinianum, * * * 86

XXXIX. STOUT STENANTHIUM. Stenanthium robustum, 85

XL. FOUR-WINGED SNOWDROP TREE. Mohrodendron Carolinum, • 87

XLI. CHOKE CHERRY. Prunus Virginiana, . . . . 89

XLII. TALL WILD BELLFLOWER. Campanula Americana, . * * * 90

XLIII. COLORADO SHOOTING-STAR. Dodecatheon Meadia frig idum, 92

XLIV. TRUMPET FLOWER. Tecoma radicans, . . . . * * * 94

XLV. BUTTON'BUSH. Cephalanthus occidentalis, * * 96

XLVI. BLUETS. Houstonia ccerulea, . . . . . • 99

XLVII. TALL MEADOW RUE. Thalictrumpolygamum, 10 3

XLVIII. MONKSHOOD. Aconitum uncinatum, . . . . * * * 104

XLIX. MOCK APPLE. Micrampelis lobata, . . . . 105

L. WHITE-FLOWERED SIDALCEA. Sidalcea Candida, 107

LI. CARDINAL MONKEY-FLOWER. Mimulus cardinalis, . * * * 108

Lll. TURTLE-HEAD. Chelone glabra, i n

Llll. TURTLE-HEAD. Chelone Lyoni, . . . . . • " 3

LIV HEDGE-HYSSOP. Gratiola aurea, . . . . • " 5



L I S T O F I L L U S T R A T I O N S . xi

LV. MEADOW BEAUTY. Rhexia Virginica, * * * 114

LARGE-FLOWERED MILKWORT. Polygala grandiflora, * * * 114

LVI. SLENDER DAYFLOWER. Commelina erecta, . 117

LVII. SPIDERWORT. Tradescantia montana, • 119

LVIII. JEWEL-WEED. Impatiens bijlora, . . . . * * * 120

LIX. CARDINAL FLOWER. Lobelia cardinalis, * * * 122

RATTLESNAKE GRASS. Panicularia Canadensis, * * * 122

LX. GREAT LOBELIA. Lobelia syphilitica, . . . . • 123

LXI. ROUND-LEAVED PSORALEA. Psoralea orbicularis, . 125

LXII. OSWEGO-TEA. Monarda didyma, . * * * 126

LXIII. OBEDIENT PLANT. Physostegia Virginiana, . * * * 128

LXIV. FRINGED GENTIAN. Gentiana crinita, . . . . * * * 130

LXV. CLOSED GENTIAN. Gentiana Andrewsii, •129

LXVI. SNEEZEWEED. Helenium autumnale, . . . . • 131

LXVII. BLUE STOKESIA. Stokesia cyanea, . . . . . • 133

LXVIII. JOE-PYE-WEED. Eupatorium purpureum% • 135

LXIX. GOLDEN-ROD. Solidago j'uncea, . . . . * * * 136

LXX. JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. Ariscema triphyllum, . * * * 138

LXXI. STROPHILIRION. Strophilirion Cali/ornicum, 139

LXXII. TWISTED STALK. Streptopus roseus, . . . . i 4 i

LXXIII. LARGE-FLOWERED WAKE-ROBIN. Trillium grandijtorum, * * * 144

LXXIV. PAINTED TRILLIUM. Trillium undulatum, 145

LXXV. PANICLED BELLFLOWER. Campanula divaricata 147

LXXVI. DALIBARDA. Dalibarda repens, . . . . . 149

LXXVII. EARLY WHITE ROSE. Rosa blanda, . . . . 151

LXXVIII. COLUMBINE. Aquilegia truncata, . . . . * * * 154

LONG-SPURRED COLUMBINE. Aquilegia ca>rulea, * * * 154

LXXIX. BLACK COHOSH. Cimicifuga racemosa, 155

LXXX. BUNCH-BERRY. Cornus Canadensis, . . . . 157

LXXXI. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Cornus Jlorida, 159

LXXXII. SOURWOOD. Oxydendrum arboreutn, . . . . * * * 158

LXXXIII. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. Kalmia latifolia, . . . . * * * 160

LXXX1V. SHEEP LAUREL. Kalmia angusti/olia, . . . . * * * 162

LXXXV- GREAT RHODODENDRON. Rhododendron tnaximum, * * * 164



x i i L I S T O F I L L U S T R A T I O N S .

LXXXVI. SHIN-LEAF. Pyrola elliptica, 165

LXXXVII. CREEPING WINTERGREEN. Gaultheria procumbens% . . . 167

LXXXVIII. CREEPING WINTERGREEN. Gaultheria Shallon, . . . 169

LXXXIX. INDIAN PIPE. Monotropa uniflora, . . . . * * * 170

FALSE BEECH-DROPS. Hypopitys Hypopitys, . . . * * * 170

XC. NEVINS'S STONE CROP. Sedum Nevii, 171

XCI. AMERICAN ORPINE. Sedutn telephioides^ . . . . 173

XCII, SMOOTH RUELLIA. Ruellia strepens, 175

XCIII, YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER. Cypripedium hirsutum, . . * * * 178

XCIV. MOCCASIN FLOWER. Cypripedium acaule, . . . . 179

XCV. STRIPED CORAL-ROOT. Corallorhiza striata, . . . i 8 t

XCVI. RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. Peranium repens, . . . . 183

XCVII. BLOOD-ROOT. Sanguinaria Canadensis, . . . . 185

XCVIII. GROUND OR MOSS PINK. Phlox subulata, . . . * * * 186

XCIX. HOBBLE-BUSH. Viburnum alnifolium, . . . * * * 188

C. TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera sempervirens, . . . 189

CI. TWIN-FLOWER. Linncea borealis, . . . . . 191

CM. WHITE ABRONIA. Abronia fragrans, 193

Clll. WHITE BEARD'S TONGUE. Pentstemon Digitalis, . . . 195

CIV. WHITE BEARD'S TONGUE. Pentstemon Newberryi, . . . 197

CV. WOOD-SORREL. Oxalis Acetosella, . . . . * * * 200

CVI. TRAILING ARBUTUS. Epigaa repens, 205

CVII. SPOTTED PIPSISSEWA. Chimaphila tnaculata, . . * * * 206

FIRE PINK. Silene Virginica, . . . . . * * * 206

CVIII. WIND-FLOWER. Anemone quinque/olia, . . . . 209

CIX. THIMBLE-WEED. Anemone Virginiana, . . . . 211

CX. CAROLINA LARKSPUR. Delphinium Carolinianum, . . * * * 212

CXI. PARTRIDGE VINE. Mitchella repens, . . . . • 215

CXII. WILD PINK. Silene Caroliniana, . . . . • * * * 218

CXIII. STARRY CAMPION. Silene stellata, 219

CXIV. GROUND-NUT. Panax trifolium, 221

CXV. WILD GERANIUM. Geranium maculatum, . . . * * * 222

CXVI. PROSTRATE TICK-TREFOIL. Meibomia Michauxii, . . . 225

CXVII. WOOD-BETONY, Pedicularis Canadensis, . . . . 227



L I S T O F I L L U S T R A T I O N S .

CXVIII. DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE. D asy stoma Jlava, * * * 228

SMOOTH RUELLIA. Ruellia strepens, . . . . * * * 228

CXIX. FERN-LEAF FALSE FOXGLOVE. Dasystoma Pedicularia, . 229

cxx. SPANISH BAYONET. Yucca filamentosa. **

* 230

CXXI. BIRD'S-FOOT VIOLET. Viola pedata, . . . . 233

BIRD'S-FOOT VIOLET. Viola pe'data bicolor, . 233

CXXII. ST. ANDREW'S CROSS. Ascyrum kypericoides, 237

CXXIII. SHRUBBY ST. JOHN'S-WORT. Hypericum prolificum, * * * 238

CXXIV. GOAT'S RUE. Cracca Virginiana, . . . . 239

cxxv. WILD SENNA. Cassia Marilandica, . . . . * * * 242

PARTRIDGE PEA. Cassia Chamacrista, . . . . **

* 242

CXXVI. BEACH PEA. Lathyrus maritimus, . . . . 243

CXXVII. BUSH CLOVER, Lespedeza procumbent, . . . . 245

CXXVIII. HYSSOP SKULLCAP. Scutellaria integrifolia. • 247

HAIRY SKULLCAP. Scutellariapilosa, . . . . 247

CXXIX. HORSE-MINT. Monarda punctata, . . . . 249

CXXX. CAROLINA CALAMIINT. Calamintka Caroliniana, 251

CXXXI. PURPLE GERARDIA. Gerardia purpurea, * * * 252

CXXXII. FLOWERING SPURGE. Euphorbia corollata, 253

CXXXUI. SMOOTH ASTER. Aster Icevis, * * * 254

WHITE WREATH ASTER. Aster multiflorus, . * * * 254

LATE PURPLE ASTER. Aster patens, . . . . * * * 254

CXXXIV. SHAD-BUSH. Amelanchier Canadensis, * * * 256

cxxxv. VIOLETS. Viola blanda, Viola Canadensis, Viola, pubescens,

Viola palmata, . . . . . . * * * 258

CXXXVI. CRANBERRY TREE. Viburnum Opulus, . . . . 259

CXXXVII. SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL. Potentilla fruticosa, . 263

CXXXVIII. VIPER'S BUGLOSS. Echium vulgare, . . . . * * * 26 6

CXXXIX. LARGE-FLOWERED VERBENA. Verbena Canadensis, . •269

CXL. SCAPOSE PRIMROSE, Pachylophus ceespitosus, 271

CXLI. PASSION FLOWER. Passiflora incarnata, * * * 272

CXLII. CALIFORNIA POPPY. Eschscholtzia Californica, . * * * 274

CALIFORNIA POPPY, Eschscholtzia ccespitosa, . * * * 274

CXLIII. BUTTERFLY PEA. Clitoria Mariana, . . . . • 277



x i v L I S T O F I L L U S T R A T I O N S .

CXLIV. COMMON MILKWEED. Asclepias Syriaca, . . . . 279

CXLV. BUTTERFLY-WEED, Asclepias tuberosa, . . . * * * 280

CXLVI. MOTH-MULLEN. Verbascum Blattaria, . . . . 283

CXLVII. STRIPED GENTIAN* Gentiana villosa, 285

CXLVIII. TICK-SEED. Coreopsis lanceolata, . . . . . * * * 288

CXLIX. ROBIN'S PLANTAIN. Erigeron pulchellus, . . . . 289

CL. WHITE DAISY. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, . . * * * 290

BULBOUS BUTTERCUP. Ranunculus bulbosus, . . * * * 290

CLI. BLACK-EYED SUSAN. Rudbeckia hirta, . . . . * * * 292

CLII. PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY. Rubus odoratus, . . * * * 298

CLIII. SPREADING DOGBANE. Apocynttm Androsamifolium, . . 301

CLIV. CYPRESS-VINE. Quamoclit coccinea, . . . . . 303

CLV. BOUNCING BET. Saponaria officinalis, . . . . . 3°4

CLVI. DOUBLE BOUNCING BET. Saponaria officinalis, . . * * * 304

CLVII. TRAVELLER'S JOY. Clematis Virginiana, . . . . 307

CLVIII. MUSK MALLOW. Malva moschata, . . . . * * * 306

CLIX. WHITE ALDER. Clethra alni/olia, . . . . . 309

CLX. HOG-PEANUT, Falcata comosa, . . . . . . 313

CLXI. SUNFLOWER. Helianthus mollis, . . . . * * * 318

CLXII. IRON-WEED Vernonia Noveboracensis, . . . . . 321

CLXIII. COMMON YARROW. Achillea Millefolium, 323

CLXIV. CHICORY. Cichorium Intybus, . . , . . * * * 324



I nt r od u c t ion.

O N E of the first que stion s a bo tan ist asks about a plant is,

" W h e r e di d i t gro w," and the next i s, " W h e n and where d id

yo u get i t ," Y et i t is su rp ris in g how seld om these points arenot ed, and how man y coll ect ion s are pres erved wit ho ut suff i

cien t data to gu id e us in the id en ti fic at io n of the speci men s.

I f this book does no th in g more than emphasize the imp orta nce

of obs e r v i ng these points i t w i l l do good.

I t w i l l also aid in the ap pre cia tio n of that new dev elo pme nt

of bo ta ni ca l stud y, the science of Pl an t E co lo g y. I t w i l l teach

the nov ice how alt i tud e, lat i tud e, soi l a nd e nv i r onm e nt affectthe vegetation of certain areas ; how ce rt ai n pla nts are fo un d

gr ow i ng t oge t he r because of the nature of the soil and of their

surr oun din gs. I f i t a lso leads to the un der sta nd in g of the ir

gradual adaptat ion to changed condit ions i t w i l l give a b road er

and more comp rehen sive view of plan t mo rp ho lo gy an d lead

away fro m the mi st ak en idea th at plan ts mus t and sho uld con

f o r m to our art i f ic ia l def init ion s, an d m ak e clea rer the laws of

e v o l u t i o n .

T o feel tha t pla nts are l i v i n g t h i ngs , t ha t i nd i v i d u a l i t y a nd

hered ity are con stan t ly s tr ug gl in g in them for ascendancy,

b r i n g i n g abou t mo dif ica tio ns w hi ch in cou rse of ti me are suffi

cient in amou nt an d i mp ort anc e to create specific differences,

these are the underlying principles of the study of plants.

T ha t the love of Nat ur e is ga in in g gr ou nd am on g us is sho wn

in man y ways. T h e nu mb er of boo ks and magaz ines de al in g

with na tur al- his to ry subjects in a po pu lar way, increases yea rly

to meet an in cre asi ng need. A cons tant d ema nd exists wh ic h



x v i I N T R O D U C T I O N .

cal ls upon our specia l ists in Scien ce to te l l what they kn ow in

plain readable language, and expects the m to i l lus tra te the ir

m e a n i n g in the best and most mod ern manner . T h e pu bl ic

cal ls for increased faci l i t ies for lea rni ng. Po pu lar lectures , beaut i fu l ly i l l us tr at ed , have beco me the ord er of the day, an d

the labour of the brain may be had cheaper than the labour of

the hands. Bi o l og y and Na tu re St ud y have tak en thei r p laces

in the courses of in st ru ct io n bo th in pr iva te and pub lic schools

and the teach ers are st ru gg li ng to fit the ms elv es to meet the

new requirements ; in fact, the supply does not equal the de

m a n d . Parents are seeking for companions for their chi ldren

in their hours of recreation and vacation who can answer ques

t ions on natu ra l objects an d phe nom ena ; i f they can not find

the r ight person, they want correct books and magazines.

Th at the true love of Na tu re imposes certa in mo ral respons i

bi l i t ies is also be gi nn in g to be rec ogn ise d. F i r s t and foremost

a respect and care for l i v i n g th in g s w i l l do away wi th th at

spirit of wa nton de stru ct io n wh ic h per mit s the k i l l i n g of any

a n i m a l or the up ro ot in g or tr am pl in g of a l i v i n g plant, just for

the fun of it . It w i l l also promote a spir i t of unselfishness

which can enj oy the beau ties of N a t u r e an d leave th em as we

f o un d th em f or some one else to enj oy aft er us. I t als o p ro

motes an ap pr eci ati on an d love of tr ut h wh ic h fosters exactness

and p r e c i s i o n . F r o m a pedago gic stan dpo int nature studies

are of the u tm ost i mp ort an ce , as the y b ri n g the m i n d to the

c ons i d e r a t i on of the obje ctiv e rat he r tha n the sub ject ive m ethods. T ha t they call for greater in di v i du al i t y and lat i tu de of

pre se nta tio n is one of the reasons wh y it has been diff icult to

secure the r i gh t meth ods. O u r schoo ls cann ot be bo un d by

ha r d an d fast rules an d req ui re me nt s ; the tea ch er mu st meet

the needs an d opp ort un iti es of the stud ents and these are very

di ve rse in diffe rent sc hools an d place s. She m us t be rea dy to

ma ke use of any faci l i t i es an d ac co mp lis hm en ts that i n d i v i d u a l

sch olar s ma y afford for the benefit of the others, an d to b r i n g

d r a w i n g , ph ot og ra ph y an d poe try , as we ll as prose, to h er as-



I N T R O D U C T I O N . x v i i

s istance. Su mm er schools and va cat ion classes seem to meet

a wid esp rea d want, an d to tak e teachers an d pup ils away f ro m

the densely populated cit ies is better than to bring l i v i n g plants

an d ani ma ls to th em . Th er ef or e a boo k tha t leads searcher s

to know what they w i l l find in the country is the best k i n d of a

book.

O u r thanks are due to M i s s L o u n s b e r r y a n d M r s . R o w a n f o r

h a v i n g co n tr ib uted a wo r k which can n o t fai l to adv an ce N at ur e

S t u d y in quite the way that i t sh ou ld be adv anc ed. M r s . R o w

an's f igures have been dr aw n fr om pla nts gr ow in g in th eir nat

ural sur rou ndi ngs and they are accu rate a nd e legant. T h enew process by w hi ch it has been made poss ible to rep rod uc e

her colo ure d pa int ing s is a m ost valu able ad di t i on to met hods

of i l l u s t r a t i o n .

N . L . B R I T T O N .

N E W Y O R K B O T A N I C A L G A R D E N ,

F e b r u a r y 2 0 , 1 8 9 9 .



2 A C H A P T E R T O S T U D Y .

be rri es wh ic h he has enjo yed. If M as t er Bee fo llo ws the roa d

th at is pl ai nl y m ar k ed out for h i m by a deep, r ich v e i n i n g a n d

sips to sa tie ty of a g la n d of ne cta r ; it is but fa ir t ha t the an

thers sh ou ld lo ad h im we ll w it h a carg o of pol len to ca rr y off to the pist i l of an ot he r flower. I n fact, as we be co me mo re

f r i e n d l y with the flowers we w i l l cease to lock upon them so

m u c h as lux ur io us cre atu res bu t rat he r as those tha t hav e

solved the deep problems of domest ic economy.

T h e plant 's in di vi du al miss ion in l i fe i s the r epr odu ct io n of

itself.

T h e flower an d its pr od uc ts, the fru it an d the seeds, are theorgans of r e p r o d u c t i o n .

The root, the stem a n d the leaves are the organs of vegeta

t ion .

T h e I n f l o r e s c e n c e is the ma nn er i n wh ic h the flowers are

a r r a nge d u pon the stem.

W h en but one flower grows upon the end of the st em or

flower-stalk, i t is said to be T E R M I N A L , S O L I T A R Y .

It is A x i l l a r y wh en the flow er, or flow ers, grow from the

a x i l s of the leaves, or in the angle formed by the leaf, or leaf

stalk, and the stem. ( F I G . I . )

FIG. I. FI G. 2. FIG . 3.

A P e d i c e l is the in d iv id u a l sta lk of a flower bo rne i n a clu ster.

A P e d u n c l e is the sta lk of a so li ta ry flower, or the ge n er al

stalk that bears a cluster.



A C H A P T E R T O S T U D Y . 3

S e s s i l e is the t e r m u se d w he n the flowers g ro w cl os el y to

the stem and are without either pedicel or peduncle.

A R a c e m e is wh en the flowers g ro w on pe di ce ls ab ou t

equ ally lo ng that are arr an ge d al on g the s ides of a co m mo nsta lk , ( F I G . 2.)

A P a n i c l e i s a compound raceme. ( F I G . 3.)

FIG. 4. F I G . 5. FIG. 6. F I G . 7.

A S p i k e is l ike a ra ce m e, o n l y th e flowers are sess ile. ( F I G . 4.)

A S p a d i x is a fleshy sp ik e th at is us ua ll y en ve lo pe d by a

leaf- l ike bract cal led a S P A T H E . ( F I G S . 5 a n d 6.)

A H e a d or C a p i t u l u m is a short, dense spike that is globu

lar i n f or m . ( F I G . 7.)

FIG. 8. FI G. 9. F I G 10.

A C o r y m b is a race me i n wh ic h the low er ped icel s are

el on ga te d so th at the flowers al l re ac h abo ut th e same he ig ht .

( F I G . 8.)




A n U m b e l is l ik e a co ry m b, on ly the pedicel s br an ch fro m

the same cen tra l poin t, sug ges tin g the r ibs of an um br el la. I t

may be s imple, or compound. ( F I G . 9 .)

A C y m e is a flat-to pped inflore scence , differ ing fr o m anu m b e l in that its in ne rm os t flowers are the first to ope n. ( F I G

1 0 . )

A C o m p l e t e flower is one th at is p ro v id e d w it h the ess en tial

organs of r epr od uct ion , the S T AM E N S a n d P I ST I L ; an d the p ro

tect ing organs , the C A L Y X a n d C O R O L L A . A S an exam ple of a

co mp le te or ty p ic al flower we m ay ta ke the one il lu st ra te d in

F I G . 1 1 a n d 1 2 .

FIG. I I . FIG . 12. FIG . 13.

T h e C a l y x is the l ow er, ou ter set of leaves at the base of

th e flower wh ic h res ts up on th e re ce p ta cl e, or en d of th e flower-

sta lk. It is usu all y gre en, bu t not alw ays. A t tim es we find i t

b r i l l i a n t ly col our ed and conspicuous . (See F I G . 1 2 . )

T h e S e p a l s are the leaves of the calyx when it is divided to

the base.

T h e C a l y x is G AM O S E P A L O U S wh en the sepals are wh ol ly or

p a r t l y grown together .

T h e C o r o l l a is the ne xt in ne r an d up pe r set of leaves. I t

is the al l u r i n g pa rt of the flower, an d at tr ac ts the bees and but

terf l ies to i ts whereab outs that i ts poll en m ay b e ca rri ed th ro ug h

t h e i r agency. ( F I G . 1 2 . )

T h e P e t a l s are the leaves of the co ro ll a when it is di vi de d

to the base.T h e C o r o l l a is said to be G A M O P E T A L O U S when the petals

are wh ol ly or pa rtl y gr ow n toget her.




T h e C a l y x a n d C o r o l l a are sp ok en of as P A R T E D w he n

the y are di vi de d nearl y to the base. When they are d iv ided

about half way they are said to be C L E F T , or LOBED . The y a r e

T O O T H E D when the lobes are very s m a l l . W h en the parts of the C a l y x or C o r o l l a are united, the

terms used to express their different forms are:

S a l v e r - S h a p e d : when the border is flat and spread out at

r i g h t angles from the top of the tube. ( F I G . 1 3 . )

FIG. 14. FI G . 15. FI G . 16. F IG . 17.

W h e e l - S h a p e d : when the border suggests t he d i v e r g i ng

spokes of a wheel and spreads out at once, having a very shorttube. ( F I G . 1 4 . )

B e l l - S h a p e d , or C a m p a n u l a t e : wh en the tube exp an ds

tow ard s the su m mi t an d has no bo rde r, or onl y a sho rt one.

( F I G . 1 5 . )

F u n n e l - F o r m e d : when the tube is narrow below, and

spreads gr ad ua l ly to a wide bord er . ( F I G . 1 6 . )

FIG. 18. FI G. 19. FI G. 20, FI G. 21.

T u b u l a r : when the tube is pr ol on ge d, an d does not widen

m u c h towards the summit . ( F I G . 17 . )

L i g u l a t e : when appearing strap-shaped, as in the dandelion

and c h i c o r y . ( F I G . 1 8 . )




L a b i a t e : when there is an apparently two-l ipped d iv is io n of

the parts. In this fo rm of co ro l la usu al ly two petals grow to

gether and mak e the u pper l ip ; the re ma in in g three petals j o i n

tog eth er a nd fo rm the lower l ip . Th ese divi sio ns appear mo stl y as lobe s, an d it is not alw ay s no ti ce d th at the flowers are of five

lobes instead of two. ( F I G . 1 9 . )

FIG. 24. FIG . 25. FI G. 26.

When the petals are not grown together but are wholly sepa

rate, the co ro ll a is sai d to be p o l y p e t a l o u s . D if fer en t fo r m s

are :R o s a c e o u s : when the petals are di st in ct and wi tho ut claws,

as in the rose.

C r u c i f e r o u s : wh en the re are fou r cl aw ed peta ls in the f or m

of a cross. ( F I G . 2 0 . )

P a p i l i o n a c e o u s , o r b u t t e rf l y -s h a p e d. ( F I G . 2 1 . ) S u c h

flowers are usual l y de sc rib ed in three p a r t s : the b a n n e r , or

s t a n d a r d , wh ich is the large upper p e t a l ; the w i n g s , or thetwo side petals, an d the two ante rio r peta ls that, co m m on ly

united in a shape something l ik e the pr ow of a boa t an d enc los

i n g the reproducing organs, are cal led the k e e l . ( F I G . 2 2 . )




R e g u l a r F l o w e r s are those that have the parts of each set,

the sepals and petals, alike in size and form. ( F I G . 2 3 . ) I r r e g u

l a r F l o w e r s are the reverse of r e g u l a r . ( F I G . 2 4 . )

It is som etim es fo un d tha t onl y one set of f loral leaves is

prese nt. It is th en re ga rd ed as the C a l y x . C o l l e c t i v e l y t h e

floral envelo pe, or the pr o te c ti n g org an s, is sp ok en of as the

P e r i a n t h ; bu t the wo rd is m os tl y used in cases where the

ca lyx an d co ro l la ru n int o each oth er so tha t i t is diff icult to

d i s t i n g u i s h them apart . T h e l i l y f a m i l y have a p er ian th .

T h e S t a m e n s , o r F e r t i l i z i n g O r g a n s , of the plant are

composed of two parts : the F i l a m e n t , or stalk, which is useful to uphold the A n t h e r ; and the A n t h e r , a t iny two-cei led

box wh ic h cont ains the P o l l e n . T h e P o l l e n is the yel low

f e r t i l i z i n g pow der w hi ch is the essen tial pr od uc t of the

stamens. ( F I G . 2 5 . )

E x s e r t e d S t a m e n s are those that p r o t r u d e f r o m the

c o r o l l a .

I n c l u d e d S t a m e n s are those that are w i t h i n the co r o l l a .T h e P i s t i l , or S e e d - B e a r i n g O r g a n , is div id ed int o three

p a r t s : the O v a r y , the S t y l e , and the S t i g m a . ( F I G . 2 6 . )

T h e O v a r y is the lower expanded part of the pist i l t h a t

contains the O v u l e s , o r un dev e l o p ed seeds. ( F I G . 2 6 . )

T h e S t y l e is the slen der stalk tha t usua l ly su rm ou nt s the

o v a r y . ( F I G . 2 6 . )

T h e S t i g m a is the f lat or va rio us ly fo rm ed bo dy that ter

minates the style. ( F I G . 2 6 . ) U n l i k e the ot he r org ans of the

p l an t , it is not covered by a t h i n s k i n or epi der mis . Its surface

is there fore mo ist an d ro ug h so that i t rea dil y receives a n d

h o l d s the pol len wh en it is de po sit ed u pon its surface.

E a c h t in y p ol l en gr ai n that al igh ts on the st ig ma sends out

a min ute tube that pierces do wn th ro ug h the sty le unt i l i t

reaches an ovu le below , wh ic h i t qui cke ns into l i fe . T h i s i s

k n o w n as the process of F e r t i l i z a t i o n . T h e ovu les then de

velop intoS e e d s , and the ov ar y enlar ges int o the F r u i t , or

S e e d V e s s e l .

C r o s s - F e r t i l i z a t i o n is w he n the p ol le n of one flower is




car r i ed to the st ig m a of a no th er by some ext ran eou s agency,

such as the wind or animal life.

S e l f - F e r t i l i z a t i o n is when the s ti gm a rece ives the po ll en

f r o m the sta me ns in th e same flower-cup as itse lf. T o pr ev en tthis cat ast rop he the pl an ts are ever upon the alert , exp erie nce

te ac hi ng them that the resu lt is not goo d. Of te n either no

seeds at al l ma tur e or the ir pro ge ny is a wea kli ng .

FIG. 30. FIG . 31. FIG . 32. FI G. 29.

A P e r f e c t F l o w e r is one tha t has bo th stamen s and p i s t i l .The reverse is cal led an I m p e r f e c t F l o w e r .

A N e u t r a l F l o w e r is one tha t has nei th er stam ens n o r

pisti ls .




S t a m i n a t e F l o w e r s are those tha t hav e st am ens bu t are

wi thout pist i l s .

P i s t i l l a t e F l o w e r s are those th at hav e pis ti ls bu t no

stamens.

T he ter m s M A L E a n d F E M A L E that are sometime s empl oye d in

stead of S T A M I N A T E a n d P I S T I L L A T E are used wrongly and

sh o ul d be av oi de d by even those tha t have no pret en tio n to

botanica l kn ow led ge. It is the pr od uc t of these organs and

not the y them selv es tha t sh ou ld be so ca l le d i f th e ter ms are

used at a l l ; but sta min ate an d pi st i l l at e are the co rre ct an d

accepted expressions.

Cleistogamous f lowers are those s m a l l , in co n sp icuo us b l o s

soms of the late season tha t us ua ll y gr ow nea r the g r o u n d an d

never open. T h e y are , however , f rui t fu l , b ein g se l f - fer t i l i zed

wi th in them selv es . Vi o l e t s b ear them ab un dan t l y .

L e a v e s ma y be lo ok ed up on as appe ndag es of the stem.

T h e y are the dig est ive org ans of the plan t an d assi mila te the

sap into material for sustaining its t issues.T h e B l a d e is the usually broad, flat part of the leaf.

S t i p u l e s are the tw o sm all blad e- lik e par ts at the base of

the peti ole. T h e y are often inc ons pic uo us, or absent.

B r a c t s are the modified leaves of an inflore scenc e or thos e

tha t are un de r a flower. U s u a l l y the y are gre en an d of d ifferent

size an d shape th an the r est of the foli age ; som etim es, how

ever , they are highly coloured and petal - l ike .The three p r i n c i p a l ways i n w h i c h leaves are arranged upon

the s tem ar e :

A l t e r n a t e : th at is wh en one leaf appe ars ju st above the ot he r

on another side of the stem. ( F I G . 2 7 . )

O p p o s i t e : wh en tw o appea r at each joi nt , h a v i n g the semi

c i r c l e of the stem between them. ( F I G . 2 8 . )

W h o r l e d : wh en they gr ow at in ter va ls in a circ le ar ou nd the

stem. ( F I G . 2 9 . )

T h e V e i n i n g of the leaves is c lassed u nder tw o div is i on s :

N e t t e d - V e i n e d a n d P a r a l l e l - V e i n e d .

N e t t e d - V e i n e d leaves are those in wh ic h the vein s br an ch



I O A C H A P T E R T O S T U D Y .

off from the m i d r i b and branch again into veinlets that run to

gether and form a network, or mesh. ( F I G . 3 0 . ) N e t t e d -

veined leaves are said to be F e a t h e r - V e i n e d when the sec

o n d a r y veins a ll sta rt fr om the sides of the m i d r i b , r u n n i n gfrom the base to the apex of the leaf. ( F I G . 3 1 . ) T hey ar e

cal led P a l m a t e l y - V e i n e d wh en sev eral vei ns of equa l size

start from the same point at the base of the leaf and spread out

towards the margin.

P a r a l l e l - V e i n e d leaves are those in which the main veins run

side by s ide, wit hou t br an ch in g or ru nn in g together . ( F I G . 3 2 . )

T h e vei nin g of the leaves is alway s in comp lete har mo ny with their shape, so that much can be learned by noticing this

feature careful ly.

FIG. 33. FIG. 34. FIG. 35. F I G . 36.

L e a v e s va ry g rea t ly in general out l ine , and the fo l low in g

te rm s are use d to des ign ate some of th ei r co m m on for ms :

L i n e a r : the narrowest form of a leaf—several t imes longer

t h an broad : grass- l ike . ( F I G . 3 2 . )

L a n c e o l a t e : lo ng an d nar row , sl ig ht ly bro ade r at the base

and taper ing towards the apex. ( F I G . 3 0 . )

O b l a n c e o l a t e is a reve rsed lanceo late.

O b l o n g " , when two or three t ime s bro ade r tha n lon g.

( F I G . 3 1 . )

E l l i p t i c a l : oblong but tapering at both ends. ( F I G . 3 3 . )O v a l : b r o a d l y e l l i p t i c a l . ( F I G . 3 4 . )

O v a t e : when the outline is s i m i la r to the shape of an egg,

the broader end downward. ( F I G . 3 6 . )



A C H A P T E R T O S T U D Y . I I

O b o v a t e : the reverse of ovate.

S p a t u l a t e : l i ke a spat ula, ro un de d at the apex and taper ing

towards the base. ( F I G . 35.)

O r b i c u l a r , near ly c ircular or rounded in out l ine . ( F I G . 4 1 . )

C o r d a t e or H e a r t - S h a p e d ; whe n the ou tl in e is ova te, the

sides forming a notch at the base. ( F I G . 37.)

FIG. 37. FIG . 38. FIG . 39. FI G. 40.

O b c o r d a t e : the reverse of cordate.R e n i f o r m , or K i d n e y - S h a p e d : when the indentation is

deeper an d the leaf more ro un de d th an heart-sha ped. ( F I G . 38.)

A u r i c u l a t e : when the sides of the leaf are prolonged at the

base into two ears or lobes. ( F I G . 39.)

FIG. 41. FIG. 42. FIG. 43 .

S a g i t t a t e , or A r r o w - S h a p e d : when these lobes are acute

and poi nt e d ba c k w a r d . ( F I G . 4 0 . )



1 2 A C H A P T E R T O S T U D Y .

P e l t a t e , o r S h i e l d - S h a p e d : wh en the leaf is o rb ic u la r,

with the petiole attached to the middle. ( F I G . 4 1 . )

E n t i r e L e a v e s are those in wh ic h the ma rgin s fo rm an un

broken l ine. ( F I G . 3 5 . )U n d u l a t e L e a v e s have margins that are wavy. ( F I G . 3 3 . )

S e r r a t e L e a v e s have margins with short, sharp teeth that

p o i n t fo r war d. ( F I G . 3 0 . )

C r e n a t e , or S c o l l o p e d : when the teeth are rounded.

( F I G . 3 1 . )

I n c i s e d : wh en the teeth are coarse an d jag ged a nd ext end

deeper into the leaf. ( F I G . 3 4 . )

FIG. 44. FIG. 45. FIG. 46.

L o b e d : wh en the in ci si on s ex te nd abo ut ha lf way to the

m i d r i b ; and in which case the leaf is sp ok en of as three lob ed ,

f ive lobed, or ac co rd in g to the nu mb er of lobes form ed. ( F I G .

4 * 0

C l e f t : when the incisions reach more than half way to the

m i d r i b . ( F I G . 4 3 . )

D i v i d e d : when the incis ion s ext end to the m i d r i b .

C o m p o u n d L e a v e s have the bla de sp lit int o separa te part s,

the l i t t le blad es f o rm in g leaflets. W h e n the leaflets are ar

r an g ed s i m i la r ly to f eat her -ve ins th ey are sa id to be P i n n a t e .

W h en arr an ged as the veins in a pal ma tely -ve ine d leaf th ey areP a l m a t e . ( F I G . 4 4 . )

A b r u p t l y P i n n a t e L e a v e s are th ose in wh ic h the ma in

s t a lk is terminated by a pair of leaflets. / F I G . 4 5 . )



A C H A P T E R T O S T U D Y . 1 3

O d d - P i n n a t e : wh en an od d leaflet ter mi na tes the stal k.

( F I G . 46.) So me tim es this en d leaflet is ch an ge d int o a t e n d r i l ,

which aids the plant in c l im bi ng .

L e a v e s m a y be t w i c e , t hr i c e or m or e t i m e s c om pou n d . ( F I G .47.) T h e leaflets are sub ject to al l the va ri at io ns an d ma y be

described after the manner of s imple leaves. In fact, the expres

sions here given are applicable to any flat part of the plant, the

petals or sepals as well as the leaves.

G l a u c o u s : wh en any pa rt of the p la nt is co ve red wi th a

pow dery substance c a l led a bl oo m.

G l a b r o u s : when the part s are wi th ou t bri st le s or hairs .P u b e s c e n t : wh en co ve re d w it h fine ha irs or dow ny .

FIG. 47. FIG. 49. FIG. 50.

T h e S t e m is th at p art of the pla nt that gro ws up wa rd to

the light and air, supports the foliage and makes it possible for

the leaves to ex pa nd and prese nt as larg e a surfa ce as po ssi bleto the sun lig ht. I ts ma nn er of gr ow th is des cri be d as be

i n g :

E r e c t : w he n gr ow i ng u p v e r t i c a l ly .

D e c u m b e n t : ly in g on the g rou nd but ra is i ng i tse l f a t the

en d. ( F I G . 48.)

P r o c u m b e n t : ly ing f lat on the ground. ( F I G . 49.)

C r e e p i n g : ru nn in g a lo ng the g ro un d an d r oo t i ng at the joints. ( F I G . 5 0 . )

A S i m p l e S t e m is one that is not branched.

It is in ter est ing to notic e the wi sd om wi th wh ic h stems ac-



1 4 A C H A P T E R T O S T U D Y .

co mm od at e them selv es to the necessiti es of the pla nt. W e find

some stems growing ent ire ly underground and s tor ing up nour

ishm ent for the plan t 's gr ow th du ri n g the next season. The se

stems are called the R o o t s t o c k and are d is t inguishable fromthe root by bearing scales, which are not found on roots proper.

( F I G . 5 1 . )

T h e T u b e r is the end of a ro ot st oc k that is th ic ke ne d or

enl arg ed. T h e enl arg ed par t is possessed of eyes (buds) . The

co mm on potato is a fam ili ar i l lu st ra ti on of tubers. ( F I G . 5 2 . )

T h e C o r m i s a rounded, compact rootstock. ( F I G . 53.)

T h e B u l b is a co rm m os tl y made up of fleshy scales. ( F I G .

54.)

FIG. 51. FTG. 52. F I G . 53. FI G. 54.

T h e S c a p e is a leafless pe du nc le , or the flowe r-st alk of a

plant that has no stem.

T h e R o o t prop er grows do wn wa rd in the gr ou nd and bears

n o t h i n g but root le ts and root-branch es . I ts pr in cip al func t ion

in l i fe is to absorb the nourishment from the soil .

A e r i a l R o o t s are p ro du ce d in the open air an d serve the

plant by acting as holdfasts , or helping i t to c l imb.

P a r a s i t e s intermingle their roots with the roots or stems of

oth er plants and drain fro m the m th eir sustenance.

T h o r n s are modif ied bran ches . T h e i r purpose is to gu ard

the plan t f ro m anim als that wo ul d str ip i t of i ts stem and

bark.



Five Conspicuous Plant Famil ies .

W e find, much to our encouragement, that there are a few

plan t families w ith wh ic h we at once becom e fam ili ar ; an d th eir

m a r k e d features impress us as those of unusual faces that have

to be seen but once to be cle ar ly rem em be red . T h e great er

number of families, however, and their branches are not so read

i ly kn ow n. Th e least l i t t le var iat ion in a plant 's man ner of

g r o w t h w i l l cause it to be separated from its relatives, even

i f it has to be re ga rd ed as a new spec ies.

The f irst L a t i n or G re ek w or d of a pla nt 's scien tific name is

the name of i ts ge nu s: i ts fa mi ly name. T h e second w or d isan adje ctiv e that den otes i ts species an d is usu all y s ign if ica nt

of some characterist ic or history with which i t is connected.

Th es e names are too valu ab le to be ov er lo ok ed , and as mu ch

as possib le they sh ou ld be m em or is ed . T h e w or ld over, a

plan t 's scientif ic n ame is the same, w hil e the co mm on E n g l is h

nam es often chang e not o nl y wi th c ou nt ry, but wi th state and

t o w n . F o l l o w i n g are a few tr ait s of fam ilie s that are am on gthose most easi ly recognised :

T H E A R U M F A M I L Y .

Aracecs.

A l t h o u g h one of the sm alle st in num bers , the ar um fa mi ly

co mp ris es some of our mo st qu ain t an d in te re st in g flowers. Its

chara cter is t ics are s tr on gly m ar ke d and i ts tastes appear to be

mos t pa tr ic ia n. W e ma y believe that i t does not concern i t

self abo ut the fas hion s, as i t mak es no at te mp t to foll ow the



i 6 F I V E C O N S P I C U O U S P L A N T F A M I L I E S .

modes of other no ted fa mil i es ; but cont inue s its own co nserv a

tive way of bearing its flowers closely packed on a thick spadix

an d usual ly sheathing them with a handsome spathe.

These tiny flowers are often imperfect and sometimes naked,

— t h a t is , wi tho ut ca ly x or co ro l la . W he n the latt er are present

they are se ldom high ly colo ure d. U n d e r the micr oscop e they

are exc el len t studies and som etim es ver y beau tifu l .

A s a family they show a keen appreciation of harmony in the

exq uisi te bl en di ng of col ou rs in the spathe, or by its ap pe ari ng

spotlessly white.

T h e wh ite ca ll a, the sta tel y queen of the greenh ouses , Ja c k inthe pulp it an d the sk un k cabbage are a l l conspicu ous mem bers .

T h e gold en club is the wa yw ar d e xcep tion , in ha vi ng no spathe.

A l l are wid ely dis s im ila r in appearance and ho l d different posi

t i ons i n l i fe, an d yet the y bear so st ron gly the ma rk s of this

excl usiv e fa mi ly as to be at once reco gnisa ble. T h e leaves are

m o s t l y rat her netted -ve ine d and the plants co nt ain an a c r id ,

punge nt, wa ter y jui ce. M a n y of th em are also k no w n as yi el di n g an edible fa rin a, or sta rch .

T H E L I L Y F A M I L Y .

LiliacecE.

T h e l i l y fa mi ly is one that is di st in ct ly ma rk ed by its regu lar,

s y m m e t r i c a l flowers. Its floral envelope is a perianth that is

sometimes white or gai ly co lour ed, but ver y rarel y green. A l mo st in va ri ab ly it is of six equa l par ts. T he re are six stam ens

with tw o-c el le d anther s, and a three -cel led ov ar y tha t is free

f r o m the receptacle . T h e sty le is un di v id ed . Th e leaves are

ent ire and para l le l -ve ined , or sometimes netted-vein ed.

T h e w o r d l i l y would probably form as many different pic

tures in the m i n d as there were in di vi du al s to wh om it had been

present ed. Some wo ul d at once rec al l the greenhou se cal la , which, as has al re ad y bee n sa id , is no l i l y at all and a member

of the ar um fam ily. Ot he rs wo ul d th in k of the pure resur rec

t i o n l i l y an d again oth ers wo ul d th in k of the swa rth y, up rig ht



F I V E C O N S P I C U O U S P L A N T F A M I L I E S . 1 7

t iger l i l y of the f ields. T h e fragra nt, dr oo pi ng bel ls of the l i l y -

of-the-val ley wou ld c l in g to the min ds of man y. B ut whate ver

the form of the l i l y that its name is associated with, it is invar i

a bly graceful and beaut i ful . A s a fa mi ly i t i s s in gul ar ly without obnoxious qual i t ies .

T H E P U L S E F A M I L Y .

Papilionacece.

T he b utter f l y -shap ed o r p ap i l io n aceo us co r o l l a serves r e a d i l y

to id en ti fy a me mb er of the p ulse f am il y. It is alm ost as un

fa i l in g as the nose of the H oh e nz o l l er n s. B u t we poo r m ort als

ma y not flatter ou rse lve s tha t it has been t hus co nsi der ate to

f a c i l i t a t e our stu dy of the genu s. T h e fa mi ly has a ve ry subtle

way of ac hi ev in g its ends i n this wo rl d .

It has been ob se rv ed tha t flowers tha t are depend ent upo n

insects for cross-fert i l izat ion have usual l y an i r r eg ul ar l y shap ed

c o r o l l a . It is so with the pulse family.

T h e y offer no com for tab le seat or rest ing place for MasterBee an d the refo re for ce the po or fe llo w to let the we igh t of his

whole bod y kn oc k a gain st the b los so m as he thu mp s abou t in

sea rch of nec tar . I t is for thi s l i t t l e push that the flower has

been pl an ni ng . T h e stig ma th at was enc lose d in the keel is

k n o c k e d out, an d the pol len grain s th at were already on the

style fr om ea r ly -m at ur in g anthers are dro ppe d u pon the bee's

back. L i t t l e sus pec tin g the tr ic k tha t has been pla yed u ponhim, he sau nte rs off to an ot he r m em be r of the fa m il y, as he is

again al lu re d by the irr egu lar co ro l la and the purpl i sh pink

that is his fa vo uri te col ou r. A s before, he kn oc ks about for a seat

an d pushes out the stigm a, wh ic h then gr eed ily receives the

pol len w it h wh ich his back is co ver ed f ro m his last v i sit . In

this way the pulse family manages the l i t t l e matter of cross-

fe r t i l i z a t io n .It has the true me th od of a l l ow in g others to doi ts wo rk . A n d tha t i ts syst em is go od is pr ov ed by the vi go ur

and freshness of i ts growth.

T h e flowers are alw ay s a rr an ge d in fives, or mu lt ip le s of five.



18 F I V E C O N S P I C U O U S P L A N T F A M I L I E S .

The stamens do not exceed ten and are usually united by their

f i laments. The leaves are mo stl y co mp ou nd , wi th entire leaf

lets. Papilionac eae is the name tha t is now used as di st in ct iv e

of this f am il y an d i n prefe rence to tha t of L eguminosae, u nd er

which they were former ly known.

T H E PRI MROSE F A M I L Y .

PrimulacecE.

W e may loo k up on the pri mr os e fa m il y as a gr ou p th at show s

us regul ar , perfect f lowers. A n d after ha vi ng tr ie d our pa

tience over the une xpec ted deve lop men ts of other fami lies i t is

certainly a pleasure to come upon one of these s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d

l i t t le blossoms, whose motto seems to be, to jog along as com

fo rt ab ly as pos sibl e an d to mak e no my st ery of its ways. T h er e

is no lack of or igi na lit y , howev er, am on g the prim rose s. T h e

sh oo ti ng star is a ve ry diff eren t-ap pea ring flower fr om the spr ead

i n g po or-m an' s weath er-gla ss, o r the ye ll ow loos estrife . It is nota ve ry large f am il y an d ma y be kn ow n on the whole as gam ope t-

alou s her bs that are ar ra ng ed in d iv is io ns of five, ra re ly six or

seve n. T h e r e are as m an y stame ns as the re are lobes of th e

c o r o l l a , wh ich are ins erte d on an d opposite the latter . T h e

sti gm a an d style are un di vi de d. In frui t the ovary, wh ic h is

one -cel led, enlarges in to a po d ; an d in different species the

number of seeds var ies great ly . T h e leaves may be generally

said to be sim ple . T h e gen eri c name , P r i m u la , i s f rom pr imus,

s pr in g . B r y a n t says of the primrose :

" E m b l e m o f e a r l y sweetness, e a r l y d e a t h ,

N e s t l e d t h e l o w l y p r i m r o s e . "

T H E C O M P O S I T E F A M I L Y .

CompdsitcB.

T h e com posit e fam ily, l i ke the maj ori ty of m orta ls , has i ts

go od and its ba d ch ara cte ris t ic s; but i f we dr in k deep enough

of kno wled ge of the fam ily and put ourselves in fr ie nds hip with



F I V E C O N S P I C U O U S P L A N T F A M I L I E S .

it , we w i l l p r o b a b l y find th at we are ti p p ed i n the scale of its

favour .

W e mus t first res ig n a na tu ra l fe eli ng of resent men t at it s

aggressiveness an d its ha bi t of flaunting its elf fr o m ev er y

avai lab le space. I ts ch i l dr en , we mus t rem emb er, have been

a l i t t le negle cted in edu cat ion an d kn ow no better . T h e y

a r r i v e at a season of the ye ar wh en the d ear pre ach er

has re tir ed fro m his pu lp it an d they have no t the advan tage of

hea r ing his good doctr ine . T h e v iol et i s busy ro ot in g i ts run

ners for the next season's gr ow th and no lon ger raises i ts head

to teach th em abo ut mo des ty. So be in g bo rn wi th rather bo ldtastes, the poo r com po site s th in k th at they are do in g quite a

fine t h i n g in puffing themselves up an d top pi ng over e ver yth ing .

I f they were mu ch sp ok en abou t in the go od old- fash ione d

times it must have been with the expression that there was not a

laz y ha ir in one of th ei r heads. T h e energ etic way in w h ic h

they set about d ispers ing their seeds is truly wonderful , and, as

has been alr ead y hin te d at , the ir m or al ch arac ter not be in gfu l l y develo ped, they have no com pu nc t i on whatever in us i ng

some very ext rao rd in ary means. B u t this mig ht pos s ibl y be

e x pla i ne d by t he i r a gr e e i ng w i t h L o y o la i n d oc t r i ne . T h e u n

k i n d way m any of them have of co ve ri n g sheep, the on ly an im al

without a weapon of defense, with their hooked fruits is al luded

to in this connection.

T o those that co mp lai n of th e ir dow nri gh t ma l ic iousness in

r e t a l i a t i o n for the hay fever, the co mp os it es answe r c al m ly :

" We are a family that does not inv i te int im acy . V i e w us from

a distance , en masse, an d ma ny of o ur fai l ing s w i l l be over

l o o k e d . " Ev id en t l y this lesson of av oi di ng fa mi l ia r i t y is what

they wish us to learn.

A n d w h o does no t de li gh t i n the fields t ha t are ra di an t wi t h

their r i c h autu mn co lo ur in g ? T h ey v is i t the earth when the

mor e de licat e blo ssom s have passed blo om , an d they find

things dry and dusty, showing the wear and tear of the summer.

T h e n wha t can be mo re na tu ral tha n tha t they sh ou ld say to



F I V E C O N S P I C U O U S P L A N T F A M I L I E S .

themse lves : " B ri g h te n up the eart h, app ear in every waste

corner , wave and bend with the breeze. Thi ngs a r e look i ng

h u m d r u m here ; ma ke the ear th a me rr y car ni va l of da nc in g

c o l o u r . "T h e flowers are rat her difficult for a beg inn er to analy se w it h

refe renc e to th ei r species, of w h ic h the re are ov er te n tho u

san d. It is, ho wev er, not so m uc h wh at one lea rns in boo ks

abo ut th em as it is wh at one finds out . T h e y ma y be eas ily

recognised by bearing in m i n d th at the flowers are cl os el y

packed together in heads that are surrounded by an involucre.

T h e in di vi du al flowers are tu bu la r or lig ula te, as i n the thi stlea n d da nd el ion , and agai n bo th tu bu lar an d lig ula te flowers are

arr ang ed in the same hea d. I n thi s case they are called ray

and disk flowers. T h e co m m on field daisy is a we ll -k n ow n

i l lustrat ion of the latter.



Plants G r o w i n g i n W a t e r .

Almost hidden under the benevolent shade of an overhang

ing bough a little pond is lying. It has awaked from its

long winter sleep of apathy and is upholding its world of

life to the sunshine. The pale, apple-green grow th that clings

about the edges, the tall spikes of water-weed, the darting,

skipping beetles and fishes and the gra ceful lilies floating

about are all in love with the iridescent, opal tints of the

water.

Here we may think of them together ; for it would be a

queer sight to see the bullfrog or the lily gambolling upon the

sunny hillsides.

W A T E R - A R U M . W I L D C A L L A . {Plate 1.)

Cdlla palustrzs.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Arum. White. Disagr eeable. Penn. northward. June.

Inflorescence : t e r m i n a l ; s o l i t a r y . T h e f l o w e r s c l u s t e r e d u p o n a t h i c k , f l e s h y s p a d i x a b o u t w h i c h a m i l k - w h i t e s p a t h e , o n e a n d o n e - h a l f i n c h e s a t b a s e , i s w r a p p e d . Fila?nents: s l e n d e r . Anthers: t w o - c e l l e d . Leaves: o n l o n g p e t i o l e s ,r a t h e r h e a r t - s h a p e d . Rootstock : c r e e p i n g .

T h i s l i t t le pla nt wafts across the m i n d vis ion s of an un der

world ga rd en . A n d if ther e is suc h a place the f lowers ther e

m u s t sur e l y g l an ce up wa r d an d t h i n k of the w i l d callas as

fair ies tha t h ave f lown above ; for m uc h my st er y l ies in th ei r

d a i n t y whiten ess . T h e y hav e l ux ur i o us r e l a t iv es l i v i n g in green

houses, and although the ca l la- l i ly has snobbishly disowned this



22 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N W A T E R .

l i t t le dw ell er of the dit che s an d wa tery place s, the fami ly resem

bla nce is ve ry s t r i k i n g . T h e qu ar rel came about the anth ers

of the E g y p t i a n , w h ic h hav e no filaments an d are sessile, an d

because of a difference in the cell d iv is io n of the ov ar y. So

our l i t t le plant has been separated from it.

Linnaeus tel ls us that the rhiz om es, w hi ch we find intensely

a c r id and caust ic, are m ade by the La pl an de rs into a k i n d of

bread that by them is most highly rel ished.

G O L D E N C L U B . {Plate II.)

Orontium aqudticum.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM Arum. Golden. Scentless. Mass. southwa rd. May.

F lo w e r s : v e r y s m a l l ; c r o w d e d o n a s p a d i x . L e a v e s : o n l o n g p e t i o l e s ;floating ; o b l o n g . S c a p e : n a k e d ; s l e n d e r .

O f a ll the aqu ati cs the go ld en clu b is perhap s the mos t curi

ous. It is a sim ple me mb er of i ts fa mi ly. T h e A r u m s

ha ve bee n mo st ca re fu l to en ve lop e th ei r flowers in a gen ero us

spathe, tha t they mi gh t appear before the w or ld in a seem ly

g ar m en t . T he w i l d cal la , Jac k-i n-t he- pu lpit , even the sku nk

cabbage, have al l ad her ed mo st closely to this l i t t le c o n v e n

t i o n a l i t y . It mus t be s om et hi ng of a shock to th eir sense of

p r o p r i e t y to have the gold en clu b dispense w it h this clo th in g

a n d flaunt itse lf befo re the w o rl d wi th no pro te ct io n wh ate ve r

for i ts poor l i t t le flowers. W h e th e r the pla nt is mor e a dv an ce d

in its theo ries an d at some fut ure tim e we sha ll see a ll themembers of this lovely family without their spathes, we do not

k n o w . B u t if wishes are po we rf ul we ma y sin ce re ly hope th at

i t shall not come to pass.

W r i t er s that are fa mi l ia r w it h the diet of the Ind ian s te l l us

that the plant is kn ow n to them as T a w -k e e a n d that they find

the dr ied seeds ver y go od when b oi le d l ike peas. They eat

the ro ots , also, afte r the y hav e been ro as te d. T h e re d ma n, with his ins tin ct for sc en ti ng the prop erties of herbs, does not

need the bo tan ist to ca ut io n hi m tha t wh en raw the y are ve ry

p o iso n o us .



2 4 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N W A T E R .

W A T E R - S H I E L D .

Brasenia purpurea.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM Water-lily. Purple. Scentless. General. All summer.

Flowers: s m a l l ; a x i l l a r y . Calyx a n d Corolla: o f t h r e e o r f o u r d i v i s i o n s .Stamens: t w e l v e t o e i g h t e e n . Pistils: f o u r t o e i g ht e e n . Leaves: o n l o n gpe t i o le s , pe l t a t e , t w o o r t hre e i n c he s w i d e , f lo at i n g . Rootstock : c r e e p i n g .

One of our int eres tin g l i tt le aquatic s that is fond of s lug gish

stream s a nd pon ds an d not ove r car eful abo ut soi li ng its appea r

ance on m ud dy shores. T h e lowe r side of its leaves and stems

is covered with a st icky substance l ike je l ly .

W H I T E W A T E R = L I L Y . W A T E R N Y M P H .

Cast alia odor at a.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM Water-lily. White or rose. Frag rant. General. All summer.

Flowers: l a r g e ; s o l i t a r y . Calyx: o f f o u r t o s i x s e pals . Corolla : o f n u m e r

o u s p e t a l s i n m a n y c o n c e n t r i c c i r c l e s , t h e i n n e r m o s t p a s s i n g g r a d u a l l y i n t os t a m e n s . Stamens: n u m e r o u s . Pistil: o n e , h a v i n g a m a n y - c e l l e d o v a r y , t h er o u n d e d t o p o f w h i c h p r o d u c e s r a d i a t e s t i g m a s a r o u n d a c e n t r a l p r o j e c t i o n .Leaves: f l o a t i n g ; o r b i c u l a r , o r r o u n d e d . Stems: h o l l o w ; l o n g a n d r o u n d .Rootstock : t h i c k ; f l e s h y .

T h e white water- l i ly is the most b eau tif ul of the aqua tics .

O ve r the ca lm surface of the p on ds it mov es by m eans of i ts

long, free stems as gr ac ef ul ly as ma ny an an im al . I n fact, the

hab its of th is lo ve ly flower are not un li ke those of the snai ls

and beetles w it h wh ic h it dw ell s in its wa te ry hom e. On e of

the mo st in te re st in g features of a qu at ic li fe is the way th at

the plan ts care for them selves d u ri n g the co ld weather. I n

summer, the l i l y floats up on the su rf ac e of th e wa te r so as to

at tra ct the atte nti on of the aqu atic insects on wh ic h i t rel ies

for fer t i l i z at io n. Be in g un tra mm ell ed by space , i t spreads i ts

leaves out ro un dl y to the sunshine and dri nk s in ab un dan tly of

l i fe . The water serves well to float the leaves instead of thestalks that are necessary to aerial foliage.

W h en the air is c h i l l y wi th fore bo din gs of frost and ice, the

l i l y , h a v i n g fulf i l led i ts miss ion of reproducing i tse l f and s tor ing



PLATE III. YELLOW POND-LILY. Nymphcea advena.

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up vig our , for there is never any pr oc ra sti na tio n abo ut the

flowers, sinks to the bottom of the pond and nestles in the mud.

The warmer water, which is heavier than ice, also remains at the

bo tto m. T h i s con sider ate arran gem ent of nature 's laws mak es

it , there fore, poss ible for the fair l i l y to sp end the wi nt er ve ry

com for tab ly and no doub t enjo ying i tse l f wi t h the water

nymphs to whom it has been dedicated.

T h e pla nt also i l lus trate s the gr ad ati on of sepals int o petals

and petal s int o stamens, or the m et am or ph os is of the flower.

The sepals or transformed leaves are green without but white

within, so th at it is diffi cult to k n o w w it h any am ou nt of cert a i n t y to wh ic h set the y belo ng . A n inn er ro w of petals is

f o un d to be tip pe d wi th a sugg estio n of an ant her. I n the next

r o w the anth er becomes more p ro no un ce d and the pe tal

assume s m or e the shape of a fi lam ent. T h i s gr ad at io n is con

t i n ued unt i l a perfe ct sta me n is dev elo pe d. A t least, th is is the

ma nne r in wh ich we are apt to reg ard the tra ns fo rm at io n.

M a n y writers , however , of who m M r . G ra n t A l l e n is one, con

side r th at the gr ad at io n is in the reverse or de r an d that petals

are transformed stamens.

A t the clos e of da y the l i l y fol ds up its petals, gath ers its

leaves an d stems toge ther, an d disa pp ears under the water.

N o t a tra ce of its wh ere ab ou ts is left : l ike the Arab it has

s i l en t l y stole n away. M o o re al lud es to this fact in co mp ar in g

the l i l y to vi rg in s that bath e in the water al l ni gh t an d ap pea r

more fresh and beautiful in the morning.

Y E L L O W P O N D - L I L Y . S P A T T E R D O C K . {Plate III)

Nymphcea ddve?ia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM Water-lily. Yellow, centre tinged Unpleasant. General. May-August,

with crimson.

F lo w e r s : u n a t t r a c t i v e ; s o l i t a r y . Calyx: o f s i x t o e i g ht u n e q u a l s e pals t hat v a r y i n c o l o u r f r o m y e l l o w t o g r e e n . Corolla: of coarse , f leshy petals that ares h o r t e r t h a n t h e s t a m e n s . Stamens: n u m e r o u s . Pistil: o n e , t he s t i g mas p r e a d i n g l i k e a m a n y - r a y e d d i s k . Leaves : r i s i n g o u t o f t he w at e r an d hav i n ga deep space b e t w e e n t h e r o u n d e d l o b e s .

T h e ye ll ow po nd -li ly is not p ret ty, and we have no especia l




reason to bel ieve that natur e has com pen sat ed it by be st ow ing

the vi rt ue of goodness. It has caus ed dis app oin tm ent to ma ny

a yo un g seeker that, al l ur ed fr om afar by the b righ tnes s of i ts

c o l o u r i n g , has sighed to find i t wi th ou t ch ar m or fragrance ona nearer acquain tance. T h e ini t ia te d have learne d to bow

p o l i t e l y to this flower and to pass on ; leaving it to the insects

to be entrapped w i t h i n i ts cr imson centre .

It is almost impossible not to fancy that the pure white

water- l i ly exhales a sigh at the un cu lt iv at ed preference of th is

mem ber of i ts fam ily for s tagnant water . In E n g la n d the ir

r a t he r sugg estiv e od ou r has cau sed th em to be ca lle d by thec o u n t r y people , " bra nd y bo tt le s ."

Y E L L O W N E L U M B O . S A C R E D B E A N . W A T E R

C H I N Q U E P I N . {Plate IV.)

Nelumbo liitea.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Water-lily. Yellow. Scentless. Middle states, west and south. July, August.

Flowers: o n e t o f i ve i n c h e s i n d i a m e t e r ; g r o w i n g s i n g l y o n l o n g , n a k e ds c a p e s . Calyx a n d Corolla: a p p e a r l i k e t h ose of t h e wh i t e wa t er - l i ly .Stamens: n u m e r o u s . Pistils: n u m e r o u s a n d h i d d e n i n a c o n c a v e r e c e p t a c l e .Leaves: t w e n t y i n c h e s i n d i a m e t e r ; g r o w i n g w e l l o u t o f t h e w a t e r , o r f l o a t i n g ;p e l t a t e ; v e i n e d . Rootstock: t h i c k ; t u b e r o u s .

O f al l the f am ily the ne lum bo has the most int er est in g and

careful manner of growing i ts fruit . E v id e n t l y i t has de

t er mi n ed upon g iv in g the seeds every adv anta ge. T h e recep

tacle is enlarg ed in to a flat, top -sh ap ed bo dy, in w h ic h thepist i l s are syste mati cal ly sunk en. H e re the ovar ies gro w int o

one-seeded nut s tha t are abo ut the size of ch inq ue pin s. T h e y

and the tubers are quite edible.

T h e flowers of t he na tiv e pl an t are al wa ys pal e ye llo w .

T h e gorgeous, showy pin k and whi te va rie ty is the in tr od uc ed

plant and the one t hat sho uld pro pe rly be ca l led sacred bean.

It is thi s flower t ha t the ol d E gy p ti an s d ed ica te d t o Osir is ,

the god of lif e an d li gh t, an d it was fr om the shape of its seed

vessels that they or i g in ate d cornuc opias . T h e seeds were sown

by en cl os in g the m first in cl ay an d the n t h ro w in g them in the



Head of Pistils. Floating Leaves.

P L A T E V . C O M M O N W H I T E W A T E R C R O W F O O T .

Batrachium trie hop hyllum.

Y E L L O W W A T E R C R O W F O O T . Ra7iunculus delphinifolius.

(29)




r iv e r . M a n y believe fr om this cust om that i t is the nel um bo

that is al lu de d to in Ec cle sia ste s x i . i : " Cast thy bre ad upo n

the water : for thou shalt find i t after ma ny day s."

C O M M O N W H I T E W A T E R C R O W F O O T . (Plate V.)

Batrachium trichophyllum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMCrowfoot. White. Scentless. General. All summer.

Flowers: s m a l l ; te r m i n a l . Calyx: of five sepals. Corolla : of f ive white,ro u n d e d pe t a ls t hat t u rn ye l l o w at the b as e . Stamens: n u m e r o u s . Pistils :

n u m e r o u s , a r r a n g e d i n a h e a d . Styles: s h o r t a n d b r o a d . Leaves : s u b m e r g e d ;f i n e l y d i s s e c t e d .

Y E L L O W W A T E R C R O W F O O T . (Plate V.)

Ranunculus delphiiiifblius.

T h e yel lo w water crow foo t is ve ry s im ila r in appearan ce to

the whi te one, on ly its br ig ht peta ls are lar ger . In fact, the y

clo sely resemb le those of the field bu tte rcu p. T h e subm erge dleaves are cleft in to h ai r- li ke segmen ts ; those above th e w ater

are re ni fo rm an d par ted into fr om three to five div is io ns .

The slow, shallow water of ponds and ditches is the home of

these pre tty plan ts. A t the ap pro ach of co ld weath er the y

s in k to the bottom and l ie dormant unt i l the wa rm sun of M a y

coaxes them to raise their tender blossoms to the surface.

W A T E R H E M L O C K . (Plate VI.)

Cicuta viaculata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMParsley. White. Scentless. Mostly north, west and south. All summer.

Flowers: m i n u t e ; n u m e r o u s ; g r o w i n g i n l o o s e , c o m p o u n d u m b e l s . Leaves:

c o m p o u n d , t h e l e af l et s d e e p l y t o o t h e d , o r l o b e d ; v e i n e d . Stem : t hre e t o e i g ht

feet h i g h ; h o l l o w ; s t r e a k e d w i t h p u r p l e . Roots: h i g h l y p o i s o n o u s .

It is un for tun ate tha t so ma ny com m on names have been bestow ed upon this unw or th y pl ant, wh ic h is kn ow n as spott ed

cowba ne, beaver poiso n, musq uash root, sneezeweed and c h i l d

ren's bane. T h ey serve rathe r to preve nt i ts be co mi ng gen eral ly



P L A T E V I . W A T E R H E M L O C K Cicuta maculata.

( 3 0




reco gnis ed as the d eadl y water he ml ock . I ts appearance also

is such tha t it is fre qu en tly mi st ak en for the w i l d carrot and

sweet cicely . T h e stem , wh ic h is stre ake d wit h purp le, not spot

ted, as its nam e, spott ed cow bane , w ou ld suggest, sh ou ld be re

membered as a means of identif ication.

O f al l the me mb ers of the p arsl ey fa mi ly it is the most pois on

ous. A n arom atic , o i ly fluid is found in the root and in smaller

qu an tit ies in the leaves, stems an d seeds. I ts chemical nature

is not exa ctly kn ow n. E v e r y year a large num ber of hum an

v ict ims falls a pr ey to thi s pla nt, for wh ic h there is no kn ow n

an tid ote . G r o w i n g , as it does, in sh all ow water, its roo ts are

was hed an d exp ose d to vie w, wh en it is ga th ere d i n erro r as

horse-radish, art ichokes, parsnips and other edible roots.

W A T E R - P A R S N I P .

Slum cicutcefblium.


Parsley. White. Scentless. Mostly north, west and south. All summer.

Flowers: s m a l l ; n u m e r o u s ; g r o w i n g i n u m b e l s . Leaves: al t e rn at e ; p i n n at e ;

w i th ma n y pa i rs o f l i n e a r , o r lan c e o lat e le a f le t s t hat are s h ar pl y s e rr at e . Roots:

d w i n d l e d , a c r i d a n d p o i s o n o u s .

T h i s w i l d pla nt i s co mm on ly foun d in shal low water . T o

k n o w it is to av o id it, as it is also a ve ry po iso no us me mb er of

the family .

P I C K E R E L - W E E D .

Pontederia cor data.


Pickerel-weed. Purplish blue. Unpleasant. General. All summer.

Flowers: i r r e g u l a r ; g r o w i n g i n a d e ns e s p i k e . Perianth : labiate ; the threeu p p e r l o b e s m a r k e d w i t h a g r e e n i s h - y e l l o w s p o t ; t h e t h r e e l o w e r o n e s b e i n g m o r e

s p r e a d i n g . Stamens: s i x ; t he t hre e lo w e r o n e s i n t he t hr o at , t he t hre e u p pe ro n e s s h o r t e r a n d i m p e r f e c t . Pistil: o n e . Leaf: o n e o n l y ; b o rn e at t he t o p o f

t h e s t e m ; l a n c e o l a t e t o a r r o w - s h a p e . Stem: r i s i n g one to two feet ab o v e t he w at e r ; s t o u t ; e re c t .

T h e pickerel-w eed, we may fancy, is the reck less, da sh in g

K at e of the un derg rou nd garden. Ev id en t l y she has run away



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N W A T E R .

f r o m home and her p l a y m a t e , the p i c k e r e l , to t a k e a

t hr ou gh a serene lake border or a , , p e e P

e nt i c e d i n t o u p h o l d m g h e r e i n17^ " ^ " * ^

with a t r o o p of her co m p an io n s a l lm v f ,COmes

M a n y are a l l u r e d to the l a k e b o r d e r ^ v T T P M ^

W A T E R S T A R G R A S S .

Heteranthhra diibia.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR

Pickerel-weed. Pale yellow . Scentless. Mol^nortk TIME OF BLOOM"onn. Summer.

When we n o t ice these s m a l l , bright flowers as they come to

h a t h a T S t r £ a m ' ^ r e m i n d e d o f a l i « l e wmf that has s t r a y e d far from home. T h e p l an t is one t h a t isr a t h e r u n c o m m o n . s

W A T E R - H Y A C I N T H . ( j> / a t e V I I )

Piarofius crdssifies.

PickZ-weed. PiZk^iZe. Sc^Tss Mostl^rf ; TIME OF BLOOM

scentless. Mostly in Florida. Summer

the water is shaZw, o S v k e / o " "8 " '° ^ W h e r e

L i n i n g the shores of the St. J o h n s R i v e r and m a n y of the

lakes and slugg.sh streams in F l o r i d a , the w a t e r - h y a c i n t h m a y be

seen in masses varying from fifty to sev er a l hun dr ed feet wide




T h e pl an t is a na tiv e of B r a z i l , an d it is th ou gh t th at it was in

about 1 8 9 0 that i t was introduced into F l o r i d a . It had been for

m e r l y cu lt i va ted in no rth ern greenhouses, as i t had the pot ent

c h a r m of beauty. So co ng en ia l to its tastes did i t find the sunny

shores of the St. Johns River and the yel lowish water that

abounds in h u m i d aci d and org an ic m atter that i t soon la id aside

al l the customs of a guest, and determined upon dabbl ing in the

p o l i t i c a l ec on om y an d affairs of the co un tr y. I n streams where

su l p h ur or other distasteful acids are prevalent it is not able to

s u r v i v e .

I n 1 8 9 6 the W a r De pa rtm en t at Wa sh ing ton was asked to exert i ts influence wi th this un ru ly plant, wh ic h was be co m in g a

serious menace to na vig ati on . I t has also des tro yed bridges,

inte rfere d wi th the t im be r ind us tr y, an d affected the heal th of

the region by up ho ld in g object ion able orga nic matter . Gre at

f loat ing masses of the wa ter -h yac int h are moo red to the shore

by those that have ro ot ed in the sh all ow wate r. B u t at tim es

the win d tears the m loose an d th en larg e b lo ck s of i t go floatin g about wi th the cur ren t. A t one t im e a str on g win d d r o v e

i t n o r t h w a r d unt i l it closed the river for twenty-five miles.

T h e pl ant rep ro du ces its elf b y stolen s or leafy shoo ts an d i n

such num bers that i ts increase is mos t ala rm in g. T h e pr ob le m

of c o nt r o l l i ng t he w a t e r - hy a c i nt h is v e r y i nt e r e s t i ng . M e c ha ni

ca l means entai l such great and continuous expense that i t is

thought a natural enemy to breed disease amongst i t w i l l have

to be introduced.

C O M M O N B L A D D E R W O R T . {Plate VIII)

Utricularia vulgaris.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMBladder-wort. Yellow. Scentless. General. All summer.

Flowers: s e v e r a l g r o w i n g o n e a c h s ca p e . Calyx: l a b i a t e or t w o - l i p p e d .Corolla: l a b i a t e , t h e s p u r s h o r t e r t h a n t h e l o w e r l i p . Stamens: t w o , w i t h

an t h e rs t hat me e t i n t he t hro a t . Pistil: o n e ; s t i g m a t w o - l i p p e d . Leaves: u n d e r w a t e r , m a n y - p a r t e d , b e a r i n g r a t h e r l a r g e b l a d d e r s . Stem : i m m e r s e d .

T h i s aquatic herb, which we find i n st i l l , slow water , is hardly

one to in sp ire us w it h affe ctio n. It belo ngs to the stra nge



Pistil and Stamens.

P L A T E V I I I . C O M M O N B L A D D E R W O R T . Utricularia vulgaris.

(35)




gr ou p of inse cti vo rou s plants, those tha t are so for me d as to

entra p insect s, wh ich they dige st and ass imila te as food . In

this way, by ta k in g adv ant age of defenseless mem bers of the

a n ima l wo rld , they show a ve ry un pr in ci pl ed disre gar d of a l lpla nt tr ad it io n. B u t as ide fr om the mo ral cons ider at io n, this

l i t t le plan t is most wo nd erf ul . T h e bladd ers are fur nish ed wi th

smal l hairs or bris tles whi ch keep up a wavy mo tio n and create

a sort of cu rre nt that suc ks the unsu spic ious creature w i t h i n its

folds. A hinged arrangement, or l id then closes sharply down

upon h i m , and the bris tle s ma ke i t th ei r busi ness to see that he

does not escape.But fr om our ch il dh oo d we are taugh t that an object can not

s ink that has attached to it a bladder filled w it h air . W e there

fore ask, how does the bla dd er wo rt reach the bot to m of the

p o n d to spe nd the wi nt er ? Si m pl y because the l i t t le plant is

clev er. It takes t ime by the fo relo ck, ejects the a ir fr om its

b ladders , and calmly a l lows them to fill wi th water . T h ey then

bea r it be low , wher e it rem ain s wh ile its seeds are r ipening,

and u n t i l i t feels the spr ing sunshine t h r i l l i n g it with a desire

to r ise aga in an d to bl oo m . T h e bladd ers then , wi th sm al l cer

emony, throw out the no longer useful water ; the plant rises,

and they fill aga in w it h air w hi ch f loats i t d u ri ng the s um me r.

A R R O W = H E A D . {Plate IX.)

Sagittaria latifblia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM Water-plantain. White. Scentless. General. All summer.

Flowers: gr ow i n g i n w h o r l s o f t h r ee on a lea f less sca p e . Calyx : op en ; of t h r ee sep a ls t h a t f a l l e a r l y . Corolla: o p e n ; o f t h re e r o u n d e d p e t a l s . Stamens :

v e r y n u m e r o u s , o n t h e r e c e p t a c l e . Pistils: d i s t i n c t ; v e r y n u m e r o u s . T h ef l o w e r s a r e i m p e r f e c t : t h e p i s t i l l a t e o n e s b e i n g t h o s e o f t h e l o w e r w h o r l s a n dt h e s t a m i n a t e o n e s t h o s e o f t h e u p p e r w h o r l s . Leaves: s a g i t t a t e ; n e r v e d .Scape : v a r y i n g g r e a t l y i n h e i g h t .

T h e demu re arrow-heads are surely the Qua ke rs of the

f lower w o r l d ; and that they do not cond one fr iv ol i ty , we may

gat her fr om the way in w hi ch they keep the ir pi sti l la te and



A R R O W - H E A D . Sagittaria latifolia.

(37)




stam inat e mem bers apart. T h e pis ti l l ate ones also deck the m

selves in ve ry seem ly l i t t le petals that fa l l early and do not vie

in comeline ss wi th those of the stam inat e blossom s. It ha rd ly

seems possible that one of these l i t t le under-flowers wo uld everhave the courage to call out bo ldl y : Josep h, thou art ke epi ng

the sunshine fro m fa l l in g upon my head.

S. lancifblia is the arrow-head that grows southward from

V i r g i n i a . Its low er w ho rls of flowers are bett er de ve lop ed

t h an those of its no rt he rn sisters, an d the p lan t is, there fore,

more showy and beautiful .

W A T E R - P L A N T A I N . (Plate X)

Alisma Plantago-aqudt ica.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM Water-plantain. Rose white. Scentless. General. Late summer.

Flowers: s m a l l ; n u m e r o u s ; w h o r l e d i n c o m p o u n d p a n ic l es . Calyx: of t h r ee p er s i s t ent sep a ls . Corolla : o f t h r e e d e c i d u o u s o r f a l l i n g p e t a l s . Stamens : fo ur t o s i x . Pistils: n u m e r o u s . Leaves : f r o m t h e base ; o n l o n gp e t i o l e s ; r a t h e r l a n c e o l a t e ; r i b b e d ; c l o s e l y r e s e m b l i n g t h o s e o f t h e d o o r - y a r d

p l a n t a i n . Scape : v a r y i n g g r e a t l y i n h e i g h t .

One wo ul d at once dis cov er the ki ns hi p betwe en the wat er

pla inta in and the arrow-head, al though the latter is a much more

ple a s i ng flower. B u t, if plain , our l i t t le pla nt is gene rous . It

d i s t r i bu t e s i tse l f ve ry wide ly, and its co rm -l ik e tubers are said

to be grea tly en joye d as an ar tic le of food by the K a l m u c k s .

A M P H I B I O U S K N O T W E E D . (Plate XI)Polygonum amphibium.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMBuckwheat. Rose. Scentless, Mostly north. July, August.

Flowers: r a t h e r s h o w y ; m a s s e d i n a d e n s e s p i k e . Calyx: of f i ve p et a l - l i ke ,p a r t e d s e p a l s . Corolla: n o n e . Stamens: five, exserted. Pistil: o n e ; s t y l e ,t wo-c le f t . Leaves: o n l o n g p e t i o l e s ; c o r d a t e ; o b l o n g ; f l o a ti n g . Stem: SU IK

m e r g e d , r o o t i n g i n t h e m u d . Rootstock: c o r m - l i k e .

T h i s l i t t le aq ua tic som etim es str ays fr om its hom e, an d is

found f lourishing upon the l a n d . B u t we m ay im agi ne that i t

is always glad to return and add its del icate grace to b r ig hten

the s low-running streams.



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N W A T E R . 4 i

F L O A T I N G = H E A R T . (Plate XII.)

Limndnthemitm lacunbsitm.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMBuckbean. Yellow. Scentless. Maine to Florida. July, August.

Flowers: gr o w i n g i n a n um be l nea r t h e t op of t h e s t a lk f r om un de r t h eleaves . Calyx: f i v e - p a r t e d . Corolla: w h e e l - s h a p e d , t h e b o r d e r in d i v i s i o n so f f i v e , f r i n g e d a n d i n c u r v e d a t t h e edges. Stamens: five. Pistil: o n e .Fruit: a c a p s u l e w i t h n u m e r o u s seeds. Leaves: g r o w i n g o n s l en d e r , l o n g ,t w i n i n g p e t i o le s ; o v a t e - o r b i c u l a r ; p u r p l i s h be n e a t h .

T h e floating-heart ha s ne ve r in s p i r e d the poets with any of

the ardour that they have felt for members of the gentian

fami ly to wh ic h it is re la te d ; and yet it wo ul d seem as th ou ghi ts name alone sh ou ld aw ak en some drow sy muse. It is true

tha t the flower is far fr om be in g su ch a ra v in g beau ty as the

f r i n g e d gen tian ; but i t is ve ry int ere sti ng . Its parts al tern ate

in a sys tem ati c way that shows it und erst and s good gov ern me nt.

T h e petals al te rna te w it h the sepals and the stamens wit h the

petals, while al ternating with the stamens are f ive glands.

Th es e gla nd s, i t is suppos ed, were ori g in al l y anoth er set of

stamens that have been absorbed at an early stage by the petals.

T h e ro ot -l ik e tub ers tha t sta rt out nea r the flowers at the end

of the pet io le , show a fo rm of rep rod uc tio n s i m i la r to that of

the str aw ber ry w it h its leafy shoots at the end of ru nne rs.

A t the ap pro ach of c ol d wea ther they det ach them selves fr om

the ma in pla nt an d sin k to the b o tt om of the po nd , where they

root in the mud. W i t h the re tu rn of sp ri ng the y are thus

ready to send above vig our ous , renewed stock .

A M E R I C A N B R O O K L I M E .

Verdnica A?nerzca?za.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMFigwort. Blue. Scentless. Mostly north and west. April-September.

Flowers: g r o w i n g l o o s e l y i n a x i l l a r y , s l e n d e r r a c e m e s . Corolla : w h e e l -

s h a p e d , o f f o u r l o b e s . Calyx: f o u r - p a r t e d . Stamens: t w o . Pistil: o n e .Leaves : o n p e t i o l e s ; o p p o s i t e ; o b l o n g o r l a n c e o l a t e ; s e r r a t e d . Stem : s m o o t h ;

s l i g h t l y c u r v i n g a n d b r a n c h e d .

It is mostly in brooks and watery ditches that we find this

dear l i t t l e plant . C hi ld re n often mist ake i t for the w i l d forget-

me-not and are inv ar ia bly dis app oin ted when they l earn that i t

bears no more tender name than Am er ic an bro ok l im e.



Plants G r o w i n g I n M u d : Bogs,

Swamps and Marshes.

Over in the swamps life is gay and free; for why should

they be dull when they may be merry , or why should they throw out sparingly their bloom when their soil tells them to

send it out abundantly ? In its time and place each lovely

flower unfolds ; the turtle travels slowly back from the nearest

pond; the blackbirds pipe and the oriole matches the tint of

his wing with the petals of the marigold. Grave willows

have a fatherly care of the szveet community, and, althougli

King Carnival pass up and dozvn, disorder never reigns.

S K U N K C A B B A G E .

Spathyema fdtida.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM Arum. Madder,purple, Disagreeable. Mostly norths sparingly February-

yellow and green, west and south. ' April.

Flowers: i n c o n s p i c u o u s ; p e r f e c t ; a r r a n g e d u p o n a n o v a l f l es h y s p a d i xt hat i s e n v e lo pe d b y a s pat he . Spathe: s h e l l - s h a p e d , v e i n e d w i t h p u r p l e .Fruit: c u r i o u s l o o k i n g ; t h e seeds f o r m u n d e r t h e e p i d e r m i s o f t h e s p a d i x , a n dd r o p l a t e r i n t o t h e g r o u n d , l i k e l i t t l e b u l b s . Leaves : one to three feet l o n g ;o v a t e ; v e i n e d ; a p p e a r i n g l a t e r t h a n t h e f l o w er s , f r o m a s h o r t r o o t s t o c k .

" F o r e m o s t t o d e c k t h e s u n - w a r m e d s o d ,T h e A r u m s h o w s h i s s p e c k l e d c o i l . "

Dame Nature has truly a warm heart , and when she deprives

us of one th in g she us ua ll y bes tow s an oth er. In her scheme of

wisdom she ce rt ai nl y saw fit to dep riv e the sk un k cabbage of

fra gra nc e ; an d to suc h an ex ten t tha t it has been do om ed to

bear a rath er unp oe tic al name. B u t i t is a bra ve, pow erful

p l an t , wh ic h push es i tself fo rw ar d wi th ou t fear of rebuff fro m

the frosts of Fe br ua ry , or the b it in g M a r c h winds. G r i m w i n -



P L A T E XIII. A M E R I C A N C R I N U M . Crinum Americanum.

COPYRIGHT, 1899. BY FREDERICK A STOKES COMPANY.



46 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M U D .

wonderful ly fair. It is so nob le and dig nif ied in its be ar in g

that we would not venture to pick it ; so we wander away, and

the place where it grew forms a lasting picture in our memory.

It is the on ly one of its gen us that has cho sen to gr ow w i l d

in the Southern part of the U n i t e d States , instead of tropical

regions.

S W A M P P I N K . {Plate XIV.)

Helbm'as bullata.


Bunch-flower. Purple. Scentless. New York, southwa rd April, May .to Virginia.

Flowers: g r o w i n g i n a t e r m i n a l , b l u n t r a c e m e . Perianth: d i v i d e d i n t o s i xs p r e a d i n g , s p a t u l a t e s e g m e n t s . Stamens: s i x . Pistil: o n e ; w i t h a t h r ee- b r a n c h e d s t i g m a . Leaves: g r o w i n g i n a c lu st e r a t t h e ba se of t h e s ca p e ;l o n g , t a p e r i n g a t t h e b a s e ; e v e r g r e e n ; p a r a l l e l - v e i n e d . Scape: s t o u t , w i t h

b r a c t s b e l o w . Rootstock: t u b e r o u s .

A compact, v igourous plant that has a fondness for the state

of N e w Je rse y. I n fact, it is th er e so gre at a feat ure of sw am p

an d b o g life that we find o ur se l v es co n t in u al l y wo n d er i n g i f i tis not in some wa y con ne cte d w i t h the p o l i t i c a l economy of

these places.

I N D I A N P O K E . F A L S E H E L L E B O R E . P U P P E T - R O O T .

Veratrum viride.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMBunch-flower. Greenish yelloiu, becoming Scentless. Mostly east, May-July,

more gr een as the flowers south and west,grow older.

Flowers: g r o w i n g i n r a c e m e s a l o n g t h e b r a n c h e s . Perianth: o f s i x o b l o n gd i v i s i o n s . Stamens: s i x . Pistil: o n e , w i t h a t h r e e - b r a n c h e d s t y l e . Leaves:

c l a s p i n g ; b r o a d l y o v a t e ; p o i n t e d ; p a r a l l e l - v e i n e d . Stem : t wo t o seven feet

h i g h ; s t o u t ; l e a f y .

O u r att en tio n is h ar d ly he ld by the f lowers of the false

hel lebore aft er we hav e lea rn ed to id en ti fy th em ; as they are

p ar t i cu l ar l y la c k i n g in be au ty . It is to the leaves th at we feel

grateful for pu sh in g th ro u gh the ear th at so ea rly a season of

the year and e nl iv en in g the swamps with fo l iage. T h e y also

appear a lo ng bro ok s an d mo un ta in streams, and are on ve ry

f r i en dl y ter m s with the sk un k cabba ge. A s the plan t's gen eri c



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M U D . 47

name indicates, it is poisono us. C hi ck en s especial ly have fal len

v ict ims to e a t i ng its seeds, an d the fata l mistake has been made

by individuals of u s i n g the y o u n g leaves for those of the m a r s h

m a r i g o l d , in w h i c h case death has been the result .

P I T C H E R = P L A N T . H U N T S M A N ' S = C U P . S I D E S A D D L E -

F L O W E R . {Plate XV.)

Sarrachiia purpurea.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMPitcher-plant. Crimson, green, or pink. Frag rant. Mostly north June.

and east.

Flowers: n o d d i n g ; s o l i t a r y ; g r o w i n g o n a n a k e d scape a b o u t one f o o t h i g h .Calyx: of f i ve l a r g e , c o l o u r e d s e p a l s h a v i n g t h r e e b r a c t l e t s u n d e r n e a t h . Co

rolla : of f i v e i n c u rv e d pe t a l s t hat c lo s e o v e r the u m b r e l l a - l i k e to p of t he s t y l e .Stamens; n u m e r o u s . Pistil: one ; b r a n c h i n g at f i v e an g le s l i k e an u m b r e l l a ,a n d f iv e h o o k e d s t i g m a s . Leaves: the s h a p e of p i t c h e r s , o p e n , w i t h a n e re c th o o d , a n d s i d e w i n g s , the m a r g i n s f o l d e d t o g e t h e r ; c o n s p i c u o u s l y v e i n e d w i t hp u r p l e .

I t is o n l y because we are i l l - in fo rm ed about p lant- l i fe that it

ever surprises us ; and to have passed beyond the b r i n k of won

der at the a c t i ons of the pi t c he r - p la nt , argues a good amount

of k now le d ge . It is one of the most s traget ic of the insect ivo

rous plants. T h e ieaves have their margins united together, so

as to for m quai nt l i t t le pi tch ers , c losed at the b o t t o m and open

at the top. T h e y are l i n e d w i t h a sti cky , sugary substance

that entices small insects to e x plor e to thei r depths . He re the

pi t c he r s , w i t h an a bs olu t e d i s r e ga r d of all C h r i s t i a n c h a r i t y ,

have arran ged inn um erab le l i t t le br is t les , point ed do wnwa rds ;a nd once entrapped the p o o r v i c t i m can escape in neither d i

r ect i o n . T h e r a i n is also held by t h e m , and serves to d r ow n

any mite that is unusual ly tenacious of l i fe . W e ge ne r a l ly find

t he m pa r t ly filled with water and drowned insects , which afford

the plants an e x t r a a m ou nt of nou r i s hm e nt . The s e leaves often

r emai n a curious feature of swamp l i fe unt i l J a c k Fr os t c ov e r s

t he m w i t h his white overcoat ; but in the e x qu i s i t e s pr i ng b loomis when the pla nt s are m o s t r a v i s h i n g in their beauty. F r o m a

distan ce they appea r l ik e the m y s t i c b l e n d i n g of c o lou r s in a

P e r s i a n r u g .




C h i l d r e n have a passion for the pitchers and sometimes play

with them, using them as d r i n k i n g cups. T h i s is a mos t im

pru de nt th in g to do, as it is im po ssi bl e to kn ow wi th any amount of certainty that they are ever free from insects.

M A R S H M A R I G O L D . {Plate XVI)

Cdltha fiahhtris.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMCrowfoot. Bright yellow. Scentless. Mostly north. April, May.

Flowers: g r o w i n g i n c l u s t e r s o n l o n g p e t i o l e s . Calyx : u s u a l l y o f f i v e , b u ts o m e t i m e s as ma n y as n i n e , s ho w y, pe t a l - l i k e s e pal s . Corolla : n o n e . Stamens :

n u m e r o u s . Pistils : f ive to fourteen. Leaves : r e n i f o r m ; r o u n d e d ; t h e u p p e rones n e a r l y s e s s i l e ; t h e l o w e r ones o n lo n g pe t i o le s . Stem : e r e c t ; b r a n c h i n gat t he t o p ; ho l l o w e d ; f u rr o w e d . Rootstock : t h i c k .

U n l i k e the majority of early wild flowers that prefer the

shelter of the woods to test the season's temper, the marsh

m a r i g o l d b ol dl y opens the sp ri ng in the marshes. It is we ll

equ ippe d for its mi ssi on , be in g c lo th ed in the br igh tes t of ye l

low , wh ic h is shown to advantage by its ba ck gr ou nd of dark

green leaves. The p la nt does not ha rro w itself w it h an y in

tense feelings of pa tr io ti sm . It is equa lly fon d of the ol d an d

new worl ds, and has a rare ad ap tab il i ty for a cc om mo da ti ng i t

self to circum stanc es. I t is Shakespeare 's M a ry - b u d. I n this

co un try i t is sometim es im pr op er ly cal led cowslip , wh ic h nam e

belongs to a Eu ro pe an species of pr imrose .

T h e leaves an d yo un g shoots are exce llen t wh en serv ed as

greens, and find especial favo ur a m on g the co un try people in

E n g l a n d .

W A T E R = P L A N T A I N S P E A R W O R T .

Ranihicuhis obtusiusculus.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMCrowfoot. Golden yellow. Scentless. North, sparingly south and west. June-August.

Flowers: g r o w i n g s i n g l y , o r c l u s t e r e d i n p a n i c l e s . Calyx: of f ive small sepals .

Corolla: of f ive, se ven , or m or e o bl o ng pet als . Stamens: i n d e f i n i t e i n n u m b e r .Pistils: n u m e r o u s , f o r m i n g a h e a d . Leaves: l an c e o lat e ; t he u ppe r ones c l a s p i n g , t he lo w e r ones o n p e t i o l e s . Stem: one to three feet h i g h ; h o l l o w ; g l a b r o u s .

A slender plant whose bright, cheery face shows its close k i n

ship to the bu tt er cu p. It is one of the gay bl os som s of the



5 o P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M U D .

swamps , and keeps the car ni va l of co lo ur fr om w an in g after

the m ar ig ol d has passed away.

G O L D T H R E A D . (Plate XVPI.)Coptis trifblia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOICrowfoot. White. Scentless. North, sparingly west and south. May.

Flowers: t e r m i n a l ; s o l i ta r y . Calyx: of f ive to sev en sep als that f a l l e a r l y .Corolla : of f i ve t o seven cu p -s h a p ed p o i n t e d p et a ls , h o l l ow a t t h e a p ex . Sta

mens: n u m e r o u s . Pistils: t h r ee t o t e n . Leaves: f r o m t h e b a s e ; t h r i c e d i v i d e d i n t o fa n -sh a p ed lea f le t s ; eve r gr ee n. Roots: l o n g ; b r i g h t y e l l o w ; f i b r o u s .

T h i s f r ag i l e , sp r ig ht l y l i t t le flower, w it h its wid e-a wa ke expression, wi th er s awa y fr om us ear ly in the season. It s pr et ty

leaves nestle co si l y am on g the bo g marsh es an d re ma in gre en

al i win ter . T h e curiou s, tw in in g roots rem ind one of a bun ch

of copper wire that has been mu ch tang led. N e w En g la n d

c o u n t r y people boas t gr ea tl y of th ei r efficacy wh en stew ed

d o w n for a spr ing tonic .

C H O K E B E R R Y .

Arb?iia arbutifblia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMRose. White. Scentless. Mostly along the coast. May, June.

Floivers: s m a l l , c l u s t e r e d . Calyx: of five, cleft sepals. Corolla: of five,

r o s a c e o u s p e t a l s . Stamens: n u m e r o u s . Pistil: one , w i t h us ua l ly five s t y l es .Fruit: a s m a l l , d a r k r e d , o r p u r p l e , a s t r i n g e n t b e r r y . Leaves: a l t e r n a t e ;

o b l o n g ; s e r r a t e d ; h a i r y u n d e r n e a t h .

In the late summer, when the fruit of this l i t t le shrub r ipens,

it causes a cl in gi ng gru dge to tak e deep root i n ma ny a c h i ld i s h

m i n d . It appears as though it might be so very good, and

when tasted is so very bad.

S W A M P R O S E . (Plate XVIII.)

Rosa Carolina.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMRose. Soft, crimson pink. Slightly fragrant. General. June-August.

Flowers : l a r g e ; r a r e l y s o l i t a r y . Calyx : of f ive c left sepals that terminate ina t u b e . Corolla : of five p et a ls , so me t i m es fo un d w i t h mo r e ; i n t h i s r esp e ctt h e sp ec i es i s va r i a b le . Stamens : n u m e r o u s . Pistils: n u m e r o u s . Leaves:



P L A T E X V I I . G O L D T H R E A D . Coptis trifolia.

(5i)



5 2 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M U D .

o d d - pi n n at e ; o f t hre e t o n i n e s e r rat e d le af le t s , u n e q u a l i n s i z e ; pa l e u n d e r n e a t h . Stem : e r e ct ; s m o o t h , w i t h r e c u r v e d p r i c k l e s ; r e d d i s h .

" I f J o v e w o u l d g i v e t h e f r a g r a n t b o w e r s

A qu ee n for a l l th ei r w o r l d of flowers,

A ro s e w o u ld b e t he c ho i c e o f Jo v e

A n d b l u s h t h e q u e e n o f e v e r y g r o v e . " — M o o r e .

P l i n y tel ls us th at the m an y specie s of w i l d roses may be

di s t i n g ui sh ed fro m each oth er by t hei r colo ur, scent, roughness,

smo othn ess, an d the grea ter or sm all er nu mb er of th ei r floral

leaves. T h e swa mp rose, ho wev er, is one th at is most re ad il y

reco gni sed. I t has a somew hat ragg ed appearan ce ow in g toi ts often une qu al nu m be r of petals ; an d it grows in great

masses in the swamps. W i t h the approach of autumn it

changes the cha rac ter of, rat he r tha n loses, its bea uty. T h e

leaves become a b r i l l i a n t orang e-red and the bushes glo w

with the grace ful c r im so n fruit .

To walk by a swamp spread with these roses, makes us reflect

l o n g i n g l y on the days of the an cie nts ; when the wa rri or s, du r

in g th eir repasts, sat cr ow ne d w it h the m an d wh en , as P l i n y

tells us, th ei r cho ice meats were co ve re d wi th the petals, or

s pr in k l e d wi th the ir frag rant oi l . T h e des crip tio ns of the roses

at the feast t ha t C le opa t r a gave to Antony make us cease to

wonder that Venus herself has a r i v a l in the rose.

W A T E R A V E N S . P U R P L E A V E N S .

Geum rivdle.


Rose. Purple. Scentless. North and west. May-July.

Flozvers: l a r g e ; n o d d i n g ; t e r m i n a l ; g r o w i n g s p a r i n g l y o n t h e flower s t e m s .Calyx: t o p - s h a p e d , w i t h fi ve s p r e a d i n g l o b e s . Corolla : o f f i v e o b c o rd at ep e t a l s . Stamens a n d Pistils : n u m e r o u s . Styles : l o n g ; c u r v e d . Fruit: ahe ad o f d ry ak e n e s . Leaves : p i n n a t e l y - p a r t e d , t he u p p e r o n e s h a v i n g u s u a l l y t h r e e l o b e s . Stem : s i m p l e .

T h i s is a pr et ty flower of the swam ps an d lo w gr ou nd s. Itsp ur p l e co lo ur is of a p ec ul ia r sha de ; as t ho ug h it had been

m i x e d on a palette from which the chrome yellow had not been

scraped.




G. strictum, or yellow avens, has flowers that grow in panicles.

T h ey are inn oce nt eno ugh l o o ki n g ; but i t is fro m thei r pist i ls

tha t the pr ic kl es com e ou t in the late season to test the temper

of those wan der ing in the ir v i c i ni ty .

P O I S O N S U M A C . P O I S O N E L D E R .

Rhus Vcr?iix.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMSumac. Dull greenish white. Sulphurous. Florida northward. June.

Flowers: a x i l l a r y ; m a n y i m p e r f e c t ; g r o w i n g i n l o os e p a n i c l e s . Leaves:pi n n at e l y d i v i d e d i n t o s e v e n t o t h i r t e e n o b lo n g le af le t s t hat g r o w o n re d le af le t -s t a l k s . A s h r u b , o f te n a p p r o a c h i n g t w e n t y feet h i g h ; o f s o ft y e l l o w - b r o w n w o o d . Juice; r e s i n o u s . Fruit: s m o o t h ; [whitish.)

T h e R h u s ve rn ix is a na tiv e species an d one of the mo st

poisonous of our cou ntry . Fo rt un at e l y there are man y who

are im mu ne to its ev i l effects ; but to those who are susceptible

to suc h influences, even pa ssi ng by the sh rub is fra ug ht wi th

dan ger . Its be aut y, whe n i t is in the p ri de of its au tu mn fol iage , acts as a sna re to co nc ea l its tru e natu re. It is oft en

gat her ed and ca rr ie d home, be in g he ld close to the face. I n

sa ni ty has been k n o w n to be an ou tc om e of su ch reckl essne ss.

I t takes part icular ho l d upon the system when the pores of the

s k i n are open, as in persp irat ion . A l l shou ld s tudy caref ul ly

i ts manner of growth, that when we go to the swamps we shall

not mistake it for the harmless sumach that grows by the way

sides, in dry soi l .

A M E R I C A N J A C O B ' S L A D D E R .

Polembnium Van Bri'tntice.


Phlox. Bluish purple. Scentless. Vermont to Alary land. May-July.

Flowers : l o o s e l y c l u s t e r e d i n p a n i c l e s . Calyx : f i v e - l o b e d . Corolla ; w i t hf i v e r o u n d e d l o b e s . Stamens: f i v e , e x s e r t e d . Pistil: o n e . LeaJlets: o p p o s i t e ;o v a t e ; a l m o s t s e s s i l e . Stem: e r e c t ; l e a f y t o t h e t o p ; g l a b r o u s . Rootstock ; t h i c k .

P r o f . B r i t t o n , by wh om thi s species was na me d, tells us tha t

" i t differs fr om the O l d W o r l d Polemonium cceruleum in i ts



P L A T E X I X . L I Z A R D ' S T A I L . Saururus cernuus.

(54)




stout rootstock, more leafy stem, exserted stamens, and rounded

c o r o l l a lo be s." It is a p re tt y fea ture of the swa mp s an d is also

f o un d al on g s low streams.

L I Z A R D ' S T A I L . (Plate XIX.)

Saurtirus cernuus.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMPepper. White. Fragrant. Connecticut, southward June-August.

along the eastern coast.

Flowers: c r o w d e d i n a t a i l - l i k e , c u r v i n g s p i k e . Stamens; six to se ven .

Pistils: three , or four, uni ted at the base . Leaves ; a l t e r n a t e ; un p e t i o l e s ; c o r

d at e . Stem : s q u a r e ; j o i n t e d .

T h e l i z a r d ' s tai l bea rs a st ran ge , in co m p le te flower. It is sai d

to be naked because it has dis pe ns ed wi th , or neve r possessed,

ci th er ca ly x or co ro ll a. T h e del ica te org an s of the flower,

therefore, are wi th ou t any prop er envelo pe to afford the m pro

t ec t i o n . W e are m os tl y at tra ct ed to the pla nt by i ts fragrance,

which i s i ts chie f cha rm , tho ugh when gr ow in g in masses i t

beautif ies our swamps in midsummer.

W I L D H O N E Y S U C K L E . P I N X T E R F L O W E R . P I N K

A Z A L E A . (Plate XX, Frontispiece)

Azalea nudifibra.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMHeath. Rose, or pinkish red. Faintly frag rant. Maine, southward May.

along the coast.

Flowers: c l u s t e r e d ; d e v e l o p e d w i t h , o r s l i g h t l y b e f o r e , t h e l ea v e s . Calyx:of five s m a l l teeth. Corolla: f u n n e l - f o r m , w i t h f ive r e c u r v e d l o b e s . Stamens:

f ive ; exserted. Pistil : o n e , p r o t r u d i n g w i t h a b l a c k s t i g m a . Leaves: e l l i p t i

c a l ; e n t i r e ; i n t e rm i n al g r o u ps . A s h ru b t hre e t o s i x feet h i g h ; b r a n c h i n g ,le af y .

W H I T E S W A M P H O N E Y S U C K L E . C L A M M Y A Z A L E A .

(Plate XXI)

Azalea viscbsa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMHeath. White, tinged with pink. Very frag rant. Maine, southward June, July.

along the coast.

Flowers: c l u s t e r e d ; c o m i n g i n t o b l o s s o m a f t er t h e l e a v e s . Calyx : of f ive

s m a l l l o b e s . Corolla: t u b u l a r , c l a m m y a n d h a i r y ; w i t h fi ve r e c u r v e d , d e e p l y




c le f t lo b e s . Stamens : f iv e ; e x s e r t e d ; t h e a n t h e r s h i g h l y c o l o u r e d . Pistil:

o n e ; p r o t r u d i n g . Leaves : o b l o n g ; i n t e r m i n a l g r o u p s . A s h r u b t h r e e t o t e nfeet h i g h .

L i t t l e can be im ag in ed in pl an t-l ife wh ic h is mo re truly- beauti ful than the azaleas in the fullnes s of their bl oo m. T h e

varieties here given resemble each other very closely; and fol

low in co nt inu ou s succ essio n, so that the swamps an d som e

times the mo ist woods are rad ian t wi th thei r variab le colo urs

u n t i l we ll on in the season. I t wo ul d seem as th ou gh the

wa rme r atmo sphe re of sum mer coa xed out a stro nge r fragranc e

than the coo l ai r of sp ri n g ; as the A . vi sc os a lades the airfor a great dista nce wi th i ts luscious, hon ey scent. O n both

spec ies ma y be fo un d tho se mo di fie d bu ds th at are so dear to

the heart of chi ld ho od and wh ich are ca l led May- app les . T h e

plan ts are especia l ly desira ble for cu lt iv at io n and we are f a m i l

iar wi th seeing th em com e in to bl oo m early in the year.

T h e cha ract erist ics of each pla nt can be rea dil y seen fr om the

i l l u s tr a t io n s .

C R E E P I N G S N O W B E R R Y .

Chiogenes hispidula.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMHeath. White. Frag rant. Mostly north. May.

Flowers : s m a l l ; n o d d i n g ; a x i l l a r y . Calyx : o f f o u r s e pals w i t h t w o lar g e

b r a c t l e t s u n d e r n e a t h . Stamens : e i g ht . Pistil: o n e . Fruit: a s m a l l , g l o b u l a r ,

w hi t e b e rry . Leaves: o v at e an d , l i k e t he b rac t le t s , b r i s t ly u n d e r n e at h ; ev e r

g r e e n . Stem : d e l i c a t e a n d t r a i l i n g .

It maybe regarded as a matter of good fortune if we find this

delic ate l i t t le creeper sp rea din g i ts carpet of snow-white berries ,

in the peat bog s. W e th en sit do wn an d enjo y to the ful l its

i n v i g o u r a t i n g br ea th of spi cy ar om a ; an d ni bb le at the leaves,

which are un in ju ri ou s an d hav e the same plea san t taste as

sweet bi rc h an d win terg reen . I t is abu nda nt in the A d i r o n -

dacks and at times we find i t s tray ing to v is i t such cool , damp woods as the Alleghanies.




A M E R I C A N C R A N B E R R Y . {Plate XXII)

Oxycoccus macrocarpus.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMHeath. Pale rose. Scentless. North Carolina, northwa rd. June.

Flowers : t e r m i n a l ; n o d d i n g o n l o n g p e d i c e l s t h a t a re s o m e t i m e s a x i l l a r y .

Calyx : o f f o u r s ho rt t e e t h . Corolla : o f f o u r d e e ply part e d pe t a ls . Stamens :

e i g h t to t e n ; p r o t r u d i n g . Pistil: o n e . Fruit: a b r i g ht s c ar le t , ac i d , f o u r-

c e l l e d b e r r y . Leaves : o b l o n g ; e n t i re ; e v e r g re e n ; t he ma rg i n s t u rn e d b ac k .

Stem : p r o s t r a t e ; t r a i l i n g .

So dainty and pretty is the little pink blossom of this plant

that i t invariably gives pleasure to those that find it in the peat bogs an d ma rs hy lan ds. Its mi ssi on i n life, ho we ver , is to be

the fore runn er of the br ig ht be rry wh ic h is too we ll -k no wn in

conn ect ion wit h T h an ks g iv in g t urke y to need any descr ipt i on.

T h e name cr an be rry is said by some au tho rit ies to have been

cho sen for the pla nt because the berries are the favourite food

of the cran es, when th ey ret u rn in th e sp ri n g to the shores of

H o l l a n d . Ot he rs th in k it is o w in g to the curve s of the branches, which are like the crooked neck of a crane.

M A R S H A N D R O M E D A . W I L D R O S E H A R Y . M A R S H

H O L Y R O S E .

Andromeda polifblza.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMHeath. White, or pink tinged with red. Frag rant. Mostly north. May, June.

Flowers : g r o w i n g i n u m b e l - l i k e , d r o o p i n g c l u s t e r s . Calyx : of f ive sepals .Corolla : of f ive petals . Stamens : t e n . Pistil: o n e . Leaves: l an c e o lat e :g l a u c o u s ; w h i t i s h b e n e a t h ; e v e r g r e e n . A l o w s h r u b , r a r e l y t a l l e r t h a ne i g h t e e n i n c h e s .

T h i s bea uti ful shr ub is the nam esake of the fair dau gh ter of

t he E t hi opi a n K i n g , Cepheus. Per hap s the bon d of sy mp ath y

that Linnaeus rec og ni se d as ex is ti ng between the m, is that they

both have had to contend with monsters. L i k e A n d r o m e d a o f

spotless pu ri ty , who was cha ine d to the ro ck at sea, our l it tl e

pla nt finds its elf att ach ed to some hi ll oc k in the swamp . T h e

jumping, sp las hi ng frogs and sleek, tw ir l i n g repti les are no

do ub t qu it e as fea rfu l to the ge nt le flower as t he fiery dr ag o n




was to A nd ro m ed a. A n d alas, no Perse us com in g to s lay them ,

it dro op s its hea d, gro ws pal e an d dies. Its pl ace is ta ke n by

an erect lit tl e caps ule, wh ic h has qui te the air of b ei ng able to

take care of itself.

C A L Y P S O .

Caljfpso bulbbsa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMOrchis. Pink, variegated Scentless. Northern latitudes. May.

•with yellow.

Flowers: l a r g e ; t e r m i n a l ; s o l i t a r y ; d r o o p i n g . T h e s e pa l s a n d p e ta l s

n a r r o w a n d p o i n t e d ; th e l i p i n f l a t e d , s a c - s h a p e d ; w i t h i n w o o l l y . Leaves: o n eo n l y ; s l i g h t l y r o u n d i s h , c o r d a t e a t base ; o n a p e t i o l e s h e a t h i n g t h e s t e m ;t h i n . Root: a b u l b .

It is when we leas t ex pe ct to find th is lo ve ly flower that

some s i lken thread w i l l pr ob ab ly guid e us to i ts hi di ng place,

deep do wn in some mo ssy bo g. It is ve ry shy, ve ry trem ulo us,

an d ha vi ng feasted o ur eyes upon it we would fain creep away

as softly as we came.

A R E T H U S A .

Arethitsa bulbbsa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMOrchis. Rose pink. Frag rant. Maine to Virginia. May, June.

Flowers: l a r g e ; t e r m i n a l ; s o l i t a r y ; w i t h t w o s m a l l s c a l e s u n d e r n e a t h . T h e

l i p f r i n g e d , s p o t t e d w i t h p u r p l e , a n d t r a v e r s e d b y t h r e e w h i t e r i d g e s . < T h e

o t h e r s e p a l s a n d p e t a l s a r c h i n g o v e r t h e c o l u m n . Leaves: o n e o n l y ; l i n e a r ,

a p p e a r i n g f r o m t h e s h e a t h o f t h e scape after the f low er. Scape: f r o m a b u l b ;s i x t o t e n i n c he s h i g h .

Th e beaut i fu l ny m ph Ar et hu sa was f i rs t wrapp ed in a c lou d

by D ia n a and the n cha nge d int o a fo unt ain that she mi gh t

escape the riv er go d, Alp he us , who had fal len in love w ith her,

as, ov erh eat ed by the chase, she ba th ed in a clear, f lowin g

stream. It seems not improbable that her namesake, our

lovely f lower, may have been placed by some protecting power

in the swamp s as a safe gua rd aga ins t her ad mi re rs ; for surel y

no one co ul d see the flower wi th ou t l o v in g it, an d who lo v in g

i t w ou ld have the har di h oo d to leave it upo n its stem to be

v isi ted only by its butterfly sweethearts ?



6o P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M U D .

S H O W Y L A D Y ' S S L I P P E R .

Cypripedium regince.


Orchis. White and pink. Frag rant. New England southward June, July.to North Carolina.

Flowers: t e r m i n a l ; s o l i t a r y . T h e s e p a l s a n d p e t a l s p u r e w h i t e ; t h e l i pi n f l a t e d , o n e a n d a h a l f i n c h e s l o n g , a n d s h a d e d i n f r o n t w i t h p i n k a n d p u r p l e .

Leaves : a l t e r n a t e ; l a r g e ; o v a t e ; p o i n t e d ; p a r a l l e l - v e i n e d . Stem ; e r e c t ;l e a f y ; d o w n y .

T h i s shy and lov e ly orc hi d , wh ich D r . G ra y regards as the

mo st be aut ifu l of the genus, is rat he r difficult to find ; and

al th ou gh one of its haunt s in some remo te swam p is kn ow n,

an d the days numbered unt i l the tim e h as c om e to go eage rly

fo r th a n d seek it, it is often sadly true that some one has been

in advan ce and car rie d the bloss om away. B u t those th at are

so fortunate as to be the first upon the scene, whether lovers of

flowers or not, mu st d eli gh t i n the possessio n of so sweet a

n y m p h . C. hirsutwn and C. acaule, page 178, are i l lustrated in

plates xc i i i and xc iv respect ive ly .

C A L O P O G O N . G R A S S P I N K . {Plate XXIII.)

Limodbrum tuberbsum„

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMOrchis. Magenta pink. Frag rant. Northeast to Florida June, July.

and westward.

Flowers : g r o w i n g l o o s e l y i n v a r y i n g n u m b e r s o n a l o n g s c a p e . T h e f l o w e rhas a pe c u l i a r e x pr e s s i o n , as t h o u g h i t w e re u p s i d e d o w n , o w i n g t o t he o v a ry

b e i n g u n t w i s t e d ; an d t he l i p re m a i n i n g o n t he u pp e r i n s t e ad o f t he lo w e r s i d e

of t h e b l o s s o m . T h e l i p i s m o s t d e l i c a t e l y b e a r d e d w i t h w h i t e a n d y e l l o w .Leaves; l i n e a r ; g r a s s - l i k e ; n e r v e d a n d s h e a t h e d n e a r t h e base of the scape.Scape : r i s i n g e r e ct f r o m a b u l b .

We have no w i l d flower that is mo re pa tr ic ia n in its be ar in g

than this handsome or ch id . I t suggests a high-bred i n d i v i d

ual wi th a taste for the ec ce nt ri c wh o ca lm ly pers ists in wear

i n g his beard upside d ow n. B u t i ts co lo ur in g is so regal , an d

i ts be ard so ve ry be au tif ul tha t we can no t wo nd er at its not

c o n f o r m i n g to fashi on *, wh ich wo ul d ce rt ai nl y rob i t of m uc hof i ts unique bea rin g. Ne it he r has this wh im been al low ed to

interf ere in any way wi th the do mes tic ar rang emen ts of the

flower. In most or ch id s the lo we r l ip is br ou gh t und er, so as




to form a rest ing place for M a s t e r Bee ; as they are des ig n ed

for i n s e c t f e r t i l i z a t i o n . Not to offend by this omission, our

l o v e l y flower has one of the colo ure d sepals bro ug ht for wa rd ;

which suits the u n d i s c r i m i n a t i n g taste of its vis i t ors quite as w e l l .

T h e f lowers fr om wh ich the a c c o m p a n y i n g p l a t e was p ain ted ,

were very l i t t l e less than two inches broad. T h e p l an t is not

ne a r ly so rare as it is g en er a l l y tho ug ht to be, an d wel l repays

the time spent in its quest.

S N A K E - M O U T H . R O S E P O G O N I A . (Plate XXIV.)

Pogbm'a ophioglossoides.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMOrchis. Pale pink, or greenish Frag rant. Northeast to Florida June, July,

white. and westward.

Flowers: t e r m i n a l ; s o l i t a r y ; h a v i n g the six u n e q u a l d i v i s i o n s of the

p e r i a n t h t h a t are p e c u l i a r to the o r c h i d f a m i l y . T h e l o w e r l i p b e a r d e d a n d

f r i n g e d . Leaves: o v a t e - e l l i p t i c a l ; one w r a p p e d m i d w a y a b o u t e a c h s t e m ;s m a l l e r b r a c t - l i k e leaves at the base of the f l o w e r s . Flower-stalk : e r e c t f r o ma b u l b .

W h y c a l l t h i s f lower b y s u c h a n a m e

T h a t m a k e s i t b l u s h as t h o u g h i n s h a m e ?

A s n a k e is e'er a f r i g h t f u l t h i n g ,

W h o s e m o u t h gives f o r t h a d e a d l y s t i n g ;

W h i l e n a u g h t b u t sweetness e v e r b l o w s

F r o m w h e r e t h i s t r a n q u i l f l o w e r g r o w s .

To those that think of an o r chis s im p l y as an aer ia l th in g

h a n g i n g in a greenhouse, it seems almos t inc red ible that thi s

modest p lant should be a m e m b e r of the same family. Bu t if

studied car e fu l l y it wi l l be seen that it c o u l d not be successful ly

d i s ow ne d by the p r o udest of its many relat ives .

L A R G E P U R P L E - F R I N G E D O R C H I S .

Habendria grandiflbra.


Orchis. Violet purple. Fragrant. New England southtvard June, July.and westward.

Flowers: c l u s t e r e d i n d e n s e r a c e m e - l i k e s p i k e s . T h e l a r g e l i p one a nd a h a l f

i n c h e s l o n g ; t h r e e - p a r t e d ; f a n - s h a p e d , a n d e x t e n d i n g i n t o a l o n g , s l e n d e r s p u r ;d e e p l y f r i n g e d a n d m o r e h i g h l y - c o l o u r e d t h a n the o t h e r p a r t s . _ T h e u p p e rs e p a l s a n d p e t a l s t o o t h e d . Leaves: a l t e r n a t e ; l a n c e o l a t e ; b e c o m i n g b r a c t s as

t h e y a p p r o a c h the f l o w e r ; o v a l , p o i n t e d , a n d c l a s p i n g at the b a s e .

T h i s m o st b eaut i fu l and showy of the p ur p l e- f r in g ed o r chids ,



Seed.

P L A T E X X V . S M A L L P U R P L E - F R I N G E D O R C H I S . Habenaria fsycoJes.

( 6 3 )



6 4P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M U D .

while apparently s imple, is devised in the same profound man

ner that the family have cho sen to aid th em in se cu rin g the ser

vices of insects for cro ss- fer ti l iza tio n. In most orc hid s theperianth is in two sets, of thr ee divi si on s each ; the oute r set

an sw ers to sepals, an d the in ne r set, to pet als. T h e sepals are

h i g h l y col ou red a nd ha rm on iz e wi th the petals . B y a pec uliar

twis t of the ov ar y, what wou ld na tu ra ll y be t he upp er pet al is

br ou gh t do wn an d for ms the lo we r one, or li p. It is the start

l i n g fea tur e of the flow er ; a n d is r i c h in blan dishm ents for

M a s t e r Bee. In some va rie tie s it appe als to his ar ti st ic sense

by a delic ate fri ng e, or a supe rb co lo ur, an d agai n it su pplie s

h im wi th a sub stan tial m eal of nectar . T h e in ter na l stru ctu re

consists of one stamen , for me d l i ke a co lu mn , and suppo rted by

the sty le or bro ad, g lut i nou s s t ig ma . In the cyp r ip edi um s

there are two stamen s. Ju st above the s ti gm a at eith er side

are pla ced the two anth er cel ls . H e r e the po llen gra ins are

con cen trat ed in l i t t le qua ntit ies , wh ic h are read ily ca rri ed off by

insects to other flowers.

T h e dive rgen t anth er ce l l s of H . grandi f lora suggest the two

eyes of a m ot h, or but terf ly, whose app earan ce the flower has

t r i e d to imitate .

S M A L L P U R P L E - F R I N G E D O R C H I S . (Plate XXV.)

Habenaria psycbdes.

T h e sma ll pu rp le- fr i ng ed orc his is more fait hfu l to the swamps

t h an the larger one, which strays sometimes to the moist mea

dows. I t comes in to b lo o m a lit tl e lat er in the season, an d is

not so ha nd som e a va ri et y ; but it has a del icat e perf um e.

F R I N G E L E S S P U R P L E O R C H I S .

Habe?iaria peramdena.

A n o t h e r m or e severe type of a pu rpl e orc his , wh ich rar ely

comes fur ther nor th than Pe nn syl va ni a and Ne w J ersey . I t i s

found in wet meadows, or see kin g m ois tur e by fo l l ow in g the

m ou nt a i ns . In size it is betw een tha t of the two pr ec ed in g




species. T h e l ip is not fr in ge d ; but it is cu t-t oo th ed in a way

that gives it a very stiff, p r i m expression. In J u l y a nd Au gu s t

we may expect to find i t in bloom.

W H I T E = F R I N G E D O R C H I S . (Plate XXVI.)

Habenaria blephariglottis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMOrchis. White. Scentless. Northward to Minnesota, and July-

in New Jersey.

Flowers : c r o w d e d o n a s h o r t , o b l o n g s p i k e a n d h a v i n g s l e n d e r s p u r s ; t h el o w e r l i p h e a vi l y_ f r i n g e d . Leaves: a l t e r n a t e ; l a n c e o l a t e ; p a s s i n g g r a d u a l l y

i n t o b ra c t s ; c l as pi n g at t he b as e .

It seems, sometimes, that we hardly know what to say about

a f lower. Not because i t i s uninterest ing, but because it is so

ve ry lo ve ly th at ou r sen satio ns co n ce rn in g it are silen t. It is

so wi th the whit e orc his . W h en foun d in some c ran be rry bog

or swamp they are general ly growing in great pr of u s i on. The r e

is a mi lk -w hi te pu ri ty abou t the blo om s, and their sw ayi ng fairy

fr inge makes them very beaut i fu l .H. cilidris, or the yel low-fr inged orchis (Plate X X V I ) , is not

so freq ue nt ly f ou nd as the wh it e one. It is ta ll er, an d of a

deep, r i c h oran ge in co lo ur . T h e tw o resemb le each oth er so

clo sel y tha t there has been a qu es ti on wh eth er the y were not

s i m p l y diffe rent c ol o ur s of the same species. It is no w be

l i ev ed , how ever , th at the y are separate species. T h e ye ll ow

one is a li tt le late r in re ac hi ng the he igh t of its bl oo m.

A s w i l l be seen fro m the i l lu st ra ti on , the fr i nge of bot h of

these orchids is wider than the lip it edges.

H O S S M I L K W O R T .

Polygala crucidta.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMMilkwort. Pink or greenish. Scentless. Maine to Florida August.

and westward.

Flowers: s m a l l ; g r o w i n g i n c l o s e , s h o r t s p i k e s at t h e e n d s o f t h e b r a n c h e s .

Leaves : o p p o s i t e ; w h o r l e d i n f o u r s ; l i n e a r . Stems : l o n g ; a n g l e d ; s p r e a d i n g .

W h e n a number of these low plan ts are foun d gr ow in g to

geth er, they have a mo ssy, soft app eara nce tha t is ver y p ret ty.




M A R S H C L E J T A T I S . (Plate XXVPI.)

Clematis crisp a.

Pe rh ap s the mos t be au tif ul of our na tiv e species is the blue

clem atis of the marshes. I ts large, sol i ta ry, no dd in g f lowers,

which are gr ac ef ul ly shap ed, an d si lk y styles, give it a delicate,

quain t appea rance tha t is ful l of cha rm . Un fo rtu na te l y , i t is

l i t t le known outside of the terr itory between southeastern V i r

ginia , F l o r i d a and Te xa s . I t b losso ms in M a y and June , and

has a de l ightful f ragrance .

M A R S H S T . J O H N ' S - W O R T .

Triadhium Virginicum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMSt. John's-wort. Flesh coloured, or Scentless. General. July-September,

pale purple.

Flowers ; s m a l l ; a x i l l a r y ; t e r m i n a l ; i n c l os e c l u s t e r s ; g r o w i n g s i n g l y o r i np a i r s . Calyx : o f f i v e , f l e s h - c o l o u r e d s e p a l s . Corolla : of f ive petals . Stamens:

n i n e t o t w e lv e , i n sets o f t hre e ; e ac h se t s e pa ra t e d b y a ye l lo w g l an d . Pistil:o n e , w i t h t hre e s t y le s . Leaves : o ppo s i t e , i n pa i rs u n i t e d ab o u t t he s t e m ; o b

l o n g ; n o t t ape r i n g at e i t he r e n d . Stem : e r e c t ; b r i g h t l y c o l o u r e d . Pod: deep

r e d .

O f t e n i n c r a nbe r r y bogs and in the marshes we w i l l find this

pret ty plan t up ho ld in g the honou r of the St . Joh n's- wort .

H O R N E D B L A D D E R W O R T . (Plate XXVIII.)

Utricularia comitta.

A m o n g the aquatics (page 34, Pla te V I I I ) we have a lready

ac qu ai nt ed o urselv es wi th a curio us con nect ion of this pre tty

plant . U . c or nu t a we find in peat bogs ; i t does not bear any

blad ders an d is therefo re less ex tra or di na ry in i ts mov eme nts.

O n a sle nd er pe di ce l it bear s fr om tw o to four larg e flowers

abou t one in ch lo ng , wh ic h have a helm et-shap ed lower l i p and

l o n g cu rve d spur. T h e y are br ig ht yel l ow, delicat e, and very fragra nt. In fact , M r . Bu rr ou gh s regards this to be the most

intensely fragrant w i l d flower of our country.




S H A L L J T A G N O L I A . S W E E T B A Y .

Magnolia Virginiana.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMMagnolia. White. Frag rant. Along the coast. June, July.

Flowers: s o l i t a r y ; t e r m i n a l a t t h e e n d o f th e b r a n c h e s . Calyx; of three

sep a ls on t h e r ecep t a c le . Corolla : of s i x t o n i ne r o un de d p et a ls . Stamens:

n u m e r o u s . Pistils: n u m e r o u s ; a r r a n g e d i n t h e s h a p e o f a c o n e . Fruit: c o n e

l i k e ; r ed , wi t h one or t wo s ca r le t seeds. Leaves : a l t er na t e ; obova t e ; p oi nt ed ;

d o w 'n y a n d w h i t i s h u n d e r n e a t h . A s h r u b f o u r t o t w e n t y feet h i gh , lea fy , br a n ch

i n g .

A s the sum me rs ret ur n to us, the lov el y, fra gra nt bloss oms

of the magnol ia find th eir way back to the swa mps . T h es hr u b is one wi th w hi ch the ch il dr en have ha rd ly mad e a fair

co m p act . W i t h their ruthless l i t t le fingers, they strip it of its

petals, wh ic h they put in to bott les an d cove r wi th alc oh ol . A

few shak es are al l tha t is th en nece ssary to tr an sf or m the de coc

t ion int o the " most de l ig ht fu l per fum e," and th ey offer i t to

their fr iends at a price much below that of the market.

R O S E H A L L O W . S W A M P M A L L O W . (Plate XXIX.)Hibiscus Moscheidos.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMMallow. Pink. Scentless. Along the coast. August.

Flowers : la r g e ; sev en t o e i gh t i nc h es i n d i a m et er ; so l i t a r y . Calyx ; of fiveg r e e n s e p a l s s u r r o u n d e d b y a n u n d e r l a y e r o f t w e l v e s l e n d e r , p o i n t e d b r a c t s .Corolla ; of f i ve p i n k p et a ls t h a t be co me ma ge nt a a t t h e ba se . Stamens: i n n u m e r a b l e ; g r o w i n g o u t f r o m a l l s i d e s o f a f o r m a t i o n w r a p p e d a b o u t t h e s t y l e .Pistils: f i v e u n i t e d i n t o o n e . Stigmas; f i v e ; r e s e m b l i n g t i n y m u s h r o o m s .Leaves: o n p e t i o l e s ; t h e l a r g e r a n d l o w e r o n e s t h r e e - l o b e d ; t h e u p p e r o n e so v a t e ; d o w n y u n d e r n e a t h . Stem : e r e c t ; h i g h , r e a c h i n g s i x a n d e i g h t feet.

I n late Au gu st , wh en the rose ma llo w rises to its s tately

height among the ta l l grasses of the salt marshes, the passer-by

pauses an d gives i t the adm ir a t io n i t c l a im s . Un do ub te dl y i t i s

the most gorgeous of al l the pla nt s indi ge no us to the U n i t e d

States . A n o l d gentlem an who had lov ed i t from ch i ld ho od al

ways sa id of it : " It is the flow er th at I ta ke off m y ha t t o . "

A n d he d i d not r eg ar d it as inf er io r to the Ch in ese ros e hib isc us which is cu lt iv at ed in our gree nho use s. It is fr om the pet als of

the la tt er species that the wom en in C h i n a ex tra ct the bla ck dye

to colour their teeth w i t h . A l t h o u g h a t a great distance the



7° P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M U D .

large flowers of our plant can be seen, it is often difficult of ap

pr oa c h. Pos i t i v e t e r r or seizes ho ld of the t imo rous, and the ir

ar do ur for it is oft en t osse d i n the balan ce w it h the fear of

snakes. Onc e pl uc ke d, i t fades qu ic kl y, closes its petals an ddro op s its head as th ou gh in so rro w at th e loss of its ow n en

v ironment .

G r o w i n g side by side w it h the rose m al lo w w i l l often be

found its wh ite s iste r, who se cen tre is a deep cri ms on and whose

stem is hi gh ly co lou red . I t is a co mm on erro r to call these plants

" ma rsh -m al l ow ," whic h is pro per l y , Althcea officinalis, a nd w hi c h

gro ws in the bo rde rs of salt mar she s on the E as te rn coast. Itis a much more rare plant than the rose mallow and is possessed

of m edi c in al prope rt ies . F r o m i ts muc i lagi nou s substance

the famou s con fect ion of ma rsh -ma llo w is made.

S E A L A V E N D E R . H A R S H R O S E M A R Y .

Limonium Carolinianum.


Leadwort. Lavender. Frag rant. Along the coast. August, September.

Flowers: t i n y ; g r o w i n g i n p a n i c l e s a l o n g o n e s i d e o f t h e b r a n c h e s . Calyx :

f u n n e l - f o r m ; f i v e - c le f t . Corolla : of f ive petals . Stamens : f i v e . Pistil: o n e ,

w i t h thr ee , or f ive styles . Root-leaves: l an c e o l at e , t ap e r i n g i n t o a pe t i o le ;

t h i c k . Stem : n a k e d ; m u c h b r a n c h e d a t t h e s u m m i t .

W h e r e w i n d s o ff t h e s e a b l o w g a i l y

A n d p l a y f u l l y k i s s t h e l a n d ,

M a r s h r o s e m a r y sways a n d t r e m b l e s

A n d n o d s t o t he p a l l i d s a n d .

T h e co ro ll a of th is lit tle flower, wh ic h en masse suggests the

f i lmy sea-spray, dries an d remain s br ig ht thr oug ho ut the

wint er . I t is hi gh ly pr iz ed for bouq uets and used by t hr if ty

housewives to fr igh ten away moths . A b o ut Shelter Is la nd and

Sag H a rb o r i t t ints the coast wi th i ts de l icate b lo om .

B U C K B E A N . (Plate XXX.)

Menydnthes trifoliata.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Buckbean. White, or reddish. Scentless. Mostly north. May. June.

Flowers : g r o w i n g a l o n g a scape o f ab o u t o n e f o o t h i g h . Calyx: s mal l ; f i v e -p a r t e d . Corolla : g a m o p e t a l o u s ; f i v e - c l e f t ; t h e u p p e r s u r f a c e c o v e r e d w i t h a



PLATE XXIX. ROSE MALLOW. Hibiscus Moscheutos.

COPYRIGHT, 1B99, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY

PAINTEO IN AMERICA.




w hi t e b e ard . Stamens: f i v e . Pistil: one. Stig ma : t w o - l o b e d . Leaves: t h r e e

o b lo n g le af le t s b o rn e o n a lo n g pe t i o le . Rootstock: c r e e p i n g .

H i d d e n away in some sec lud ed co rn er of a swam p we may

chan ce upo n the lo ve ly w hit e bu ck be an . Its raceme s of starl ike faces, co ver ed wi th the soft frin ge , have a sweet e x pr e s s i on

that is most attractive.

S E A = P I N K .

Sabbat ia stellar is.


Gentian. Deep pink. Scentless. Mass. southward. A ugust.

Flowers: i a r g e ; s o l i t a r y ; t e r m i n a l o n t h e e n d s o f t h e f l o w e r - s t a l k s . Calyx:o f f i v e - p art e d l i n e ar lo b e s . Corolla : w h e e l - s h a p e d ; w i t h f iv e , d e e p l y - p a r t e dl o b e s . Stamens : f i v e . Pistil: o n e ; s t y l e , t w o - c l e f t . Leaves : o p p o s i t e ;lan c e o lat e ; b e c o m i n g l i n e a r as t he y as c e n d t he s t e m . Stem : b r a n c h i n g ;s l e n d e r .

W e ma y p ic tu re to ou rse lv es the se a-p ink s by the side of a

green mars h wi th the salt breezes bl ow in g about us. Th er e ,

Spread ou t i n br i l l i a n t ly - c o lo u r e d masses of great extent, they

form a l i t t le w or ld by t he m s e lv e s , — l i v i ng a nd w e a v i ng ou t t he i r

own dest iny. A br igh t, cheery lot they are too, wit h ro un d yel lo w

eyes that look at us fra nk ly an d wi th ou t sh ow ing the s l i ghtes t

signs of drowsines s. T h er e is ver y l i t t le sleep al lowed in their

households, hardly even forty winks ; and yet they do not want

for beau ty. T h e y are alwa ys fresh and br ig ht and wide-awake.

S. dodecaudra, or large sabbatia, is a bea uti ful species, who se

bl oo ms are rosy pin k, or whit e. T h e cor ol la is ful l er than t hat

of the pr ec ed in g flower and often as m u c h as two an d a

quarter inches bro ad . O n the bo rde rs of br ac ki sh ponds, es

pe cia l ly in south ern N ew Jersey , i t is fou nd in great abundance.

S. campanuldta (Plate XXXI.) is readily known by the length

of its sepals, which is unusually great, equal, in fact, to that of

the petals .

Th r ou gh ou t M a s s a c hu s e t t s , a nd e s pe c i al ly a bou t P l y m ou t h ,

the sabbatia is held in great ad mi ra ti on , almost reverence . I t isca l l ed the rose of P ly m o ut h , and it is gen eral ly bel ieve d th at i ts

gen eric name is associ ated wi th the pi lg r i m s ha vi ng first behe ld

i t on the sabb ath day. Fa ct s, how eve r, th at are often jus t a trifle



PLATE XXXI. SEA-PINK. Sabbatia catnpamdata.

( 7 3 )




disagreeable, tell us thi s is an un fo un de d not ion whi ch has been

c i r c u l a t e d w i t h i n the last t hi rt y yea rs ; an d that the genus is

n a m e d for an ear ly botanist , Lib er at us Sabbatia .

V E N U S ' S F L Y - T R A P . (Plate XXXII)

Dionka muscipula.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMSundew. White. Scentless. Wilmington, N. C. Spring.

Flowers: g r o w i n g o n a scape i n a flat-topped u m b e l . Calyx: of fives e p a l s . Corolla : of f i ve , obcor da t e . p et a ls . Stamens; f i f teen. Pistil • one ;s t i g m a , f r i n g e d a n d l o b e d . Leaves : l o n g a n d n a r r o w ; t e r m i n a t e d b y a b r i s t l y b o r d e r e d t r a p ; g r e e n o r c r i m s o n i n s i d e .

E v e n the flowers must crane their necks and gaze in wonder

at the un ca nn y ac tio ns of the V en us 's fly-trap : a c reat ure of

most cu nn in g devices . T h e trap -l ik e appendage that te r mi

nate s e ac h leaf is set, so to speak, wh en the sun shi nes . It s

bri l l iant l i n i n g piques the cu ri os it y of sm all insects, wh ic h, un

con sci ou s of the wise m a x im , to loo k w it h one's eyes and not

with one's f ingers, att em pt to inv est igat e for them selves . N o

sooner does one ar riv e an d br us h against the brist les that l inethe edge of the trap, than the latter closes and crushes the l ife

out of the in tr ud er . I n ad roi tn es s it can we ll vi e w it h the

spider. T h e po or guile less fly is the n pre pa red for dige st io n by

a secre tion fr om m inu te gland s tha t l ine the inn er surface of

the leaves . H i s end is in ass imi lat i on and af fording nou rish

ment to the plant.

S h o ul d the fly by any chance effect an escape, the trap wouldthen innocently open and again await i ts opportunity .

R O U N D - L E A V E D S U N D E W .

Drdsera rotundifblia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMSundew. White. Scentless. Northern and eastern. Midsummer.

Flowers: sm a l l ; g r o w i n g on one s i de of a r a cem e- l i ke c lus t er a t t h e en d of an a k e d scape t h a t un co i ls a s t h e f lower s e x p a n d. Calyx: of f ive sepals.

Corolla : of five petals. Stamens : f ive to f i f teen. Pistil: o n e , w i t h a d e e p l y t h r ee or f i ve p a r t ed s t y le . Leaves: r o u n d e d ; p r o v i d e d w i t h l e a f s t a l k s ; t heu p p e r s u r f a c e r o u g h a n d s t i c k y . T h e edge o f th e l e a f f r i n g e d w i t h r e d d i s h b r i s t le s .

When the sun shines upon the leaves of this l i t t le bog herb




they are , poe t ica l ly spea king , cove red wi th sp ar kl i ng drops of

dew ; but wh ic h in ster n re al it y we find to be a glutinous exu

dat i o n that serves to en tic e in sec ts to vi si t th em an d the n tohold th em fast. T h e re d bris tles com plet e the capt ure by clos

i n g t ig ht ly over the v i c t i m ; an d he is p re pa re d for di ge st ion

ver y mu ch in the same ma nn er as is pr ac ti ce d by the Ven us 's

fly-trap. T h e rang e of th e su nd ew is no t so re st ri ct ed , an d it is

worth one's wh ile to sea rch it out an d tr y the ex pe rim en t of

feeding it with flies, so as to put oneself on a plane beyond sur

prise at the actions of the insectivorous plants.

S O U T H E R N L O B E L I A .

Lobelia a?ncena.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMLobelia. Blue or white. Scentless. Florida to South Carolina September, October.

and westward.

Flowers: g r o w i n g p r o f u s e l y i n a c l o s e , o n e - s i d e d r a c e m e w i t h m a n y s m a l l br a ct s . Calyx : o f f i ve l i n e a r l o b e s ; th e s i n u s e s w i t h o u t a p p e n d a g e s . Corolla :

l o n g , i r r e g u l a r l y f i v e - l o b e d . Stamens: five, th e filaments u n i t e d in to a tu be .F/stll: o n e ; s t i g m a t w o - l o b e d , a n d a b o u t i t a r i n g o f h a i r s . Leaves: s c a t t e r e d ;o b l o n g ; t h e lo we r ones on p et i o l es ; t h e up p e r ones nea r l y sess i le . Stem : t w ot o four feet h i g h ; er ec t .

In the r i c h soil of the sou th ern swam ps we find this lobel ia.

If i t were colourle ss we wo uld pro ba bly pass it by ; but its

br i ght blue or pure wh it e en ch ai n us an d we fo rg iv e i t its

hap p y- g o - l ucky , r ag g ed, un kem p t ap p ear an ce .

S A L T - H A R S H F L E A B A N E .

PMchea ca?nphordta.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMComposite. Pale lavender pink. Strongly scented. Along the coast. September.

Flower-heads: c o m p o s e d o f s m a l l , t u bu la r f lower s a r r a n ge d i n a flat co r y m b.Leaves: s e s s i l e ; o b l o n g ; t o o t h e d ; r o u g h . Stem: w i t h s m a l l , h a i r y g l a n d s .

It is not unt i l the early autumn that this l i t t le plant unfoldsi ts pale b lo om in the marsh es. W e are st ro ng ly re mi nd ed of

the eve rlas tin gs by its man ner of g ro w th ; and if we tr y har d

eno ugh we ma y im ag in e its od ou r to be l ik e tha t of cam pho r,

as its generic name implies.



7 6 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M U D .

S W A M P M I L K W E E D .

Asclepias i?icamdta.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMMilkweed. Crimson. Scentless. Maine to Louisiana. July-September.

Flowers: p e r f e c t ; r e g u l a r ; g r o w i n g i n t e r m i n a l u m b e l s . Calyx • of fivesepa s, the tube very short . Corolla : f u n n e l - f o r m , w i t h f i v e r e f l e x e d l o b e s t h a tn e a r l y h i d e t h e sep a ls T h e nex t i nn er r o w of up r i gh t bo di e s a r e h o od s ornect a r i es t h a t enc lose f i ve l i t t l e i n c u r v e d h o r n s ; a n d u n d e r these h o r n s a r e t h es t a m e n s a n d p i s t i l s . Stamens : five, w it h fr in ge d t i ps th at are not the ant her s

Anthers: at ta ch ed to the sh or t filaments by th ei r bases a n d u n i t i n g a n d en c l o s i n g t h e p i s t i l s . Pollen: i n d i s t i n c t l i t t l e masses w i t h i n t h e a n t h e r s • t wo b e i n g a t t a c h e d t o g e t h e r b y a t h r e a d . Pistils: t w o ; un i t ed a bo ve i n t o a f lat

s t i c k y d i s k . Fruit: a p a i r o f p o d s w i t h n u m e r o u s seeds and soft , s i l k y h a i r s •s e l d o m m o r e t h a n o n e b e c o m i n g f u l l y d e v e l o p e d . Leaves: n a r r o w ; o b l o n g 's o m e w h a t h e a r t - s h a p e d a t b a s e . Stem : t wo t o t h r ee feet h i g h ; v e r y le a f l v -s m o o t h , w i t h l i t t l e m i l k y j u i c e . y ™uy,

O f this very st r i ki ng and handsom e famil y Profes sor B r i t t o n

says : " Th er e are abou t 2 2 0 gen era and 1 9 0 0 species of very

w i d e d i s t r i b u t i o n . "

T h e flowers are diffic ult, bu t no t im po ssi ble , for the no n-

bot an ist to ana lyse ; an d the a tt em pt w i l l at all events piqueone's cu rio si ty enou gh to enco urag e hi m to pry clos ely into

their in tr icac ies .

T h e mil kwe eds are en tir e ly dependen t on insects for fer t i l i za

t ion ; as the pollen masses l ie too low in the blossoms to reach

the stigma. It is for this reason that the y have pr ov id ed the m

selves with the l i t t le hoods that ho l d the nectar, as it could not

be re ta in ed by the reflexed co ro ll a lobes. Bees, the refo re, vi si tthe plants gladly, and when their feet become entangled in the

t in y thread that holds together the pol len masses they carry

t he m off wi tho u t co m p l a i n in g . A . Syr ia ca , page 2 8 0 , P l a t e

C X L I V .

A. lanceolata, {Plate XXXIII) is a b r i l l i a n t variety of the

swamps that occurs southward from New Jersey to F l o r i d a an d

Te xa s. T h e um bel s hav e bu t few flowers, ve ry larg e an d

show y, an d are of an intense ora nge -re d co lou r. It blo om s in

J u l y a n d A u g u s t .



COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.

PRINTED IN AMERICA.




A S H Y M I L K W E E D . (Plate XXXIII.)

Asclepias cinirea.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMMilkweed. Purple without, ash Scentless, Florida to South July^August.

coloured within. Carolina.

Flowers : s m a l l ; g r o w i n g i n u m b e l s . ( S ee A. incarnata^ page 76.) Leaves:

o p p o s i t e ; l a n c e o l a t e , o r l i n e a r n a r r o w i n g i n t o a p e t i o l e . Stem: o n e t o t w o

feet h i g h ; e r e c t ; s l e n d e r ; s o m e w h a t p u b e s c e n t .

T h i s lovely species of milkweed is found mostly in wet

barr ens . It is one of o ur shy an d we ll- br ed weeds which must

look with disdain upon the bad manners of the numerousE u r o p e a n pla nts tha t have made th eir hom es in thi s coun try .

G O L D E N - R O D ,

Solidctgo uligs7ibsa is a 'go lde n-r od th at we f ind in the peat

bo gs . I t is one of th e ea rl ie st of th e genus to come into bloom,

of t e n bu d d i ng ou t i n J u l y . T h e sma ll f lowers are c los ely

cro wd ed in lon g, nar row pani cles ; a nd the leaves are lanceolatea n d po int ed. Th os e of the ro ot some times grow to a great

l e ngt h .

S.pdtttla, rough - leaved or spr ead ing go lden- rod, i s a swamp

species that has f lower-heads g ro w in g in shor t racemes. T h e

l o n g leaves are noticeable from their very rough upper surface

and being smooth on the under s ide.

S. Juncea, page 136, Plate L X I X .

S W A I 1 P A S T E R S .

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMComposite. Purple, blue or white. Scentless. General. Late summer and early autumn.

Flower-heads : c o mp o s e d o f t u b u la r a n d l i g u la t e flowers; o r ra y a n d d i s k flowers. T h e ray s pu rp le , b lu e o r w h i t e an d t he d i s k s ye l l o w .

N E W E N G L A N D A S T E R S . Aster Nbva-Anglia:.

T h e r i c h soi l of the swam ps an d l ow gro un ds ca n bo ast as

lo ve ly mem ber s of the aster fa m ily as an y field, or roadside



7* P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M U D .

bank. Th e com mo n Ne w En g la n d aster i s tal l and stately ;

from four to eight feet hi gh . It is he av ily fol iag ed w it h clasp

ing , lanceolate leaves and its flower-heads are arranged in large,dense cor ym bs. T h e ma ny rays are a bea uti ful viol et pu rpl e,

or sometim es a soft mag enta .

A.punkeus is an ac co m pa ny in g flower of the swamp s. It also

is t a l l , but can not vie w it h the abo ve, as its ut mo st he ig ht ap

pears to be about sev en feet. Its lon g, slende r ra ys var y in

c o lou r from pale l i lac blue to dar k purp le. T h e leaves are

l o n g with a projection l ike ears at the base. O n the upp er side

they are quite rough.

Dddlingeria umbellafa is the wh ite r epr esen tati ve of the

swamps, and grows quite as tal l as, if not ta ll er tha n, the pu rp le

var ieti es. Its flower-heads are clu ste red ra th er flatly in co m

p o un d cor ym bs : a ma rk by wh ich i t may be identif ied. T h e

low e r leaves are very long and the stem leafy to the top.

A. nemoralis, or bo g aster, gro ws fr om one to two feet ta l l

an d has pret ty l i la c-ra yed f lowers. T h e leaves are sessile, long,r i g i d and dis t inct ly marked by their margins that r o l l ba c k

wards. T h e plan t is quite ro ug h.

San dy an d dr y-s oi l asters, Pla te C X X X I I I .



Plants G r o w i n g i n Moist S o i l : L o w

Meadows and by R u n n i n g Streams.

" Now when it flower eth, And when the banks and fields

Are greener every day, And sweet is each bird's breath

In the tree where he builds

Singing after his way,Spring comes to us with hasty steps and brief

Everywhere is leaf,

And everywhere makes people laugh andplay Rinaldo U Aquino.

L A R G E R B L U E F L A G . F L E U R - D E - L I S . {Plate XXXIV)

Iris versicolor.*FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM I r i s . R o y a l p u r p l e ,v a r i e g a t e d w i t h S c e n t l e s s . ' S o u t h w a r d t o M a y \ J u n e ,

w h i t e, y e llo w a n d g r e en . t h e Gul f .

Flowers: l a r g e ; s o l i t a r y ; g r o w i n g a t t h e e n d s o f t h e f l o w e r - s t al k s a n d b r a n c h e s . Perianth: o f s i x d i v i s i o n s u n i t e d b e l o w i n t o a t u b e ; t h e t h r e eo u t e r o n e s s p r e a d i n g , w i t h a b u n d a n c e o f y e l l o w ; t h e t h r e e i n n e r o n e s , e r e c ta n d s m a l l e r . Stamens: t h r e e ; h i d d e n u n d e r t h e o v e r a r c h i n g s t y l e . Pistil:o n e , w i t h a t h r e e - c l e f t , p e t a l - l i k e s t y l e t h a t a r c h e s o v e r i t s o w n s t i g m a s .Leaves : e q u i t a n t , o r f o l d e d l e n g t h w i s e ; s w o r d - s h a p e d ; m o s t l y a t t h e base o f

t h e s t e m . Stem : s t o u t ; l e a f y ; b r a n c h e d a b o v e ; g l a u c o u s .

J u n o , as we must all agree, was a goddess of rare taste. F o r

her favourite b i r d she chose the peacock, and her attendant, or

messenger, was I r i s , the goddess of the rai nb ow . I n thi s reg al



8o P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L .

f low e r i t w ou ld s ee m as t hou gh w e ha v e a t ou c h o f t he s p i r i t

a n d p r i d e o f J u n o . Whe n i t u nf o ld s i t s e l f , w i t h a n a lm os t c on

sc ious a ir of i ts own beauty , we are r em ind ed of the b i r d thatopens and parades his gorgeo us ta i l , wh enever he f inds him sel f

the centre of a d m i r a t i o n . A n d a b i t o f I r i s ' s s c a r f m u s t ha v e

been wafted to it for i ts gow n ; for the colou rs blen d together

w hi le be i ng d i s t inc t , a s i n t he ra i nbow . T h e a nc i e nt s t hou ght

th e i r i s a sacre d flower and associated i t w i th the future state

of the blessed.

T h e gracefu l beau ty is , how ever, not a l l fuss an d feathers .

It has the same wisdom as m any unp reten t ious f lowers a nd

know s how to acco m plish i ts m iss ion in the w or ld . Ely a deep

c e n t r a l veining i t informs t f ie bee of the road he must trave l to

r e a c h the lan d of nec tar ; an d when he has s ipped and ra ises

h is h e a d f rom under the anthers , the care less fe l low f inds his

back heavy with go ld that he m ust car ry off to the s t igma of

ano ther f lower . Ind eed , of a l l po l i t ic ians the bees are the most

c ons c i e nt i ou s .

C R E S T E D D W A R F - I R I S . (Plate XXXV)

Iris cristat a.

T h i s i s one o f t he s t u rd y d w a rf i r i s e s, w h i c h f o llow s t he A l -

le gha ni e s a nd c hoos e s t he r oc k y ba n k s o f s t re a m s f or it s d w e l l

in g place . I t b lossom s in A p r i l and May and is of a sof t v io let

b lue . T h e f lower is spr ead ing, w ith a m uch longer tube thanthat of the I. versicolar. I ts ou t e r d i v is i ons a re pr e t t i ly c r e s t e d .

T h e leaves a r e n o t c o n s p i c u o u s ; l a n ce o l a te a n d c l a s p i n g .

P O I N T E D B L U E - E Y E D G R A S S . {Plate XXXVI.)

Sisyrinchium angustifblium.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM I r i s . Blue w i th y e llo w centre . Scent less . G e n e r a l . M&y ~ A u g u s t .

F lo w e r s : solitary; growing from a pair of green bracts. P e r i a n t h : of sixdivisions that terminate in a sharp point. S t a m e n s : three. Pi s t i l : one. Leaves: linear; grass-like; pale; glaucous.

T he s e br i ght l i t t l e peep-eyes t ha t a t t ra c t ou r a t te nt i on a m ong



82 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L .

the summer grass in the m oi st m ead ows , impr ess us- w it h the

ide a that t hey have co me ou t to show us tha t a ll the grass

c o u l d bl oo m as bea utifu lly , i f i t had the m i n d to d o so ; an dth at if we were go od , as it is said to the ch il dr en , we m ig ht

some day find our f ie lds covered with their sparkl ing l i t t le

faces. Th ey di s l i ke be in g pi ck ed , and af ter they have been

severed fro m the ir s tem, shr ive l a lmo st imm ediat e ly .

Y E L L O W - A D D E R ' S T O N G U E . D O G ' S - T O O T H V I O L E T .

{Plate XXXVII)Erythrbnium Americanum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMLily. Pale yellow, tinged Scentless. Throughout the east. March-May.

with purple.

Flowers: t e r m i n a l ; s o l i t a r y ; n o d d i n g . Perianth: o f s i x , s l e n d e r , r e c u r v e dd i v i s i o n s , s t r e a k e d w i t h , a n d t h e u n d e r s i d e of , p u r p l e . Stamens: s i x . Pistil:

o n e ; s t y l e , c l u b - s h a p e d . Leaves: t w o o n l y ; o b l o n g ; p o i n t e d ; s p o t t e d w i t hd a r k p u r p l e a n d w h i t e . Stem : r i s i n g f r o m a c o r m .

The names of this beautiful f lower are rather confusing, and b r i n g . t o t h e m i n d object s of enti rely different aspect f ro m

th at of the one to wh ic h they relate . i l Dog's- tooth," we are

t o l d , refers to a supposed resemblance of the roots of the plant

to the canine teeth of a dog; but this would not help the wan

derer by the woodland brook to any great extent, as the roots

are co m m on ly hid den . W h y the nam e of vio let was ever at

tach ed to i t , is rath er a m y s t e r y ; an d in a ny case must have

been f ro m a pu re ly im ag in at iv e ide a. If one of its nam es

mus t be u sed, i t were bet ter to choose yel low -ad der } s tongue,

which at least gives a c lue to i ts c o lo u r ; and the m ar ki n g of

i ts leaves is not dissimilar to an adder 's s k i n . But how much

prettier and more appropriate are the names of fawn l i l y , o r

t r o u t l i l y , wh ich have been suggested by M r . Bu rro ugh s . A t

n ig h t th e .flower ge nt ly close s.

E. albidum, the wh ite species, is si m il a r in app earan ce. I t bears a blui sh -w hi te flower an d the leaves are not nearly so

spot ted. I t is co mm on ly fou nd farther west t h a n P e n n s y l v a n i a .



COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES .COMPANY,

PRINTED IN AMERICA.



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L . 83

W I L D Y E L L O W L I L Y . M E A D O W L I L Y .

Liliu?n Canadinse.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMLily. Yellow, spotted with Scentless. New England, south- June, July

rich brown. wa rd and westward.

Flowers: terminal; solitary, or a few; nodding. Perianth .'-of six, deeply parted divisions that curve towards the base, where there is a honey-bearingspot. Stamens: six. Pistil: one; stigma, three-lobed. Leaves: whorledabout the stem; narrowly oblong; parallel-veined. Stem: erect, from a scaly bulb.

When we walk in the meadows and read the aristocracy of

the flowers we find that the gol den l i l ie s are ver y noble. T h e y seem to have none of the dem ocr ati c , boh em ian insti nct s of our

pr et ty ch ic or y an d its playm ates. T h e y are so grave and

dignif ied . No doubt fate has whispered to them that they were

o n l y to no d th eir heads th ro ug h the ages of poetry, or to en

coura ge the bea utifu l i n art . A n d the ir influence is ver y far

r e a c hi ng; s om e t i m e s w hole m e a d ow s w i l l be radiant with them

as they ex te nd th eir way do wn to the marshes.

O f ab ou t fifty sp ecies of the n o rt h tem per ate zon e, the

m e a d ow l i l y is on e of t he five th at are na ti ve to th e easte rn

U n i t e d States.

L. Carolinianimi, or t he C a r o l i na l i l y , {Plate XXXVIII) is very

s l igh t in i ts var ia t io ns fro m the meadow l i l y ; a l t hou gh a st i l l ,

m or e gorgeous f lower. The leaves are bro ade r an d its orang e-

r ed colour is t ipped with a highly b r i l l i a n t cr im so n. T h e spots-

that col our the lo ng i t ud in al anth ers are of the dark er brow n.

T U R K ' S - C A P L I L Y .

LiUum sufiSrbiwi.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR ^ RANGE TIME OF BLOOMLily* O r a n g e , spotted with Scentless. Maine to Minnesota^ Juty t August,

purple. and southward.

Flowers: nodding; growing in a pyramidal cluster of three to forty blos

soms arranged in rows. Perianth: of six, recurved divisions. Stamens : six ;anthers, linear, attached at the middle. Pistil: one; stigma, three-lobed.Leaves: whorled; sessile; lanceolate. Stem: often eight feet high.

Perhaps we have no other flower so truly majestic in its bearing

as the Turk 's-cap l i l y . It is ve ry gene rous of its bl o om an d is




most gorgeous in the sunshine ,when the s lant ing rays of the sun

upon the pe t a ls a ppe a r l ik e a lu m i no u s m a z e o f c ha ngi n g c o lou r s .

A b ou t Ca pe C o d i t is v e ry c om m on , a nd a l l a lon g t he N e w

E n g l a n d c oa s t i t grow s i n gre a t prof u s i on .

B L A Z I N G S T A R . D E V I L ' S B I T . D R O O P I N G S T A R -

W O R T .

Chamcellrium luteuvu

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM BuAick -ftower. i yhitc. Scentless. Mostly south and west. May-July.

F lo w e r s : small; staminate and pistillate; nodding; growing in a spike-likeraceme. Leaves: lanceolate; becoming linear ; sessile. Basal l e av e s : spat-ulate ; tapering into a long petiole.

Th e se w an d-like racem es of inof fens ive l i t t le f lowers m ake

u s w ond e r w ha t m i s c hie f t he y c ou ld e v e r ha v e i nd u lge d i n t o

ha v e be e n c onn e c t e d w i t h t he d e v i l . In f a ct , i t is e v e n i nc on

s i d e ra t e o f t ha t i nd i v i d u a l not t o ha v e c ho s e n f or h i m a b i t o f

m o r e substance .

S T O U T S T E N A N T H I U M . {Plate XXXIX)

Stendnthium robtistum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMBunch-Jtower. White, with green Scentless. Penn. southward July, August,

centre. and westward.

F lo w e r s : clustered in a long, panicled, light raceme. P e r i a n t h : of sixlance-like, pointed divisions. S t a m e n s : six, short, PiHi l : one. Lea ves :

linear.; grass-like; nerved. S t e m : erect; high.

A lov e ly , h i gh , w a v i ng p la nt w hi c h be nd s a nd s w a ys w i t h

t h e c o o l bre e ze s on the lone ly pr a i r i e , or i n the m oi s t m e a d ow s .

I t s s t a t e ly a i r a n d s o f t c o lou r i n g re c a l l t o m i n d a fa ir debutante

in s potles s t u l le w i th lon g s t re a m e r s o f gre e n s a t in r i b bo n.

N o less th an she is the f lower a be l le of the pr a ir ies .

F O U R - W I N G E D S N O W D R O P T R E E . {Plate XL)

Mohrodendron Carolinum.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMStorax. White. Scentless. Mostly south and west. March, April.

F lo w e r s : growing in loose racemes along the branches. C a l y x : short;four-toothed. Coro l la : bell-shaped; drooping; four, or five parted. S t a m e n s :



PLATE XXXV!! . YEL LOW- ADD ER' S TONGUE . Erythronium Americanum.

COPYRIGHT, 1899 BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.

PRINTED IN AMERICA.



P L A T E X X X I X . S T O U T S T E N A N T H I U M . Stcnantkiwn robiatunu

(85)




e i g h t t o s i x t e e n . Pistil: o n e . Fruit: o b l o n g ; t w o t o f o u r - w i n g e d . Leaves:

o v a t e - o b l o n g ; t o o t h e d ; s l i g h t l y p u b e s c e n t u n d e r n e a t h . A s h r u b o r s m a l l t r ee w i t h s o f t w o o d .

T h i s beau t i fu l tree is on e of the ver y few species th at a rena t i ve s o f s ou the a s te rn N o r t h A m e r i c a . I t i s not s o c ha r y o f

i ts snow dro ps as those dear l i tt le plan ts that we see abou t

c o u n t r y d oo ry a r d s ; a nd w h i c h t e l l u s s o p la i n ly t ha t t he s pr i ng

is c om i ng. T h e b los som s a ppe a r i n a bu nd a n c e w i t h , or be f ore ,

the leaves and co ver the tree w ith gem s of pure bea uty . W e

are som etim es so fortun ate as to chan ce upo n i t in m oist

wo ods , bu t m ore of ten .by the s ide of some sp ar kl in g s trea m .

C H O K E - C H E R R Y . (Plate XLI.)

Primus Virginiana.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMPlum. White. Scentless. New England south to Georgia April, May .

and west to Colorado.

Flowers: c lu s t e re d i n s ho rt , c lo s e rac e me s . Calyx: t u b u l a r ; b e l l - s h a p e d ;f i v e - l o b e d . Corolla: of f ive t in y pe ta ls . Stamens: n u m e r o u s . Pistil: o n e .Fruit: a b e a u t i f u l , b r i g ht re d b e r ry w h i c h t u rn s t o d a rk c r i m s o n as t h e s e as o n

a d v a n c e s . T h e s t o n e a n d k e r n e l o f t h e f r u i t have t he f lav o u r o f , an d c o n t a i np r u s s i c a c i d . Leaves: a l t e r n a t e ; o v a l ; p o i n t e d ; s h a r p l y s e r r a t e . A t a l l

s h r u b , o r s m a l l t r ee w i t h d a r k , g r e y i s h b a r k .

T h e be a u t i fu l d ro op i ng bu nc h e s o f f ru i t t ha t ripen i n J u l y o r

A u gu s t a re e v e n m bre a t t ra c t i v e by t he s id e o f s om e r u n ni n g

s t re a m t ha n t he c hok e - c he rry ' s c los e ly pa c k e d ra c e m e s o f

d a i n t y b loom . On e s hou ld not , how e v e r , be t em pt e d to test

their beauty by tast ing, as the f lavour is most astr ingent .

M E A D O W - S W E E T . Q U E E N - O F - T H E - M E A D O W S .

Spir&a salicifblia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMRose. Pink or white. Scentless^ New England southward. June, July and August.

Flowers: s m a l l ; c l u s t e r e d i n p a n i c l e s . Calyx: of f ive c le f t sepals . Corolla:

o f f i v e r o u n d e d p e t a l s . Stamens: v e r y n u m e r o u s . Pistils: f ive to e ight .Leaves: a l t e r n a t e ; l a n c e o l a t e ; t o o t h e d ; v e i n e d w i t h a m u c h l i g h t e r c o l o u r a n d

s i n g le s m al l l e a f le t s a t t he i r bases. Stem : r a t h er s m o o t h ; h i g h l y c o l o u r e d .

T h e sweet, f leecy daint iness of the meadow-sweet which

greets us in the low , m oist meadows m ust have been the i n s p i r

at ion that gave i t i t s c om m on na m e , as i t is u nf ort u na t e ly w i t h-



P L A T E XL. F O U R - W I N G E D S N O W D R O P T R E E . Mohrodefidron Carolinunu

(87)



PLATE X L I . C H O K E - C H E R R Y . Prunus Virginian^

(89)



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L .

On e d a y a n a nge l tha t ha d f a l le n from gra c e s t ood w e e pi ng

ou t s i d e the d oo r o f Pa r a d i s e . H i s f a u lt ha d be e n tha t he lov e d

a d a u gh t e r o f e a r t h a s she sa t by the ba nk o f a st re a m a r ra ng

in g f orge t -m e -not s i n he r ha i r ; a nd not unti l s he w hom he

l o v e d ha d s ow n t he b los s om s a l l ov e r t he e a r t h , c ou ld h i s f a u l t

be forgiven.

H e re t u rn e d to he r , a nd t oge t he r t he y w e nt p la n t i ng t he

f low e rs ; nor d i d t he y cease t he i r la bou r unti l the task was ac-

c o m p l i s h e d . x T h e n th e y e n te r ed P a r a d i s e ; th e w o m a n n o t

t a s t i ng o f d e a t hs

B L U E B E L L S . V I R G I N I A C O W S I L P . L U N G W O R T .

Mertfoisia Virginica.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMBorage. Light blue. Scentless. New York southward April, May.

and westward.

Flowers: h a n g i n g f r o m s l e n d e r p e d i c e l s i n a r a c e m e - l i k e c l u s t e r . Calyx:s m a l l ; f ive-c left . Corolla: t u b u l a r ; s a l v e r - s h a p e d , t h e l o b e s s c a r c e l y d i v i d e d .Stamens ; f ive. Pistil: o n e . Leaves : l arg e ; o b o v at e . Stem : s m o o t h .

T h e M e r t e n s i a V i r g i n i c a h a s q u i te t h e a i r o f b e l o n g i n g to o n e

of the f irs t fam il ies . I ts colo ur is so pure an d its form so perfect

that^it i s ever a de l igh t to the eye of the art is t . B y i ts d ro op

in g poi s e i t c le v e r ly pro t e c t s i ts po l le n f r o m the ra in a n d d e w .

C O r i r i O N H A R E B E L L .

Campdnula rotundifblia.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Bellflower. Blue. Scentless. Mostly north and west. June, July.

Flowers : g r o w i n g i n a ra ce m e o n sl en de r flower-stalks. Calyx: t u b u l a r ; w i t h five, n a rr o w , s p i k e d lo b e s Corolla : c a m p a n u l a t e , o r b e l l - s h a p e d ; five-

l o b e d . Stamens: f i v e . Pistil; o n e w i t h s t y l e th a t p r o t r u d e s l i k e a m i n i a t u r ec l a p p e r . Leaves : t h o s e f r o m t h e base o n s l e n d e r p e t i o l e s , c o r d a t e , o r r o u n d e das t he n am e i m pl i e s ; t ho s e o n t he s t e rn , a l mo s t l i n e ar . Stem : f i v e t o t w e lv ei n c h e s h i g h ; s p r e a d i n g ; s l e n d e r ; s m o o t h .

T h e . h a r e b e l l ha s be e n the s w e e the a rt o f m a ny a ba rd . T h e y have love d an d ce leb ra ted i ts ta l l grace fulness , i ts exq uis i te

fa i rness , a n d i t s br i l l i a n t b lu e , o f a pu r i t y t ha t m u s t ha v e

d r o p p e d f r o m a s u m m e r s k y . I t ha s a l l t he f ra g i le , br i ght



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L . 9 i

beau ty of a plant of co ld , cr isp c l imates , an d is sa id to be iden

t i ca l w ith the blue bel l of Sco t land . I t i s a nat ive of No r th

A m e r i c a , E u r o p e a n d A s i a , a n d c i r c le s th e n o r t h e r n p o l e .

With u s i t pre f e rs to ha n g f rom a le d ge o f ro c k s ov e r som e

r i v e r , where i t may breath the cool ing vapours of the water .

T A L L W I L D B E L L F L O W E J R . {Plate XZII.)

Campanula A?nerica?ia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMBelljlower. Light blue. Sce/flless. Mostly north and west. June, July.

Flowers: borne thickly in a long spike. Calyx: tubular; of five sepals.Corolla: almost wheel-shaped; of five pointed petals. Stamens : five. Pistil:

one with a long curved style. Leaves: alternate; lanceolate; finely toothed.Stem : three to six feet high; erect.

Per hap s one of the love l ies t of ou r na t ive plants i s the ta l l

wild be ll flow e r . T h e r e is a v i gou r a t ta c he d t o its c l i n g i ng

beauty that i s ver y at tract ive . T h e colo ur ed i l lustrat ion s wi l l

br ing i t c lear ly to the m inds of those to wh om i t i s not a lre ady

fa m i l ia r .

C O L O R A D O S H O O T I N G - S T A R . A M E R I C A N C O W S L I P .

(Plate XLIII)

Dodecatheon Meadza frzgidum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMPrimrose. Lilac, or.pink termi- Spicy, like J Th e Rocky mountains. April, May .

nating in yellow. cinnamon.

Flowers: two to twenty growing in a terminal umbel, and on pedicels that

curve within the flower. Calyx: reflected; five-parted. Corolla : of five ratherlinear divisions; strongly reflexed. Stamens; commonly five, the linear anthersforming a cone. Pistil: one, protruding. Leaves : from the root; obovate tolanceolate* Scape: three to fifteen inches high; erect.

T h o s e t h a t w r i te c o n c e r n i n g th e p r i m r o s e s m u s t a c k n o w l e d ge

that this one is the m ost per t , the mo st saucy lo ok ing , and the

m os t a t t ra c t i v e o f t he m a l l . I ts c om m on na m e of s hoot i ng-

star appears w el l adapted to i t ; and a l tho ugh i t i s not a w idely-

k n o w n plan t, i t is one that on ce seen seld om passes ou t of ther e m e m b r a n c e . T h e r e a r e se v e r a l s pe cie s o f D o d e c a t h e o n ,

which v a r y g r e a t l y . T h e o n e g r o w i n g i n th e C e n t r a l States is

k n o w n a s P r i d e o f O h i o .



PLATE XLIII. COLORADO SHOOTING-STAR. Dodecatheon Meadia frigidum,

<92)




B U L B - B E A R I N G L O O S E S T R I F E .

Lysimachia terristris.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Primrose, Yellow, marked with Scentless. Common north June, July, brownish red. andsouth.

Flowers: growing on long pedicels in a terminal, leafy raceme. Calyx: of five, or six sepals. Corolla : wheel-shaped; of five oblong segments. Stamens;,

four or five, with united filaments. Pistil: one. Leaves: abundant; opposite,'long; pointed at each end; darkly spotted. Stem: upright; leafy; branching'

T h i s br ight , che er y plan t , wi th othe rs of i ts fam ily , has the

r e p u t a t i o n of ha v i n g a pe a c e -lov i ng he a r t . A n c i e n t s u pe rs t i tion that c l ings abo ut i t te l ls us i t i s par t icu lar ly d isposed to

e x e rc i s e i t s s oot hi ng i n f lu e nc e u pon c a t t le t ha t a re qu a rre l l i ng ,

when a spray of i t la id upo n their yoke s w i l l cause them to be

c om e a s ge nt le a s the pr ov e rb i a l l a m b. B u t u nle s s t he f a rm e r

has , in case of em er gency , pr ov ide d him sel f with this loosestr i fe ,

w e m a y i m a gi ne he w o u ld ha v e som e d i ff ic u l ty i n gu i d i ng h i s

f ra c t iou s be a s ts t o s e a rc h f or i t by t he br oo k s , or i n t he w e t

m e a d ow s t ha t l e a d to the m a r s he s .

F R I N G E D L O O S E S T R I F E .

Steironema cilidtum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMPrimrose. Yellow, with dull red Scentless. Mostly south June, July,

centre. and west.

Flowers: axillary; on long peduncles. Calyx: of five green sepals,sharply pointed. Corolla: wheel-shaped ; of five segments. Stamens : five. Pistil:

one. Leaves: opposite; lanceolate; wavy on the edges. Stem: two to fourfeet high; upright; rather rough.

D u r i n g the sum m er these pr etty f lowers m ay be fou nd in the

m o i s t so i l of thick ets . I t i s o w ing to a c lose resem blance to

t he loos e s tr i f es t ha t t he i r En gl i s h na m e ha s be e n be s tow e d on

t h e m .

S. lanceoldtum, or lance- leaved loosestr i fe , i s a s imi lar species .I ts leaves are on pet io les , or a lmost sess i le , and f rom t he i r a x i l s

a r i s e the s lender s ta lks that bear the 1 flowers.




S M A L L W I L L O W H E R B .

Eftilbbium colordtum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMEvening primrose. Pale magenta. Scentless. General. Summer.

Flowers: small; slightly nodding; growing in terminal corymbs. Calyx : of four parted sepals. Corolla : of four spreading petals notched at the apex.Stamens: eight. Pistil: one; stigma, club-shaped. Seeds : tufted with brownhairs. Leaves ; opposite ; lanceolate ; toothed and veined with purple. Stem :

tall; rather smooth.

W e c a n h a r d l y v e n t u r e i n t o a n y m e a d o w d u r i n g th e s u m m e r

that i s m oist enough to wet our feet without see ing this l i t t leh e r b . Its re lat ive , the great wi l low h erb , i s foun d mo st ly a lo ng

the r oa d s i d e s a nd on c le a r i ngs t ha t ha v e be e n bu rn e d ov e r .

H A I R Y W I L L O W H E R B .

Epilbbium hirsktum.

T h e hair iness of this plan t serves to d is t ingu ish i t f rom th e

p r e c e d i n g on e. I t a lso grow s to a gr eate r he ight an d i ts peta ls

a r e a l o v e l y , r o s y p i n k . T h e u n c u l t i v a t e d , m o i s t soi l o f waste

pla c e s i s i t s f a v ou r i t e d w e l l i ng p la c e .

C O M M O N F R I N G E T R E E .

Chiondnihus Virginica.


Olive. Snow white. Scentless. New Jersey and South- May, June.ern Penn. southward.

Flowers : growing in loose panicles. Calyx : very small; tubular. Corolla :

of four petals, three quarters of an inch long, which barely unite at the base.Stamens: two ; very short. Pistil: one. Fruit: bluish purple ; glaucous. Leaves:

large ; ovate ; the lower part downy. A shrub, or low branching tree.

T h e pure love l ines s of this shr ub is one of the thin gs that

m ust be seen an d com e into c lose contact with before i t can be

ful ly a p p r e c i a te d . W h e n a l o n g t h e r i v e r b a n k s t h e c o o l

z e ph y rs p la y t hr ou gh i ts s now - w hi te , s le nd e r pe t a ls a nd w e s it

d o w n beside i t ; we lo n g for i ts sof t, gent le sw aying ne ver to

cease , and thin k lov in gly of our cast les in the a ir an d the fa iry

t a le s t hat e n c ha n t e d u s in c h i ld h oo d .




T R U M P E T = F L O W E R . T R U M P E T - C R E E P E R .

{Plate XLPV)

Tecoma radicans.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Bignonia. Orange,yellow and Scentless. New Jersey south- July, August,scarlet. ivard and zvestwa '-d.

Flowers: very showy; axillary; growing in terminal corymbs. Calyx : five-toothed. Corolla: two and a half inches long; trumpet-shaped with five lobes,

veined on the inside. Stamens : four, in pairs, two shorter than the others.Pistil: one. Leaves: odd-pinnate; opposite; with four or five pairs of ovatepointed, toothed leaflets. Stem: woody, climbing by aerial rootlets. Pod:

long, a little flattened.

T o wa tch the way in wh ich this bo ld v ine c limb s by means of

t he a e r i a l root le t s t ha t s pr i ng from the stem, is a good lesson in

m o r a l ph i losop hy. I t appear s to take v igou ro us de l ight in i ts

u p w a r d cou rse , an d in sho w ing us i ts be l ie f in the surviva l of

the fi ttes t, by cr u sh in g out any w eaker plant that com es within

i ts re ach . W e a lm ost take a s tep back w ar d to v iew i t from a

safer d is tance .

Its abu nda nt gro w th an d the d i f ficul ty in ex t irp at in g i t makesi t a rather troublesome weed in some of the western states. In

the east i t i s cul t ivated as one of our most beaut i fu l c l imbers .

W I L D R E D = 0 5 I E R D O G W O O D .

Cornus stolontfera.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMDogwood. White. Scentless. General. June, July.

Flowers : sm al l; growing in spreading cymes. Calyx : tiny; four-toothed.Corolla : of four oblong petals. Stamens : four. Pistil: one. Fruit: nearly white. Leaves: ovate, with rounded bases, whitish beneath ; rough. A shrub of stocky growth; conspicuous from its bright red branches.

P A N I C L E D C O R N E L , O R D O G W O O D .

Cdrnits candidissima.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMDogwood. White. Scentless. Maine to North June, July.

Carolina and westward.

Flowers: small; growing in loose cymes. Calyx, Corolla, Stamens, andPistil: as in the preceding species. Fruit: white. Leaves : lanceolate, the under part white. A shrub about six or eight feet high with smooth branches,the colour of ashes.

B o t h of the s e d ogw oo d s a re c ons pi c u ou s a m o ng the s hr u bb e ry



9 6 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L .

t ha t bor d e r s st re am s a n d d a m p th i c k e t s ; a nd w e s om e t im e s

find the C. stolonifera a ls o s a u nt e r i ng t ow a rd s t he s w a m ps i n i t s

des ire to qu en ch i ts thirs t for m oistur e . T h e l i t tle f lowers are

very s imilar i n a rra nge m e nt t o t hos e o f C. Florida, page 1 6 0 ,

P l a t e L X X X I . W e c a nn ot bu t la m e nt , how e v e r , t ha t t he y a re

w ithou t the peta l-l ike invo lucr e that i s the bea ut i fu l feature of

t he d ogw ood f a m i ly .

B U L B O U S C R E S S .

Cardajtihie bulbbsa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMMustard. White or pinkish. Scentless. Mostly north. April, May.

Flowers: rather large ; growing in terminal clusters. Calyx : of four spreading sepals that fall early. Corolla : of four cruciferous petals. Stamens : six,of which two are shorter than the others. Pistil: one. Pod : flat; lanceolate.Leaves : roundish ; cordate ; becoming ovate, or lanceolate as they ascend thestem; toothed. Stem: erect; slender. Rootstock: tuberous.

T h i s i s per haps the prett ies t of our cresses . I t has an agr ee

able bi t ter taste w hi c h a ppe a ls to us a s be i ng pa r t i c u la r ly re

f r e s h i n g w he n w e find it b e s id e th e t r i c k l i n g , s p a r k l i n g s t r e a m

that i t loves so well .

C U T - L E A V E D T O O T H W O R T . P E P P E R - R O O T .

De7itaria laciniata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMMustard. White or pinkish Scentless. New England south- April-June,

purple. wa rd and westward.

Flowers: growing in a terminal raceme. Calyx: of four sepals that fallearly. Corolla: of four cruciferous petals. Stamens: six, of which two areshorter than the others. Pistil: one. Pod: lance-shaped. Leaves : in whorlsof threes ; each leaf being divided into linear, gash-toothed divisions. Stem :

erect; simple. Rootstock: tuberous.

T h e c u t -le a v e d t oot hw or t is a ne a r re la t i v e o f t he t oot hw ort

of th e r ich woods. Its taste f or w a t e r , how e v e r , ha s i nd u c e d it

to s tray f rom the f a m i ly e nv i r on m e nt to t he ba n k s o f st re a m s .

H e r e , no dou bt , i t has furth er of fended i ts fam ily by p u tt in g ons ty le , or , t o be e x pl i c i t , by a d d i n g a not he r l e a f to i ts s t e m . A n d

those of the wo ods cann ot cr y out agains t i t, for i ts ro otsto ck is

quite as edible as the ir own.



P L A T E X L V . B U T T O N - B U S H . Cephalanthus occidentalism





D W A R F C A S S A N D R A . L E A T H E R - L E A F .

Chamcedaphne calyculata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMHeath. White. Scentless. Throughout the middle states. Early spring.

Flowers: small; growing in one-sided, open leafy racemes. Calyx • of five sepals, having a pair of bracts at the base. Corolla ; cylinder-shaped

with a five-lobed border. Stamens : ten. Pistil: one. Leaves: oblong; intexture like leather ; glossy above and dull beneath. A n evergreen, branchingshrub ; two to four feet high.

T h e En gl i s h na m e of the s e p la nt s i s suggestive of the texture

of the leaves , w hich is l ike leather. W e find t he m i n s w a m ps

a n d bogs as wel l as in the moist so i l of low meadows.

B U T T O N - B U S H . R I V E R - B U S H . G L O B E F L O W E R .

H O N E Y = B A L L S . (Plate XLV.)

Cephdlanthus occidentalis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMMadder. White. Very frag rant. General. July, A ugust.

Flowers : small; clustered in a spherical head. Calyx : four-lobed. Corolla :tubular ; four-lobed ; within hairy. Stamens : four. Pistil: one, protruding, with a button-like stigma. Leaves : opposite, or whorled in threes ; oval; onpetioles ; stipules between the leaves. A shrub five to ten feet high, withrough, grey bark.

T h e bu tton-bush is l ike the ch i ldr en that canno t be l ieve they

are by the water unti l they have taken off the ir shoes and

stock ings and gone in pa dd l ing . I t has usual ly i ts lowest

s te m s a n d roo t s i m m e rs e d i n s om e broo k or r i v e r ; a nd w e a re

i n v a r i a b l y del igh ted with the cu riou s , qua int e ffect of i ts b loo m .

T h e f lower-heads are l ike l i t t le pin-cushions full of p i ns . T h e i r

perfect sym m etry an d the beauty of each flower when exam ined

s e pa ra t e ly m a k e s t he m a p le a s i ng s t u d y.

B L U E T S . Q U A K E R L A D I E S . (PlateXLVI.)

Iloustbnia cozridea.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMMadder. Blue, with yellow Scentless. Nova Scotia to Michigan May, June,

centre. and southward.

Flowers: terminal; solitary. Calyx: four-cleft. Corolla: salver-shaped, with four oval, pointed lobes. Stamens: four. Pistil: one ; style compound.



9 8 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L .

Leaves: opposite ; sessile; oblong ; entire ; glabrous. Stem : erect; branching ; glabrous.

T h e r e a re no pa u pe rs a m on g the Qu a k e r s ; a nd s u re ly t h is

sameness of pr inciple must have suggested the co m m on nam eof these li t tle ladies . F o r to tra ve l thr ou gh the m oist meadows

that are aglow with their quaint faces and bright eyes suggests

the m os t la v is h lu x u ry o f b loom . In N e w En gla n d a nd a bou t

T r e n t o n , New Jer sey, they are esp ecial ly bea utiful . In fact,

d u r i n g the season, they gladd en alm os t eve ry spot that is sun

shiny a nd m oi s t. B e s i d e s t he i r s pr i gh t ly , c r i s p a ppe a ra nc e t he y

ha ve a n a d d e d c h a rm i n not c los i ng u p a nd f a d i ng q u i c k ly a fte rthey have been plucked.

U n d e r a microscope i t can be seen that the f lowers are

d i m o r p h o u s , oc c u rr i ng i n tw o f orm s . In som e b los s om s the

pisti l i s lon g and the s tamens shor t a nd in others the reverse

is the case. T o effect fer t i l iza tion i t is necessary tha t the tal l

pis t i ls sho uld rece ive the pol len fro m the ta l l s tam ens of an

other flower ; an d the sho rt pis t i ls , the pol len from the sho rt

s tam ens. T h is i s one of the ver y in tere st ing guar ds against

sel f - fert i l i zat ion.

P U R P L E S P I K E D L O O S E S T R I F E .

Lythrum Salicaria.


loosestrife. Purple. Scentless. General in middle states. Late summer.

Flowers: whorled in a terminal, wand-like spike, tipped a little at the end.Calyx: circular, with five to seven toothed points. Corolla: of five, six orseven long, narrow, petals ; slightly puckered. Stamens : twelve, in two sets of different lengths. Pistil: one; varying in length in the different blossoms.Leaves: opposite; lanceolate; sessile; the lower ones heart-shaped at base.Stem : tall; smooth.

P r o f e s s o r D a r w i n w rot e t o D o c t o r G r a y a bou t t he se flow ers :

" I a m a lm os t st a rk , s t a r i ng m a d ov e r ly t h r u m . I f I c a n prov e

what I re a l ly be l ieve i t is a gr an d case of t r im or ph ism , with

three di fferent pol lens and three s t igma s. I have fer t i l ized

abo ve ninety f lowers, t r y in g a l l the e ighteen dis t inct crosses

which are poss ible w ithin the l im its of this one species . F o r




the love of He av en , have a look at some of you r species a nd i f

you can get me some seed, do."

P r o f e s s o r D a r w i n d i d prov e s u c c e s s fu l ly w ha t he b e l i e v e d .

In each f lower the two sets of stamens an d the pist i l are of d i fferent le n gth s; an d in o rd er to e ffect fer t i l izat ion , the

st igma must rece ive the pol len from stamens that are the same

len gth as i tself. A s in dim or ph ou s f lowers, this is on e of the

most ingenious devices to guard against se l f - fert i l i zat ion.

T h e plant i s not re lated, as i ts common name would imply , to

t he o t he r loos e s t r i f e s , w hi c h a re m e m be rs o f t he pr i m ros e f a m

i l y . I t is a Eu ro pe a n , v e ry lov e ly i n a ppe a ra nc e , w h i c h hast a k e n k i nd ly t o ou r w e t soggy so i l .

C A R R I O N - F L O W E R . C A T - B R I E R .

Smllax herbacea.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMSmilax. Greenish, with Foul. General. April, May.

yellow.

Flowers: small; imperfect; growing in umbels. Perianth: bell-shaped, of six divisions. Stamens: six. Pistil: one, with three diverging stigmas. Fruit:

a blue-black berry; glaucous. Leaves: almost round at the base, pointed atthe apex ; nerved. Stem: smooth; erect; climbing.

In the season of i ts b lo om the odo ur of this p lant serves to

ident i fy i t wi th one of i ts com m on nam es. A s the f lowers fa l l ,

ho we ver, i t becom es less ob no xiou s an d is one of the f irst to

forete l l by its r i c h , c ha ngi n g c o lo u r i ng the a ppro a c h o f the a u

t u m n . Its ne ar re lat ive , S . ro tun di fo l ia , is not so pa r t ia l to

moist soi l and is wel l -known a long the roadsides and f ie lds .

H E A D O W P A R S N I P .

Thasftium barbinbde.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMParsley. Yellow. Scentless. Northwa rd to Minn. May , June.

South to Arkansas.

Flowers : very small: growing in umbels, or compound umbels. Leaves: alternate ; twice or thrice compound, with long, narrow, coarsely toothed leaflets.Stem : tall; hollow; with soft, fine hairs along the joints.

T h e par s leys are a family tha t we sho uld a l l lear n to kno w, i f

for no other reason than that the ro ot a nd seeds of m any of



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L . I O I

t he m a re e x t re m e ly po i s onou s . T h i s is t ru e o f the w a t e r-he m

lock i l lu s t ra t e d i n P la t e V I . A g a i n , w e c a nnot a v o i d a l l o f the m

on t h is a c c ou n t , a s a m o ng t he m t he y nu m be r the vegetables,

c e le ry , c a rr ot s , pa rs n i ps a nd pa rs le y . T h e y a re re a d i ly re c og

n is e d as a genus by the ir u m bels and um bel le ts of m inute

flowers, com po un d leaves, an d gene ra l ly hol low s tems. In s ize

an d c o lou r t hey a re v e ry v a r i a b le .

A pow erful m icro scop e and a l i fe t ime of pat ience is n ecessary

to s tudy them in the deta i l of the ir indiv idu al parts , and many

of the species can only then be recognised by the d i f ference in

their f ru i t ; bu t t he y c a n be br oa d ly k now n a c c o rd i ng to loc a l i ty .Insects ar e necessar y to them , as se l f - fert i l i zat ion is pr evented

by the s t igma developing some t ime before the s tamens.

H O C K B I S H O P - W E E D .

Ptilimniutn caftillaceum.


Parsley. White. Scentless. Middle states. June-October.

Flowers: very small; clustered in compound umbels with finely divided bracts underneath. Leaves: compound; the divisions fine and threadlike.Stem : varying greatly in height; branching; smooth.

T o thr ive wel l this plant is one that requ ires the constant

w ashin g of i ts ro ots with water . W e find i t by running s treams,

in w e t m e a d ow s , a n d s om e t im e s i n br a c k i s h m a rs he s. T h e

flowers are fluffy an d pr etty ; bu t that the bishops wo uld ever

agree to the suppo sed l ikeness between the b racts and their

caps is greatly to be do ub ted .

S W E E T W H I T E V I O L E T . {Plate CXXXV.)

Vidla bldnda.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM Violet. White; the lowerpetals Delicately Northward from May.

veined with purple. fragrant. the Alleghanies.

Flowers: small; terminal; solitary ; growing on a scape. Calyx: five-earedat the base. Corolla : of five unequal beardless petals, one being spurred atthe base. Stamens : five ; short; united about the pistil. Pistil: one; short.Leaves : from the root on petioles ; reniform. Stem : erect; not leafy.




O h , d e a r e s t , sweetest l i t t l e t h i n g , W h a t message d o y o u b r i n gT o u s f r o m o t h e r l a n d s t h a n o u r s A n d o t he r w o r l d s o f f lo w e rs ?

W e b e n d o u r ears t o l i s t e n , d e ar ,O u r h e a r t s g r o w m u t e w i t h f e a rL e s t s u c h a d a i n t y , f a i r y s p r i t eS h o u l d v a n i s h f r o m o u r s i g h t .

It m ust be a co ld hear t that does not love the sweet white

vio let. In itst u r n i t loves the mossy , moist places that shie ld

it s o c a re f u l ly a nd f rom where i t sends out i ts fa int perfume.

L A N C E - L E A V E D V I O L E T .

Viola lanceolata.

T h i s w hi t e v i o le t ha s la rge r flow e rs t ha n the pr e c e d i n g

species ; an d the lance -sha ped leaves that taper into lon g pet i

o le s a re the m a rk b y w h i c h i t c a n be d i s t i ngu i s h e d . T h e tw o

are of te n f ou nd gr ow i ng t oge t he r ; a n d be lon g to the c la s s o f

so-cal led stemless v iolets . Th es e have no true s tems ; but beartheir leaves f rom the r oo t-s tock , an d the flowers upo n scapes .

In the late s e a s on, ne a r the ro ot m a y be f ou nd c le i s t oga m ou s

b los s om s , c los e d bu d s t ha t ne v e r ope n, bu t a re w i t h i n t he m

selves se l f - fert i l i zed.

T A L L f l E A D O W R U E . (Plate XL VII)

Thalictrum potygamum.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Crowfoot. White. Scentless. New England south- June, July and August. ward and westward.

Flowers: g r o w i n g i n l a r g e c o m p o u n d p a n i c l e s . Calyx: of f ou r to tenpe t a l - l i k e s e pals t hat b l o w o f f e ar ly . Stamens: v e r y n u m e r o u s a n d g i v i n g a

b a l l - l i k e f e a t h e r y effect. Pistils : f o u r t o f if t e e n , mo s t ly b o rn e o n d i f f e re n tp l a n t s t h a n th e s t a m e n s . Leaves: a l t e r n a t e l y c o m p o u n d ; l e af le t s n u m e r o u s ,s m a l l , r o u n d e d , s o m e t i m e s l o b e d a t t h e t o p . Stem : t a l l ; e r e c t ; b r a n c h i n g .

A t a l l , gra c e f u l be a u t y t ha t d r i nk s o f the c oo l i ng va pou rs be s id e t he s pa r k l i n g s t re a m s , or re a rs i ts e l f i n the m oi s t m e a d ow s

w he re t he y e llow f ie ld l il i e s a re i n b loo m . T h e r e is a c e r t a i n

l u x u r y abo ut the f leecy da intin ess of the f lowers an d the gr ow th



P L A T E X L V I I . T A L L M E A D O W R U E . Thalictruvipolygamum.

(103)




of the f ine sm al l leaves . T h e plant is a lso an inter est ing s tudy

f rom the difference in the pist i l late and staminate blossoms.

M O N K S H O O D . W O L F ' S B A N E . F R I A R ' S C A P .

{Plate XLVIII.)

Aconltum imcinatum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMCrowfoot. Blue purple. Scentless. Virginia, northward June-September.

to New Jersey.

Flowers: g r o w i n g o n u p c u r v e d p e d i c e l s i n l o o s e p a n i c l e s . Calyx: of fivesepals s t ran g e ly f as h i o n e d l i k e a m o n k ' s ho o d . T h e he lm e t , o n e an d a ha l f

i n c h e s l o n g , b r o a d a n d h i g h , w i t h t u r n e d - d o w n v i z o r . Corolla: o f t w o s m a l lpe t a ls t hat lo o k l i k e c h i n - t ab s . Pistils: th re e to five. Leaves: o n p e t i o l e s ;pa rt ed in to three to f ive lobes . Stem : s le n d e r , b e n d i n g at t he t o p . Root:

t u b e r o u s ; c o n t a i n i n g a v i r u l e n t p o i s o n .

W e cannot gr ieve over the i rr egu lar i ty of feature of this

f lower, as it affords us an exce l lent study of one that is u n -

s y m m e t r i c a l , and del ights us by the way in wh ich i t repr esents

a m onk 's hood . Som e w he re w e i m a gi ne i t ha s h i d d e n a m i s

chievou s face that is lon gin g to cast an eye out a t the m er ry

fo r b id d e n w o rld . F o r w e c a nnot be l i e v e m u c h i n i ts p i e ty , i t

ha s ha d t oo v a r i e d a n e x pe r i e nc e a nd ha s ro v e d a bou t i n t oo

m a ny la nd s .

In N or s e m y t hology , i t is c re d i t e d w i th the pow e r o f m a k i ng

one i nv i s ib le a t w i l l , a nd is c a l le d Od i n ' s he lm , or T h o r ' s ha t.

I t w a s w he n the B e n e d i c t i ne s i nv a d e d t he d om a i n o f T h o r t ha t

i t be c am e m on k s h oo d . T h e D u t c h te rm is f r i a r ' s c a p ; a nd i nG e r m a n y i t be lon gs exc lu s ive ly to the devi l , an d is ca l led

devi l ' s herb . I t has been on m ost int ima te term s with a l l the

ancients , an d witches have even used i t for con co ct in g their

w i c k e d s pe l ls . T h e Ind i a ns c a l l i t a t i v is ha , t he s u pre m e

p o is o n ; and chi ld r en , who ar e re a l ly the w ise-acres of the gen

e r a t i o n , plu c k e d f rom i t i t s pe t a ls a nd f a nc y t ha t t he re m a i ni ng

bloom a nd e x p os e d , ne c ta r i e s re s e m ble a c a r d ra w n by d ov e s .I t i s t he n c a l le d V e nu s ' s c ha r i ot .



P L A T E XLVIII. MONKSHOOD. Aconitum uncinatum.


PRINTEO IN AMERICA.



P L A T E X L I X . M O C K A P P L E . Micrampelis lobata.

(105)



io6 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L .

N I G H T S H A D E . B I T T E R S W E E T . S C A R L E T B E R R Y .

Sola7ium dulcamara.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMNightshade. Purple, dotted with green. Scentless. Maine westward. June-September.

Flowers : growing in drooping cymes on slender flower-stalks. Calyx: five-parted. Corolla: wheel-shaped; five-parted. Stamens: five; protruding;Pistil: one. Fruit: a small, egg-shaped, red berry. Leaves : alternate; onpetioles; the lower one heart-shaped and pointed at the apex; the upperones divided into three, rarely five, unequal leaflets, the centre.one long, slightly heart-shaped, the other two small and wing-like at base. Stem : three to eightfeet high; climbing; woody; smooth.

S e l d o m c a n a m ore e x qu i s it e s tu d y i n c o lou r a nd ou t l i ne be

fo u n d t ha n t he be rr i e s o f t he n i ght s ha d e a s t he y d ro op f rom

their z i g- z a g pe d u nc le s . T h e y a re a l so a m on g thos e t ha t c a n

b o a s t o f a p e r f e ct b a c k g r o u n d . T h e i rr i c h , f a nt a s t i c a l ly

s ha pe d le a v e s ho v e r a bou t t he m m u c h a s the n i ght d ro ops u pon

a n d pro t e c ts t he e a r t h . T h i s , how e v e r , is p u r e ly i m a gi na ry , a s

one i s a pt t o be c om e w he n ga z i ng a t t he n i ght s ha d e .

T h e pla nt ha s be e n c la s s e d a m on g t he m od e ra t e ly po i s onou sone s a nd ow e s t he pe c u l i a r taste of i ts twigs an d roo ts , f irst

bi t ter then sweet, t o the pr e s e nc e o f d u lc a m a r i n .

M O C K A P P L E . W I L D B A L S A M A P P L E . (Plate XLIX.)

Micrdmpelis lobata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMGourd. Greenish Tvh i t e . Scentless. Maine southward July-September.

and tvestzvard.

Flowers: small; the staminate ones closely crowded in a raceme; the pistillateones growing singly. Fruit: large ; ovate; green; covered with slender spines.Leaves : three to seven lobed, the middle lobe longest; deeply cordate at base;serrated; rough on both sides. Stem : grooved; branching ; climbing by tendrilsthat are three-forked.

U n l i k e m o s t o f o u r c l i m b e r s , w e find this one in flower and

fruit at the same t im e. In i ts w i ld state i t fo l lows the r ivers ,

but throughout the east we find i t m os t ly c u l t i v a t e d f or o r n a

m e n t .



Calyx and fruit. Vertical section of column^

ovary, etc.

P L A T E L W H I T E - F L O W E R E D S I D A L C E A . Sida/cea Candida.

(107)



io8 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L .

S M A L L E R S T . J O H N ' S - W O R T .

Hypericu?n ellipticwn.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMSt.Johti's-wort. Pale yellow. Scentless. Mostly north and west. Midsummer.

Flowers: n o t m a n y ; g r o w i n g i n a c y m e . Calyx : of f ive sepals. Corolla :

o f five petals. Stamens: n u m e r o u s . Pistil: o n e . Leaves: e l l i p t i c a l ; c l a s p i n g a t t h e ba se ; t h i n . Stem : s i m p l e , n o t v e r y h i g h .

Hypericum mtitilum.

Is an o th er o f th e s m al ler S t . J o h n 's -w o r ts w h ich is fo un d

ev er y w h er e in low, m o is t g r o un d. I t is es p ec ia l ly to b e n o t iced

becau se of i ts s tamen s, f rom five to tw elve, b ein g so m uch

fewer th an th o se o f o th er m em b er s o f th e g en us . H . adp r es s um

a n d H . m acu latum ar e a lso v ar ie t ies th at th r iv e b es t in m o is t

soi l . H . prol i f icum, P la te C X X I I I .

W H I T E - F L O W E R E D S I D A L C E A . (Plate Z . )

Si daleea Candida.


Malloxv. White or cream. Scentless. Colorado southward. Summer and early autumn.

Flowers: g r o w i n g i n a t e r m i n a l r a c e m e . Calyx: of f ive ovate sepals; b r i s t l y on t h e out s i de . Corolla : of f i ve obcor da t e p et a ls . Stamens: n u m e r ous , ca p i t a t e a t t h e t op of t h e s t y le . S t y l e a n d ov a r y br i s t l y on t h e ou t s i de .Fruit: f lat , depressed. Leaves: a l t e r na t e ; t h e up p e r leaves three, five, ors e v e n - p a r t e d , w i t h e n t i r e , l a n c e o l a t e s e g m e n t s ; t h e l o w e r o n e s s e v e n - p a r t e d , w i t h segment s coa r se ly t h r ee a nd f i ve t oot h ed. Stem : er ect .

F o l l o w i n g t h e w a t e r -c o u r s e s i n th e s o u t h e r n a n d R o c k y

m o u n t a i n s we find th is p r e t ty m em b er o f the m al lo w fam i ly .

I ts n um er o us s tam en s un i t in g in to a tub e s er v e r eadi ly to p lace

it, a l t h o u g h i t is w i th o u t t h e i n v o l u c r e t h at is c o m m o n l y a s

s oc i a t e d with th is fam i ly .

B L U E - E Y E D H A R Y . I N N O C E N C E .

Colli?isia verna,

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMFigwort. Blue and white. Scentless. Western New York southward Early spring.

and westward.

Flowers: g r o w i n g o n l o n g s l e n d e r p e d u n c l e s t h a t a r e w h o r l e d i n t h e a x i l so f t h e up p er lea ves . Calyx: five-cleft. Corolla: t u b u l a r ; d e e p l y t w o - l i p p e d ;




the upper lip two-cleft and blue ; the lower lip three-cleft and white ; themiddle lobe folded like a pocket and enclosing the stamens and style.Stamens: four. Pistil: one. Leaves: opposite; ovate; clasping by aheart-shaped base as they ascend the stem. Stem : erect; branching.

T h e name of blue-eyed M a r y ha rm oni z e s w e l l w i t h he r sweet

pe rs ona l i t y ; a l tho ug h in her blue eye there is a quiet g leam

that ma kes us fancy she is ne i the r so m eek nor so innocen t as

she w ou ld have us be l ieve . She is ra ther a s tay-at-ho m e, and

unless we p ersu ade her i t is to be do ub ted wh ether she will

ever spre ad her se l f o ver the m oist m eadows of the eastern

states as she does now over those of the west a nd s ou t h .

M O N K E Y - F L O W E R .

Mimulus ring ens.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMFigwort. Pinkish, deep violet. Scentless. Eastern and middle states. July, A ugust.

Flowers: solitary; axillary; hanging from slender peduncles. Calyx: of five-toothed sepals. Corolla: tubular; the upper lip divided into two recurvedlobes; the lower ones into three spreading lobes. Stamens: four. Pistil:

one. Leaves : opposite ; lanceolate ; sessile ; toothed. Stem : four-angled ;erect; very slender.

Mimulus is the L a t i n for a l i t t le buffoon an d ri7igens m e a ns

s how i ng t he t e e t h . H a r d l y a m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e n a m e c o u l d

ha v e be e n c hos e n f or t h i s p la nt , w h i c h vexes a n d c h a r m s u s

s i m u l t a ne ou s ly by i ts inan im ate dr ol le r y . I ts per t li t t le face

ha s a look o f i n t e l l i ge nt m oc k e r y a nd i ts m a nne rs a re v e ry

bad. In the la te sum m er, wh en the bo tanis t sa l l ies for th tos ee k s om e new s pe c i m e n t ha t grow s in m oi s t soi l , his eye

enc ou nter s the sau cy face of the M . r inge ns . T o him i t is an

old fr iend ; he n ods to i t an d passes sw iftly on to pu rsu e a

gleam of deep pu r ple , too deep, he fancies , for the m on key

f lower, that a t tracts him from b e h i n d a t h i ck e t . E a g e r l y he

s toops t o p lu c k s om e ne w t re a s u r e , a nd the w e ll k no w n , gr i n ni n g

l i t t le face peers up at h im . " T h e y are l ik e the book agents , "

he s ighs , " I will s how t he m t ha t I a m s u p pl i e d , " a nd he p la c e s

one i n h i s bu t t onhole . F r o m low grasses a patch of pa le l i lac

next causes him to t u r n o u t o f h is d i r e c t i o n — p i c t u r e s o f l o n g -



n o P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L .

sough t-for specimen s that i t m ay be, g ladd en his m i n d ; but on

a p p r o a c h i n g i t he f inds the l i tt le buffoon. Fo o le d aga in, he

laments , an d the one in his button ho le has dr op pe d off f rom

its s tem. F o r a l l of these are the pran ks of the m onkey-f low er.

C A R D I N A L M O N K E Y = F L O W E R . {Plate LI.)

Mtmulus cardinalis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMFig-wort. Bright, brick red. Scentless. West of Minnesota. Summer.

Flowers : s o l i t a r y ; a x i l l a r y . Calyx: p r i s m - s h a p e d ; f i v e - t o o t h e d . Corolla:

f u n n e l - f o r m e d ; t w o - l i p p e d . Stamens: f o u r . Pistil: o n e . Leaves: o p p o s i t e ;

c l a s p i n g : o b l o n g ; s e r ra t e d. Stem: one to two feet h i g h ; r a t h e r c l a m m y .

I f poss ible , the M . car dina l is is even more im per t inen t than

the M . r ingen s . I t is not qui te so pr an kish , as i ts ver m il ion

red co uld not easi ly be m istaken for that of any other f lower ;

but i t has i ts lowe r l ip thr ust out as though i t were m ak ing

faces at one. In fact , i ts m an ner s in this re spect are so bad

that we have quite a m i n d to pry i nt o i ts u p br i ng i n g . T h e n

we remember that i t i s one of the f igworts and they are a fami ly that look as they please.

T U R T L E - H E A D . S N A K E = H E A D . (Plate LII)

Chelo7ie glabra.


Figivort. Pinkish white. Scentless. General. Late s u 7nm e r .

Flozvers: a x i l l a r y ; g r o w i n g i n s p i k e - l i k e racemes on a leafy f lo wer -sta lk .

Calyx : o f f iv e o v e r l a p p i n g , g r e e n s e p a l s w i t h s i m i l a r b r a c t - l i k e leaves u n d e r n e a t h . Corolla: t w o - l i p p e d ; i n f l a t e d ; s l i g h t l y o p e n ; s h a p e d l i k e a t u r t le ' sh e a d ; t h e u p p e r l i p s l i g h t l y n o t c h e d at t h e a pe x ; the low er l i p three-c left w it ht he c e n t r e d i v i s i o n a p p e a r i n g l i k e a s m a l l t o n g u e ; d e l i c a t e l y b e a r d e d i n t h et h r o a t . Stamens: f o u r , pe r f e c t w i t h h ai ry f i lam e n t s a n d u n i t e d b y w o o l ly an t he rs t hat w h e n t o u c he d le t fly a mi s t y po l l e n . A s ho rt e r , s t e r i l e s t ame n U

also present . Leaves: o p p o s i t e ; l o n g ; l a n c e o l a t e ; s e r r a t e d . Stem: s m o o t h ;s q u a r e ; b r a n c h i n g .

T h e only t h i ng tha t d e t ra c t s f ro m the t u r t le - l i k e a ppe a ra n c e

of these blossoms is their waxy, pi nk i s h c o lo u r i ng . I f the y

had better im itated their patr on in this resp ect i t wou ld have

been an exce l len t safeguard , as no one w ould have ve ntur ed his

f ingers w ithin re ach of the ir snap pish l i t tle tongues . T h e y



PLATE LI I. TURTLE-HEAD Chelone glabra.

( in)



P L A T E Ll l l . T U R T L E - H E A D . Chelone Lyoni.

(113)



i i 4 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L .

sett ing that it has cho sen for i ts own lovelines s. It w ithers

a n d t u rns b la c k a lm os t i m m e d i a t e ly a fte r be i ng p lu c k e d . A s

it uproots easily, it is often the case that those seeing it for the

first t ime an d bein g over com e w ith d e l ight , tear i t up ru thless ly

a n d c a r r y gre a t quantit ies of i t away. T hi s t hou ght le s s ne s s

can h a r d l y be d e nou nc e d too s tro ngly ; an d it i s on the high

r o a d to exterm inat in g some of our cho icest species .

L A R G E - F L O W E R E D M I L K W O R T . {Plate LV.)

Potygala grandiflbra.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Milkwort. Rose purple. Scentless. Mostly south. Late summer.

Flowers: clustered in long racemes on flower-stalks. Calyx: of five very unequal sepals, three small at the base of the flower and two rising, colouredand petal-like, at each side, appearing like little wings. Stamens : six or eight.Pistil: one. Leaves: alternate; lanceolate. Stem: much branched; hairy.

A s the se qu a i nt l i tt l e b los som s grow o ld e r , — a n d one w o u ld

never associate th e idea of age with them did they not rebel

against i t s o o p e n l y ,— t h e i r ros y hu e f orsa k e s t he m , a nd t he y

t u r n ra t he r gre e ni s h . T h e y re t a i n , how e v e r , t he i r l i v e ly , fly

a w a y e x pre s s i on , w h i c h e v e n o ld Fa t h e r T i m e i s u na ble t o

s u bd u e .

P U R P L E P O L Y G A L A .

Polygala viridisce?is.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Milkwort. Rose lavender, white Scentless. New England south to Summer,or greenish. N. Carolina and westward.

Flowers: growing in a dense oblong head, or spike. Calyx of five unequalsepals, the two inner ones being larger than, and coloured like, the petals.Corolla: of three united petals, the lower one shaped like a keel. Stamens:

six, or more. Pistil: one. Leaves: numerous; alternate; linear. Stem: fourto eight inches high; upright; leafy; branched.

A n od d l i t t le flower that we a l l kno w in the m oist m eadowsa n d by the roa dsides , bu t w hich few of us can c a l l by nam e.

P u r p l e po lygala seems such a pr etent ious t i t le for so fragi le a

b lossom. E y e - s p y w ou ld suit i t better as i t is a lwa ys p ee pin g

out from u ne x pe c t e d places.



COPYRIGHT, 189«, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.

PRINTED IN AMERICA.



P L A T E L I V . H E D G E - H Y S S O P . Gratiola aurea.

( U S )



n 6 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L .

S L E N D E R D A Y F L O W E R . (Plate LV Y.)

Commelina erecta.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMSpiderwort. Blue. Scentless. Penn. southward August, September.

and westward.

Flowers: terminal; solitary; irregular; growing from an upper spathe-likeleaf. Calyx: unequal; the larger sepals being united. Corolla: of three unequal petals ; one very inconspicuous. Perfect stamens : three ; one incurved with large anther. Sterile stamens: three; small. Pistil: one. Leaves: alternate : lanceolate ; clasping. Stem : erect; leafy.

Inthe gen er ic name of the day f lowers, Linnaeus has per petrated a scathing invect ive on a l l that are so unwise as to be

indif ferent to the c la ims of botan y. Of the three Co m m elyn

brothers , who were D u tch b otanis ts , two w ere very sc ient if ic

and pu bl ishe d wo rks on the subject. Th e y are designated by

the two large petals of the f lowers. T h e t h i r d br othe r was less

studious an d pu bl ish ed no thin g. I t has been his fate to be ever

afterwar ds asso ciated with the s m al l , ins ignif icant p eta l .

C O M M O N D A Y F L O W E R .

Co7tmielina Virginica.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMSpiderwort. Blue. Scentless. New York to Florida. Summer.

Flowers: terminal; solitary ; irregular; growing from an upper spathe-likeleaf. Calyx : unequal; the larger sepals being united. Corolla : of three un

equal petals ; one very inconspicuous. Stamens: six; both sterile and fertile ;three of which project beyond the petals. Pistil: one. Leaves: lanceolate ; contracted at the base ; becoming spathe-like as they approach the flower. Stem :

branching; smooth. Juice : mucilaginous.

T h e day f lower is ex act ly w hat one w ou ld suppose to be a

hap py, inno cent blos som . Its b lue is so pure an d i t rem ains

w ith us for suc h a sh or t time that it is no t affected by the le vity

and f r iv ol i ty of the w or ld . F o r just one day i t opens i ts br ight

cou ntena nce to the sunshine , when i ts wor k in l ife is done andits peta ls most curious ly melt into a sort of je l ly , where we can

no longer fo l low their doings .



P L A T E L V I . S L E N D E R D A Y F L O W E R . Commelina erecta.

( " 7 )



n 8 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L .

S P I D E R W O R T . {Plate LVII.)

Tradescdntia montana.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Spiderw ort. Blue, with orang e- Scentless. South and west. May-A ugust. yellow anthers.

Flowers: growing in a loose umbel at the end of the flower-stalks. Calyx:

of three sepals. Corolla: of three, rounded, irregular petals ; the odd one very small. Stamens: six; the filaments prettily bearded; anthers conspicuous.Pistil: one. Leaves: opposite; lanceolate to linear; clasping. Stem: erect;fleshy ; mucilaginous.

T h e s pi d e rw ort is a fa ir b lue f lower, and i ts gold en anther s

have such a l i v e ly e x pre s s i on that we are con stan t ly expect

in g them to say s o m e t h i n g funny to us ; but they never do.

P e r h a p s t h e y have not the t ime, as l ike the day f lower they l ive

but for a s ingle day .

J u s t before th e r e c u r v e d b u d s i n t he u m be ls m a k e up t he i r

m i n d s t o b l o o m , they erect themselves a nd re m a i n i n t ha t pos i

t ion u n t i l their peta ls have faded, when they bend d ow n a ga i n

a n d the seeds m a t u r e . U n d e r a m i c ros c ope t he j o i nt e d ha i rsof the s tamens a n d the m i r a c u l o u s l y a t t a c h e d a nt he rs re v e a l a

world of u ne x pe c t e d a nd i nt e re s t i ng be a u t y .

C R A N B E R R Y T R E E . W I L D G U E L D E R - R O S E .

(Plate CXXXVI, page 2 5 9 . )

Vibiirnum Opulus.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMHoneysuckle. White. Scentless. New England westward. Spring.

Flowers : fertile flowers, with parts arranged in fives and clustered in a cyme ;neuter flowers with large flat corollas that grow in a border about the others.Fruit: juicy, acid; often used as a substitute for cranberries. Leaves: threeto five lobed; pointed; netted-veined; toothed; with two glands at the summit of the petiole. A shrub with greyish, smooth bark.

T h e p r i m a r y la w o f th i s v i b u r n u m h o u s e h o l d is to keep things

separate . T h e ne utr a l f lowers w hi c h a re a rra nge d a bou t t he

ferti le ones of the centre are for the pu rpo s e o f a t t r a c t i ng t he bee's eye . To look pre t t y a n d to be seen is the ir only care in

life. It seems as though the un attra ct ive l i t tle fert i le f lowers

h ad begged them to play this role for them , as they them selves

are bu sy with the w eight of r e p r o d u c i n g t h e ir s p ec ie s u p o n



P L A T E L V I I . S P I D E R W O R T . Tradescantia montana.

(i 19)



1 2 0 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L .

their shou lders . In cu lt ivat ion they re s ign this bu rd en into the

ha nd s o f the ga rd e ne r , a nd the w hole c y m e be c om e s c om pos e d

of neuter f lowers. It is then kn ow n as the snow ball tree, orthe guelder rose . V. Alnifolio, Plate X C I X .

E L D E R . E L D E R B E R R Y .

Sambiicus Catiadensis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMHoneysuckle. White. Sweet, like honey. General. June, July.

Flozuers: minute ; growing in large flat cymes. Calyx: tubular, with small

teeth.Corolla:

urn-shaped; five-lobed.Stamens:

five.Pistil:

one, withthree stigmas. Fruit: a purple berry, juicy with the flavour of wine. Leaves :

pinnate ; of five to eleven, oblong, or lanceolate, pointed, serrate leaflets.Stem : five to ten feet high ; woody with white pith.

O u r grandmothers loved the e lder , and as re l ig ious ly as they

wove their l insey woolseys and worked their samplers they

made e lder ber ry wine . P r o ba bl y they foun d it , as we do, ex

tremely good to the taste, and it is besides supposed to possess

a c ons i d e ra ble a m ou nt o f v ir t u e . A lo n g s tre a m s a nd i n m oi s t

soi l by the ro adsides the b loo m and berr ies of the plant are

v e ry noti c ea ble . Ev e r y c ou n t ry chi ld knows the e lder , and

l i t tle boys are on m ost f r ie nd ly term s with i t. T h e y push out

the white pith f rom the stems, l igh t the ends, and init iate th em

selves into the m ysteries of that more so othin g weed w hich they

hope t o k now la t e r .

J E W E L = W E E D . T O U C H = f l E = N O T . (Plate LVIII.)

Impdtiens bifiora.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMJezvel-weed. Orange yellow spotted with Scentless. Common south- Summer,

reddish brown. wa rd.

Flowers: clustered ; axillary; nodding from thread-like flower-stalks. Calyx:

of four petal-like, unequal sepals ; the larger one extending backwards into asac which tapers into a little spur. Corolla : of two petals that are two-lobed.Stamens: five ; cohering about the ovary. Pistil: one. Leaves: alternate; on

petioles; ovate ; smooth and serrated. Stems: much branched ; smooth; tender.T h e je w e l -w e e d a nd a br i gh t r u n ni n g s tre a m ha ve c om e to be

about as c lose ly associated in the m i n d as the dear ol d wh ite

hors e a nd t he re d - ha i re d gir l . Now there is no dou bt wh atever




bu t that they do at t imes appe ar s ingly, on ly the chan ces are

a ll in favour of f inding them together. Pr ob ab ly they are

l in k e d by some bond of sympathy far too subt le for the percep

t ions of com m on -place m or ta ls . T h e f lower is mo re beaut i fu lthan m any of our cho icest exot ics ; and the gracefulness of i ts

gro w t h c a nnot be e x ce e d e d . E a r ly a nd late its le a ve s a re hu n g

with dew drops as though they and the water were having some

f r ie n d l y c ha t. T h e j e w e l -l ik e m a r k i n g o f velvet brow n is u n

do ub tedly for the pur pose of ca tch in g M aste r Bee 's eye, as these

show y f lowers are dep en den t upo n insects for fer t i l ization .

T h e i r pol len fa lls lon g before the s tigma is ready to rece ive i t.T h e plant a lso bears c le is togamous f lowers , those inconspicuous

blossoms of the later year that are self-fert i l ized before the bud

opens .

T h e pods are p ar t icula r ly sens i tive to the tou ch, and i f

h a n d l e d w il l bur st open and throw the seeds to a consider able

distan ce. T o this fact is due the s ignif icance of the name

touch-me-not , or ny touchezpas, a s t he Fre nc h s a y .

S m e r i n t h u s Y e n i m a t u s is th e na m e o f th e m o t h h o v e r i n g

about the f lowers in the i l lustrat ion.

P A L E J E V V E L = W E E D .

Impdliens aurea.

T h i s s pe ci e s is m o re com m on t hrou ghou t t he nor t h t ha n t he

I. bif lora . Its jewe l-l ike m a r k in g is ver y s light, and its colou r

is a pa le , green ish ye l low. T h e f lowers are of ten an inch and a

half long . B ot h s pec ie s f ad e v e ry qu i c k ly a fte r be i ng p lu c k e d .

C A R D I N A L F L O W E R . (Plate LIX)

Lobelia eardindlis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMLobelia. Cardinal. Scentless. General. August.

Flowers: growing in long, terminal racemes and favouring one side of thestem. Calyx: five-pointed. Corolla: a long and narrow tube divided intofive irregular lobes ; two that are upright and three that are spreading, ordrooping. Stamens: five with red filaments united into a tube. Anthers:

bluish and slightly fringed with white. Pistil: one, with a long style and red




stigma. Leaves : alternate ; on short petioles; lance-oblong ; serrated ; becoming bract-like among the flowers. Stem: two to four feet high ; erect ;grooved; almost smooth.

A s t he c a rd i na l f low e r r i s e s f rom the bo rd e r o f s om e s t re a m

it a ppe a rs not u nl i k e t he u n k n o w n , r e d - r o b e d d i gni t a ry o f t he

R o m a n c hu rc h af te r w h om i t w a s na m e d ; a n d it s be a r i ng is no

less p r o u d , w e m a y i m a gi ne , t ha n h i s w he n a bou t to be c ons e

c r a t e d . I t w as o f t h i s p la nt t ha t a Fr e n c h m a n s a i d : " I sa w

the f low e r , m y a d m i ra t i on is f or e v e r . "

T h e c o r o l l a is c u n n i n g l y f a s h i o n e d to a l lo w h u m m i n g b i r d s

t o sip o f its ne c ta r , a nd by t he t hou ght f u lne s s o f D a m e N a t u re

the long, s lender bi l l o f t h e h u m m i n g b i r d i s exac t ly m ade tos u i t t he c or o l la . T h e d r oo pi n g o f the l i p i nv i te s the b i r d to

s e a r c h f or ne c t a r a s c ord i a l ly a s a n ope n d oor i nv i t e s a guest

to step w ithin . It is no t necessa ry to offer the b i r d a seat o r

plat form to s ta nd u pon a s M a s t e r B e e re qu i re s ; f or he po i se s

h im s e l f o n th e w i n g . S o m e ti m e s r o g u i s h , u n p r i n c i p l e d bees

stea l the nectar f rom a s l i t at the base of the f lower and so

a v o i d t h e ir d u t y o f c a r r y i n g th e p o l l e n fo r f e r t i l iz a t i o n .P a n ic u l a r ia Can ade nsis is the nam e of the be au t i fu l ra t t le

s na k e gra s s w hi c h a c c om pa n i e s the i l lu s t ra t i on .

G R E A T L O B E L I A . B L U E C A R D I N A L F L O W E R .

(Plate LX.)

Lobelia syphilitica.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMLobelia. Pinkish purple. Scentless. General. Summer and early autumn.

Flowers: growing closely in a leafy panicle. Calyx: of five very sharply pointed petals. Corolla : tubular ; two-lipped ; the upper lip divided intotwo pointed lobes ; the lower one three-lobed. Stamens: five ; coloured ;united about the pistil and apparently splitting open the tube of the corolla.Pistil: one ; curved ; stigma fringed. Leaves: alternate ; lanceolate ;toothed ; the upper surface smooth. Stem : one to three feet high ; erect ;leafy ; angular.

W h e n by some leafy , shady b ro ok -s ide we find this f lower, i t

a ppe a ls t o us a s v e r y s t r i k i n g a nd pre t t y ; a nd i t s ee m s a lm o s t

c r u e l to place i t by the s ide of i ts re la t ive , the car din al f low er,

a s i t m u s t na t u r a l ly pa le gre a t ly by c om pa r i s on. I t is a t a l l ,




h a i r y plant , an d its b lue , a l tho ugh fadin g to a lmo st w hite , i s

sufficiently no ticeable to attr act the insects ' attention . B o th of

these flowers are c leve rly des ign ed for cross- fert i l i zat ion.

T h e generic name lobe l ia has becom e so fam il iar to us that weuse i t freely and are un con sciou s of i ts be ing mo re diff icult to

m a na ge t ha n the c om m on na m e . In t h is c on ne c t i on it c om e s

to the m i n d to ask i f not a l l b otan ica l names wo uld becom e

equal ly s imple i f we would but put ourse lves on c loser terms of

i n t i m a c y w i t h t he m .

Z . spicata is a lso fou nd in m oist , ope n places. Its stem is

high ; but i ts f lowers are considerably smal ler than those of thespecies described above .

R O U N D = L E A V E D P 5 0 R A L E A . {Plate LX I.)

Psoralea orbicularis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMPulse. Purplish. Scentless. Western and southern states. Early summer.

Flowers : growing in a dense, pyramidal spike. Calyx : deeply parted ; of

five, nearly equal teeth ; hairy.Corolla :

papilionaceous ; the standard ratheroblong. Stamens : ten ; united by their filaments. Leaves: three-foliate ;orbicular ; entire ; hairy ; on long peduncles. Stem : prostrate ; creeping.

T h i s herbaceou s plan t , wi th i ts cree pin g s tem, is a nat ive of

C a l i f o r n i a . T h e r e is a v i gou r a nd e ne rgy a bou t i ts grow t h

which is ver y pleasin g. On e also fancies that l ike J o h n G i l p i n ' s

wife i t is blessed with a frugal m i n d .

W I L D M I N T .Mentha Canadensis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMMint. Pinkish lavender. Like pennyroyal. Mostly north. August, September.

Flowers : tiny ; growing in round clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx :

five-toothed. Corolla : tubular ; four-lobed ; the upper lobe being larger andcleft at the top. Stamens: four; exserted. Pistil: one; style, two-iobed.Leaves : opposite ; ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends ; veined ; serrated;rough underneath. Stem : four-angled ; nearly erect.

T h e usefulness of a m agn ifyin g glass is well i l lus tra ted by

the w ild min t ; as i ts two styles an d the t in y no tch of one of i ts

c oro l la -lobe s a re ha r d ly pe rc e p t ib le to the na k e d ey e. M . Ca n-




aden sis is the on ly species of the m int fam ily that is a na tive

of the Ea s t e r n U n i t e d Sta te s . I t has i n c om m on w i t h i ts nu

m erous r e lat ives l i tt le g lands in the leaves in wh ich is hidden a

volat i le o i l and wh erein l ies the s tr on g f lavour and fragran ceof the plants . It is one of the ir m ost attr active features and a

ready means of ident i f icat ion.

T h e n am e M e n t h a is o f m y t h o l o g i c a l o r i g i n . A c c o r d i n g to

the st ory, a too a t tra c t i v e ny m ph , M i n t h a , the d a u ght e r o f

Coc y t u s , w as t ra ns f or m e d by Pr os e r pi ne , the w ife o f P lu t o , i n t o

these plants that now bear her name.

O S W E G O - T E A . B E E B A L M . (Plate LXII.)

Mondrda didy?na.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMMint. Brilliant cardinal. Pleasantly fragrant. Throughout the north. Summer.

Flowers: clustered in a rounded head. Calyx: five-toothed; reddish;naked in the throat. Corolla: tubular; two-lipped. Stamens: two; exserted. Pistil: one; style, two-lobed, protruding. Leaves: opposite;ovate ; on petioles ; those nearest the flower reddish in colour. Stems:

erect ; square.

Som e d a y w he n the i nc l i na t i on pro m pt s u s to be n d ou r s te ps

to a leafy , green spot where perh aps hides a tr ick l in g s trea m

we shal l be ench anted by the appea ran ce of the bee balm . I ts

br i l l iant co lou r ing is rather a sur prise , as we are not nea rly so

famil iar with red wild f lowers as with those of other shades.

A tro op of ch i ldr en that ha d gone for a picn ic to a spot in

t h e i r ne i ghbou rhood c a l le d t he g le n , f ou nd t h i s f low e r a nd

t w i r l e d a wr eath of i t to place upon the head of a da r k-ha ir edlittle g i r l . Whe n t he y re t u rne d t o t he v i l la ge a nd t he w re a t h

was laid a s id e , the c hi ld re n c om pla i ne d tha t t he i r p la ym a t e w a s

n o longer pr etty . T h e y m issed the m agica l e ffect of the bee

balm a bou t he r he a d .

M A D D O G S K U L L C A P .

Scutellaria lateriflora.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMMint. Blue, or violet. Scentless. Mostly north. Summer.

Flowers : small; growing in axillary, one-sided leafy racemes on spike-like branches. Calyx : of five pointless sepals covered by a little cap. Corolla : two-



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O I L . 1 2 7

lipped, with long ascending tube ; the upper lip helmet-shaped and curving overthe lower hp, which is flaring and indented at the apex/ Stamens: four i,pairs of unequallength. Pistil: one; stigma two-loDed. Leaves: oppositelanceolate ; toothed. Stem : smooth and branching. opposite ,

T h e fam ily of Scutel lar iae are do m est ic in their tendencies

a n d give their best t hou gh t s a nd a t t e n t i on to t he i r c h i ld r e n •

for i t m u s t be re m e m be re d t ha t t he seeds a re t he c hi ld re n o f

the f low ers . O n the upper lobe of the ca lyx there is a t tached,

as thoug h by a l i tt le hinge , a sor t of con cave appen dage, or

cap. I t appear s qui te superf luous when the bloom is f resh ; but

as soon as the co r o l la fades and fa l ls this l i tt le cap c loses

t ight ly down over the mouth of the ca lyx , and so prevents theescape of the seeds. T h e S. la ter i f lora , wh ich is qui te a conse

q u e n t i a l l i t tle in ha bitan t of w et places , was at one t im e con

s i d e r e d a n u n f a i l in g cu r e f o r h y d r o p h o b i a .

S. ga /eriatldta is a mo re han dsom e f lower that is foun d farther

n o r t h . It has s ingle f lowers which grow f rom the axi ls of the

l ea v es . P l a t e C X X V I I I i ll u s tr a t e s th e S c u te ll a r ia o f s a n d y soil.

O B E D I E N T P L A N T . F A L S E D R A G O N H E A D . (Plate LXIIP.)

Physostegia Virginiana.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMMint. Pinkish crimson. Scentless. New York southward and Summer.

westward.

Flowers : growing closely in a dense spike on axillary flower-stalks. Calyx ; bell-shaped, of five-toothed sepals. Corolla : funnel-form ; inflated ; two-lipped,

the upper lip arched and broad; the lower one of three spreading lobes, thecentre lobe pale and dotted with a deep colour. Stamens: four; in pairs.Pistil: one ; style two-lobed. Leaves : opposite; lanceolate; serrated. Stem :

square ; one to four feet high ; slightly branched.

W h e n a l i t t le f i sh comes to the surface of the water and

ope ns h i s m ou t h, h i s e x pre s s i on is not u n l i k e t ha t o f these

f low e rs . T h e y ha v e , how e v e r , none o f the d a r t i ng , e v a s iv e t e n

dencies of the f i sh. T h e f low er is m ost do ci le . Stra nge ly

e nou gh, i t a ppe a rs t o be w i t hou t a ny e la s t i c i ty , a nd w i ll re m a i nin exa ct ly the po s i t ion in w hich i t i s p lace d for an indef inite

t ime. F r o m this ch ar acte ris t ic the plan t qu i te car r ies off the

palm of obe d i e nc e a m ong t he f low e rs .




F R I N G E D G E N T I A N . {Plate LXIV)

Gentiana crinita.


Gentian Brilliant blue, or Scentless. Mostly north and September, October,

white. ™est-

Flowers ; terminal; solitary. Calyx : of four unequal, pointed sepals. Co

rolla ; funnel-form ; two inches broad; with four rounded lobes exquisitely fringed at the edges. Stamens : four ; with glands at the bases of the filaments.Pistil: one, with two stigmas. Leaves ; opposite ; lanceolate ; clasping; sharply pointed. Stem ; one to two feet high.

Som e t hi ng pr e l i m i na r y is a lm os t ne c e ss a ry be fore v e n t u r i ng

to speak of the fr in ged gen t ian ; an d even then i t sh ou ld bedon e with b ated br ea th, for is it not the f lower that has ins pir ed

poets an d statesmen to such an extent that they have b ar e ly

been able to w rite so ber ly ab ou t i t ? A nd t ru ly i t i s a he a v e nly

f lower. Bu t to those that are a bit w or ldly an d have not the

poe t ica l soul i t m ust a lways suggest that it has been gow ned

by nature 's W o r th ; i t i s so chaussee a ravir. T he be a u t i f u l

fringe is but the latest con ce it of fashion ; an d the soft gre en of i ts ca lyx , b lending with i ts incomparable blue , i s an example of

t he m os t ra v i s hi ng taste. It is the f lower alone, how ever, that

is so plea s ing : the leaves an d the plant 's m ann er of gr ow th

are quite st i f f and ungainly.

T h e plant i s an annual—that i s , i t b looms in the f i rs t year of

i ts gro w th, r ipens i ts seeds a nd then com plete ly d ies. A l

thou gh, therefor e , we have m ar ke d we l l the spot where i t grew

one season, we m ay o nly hope the next year to use i t as a guid e

by w hich to trac e the path to wher e i ts seeds have fal len. A t

night the fair f lower closes.

C L O S E D G E N T I A N . (Plate LXV.)

Gentidna Andrewsii.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMGentian. Deep blue. Scentless. Mostly north. Autumn.

Flowers: terminal and clustered in the axils of the leaves. Calyx : of four orfive-cleft sepals. Corolla: about an inch in length ; closed at the top. Stamens:

four or five. Pistil: one, with two stigmas. Leaves: opposite ; lanceolate andenveloping the terminal flowers. Stem : one to two feet high ; smooth; erect.

T h e c losed gent ian a lways appears as tho ugh i t had the sulks .



P L A T E L X V . C L O S E D G E N T I A N . Gentiana Andrewsii.

(129)



i 3 o P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O IL .

I ts c o lou r a n d s e t t i ng a re lov e ly , a nd one c a n no t bu t f a nc y i t

m ight o pen i ts p eta ls an d be pleasant and cha tty if i t w ou ld .

B u t i t w on 't ; i ts m oo d is self ish an d its lobes are n ot fashio ne d

in the or tho do x way. O f cou rse there is a great deal of theory

in i ts c losed co r ol la ; i t pr otects i ts de l icate or gans from the

c o l d of the la te season, and a l l other evi ls to which they might

be e x pos e d . H a p p i ly , w e c a n t u r n t o t he f r i nge d ge nt i a n ,

which is m ore c on s i d e ra t e o f ou r f e e li ngs . A s t ro ng s u s pi c i on

is afloat that i f the clo sed gen tian di d let out i ts petals they

would not be so bea ut i fu l ly f r in ged as those of i ts re lat ive , an dthis is the r eas on , per ha ps, that i t is so su lky.

S N E E Z E W E E D . S W A M P S U N F L O W E R . (Plate LXVJ)

Helenium autumnale.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMComposite. Yellow. Scentless. General. Late summer and autumn.

Flower-heads: growing singly, or clustered loosely in a corymb and com

posed of both ray and disk flowers ; the rays three to five-cleft at the summit.Leaves: alternate ; lanceolate ; thick. Stem : one to six feet high ; smooth ;angled ; branched.

T h e swamp sunf lower, w hi le gr ea t ly plea s ing the eye b y

i l l u m in a t in g the low f ie lds an d swam ps in the au tum n, is on the

h i g h ro a d to m a k i ng i ts e lf a m os t d i s a gre e a ble m e m be r o f t he

f loral w o r l d . T h e f low e rs o f the o ld e r p la nt s a re v e ry po i s o n

ou s to a ni m a ls . U s u a l ly t he i r i ns t i nc t pr e v e nt s t he m f rom eat

in g of them ; but the plant is one of those ins id iou s things for

which a taste c a n be c u l t i v a t e d . Cow s ha v e be e n k now n t o

cult ivate this fa ta l taste, w he n t he i r m i lk a nd m e a t w e re m a d e

bi t ter , I f the plan t be eaten in grea t quan ti ties the an im al

dies. In a dried a n d p o w d e r e d form i t causes v iolent sneez ing,

for w hi c h pu rpo s e i t is w e l l k n ow n i n m e d i c i ne . On c e t ha t i t

has established itself in a f ie ld i t is most diff icult to exterminate

a n d a d d s one m ore t o t he t r i a l s of t he poo r f a rm e r .H. nudiflbrum, pu r ple -he a d s ne e z ew e e d , grow s i n the s ou t h

an d west. I t b los s om s from J u n e u n t i l O c to b e r . T h e n a m e

p u r p l e-head al ludes to the d isk f low ers , as the rays are ye l low

with a brownish base .



PLATE LXIV. FRI NGED GENTI AN. Gentiana crinita.


PRINTED IN AMERICA.



PLATE LXVI. SNEEZEWEED. Helenium autumnale.

( 1 3 ' )




FAMILYComposite.

COLOURBlue.

ODOUR RANGESweetly scented. S. Carolina, Georgia

and Louisiana.

TIME OF BLOOMLate summerand autumn.

Flower-heads : large ; terminal ; individual flowers al l tubular, the marginalones much larger than those of the centre, irregular, ray-like and split deeply on the inside. The summit also deeply cleft. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows, the outer one becoming bristly and leaf-like. Leaves;alternate ; lanceolate ; entire ; glabrous ; the upper one sessile and fringed atthe base like the bracts. Stem : nearly two feet high ; erect ; downy.

V e r y love ly is the blue s tokes ia , and wh en we com e to in

quire into i ts l ife his tor y we find that i t is no less inte r est in g

t h a n be a u t if u l . Ou r c u r i os i t y i s p i qu e d c on c e r ni n g it be c a u se

it is the on ly m em ber of i ts genus a nd seems not to be c lose ly

r e l a t e d to any other . No w , as the theor y is that every plan t is

e v o lv e d from s om e ot he r , w e be g i n to w o nd e r a bou t t he m i s s

in g l inks between this f lower and i ts anteced ents . H o w has i t

a ppe a r e d a m on g u s w i t hou t s how i ng a ny tra c e o f i ts pa ss a ge

he re ? H a s i t, l i k e T o ps y , " j u s t c om e ?" I t a ls o pu rs u e s i tsow n c ou rs e i nd om i t a bly , w i t hou t s how i ng t he s l i ght e s t inc l ina

t ion t o v a ry , or prod u c e ne w s pe c i e s . F r o m t h i s m i ght be

a rgu e d t ha t t he s t ok e s i a ha s re a c he d i t s he i ght o f d e v e lopm e nt

a n d is abou t to d ie out . A s yet we nee d not gr ieve too deep ly

ov e r i t s los s , how e v e r ; e v o lu t i on i s v e ry c ons i d e ra t e a nd w ou ld

h a r d l y effect so gr eat a cha nge in m uch less than a mil l ion

years.T h e gr ad at io n of the leaves on the s tem into br acts a lso i l lus

t ra te s t he t he or y o f p la nt m o rp ho logy a lm os t m ore tha n is

d one by a ny o t he r one o f t he c om pos i t e s . W he t he r t he

stokes ia be l ieves these theories of which i t i s so good an exam

ple is , unfortunate ly , l ike i ts antecedents , wrapped in mystery .

FAMILYChicory.

COLOUR ODOURPale yellow, purple or reddish. Scentless.

RANGEGeneral.

TIME OF BLOOMLate summer.

Flower-heads : growing in leafy panicles ; composed of strap-shaped flowers.Leaves: very large, sometimes a foot long ; lanceolate ; the lower ones fre-




quently being lobed ; pale underneath. Stem : tall ; from five to ten feethigh ; leafy.

A c o m m o n plant i n m oi s t soil a long t he roa d s i d e s a nd t h i c k

ets. Its great height an d large leaves make i t consp icuous ,

especial ly i n the a u t u m n. F r o m i t t he hu m m i ng b i rd s ga t he r

d ow n to make their nests .

J O E « P Y E = W E E D . T R U M P E T = W E E D . {Plate LXVIIL)

Eupatbriimi purpitreum.


Composite. Crimson purple. Scentless. General. Late summer.Flowers: small; growing in dense, compound corymbs at the end of the

stem and branches. Corolla : tubular ; with long protruding styles of a lightlavender colour which give the flower-head its soft, fluffy appearance. Leaves:

whorled in groups of four to six, lanceolate, rough ; toothed and deeply veined, sometimes with purple. Stem : occasionally twelve feet high ; rough ;purple.

" Ol d Joe -Pye 's in the pasture aga in," the farm er cr ies ; and

h is wife nod s s y m pa t he t i c a l ly w i t hou t , pe rha ps, t u r ni n g he r

head to look across the low lan ds at the soft tint lent to thelandscape by this hand som e weed. I t re ce ived i ts quaint nam e

f rom a N e w E n gla n d Ind i a n d oc t or w ho is s a i d t o ha v e c u r e d

typhus fever by its use.

C U T - L E A V E D G O L D E N R O D .

Solidago argiita.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMComposite. Greenish yellow. Scentless. New Hampshire to Late summer.Pen nsylva n ia.

Flower-heads : growing on stalks in a dense pyramidal raceme. Rays: sixto seven, large, spreading. Leaves: lanceolate ; thin ; serrated. Stem:

angled ; smooth.

M a n y b o o k s m i g h t be wri t ten about the golden rod s and the

s t ory t he n be only pa r t ly t o ld . W e k now t he m as a br i l l i a nt

fami ly w h i c h g r a d u a l l y appear am on g us , sen ding up f irs t green

stems f rom their pe r e nn i a l root s , the n o pe ni n g s pa r i n g ly a few buds ; and before we can rea l ise that they have returned to us ,

they have thro w n out a mass of b loom t ha t i l lu m i na t e s a lm os t

every field a n d waste c orne r . T h e i r m e s sa ge to u s is ha rd ly a s



PLATE LXVIII. JOE-PYE-WEED. Eupatoriitm purpureum.

(135)



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N M O I S T S O l L .

chee ry as that of the sku nk cabbage ; for they bid us ge t

rea dy for the winter , when eve ryth ing is pale and co ld and the

wind soughs sa dly thr ou gh the t rees . Bu t they del iver i t gai ly an d remain wi th us until they them selves are w i ther ed down to

the grou nd by the f rost.

I n m a n n e r o f g r o w t h t h e y a r e v e r y d i s s i m i l a r , s o m e f o r m i n g

heavy, dense racem es, as can be seen f rom the i l lustra t ion of

S . j u n ce a , a n d o t h e r s b r a n c h i n g a n d s u b - b r a n ch i n g i n t o l ig h t ,

feathery clusters ; but to whatever variat ions they are subject ,

there is som ething a bout a go lden ro d that cou ld never be mistaken for any othe r f lower.

T h e y a r e weeds, and with the except ion of S . b ico lor , a s i lvery ,

s l en d e r va r i e t y w h i ch g r o w s o n th e b o r d e r s o f d r y w o o d s , y e l

low in co lour . Of the at tempts to cul t ivate them ve ry few

have been succe ssful ; they cl i n g ra ther to the f ields and way

s ides for their hom es, where as t rue rod s of go ld they are a

beaut i ful feature o f the Am er ica n au tum n.

S. fistulbsa, p in e b a r r e n g o l d e n r o d , is f o u n d , a s i ts co m m o n

name impl ies , in wet p ine bar ren s, especia l ly those o f New

Jer sey and as far south as F l o r i d a . T h e leaves are sessi le,

lanceolate and rough . T h e sm al l f lower-heads grow on the

r e cu r v e d b r a n ch e s o f p a n i c l e s .

*S. jtincea, P l a t e L X I X , is a w el l -kno w n golde n-rod that is

c o m m o n l y f o u n d i n d r y soi l a l o n g t h e r o a d s i d e s a n d s o m e t i m e s

in m ore m oist p laces . I ts m yr iads o f f lowers wi th sm al l rays

g r o w i n d r o o p i n g , h e a v y p a n i c le s . T h e u p p er leaves a r e d e l

i ca te l y co l o u r e d , n a r r o w a n d e n t i r e . T h e l ow e r o n e s a r e

sha rp ly toothed and have a dist inc t ive m ark in their f r inge d

petioles. It is but se ldom tha t the plant is foun d over two feet

h i g h .



Plants G r o w i n g i n R i c h or Rocky

S o i l : Deep Woods and Hillsides.

In the deep woods spring is not proclaimed by the blasting

of trumpets and the waving of gaudy banners. The inhabitants creep in softly and gravely and take their places ; for

the timid, the elfish, the proud and the solemn are all alike

in their love of the silence and shadows of their home. They

shrink from ra ther than attract the attention of passers by ;

and when seeking them we are impressed with the idea of

intrusion. We are not invited to their revels. It is the

buzzing bee, the singing birds and the bright little animalsthat make merry with them. And w hen they are sorroivful

and the seasons are dark, so that gleams of sunshine come but

feebly through the tree tops; the dripping moisture is

Nature's lamentation with them.

J A C K - I N - T H E - P U L P I T . I N D I A N T U R N I P . (Plate LXX.)

Arlsama triphyllum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM Arum. Green and pinkish purple. Scentless. General. April, May.

Flowers : tiny; clustered at the base of a fleshy spadix, which is enveloped by a spathe, the point curving gracefully over the spadix. Leaves: two only ; with three ovate, pointed leaflets that rise far above the spathe. Scape : erect;pinkish. Corm : turnip-shaped and abounding in farinaceous matter. Fruit:

a mass of scarlet berries.

" Jack-in-the-pulpitPreaches to-day,Under the green trees

Just over the way.



138 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L .

S q u i r r e l a n d s o n g - s p a r r o w ,

H i g h o n t h e i r p e r c h ,

H e a r t he sweet l i l y - b e l l s

R i n g i n g t o c h u r c h . "

S p r i n g has h a r d ly t hrow n he r gre e n m a n t le ov e r he r s hou ld e rs

when the quaint prea cher r ises in his pu lpi t , an d in language

soft and solem n speaks to the ru st l in g e lves and spir i ts of the

wo odlands . H e is a s tur dy fe l low , and we be l ieve what he says

m u s t be t hor ou gh ly or t h od o x ; a l tho u gh w e la m e nt tha t w e

ha v e not the qu i c k e n e d pe r c e pt i ons t o u nd e r s t a nd h i m be t te r .

But we know he is be lo ved by his people , or they wo uld not sofa m i l ia r l y d u b h i m " J a c k , " n o r w o u l d h e r e t u r n a m o n g th e m so

f a it hf u lly . T h e pre a c he r ha s a ru s t i c gra c e a bou t h i m t ha t i s

qu i te i n i m i t a b le ; a nd the m a gi c he e x e rc is e s on the c hi ld r e n i s

o n l y e qu a l le d by t he c ha rm s o f t he w i ly P i pe r o f Ha m e l i n t ow n.

" J a c k - i n - t h e - p u l p i t h as c o m e , " th e y c r y , " J a c k - i n - t h e -p u l p i t

ha s c om e . "

" C o m e , he ar w ha t h i s re v e r e n c e

R i s e s t o s ay

I n h i s l o w p a i n t e d p u l p i t

T h i s c a l m S a b b a t h d a y .

F a i r i s the ca no py

O v e r h i m s e e n ,

P e n c i l l e d b y N a t u r e ' s h a n d ,

B l a c k , b r o w n a n d g r e e n .

G r e e n i s h i s s u r p l i c e ,G re e n are h i s b an d s ;

I n hi s qu e e r l i t t le pu lp i t

T h e l i t t l e p r i e s t s t a n d s . "

S T R O P H I L I R I O N . {Plate LXXI)S/rop h Hi7-io?i Ca Hfor7iicti77i.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMLily. Rose. Scentless. In the Sierra Nevadas and May.

California.

Flowers : g r o w i n g i n a m a n y - f l o w e r e d u m b e l w i t h a r o w of b r a c t s u n d e r n e a t h .Perianth ; s ho r t f u n n e l - f o rm , c o n t ra c t e d at t he t hro a t o f f o u r o r f i v e o b lo n glan c e o lat e s e g me n t s . Stamens ; t hre e , o n t he t hro a t , a l t e r n a t i n g w i t h t hre es t e r i le f i lame n t s t hat are v e r y s ho rt an d have a lan c e o lat e w i n g o n e ac h s i d e .



Pistil. Corolla.

PLATE LXXI. STROPHILIRION. Strophilirion Californicum.

( i 3 9 )



i 4 o P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L ,

Pistil: one. Leaves : from the root; more than a foot long ; broadly linear.Scape : two to four, or even twelve feet long; twining; rough. Corm : an inchin diameter.

W ha t m ight b ecom e of us i f this s trange plant sh ould everm i ngle i n f loral c u l t iv a t i o n a g o o d P r o v i d e n c e o n l y k n o w s . I t

grow s ra pidly , and has a w ay of tw inin g i tse lf over bushes, so

that when one stoops to pick the h andso m e blosso m s it is some

t im es a m atter of am usem ent to try an d tra ce the s tem to i ts

r o o t . Th a t is , if one is ambit ious a nd intends p lan nin g a novel

m aze . Th e r e is ver y li t tle hope of fo l low ing i ts cour se , or of

kn ow ing just where the f lower s wi l l cro p out . I t i s espe cia l ly

we l l kno wn in the va l ley of the Sacr am ento.

W O O D L I L Y . W I L D R E D L I L Y .

LUium P hiladelphicum.


Lily. Orange red. Scentless. Mostly north and west. July, August.

Flowers: terminal; solitary ; erect. Perianth : of six divisions, spotted withpurple and narrowing into claws at the base, where a sac of nectar may be

found. Stamens ; six; anthers, conspicuous. Pistil: one ; stigma, three lobed.Leaves : lanceolate ; parallel-veined ; scattered, or whorled about the top of the stem. Stem : two to three feet high.

L i k e a sudden gleam of colour does this bright f lower s tart le

us , as we wander through the shaded, r i c h woods. I ts d is t inc t ive

feature is the way in wh ich the d iv is ion s of the per ianth narr ow

into the base. L. Catesbiet, a southern s is ter of the l i ly , has

also this pec ulia r ity ; bu t i t is not so with seve ra l oth er species

t ha t a re na t i v e s o f A m e ri c a .

T W I S T E D S T A L K . {Plate LXXIP)

Streptopus rbseus.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMLily-of-the-valley. Rose purple. Scentless. Mostly north. Late spring and summer.

Flowers ; sm al l; axillary; hanging on thread-like flower-stalks and hiddenunder the leaves. Perianth : bell-shaped, with six divisions. Stamens : six.

Pistil: one; stigma, three-cleft. Fruit; a round, handsome, red berry.Leaves: alternate; clasping ; parallel-veined; pointed; the edges surrounded with tiny hairs. Stem ; much twisted.

E v e n mor e p leas in g than the hid den f lower -bel ls are the



PLATE LXXII. TWISTED STALK. Streptopus roseur,

(140



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L .

beautiful r ed be rr i e s o f this plant , w hich in Aug us t can be

found h a n g i n g f rom t h r e a d -l ike pe d u nc le s , a nd f o l low i ng gra c e

fully the cur ves of the stalk . In the a vo id in g of angles, the

plant has as tru ly the ar t is t ic inst inct as thou gh i t had been bred in a Fr e n ch scho ol of des ign. I t resem bles somewh at the

Solomon's sea l , of w h i c h it is a c o n n e c t i o n .

S O L O I T O N ' S S E A L .

Polygon at um biflbrnm.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMLily-of-the-valley. Greenish yellow Scentless. New England May, June,

or white. southward.

Flowers ; growing singly, or in pairs on slender pedicels that droop from theaxil of each leaf. Perianth : bell-shaped ; six-toothed. Stamens : six. Pistil:

one. Fruit: a small, globular, blue berry. Leaves: alternate ; broadly ovate ;almost sessile ; growing on the upper side of the stem; covered with soft hairsand whitish underneath. Stem ; curving gracefully; glabrous. Rootstock:

jointed ; scarred.

T h e r e i s no doubt but that the r o u n d scars left on the ro ot-

stock of the Solomon's sea l by the dead sta lks of the preced

in g year, do resemble the impress ions made by sea ls upon wax ;

but wh erein these seals r esem ble those used by Solomon is s t i l l

a m y s t e ry to m a n y . T h e plant both in flower an d fru it is a

m ost effective featur e of the wo ods.

F A L S E S O L O I T O N ' S S E A L . W I L D S P I K E N A R D . Vag?iera racembsa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMLily-of-the valley. Greenish white. Slightly fragrant. Mostly May .

north.

Flozvers : tiny; growing in a compound panicle. Perianth: of six divisions.Stamens: six Pistil: one. Fruit: a crimson berry speckled with purple.Leaves: alternate ; oblong; pointed at both ends; parallel-veined; fluted onthe edges ; slightly hairy. Stem : ascending two to three feet high.

T h e bloom and frui t of this p la nt a re v e ry different f rom

those of the Solomon's sea l . In fact it is the m ore s tr i k in g of

the two and has an elusive, sweet pe rf u m e . A w a r m f r i en d s h ip ,

how ever, exists between them and they are often f o u n d g r o w

in g c lose ly together, when the s imi lar i ty of their leaves andgrowth might cause them to be mistaken for e a ch othe r . T h e

fruit of the false So lom on 's sea l we frequen t ly notice is so

heavy as to bend the s ta lk to the ground.



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L .

F A L S E L I L Y = O F = T H E = V A L L E Y . T W O = L E A V E D

S O L O M O N ' S 5 E A L .Unifblium Canadense.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMLily-of-the-valley. White or Sweet. New England south- May, June,

faint yellow. wa rd and westward.

Flozvers; small; clustered in a terminal spike. Perianth : four-parted.Stamens : four. Pistil: one ; stigma two-lobed. Fruit: a round, red berry.Leaves ; similar to those of the true lily-of-the-valley ; long, pointed, heai t-shaped at base. Stem : short j five inches high; bearing two leaves.

T h e name of this l i t t le plant is most misleading, as i ts leavesa lone suggest any rese m blance to the l i ly -of- the-val ley . T h e

f lowers art: m ore l ike those of a sm all fa lse Solom on 's seal . It

i s found abundantly on the edges of mossy, deep woods and

a r o u n d the bases of old trees. In the late sum m er its spikes

of re d be rr i e s a re e x t re m e ly pr e t t y.

I N D I A N C U C U M B E R = R O O T .Medeola Virginian a.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMLily-of-the-valley. Greenish yellow. Scentless. Rather genera l. June.

Flowers : sm al l; clustered on short reflexed pedicels at the summit of thestem. Perianth : of six reflexed segments. Stamens: six, of deep, rich brown.Pistil: one with three recurved, long, brown stigmas- Leaves: in two sets of

whorls ; the lower set of seven to nine ovate-lanceolate, netted-veined leaves ;the upper set of three to four smaller leaves. Stem: erect; and covered, asthe leaves, with a cottony fuzz, apparently quite loose. Kooistock: thick;

somewhat suggesting in taste and appearance a cucumber.

W h e n Colu m bu s d i s c ov e re d A m e r i c a a nd t he Ind ia ns , he

m u s t a ls o ha ve d is c ov e r e d the c u c u m be r -ro ot . T h e y a re a l ik e

c ha r a c t e r i s t ic o f the s o il o f N o r t h A m e r i c a . L i k e the pr i m i t iv e

people i t loves so w ell , the plan t is a m odel of erectness and

sym m etry of for m . I t has a lso the Indian's love of sec lus ion

an d the s i lence of the forest .

Ow ing to its be ing possessed of m edic inal pr oper t ies , the ge

ner ic na m e M'edeola is after the sor ceress M ed ea . She i t was

who m ixed the po rt io n for the s leepless dra gon that guar ded

the golden f leece ; and enabled Jason to carry i t off , as well as




M e d e a he rs e lf , i n h i s w ond e rf u l s h i p t he Argo. L i t t l e d i d sh e

then suppose that a plan t of a s trange people w ou ld ser ve to

r e c a l l the s tory .

L A R G E - F L O W E R E D W A K E - R O B I N . (Plate LXXIII.)Trillium grandijtbrum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMLily-of-the-valley. White, turning Scentless. Vermont to Penn. May , June,

later to pink. and westward.

Flowers: terminal; solitary. Calyx: of three, long, pointed, green sepals.Corolla : of three pointed petals ; sometimes three inches long. Stamens : six.Pistil: one ; stigma having three branches. Fruit: a red or purple berry.Leaves: whorled in threes below the flower; ovate; triple-veined. Stem:

erect ; simple. Rootstock : rather tuberous.

Th e t r i l l i u m s a re a m on g t he c hoi c e s t w i ld flow ers o f N o r t h

. A m e r i c a ; and with the exc ept ion of a few Japanese and H i m a

l a y a n s pec ie s a re pe c u l i a r to t he c o u n t ry . T . gra n d i f loru m is

possessed of a chaste , d igni f ied beau ty , but is withou t fragr ance .

We especia l ly lament this , as the greater number of large , white

f lowers are heavi ly scented.In supp or t of the theor y that a l l peta ls w ere or igin al ly leaves ,

t hose o f the t r i l l i u m s ha v e a c u r i ou s w a y o f oc c a s i on a l ly t u r n

ing into leaves.

P A I N T E D T R I L L I U M . (Plate LXXPV)Trillium unduldtum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMLily-of-the-valley. White, veined with Scentless. Following the A lie- Spring.crimson and purple. ghany Mountains

to Georgia.

Flowers : terminal ; solitary. Perianth : of three green sepals and three white, pointed petals. Stamens: six. Pistil : one, with three curving stigmas.Fruit: a. beautiful, ovate, rather angled, red berry, an inch and a quarter inlength. Leaves: large; ovate; triple-veined; in whorls of three on thestem, at times almost hiding the flower. Stem : brownish at the top. Roots :

poisonous.

Pe rh a ps t he m os t d e l i c a t e ly be a u t i f u l m e m be r o f t he f a m i ly is the painted t r i l l ium ; a l tho u gh the m a r k i n g o f the w h i te , or

pink peta ls with wine co lou r has given r ise to the susp ic ion

t ha t t he a r t s ha v e be e n c on s u l t e d . T h e na m e , how e v e r , is no




PRINTED IN AMERICA.



1 4 6 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O U ,

doubt an in just ice , as the p lant 's nature i s shy, and i t h ides i t

self i n t h e co o l , m o i s t w o o d s .

In the sou th ther e is a sessi le t r i l l i u m w h i c h h a s l e m o n - c o l o u r e d p e t a l s a n d a d e l i c i o u s f r a g r a n ce .

I L L - S C E N T E D W A K E = R O B I N . B I R T H R O O T .

Trillium erecttun.


Lily-of-the-valley. Purplish red. Unpleasant. Mostly north. April-June.

Flowers: terminal; so lita ry; slightly inclined to be nodding. Perianth:

of three green, pointed sepals and three large, recurved petals. Stamens ; six.Pistil: one, having three stigmas. Fruit: a large, angled, red berry. Leaves ;

broad ; ovate ; netted-veined ; whorled in threes on the flower-stalks a little below the flower. Stem : stout ; simple ; smooth. Rootstock: tuberous.

In th e e a r l y s p r i n g t h i s b e a u t if u l y o u n g cr e a t u r e b e g i n s i ts

ca r e e r i n th e w o o d s . W e ca n n o t , h o w e v e r , b e v e r y s y m p a t h e t i c

w ith i t , in spite of i ts go o d loo ks , as i t rep els us by i ts alm ost

fetid o d o u r . Its co m m o n n a m e , a l so , w h i l e p r e t ty , i s r a t h e r d e

ce p t i v e . T h e p l a n t d o e s n o t w a ke th e r o b i n s , b e ca u s e t h e y h a v e b e e n ch i r p i n g a n d h o p p i n g a b o u t o n la w n s l o n g b e f o r e th e

flo w e r ca m e i n t o b l o o m ; a n d t h e y a r e n o t e s p e c i a l l y f o n d o f

the dark woods that the t r i l l i u m loves best . So a l toge ther we

are inc l ine d to bel ieve that the p lant has too great an idea of

i ts own im po rtan ce, an d that i t does no t possess the inna te

qual i t ies o f v i r tue which i t would have us bel ieve.

B E L L W O R T .

Uvularia sessilifblla.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMBunch-flower. Straw colour. Scentless. New England to Georgia. May , June.

Flowers ; one or two that droop from slender peduncles. Perianth ; bell-shaped, of six separate divisions. Stamens; six. Pistil: one ; styles-three-cleft. Leaves; lance-oblong and sessile, as the name indicates. Stem :

angled.

T h e f l o w e r s o f t h i s p r e t t y p l a n t a r e u s u a l l y d e s cr i b e d a sd r o o p i n g m o d e s t l y , a n d n o d o u b t i t i s o n l y t o t h o s e o f p e r v e r t e d

eyesight that they appear l ike a n au ghty l i t t le g i r l w n o m i g h t

be good i f she w ou ld ; but f rom lack of the wish i s co nt in ua l ly



PLATE LXXV. PANICLED BE LLFL OWE R. Campanula divaricata.

(i47)



1 4 8 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L .

c ons t ra i ne d to h ide h er s e l f un der h er n ur s e ' s ap r o n . I t wo u ld

b e s o m uch p leas an ter fo r ev er y b o dy i f th e b e l lwo r t wo uld n o t

hide away und er i ts leaves q uite so m uc h.

P E R F O L I A T E B E L L W O R T .

Uvularia perfoltata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMBunch-flower. Pale yellow. Scentless. New England south- May, June.

ward to Florida.

T h e p r in c ip a l d if fer en ce b etween th e p er fo l ia te b e l lw o r t an d

the pr ec ed ing species is that the leaves of the latter are un ited

at their bases abo ut the stems. T h is gives a p lea sing effect,

as th o ug h th e s tem s h ad p ier ced th r o ug h th e leav es fo r

th e p ur p o s e o f th r o w in g th e flo wer s m o r e in to p r o m in en ce .

B o t h v ar ie t ies ar e fo un d r ath er g en er a l ly in r ich wo o ds .

P A N I C L E D B E L L F L O W E R . (Plate LXXV.)

Campanula divaricdta.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMBelljlower. Blue. Scentless. Southern Alleghanies. June-August.

Flowers: small; one-third of an inch long; nodding; growing in spreadingpanicles. Calyx ; five-lobed. Corolla ; bell-shaped ; five-lobed. Stamens ; five.Fislil: one, protruding, with three stigmas. Leaves: scattered ; lanceolate ;coarsely toothed. Stem : erect; branching.

Wh e n on some m ou ntain -top these l i t t le bel ls are fres hly

was h ed b y a th un der -s h o wer , an d th e s un s h in es o ut to dr y

them off as the bree ze sways them gai ly to an d fro , we fancy we have found the en cha nted la nd of the l i tt le people . T h e y

ar e to o t in y an d g en t le to b e lo n g to th e w o r ld o f g r o wn -up fo lk .

Oh, sweetly nodding little bellsThat ring sweet chimes for the fairies' dell.

C A N A D A V I O L E T . (Plate CXXXV.)

Viola Canadensis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM Violet. White, the twoupper Frag rant. North and west. S u m m e r ,

petals purple underneath.

T h i s is the large st an d bo lde st o f ou r w i ld v io lets , o ften



P L A T E L X X V I . D A L I B A R D A . Dalibarda repens.

(i49)




r e a c h i n g a he ight of two feet. I t b loom s t hrou ghou t t he s e a

son and has i ts home in r ich w ood s , or on m ou n t a i n-t ops . In

the ear ly season i ts f ragr anc e is ha r dly pe rc ep t ible , but i t bec om e s s t ron ge r a s the s u m m e r a d v a n c e s . T h e lea v e s a re

he a r t -s ha pe d , t oot he d , a nd t he y ha v e s t ipu le s . T h e s te m s a re

lea f y. I t c a n re a d i ly be re c o gni s e d i n t he c o lou re d -pla t e i llu s

t r a t io n .

V. rotundifblia, or ro u n d - le a v e d v i o le t , a l so ha s i ts hom e i n

c o o l , no rt h e r n w ood s. I t i s a pa le -y e l low v a r i e t y w i t h a v e ry

s h o r t s pu r a nd la t e ra l pe t als t ha t a re v e i ne d w i th bro w n. T h e

r o u n d i s h , cren ate leaves l ie f la t o n the gr ou nd and gr ow ver y

la rge a nd s hi ny d u r i n g t he s u m m e r. T h e p la nt is not le a fy

s t e m m e d .

H A W T H O R N . S C A R L E T - F R U I T E D T H O R N .

Crataegus coccinea.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM Apple. White, pink, or reddish. Unpleasant. Newfoundland to Spring.

Manitoba, S. to Floridaand Texas.

Flowers: large ; clustered in a corymb. Calyx: five-cleft. Corolla: of fiverosaceous petals. Stamens: numerous. Pistil: one. Fruit: bright scarlet;not eatable. Leaves: on petioles ; roundish ovate : often lobed ; serrate. A low tree or shrub, the branches beset with sharp thorns.

T h e ha w t horn d i v i s i o n of the a pple f a m i ly a bou n d s i n a n u m

ber of s m a l l t re e s t ha t u nf o ld a n a b u n d a nc e o f b loo m i n the

e a r ly s pr i ng . T h e b los s om s b le nd w i t h a l l the pa le gre e n a nd

pink tones that f irst cover the d u l l grey of the winter .

T h e d w a r f t h o r n , C. nnifldra, w hi c h is f ou nd i n s a nd y

places , i s one of the few that can be properly ca l led shrubs .

D A L I B A R D A . (Plate LXXVI.)

Dalibdrda ripens.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMRose. Pure white. Faintly sweet. North. June, July.

Flowers: one or two borne upon slender scapes. Calyx: of five or six unequal divisions, the three larger ones closing over the fruit. Corolla: about aninch broad; of five, delicate, spreading petals. Stamens: numerous. Pistils:

five to ten. Leaves: from the base ; spreading in a tuft; on long petioles ; cordate ; toothed and mottled with a lighter shade of green. Rootstock: creeping.



PLATE LXXVII. EARLY WHITE ROSE. Rosa blanda.

(ISO




A sweet l i t t le f lower that cannot but cast a spe l l of enchant

m e nt ov e r t hos e tha t l i nge r ne a r i t i n i ts w ood la nd hom e . I ts

c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s re m i nd u s s t ro ngly o f t he v i o le t f a m i ly ; bu t ataste f or nu m e rou s s t a m e ns ha s c a u s e d i t t o be c la s s e d a m ong

the ros e s . I t s ee m s u nf or t u na t e t ha t no En gl i s h or pe t na m e

ha s e v e r be e n be s t ow e d u pon t he f low e r , w hi c h w ou ld e nd e a r i t

to us by a fee l ing of c loser fr ien dsh ip.

E A R L Y W H I T E R O S E . {Plate LXXVII.)

Rosa bldnda,


Rose. White. Slightly frag rant. Mostly north. Late spring.

T h i s be a u t i fu l w i ld ros e o f ro c k y ba n k s a nd w ood s has a t

tach ed i tse l f to a l l tha t are fr ien ds of the f low ers . I ts peta ls

a re la rge a nd wavy, a n d i t is v e ry lea fy . U n f or t u n a t e ly , R .

b landa is ra t he r ra r e , a nd u nle ss w e k now of som e qu i e t

s pot w he re i t b low s , w e m a y s e a rc h f or i t i n v a i n t hro u gh ou t

a s e a son. I t is na t i v e to A m e r i c a only .

E A R L Y M E A D O W R U E .

Thallctrum dioicum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMCrow foot. Purplish pink. Scentless. New England south' April, May.

ward and westward.

Flowers: growing in loose panicles. Calyx: of four or five petal-like sepalsthat fall early. Corolla : none. Stamens: indefinite in number. Pistils: four

to fifteen, on different plants from the stamens. Leaves: alternate ; much di vided into three to seven-lobed leaflets, the upper ones smooth and pinnate.

T h i s pla nt is f re qu e nt ly c u l t i v a t e d on a c c ou nt o f i ts gra c e f u l

f o li a ge , f e rn -l i k e s pra y s o f w hi c h m i ngle v e r y pr e t t i ly w i t h

ot her f low e rs . T h e b loo m is ra t he r u n a t t ra c t iv e f rom t he po i nt

of be a u t y , bu t i t is a m os t i nt e re s t i ng s tu d y bo t a ni c a l ly .

T. purpurdscens, pu rp l i s h m e a d ow ru e , c om e s i nto b loo m a l i t tl e

la t e r t ha n t he pre c e d i ng s pe c ie s . I ts c om po u n d pa n i c le s a re

c o m p o s e d of feathery s tam inate or pis t i l la te blossom s. O n the

del icate leaf le ts are often fou nd hair s w hich ar e t ippe d with

m i n u t e g l a n d s .

T. Polygamum, Pla t e X L V I I .



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L . 1 5 3

C O L U J T B I N E .

Aquilegia Canadensis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMCrowfoot. Red and yellow. Scentless. General. April, May.

Flowers : terminal; solitary ; nodding from thread-like flower-stalks. Ca

lyx : of five, red, ovate sepals. Corolla : of five, united, tubular, spurred petals;red on the outside and within yellow. Stamens: numerous; projecting. Pis

tils : rive ; the styles very slender. Leaves : the lower ones on petioles and di vided twice, or thrice into lobed leaflets; the upper ones nearly sessile, entireor lobed. Stem : twelve to eighteen inches high; branching ; glaucous.

" Is i t no t afr aid ?" ask ed a l i t t le chi ld who saw the co lum

bine as i t was ben t and swayed by the win d over a r oc ky cli ff ,

a n d a ppe a re d to c l i n g so l i ght ly to the c ru m ble d soi l . " N o , "

was the answer, " the colum bine has a fearless heart an d a

spir i ted courage : i t i s never a fra id ."

Re c e n t ly w e ha v e be e n he a r i ng c ons i d e r a ble a bou t its pa

t r io t i s m ; an d it has been show n to us as " the peace that

ma kes for pow er, an d the power that m akes for peace ." T h is

s igni f icance is found in the resemblance of various parts of theflower to an eagle a nd a d ov e . T h e ge ne r i c na m e a qu i le g ia , or

in L a t i n aq uila , an eagle, is f rom the cur ved spurs that in cer

tain forms of the f lower suggest the bir d 's five ta lons . Co lu m

bine, or columba, was chosen for i t because in another pos i t ion

ca n be seen a r i n g of doves , or two tur t le doves , ac co r din g to

one 's c le a rne s s o f v i s i on . In ou r c h i ld h oo d w e i nv a r i a b ly see

the latter.

" O columbine, open your folded wrapper, Where two twin turtle doves dwell 1"

L o o k i n g at the fr on t view of the flower we can pictu r e a five-

r a y e d star. A s ingle nectar ie im itates a l ib er ty cap ; an d in

t he long s pu rre d f orm s w e ha v e t he h o r n of plenty . Some one

of i ts species can be foun d thr ou gho ut the cou ntr y ; and i t

b loom s in a l l of our nat ion al colou rs , re d , white and blue . T h eplant i s indigeno us to our soi l an d one that is in no sense a

weed. T o be used for deco ra t ive des igns i t i s a lso pecu l iar ly

well adapted.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lounsberry-alice-ellis-rowana-guide-to-the-wildflowers 205/432COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.



PLATE LXXIX. BLACK COH OSH. Cimicifuga racemosa.

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B L A C K C O H O S H . B L A C K S N A K E R O O T . B U G B A N E .

{Plate LXXIX.)

Cimicifuga race??ibsa,FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Crowfoot. White. Disagreeable. General. Summer.

Flowers: growing in racemes one to three feet in length. Calyx: of four orfive early falling sepals. Corolla : very irregular, two of the petals appearinglike transformed stamens. Stamens: numerous; with protruding filamentsthat give the whole a feathery appearance. Pistils: one, two or three.Leaves: alternate ; pinnately-divided, the leaflets deeply toothed. Stem : threeto eight feet high.

It is w ell that the India ns have give n this p lan t the re pu tat ion of bein g eff icacious for sn ake -bite ; an d that i ts gen er ic

nam e, s igni fy ing to dr ive away bugs , endues i t w i th the power

of e x pe l l i ng p la nt v e rm i n. Ot he rw i s e w e m i ght be i nc l i ne d to

shower an athemas upo n i t, as a dece i t fu l thin g that beck on s

us to i ts presence by its w and -l ike racem es and then treats us

to such an unpleasant od ou r that we are pro ne to hasten away

as swif tly as poss ible . I t may tr uly be classed am on g thoseobjects to w hich , f rom the s tandpoint of frail hu m a ni t y , d i s

tance lends enchantment .

E A R L Y S A X I F R A G E .

Saxtfraga Virginiensis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMSaxifrage. White. Scentless. Northeast to Georgia March-June.

westward toTennessee.

Flowers : small; densely clustered in cymes upon the ends of hairy scapes.Calyx: of five very short sepals. Corolla: of five petals. Stamens: ten.Pistil: one, with two styles. Fruit: a many seeded, purple capsule. Leaves :

clustered at the root; obovate ; toothed. Scape: three to nine inches high;clammy.

Al l the t i m or ou s , he s i t a t ing be a u t y o f the e a r ly s pr i ng b loo m

cluster s abou t the saxifra ge. It s l ips into the woods qu ietly , as

though fearful that i f it m ade a noise or a t trac ted too m uch

a t te nt i on , J a c k Fr o s t m i ght s e nd s om e one , or c om e hi m s e lf ,

which w ou ld be w ors e , a nd pu ni s h i t by re t a rd i ng its grow t h.

W e find i t on the top, or in the clefts , of ro cks , w hich i t h as



t



1 58 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L .

been kno wn to bre ak a sun der . In fact, to wa tch this l i t t le plant

is a m ora l lesson in the achievem ents that can be br ou ght about

by quiet wil l power.

F O A M F L O W E R . F A L S E J T I T R E = W O R T .

Tiarella cordifblia.


Saxifrage. White. Scentless. New England April, May.southward and westward.

Flowers: growing in a raceme on a high scape. Calyx: of four, partedsepals. Corolla: of five, clawed petals. Stamens: ten; long, with orange-redanthers. Pistil: one, with two styles. Leaves: from the base ; cordate ;lobed ; very mottled. Scape: about a foot high ; hairy. The plant is from arootstock and is reproduced by runners that spread in summer.

A l i t tle boy whose s ister ra n to him with her hands full of

the delica te foam-flower that she had gather ed in the wo ods,

threw it dow n in disgust an d said : " Sister, i t has for gotten i ts

c lothes ." H e m issed the leaves that he ha d been accustom ed

to see ing on f lowers and was indignant at the long, naked

s t e m .

i T I T R E - W O R T . B I S H O P ' S C A P .

JMitella dip hy I la.


Saxifrage. White. Scentless. New England southward. May.

Th e m itre -w or t is ver y s im ilar in effect to the foam -flower ,

alth ou gh its beau ty is of a m uch m ore frag i le type. Its stems

are low an d ha iry an d i t pr otects i tse l f wi th a few s tem

leaves which are opposite and sessi le ,

B U N C H = B E R R Y . D W A R F C O R N E L . {Plate ZXXX.)

C6r?ius Canadmsis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMDogivood. White and green. Scentless. New York westward. June.

Flowers: very small, greenish and wrapped about by an involucre that appears like four pointed sepals. Calyx: tiny; four-cleft. Corolla: of fourspreading petals. Stamens: four. Pistil: one. Fruit: a bunch of closely

clustered, round, red berries. Leaves: ovate ; pointed ; nerved; the upperones whorled and apparently forming a resting place for the flowers. Stem :

erect ; bearing below a number of scale-like leaves.

A pr ou d l i t tle th ing is the bun ch-berr y , and a l tho ugh i t is




the smal lest member of the family , i t has wrapped about i tse l f

a white peta l- l ike invo lucr e that i s on ly ind ulge d in by a few

other dogwoods , as i s the case with the largest and most import

ant of them al l , the C. f lor ida . I t has pr ob ab ly foun d out that

s ize i s not such an essent ia l m atter . " B ign ess , " Bish op Po tter

says, " is not gre atne ss."

After the b loo m has passed, the f lower-sta lk s tretches upw ar d

an d be a rs a bu n c h o f a t t ra c t i v e re d be rr i e s . T h e y a re qu i t e

edib le. In the r ich w ood s o f N e w J e rs e y t he p la nt grow s pro-

l i f ically.

F L O W E R I N G D O G W O O D . {Plate LXXXI.)

Cornus fibrida.


Dogwood. White and green. Scentless. Rather general. May, June.

Flowers: tin y; perfect; green ; growing in a cluster and surrounded by ashowy involucre of four obcordate petal-like bracts, notched at the apex.Leaves: simple; el lipt ical ; netted-veined; glabrous. A shrub or tree twelveto thirty feet high ; woody; branching ; leafy.

A l m o s t too w el l kno w n to need any descr ipt ion is this shr ub

or tre e . L i k e the l i tt l e bu nc h- be r ry i t is pr ov i d e d w i t h a be a u

tiful white invo lucr e and i t can be seen at a great d is tance .

H a r d l y a ny one o f ou r s hru bs c on t r i bu t e s m o re t o t he be a u t y

of t he s pr i ng w ood s .

T h e pity is that when at the height of i ts bloom it is so often

s t r i p p e d of i ts f lowers, and great branches of i t are broken off by

ruthless hands that seem to be qui te ignorant of the harm they a r e d o i n g .

I ts hom e is i n t he ro c k y w ood s , a nd a c c or d i n g t o the t ra d i

t ion of the people , i t b loo m s just a t the pr oper t im e for pla n t ing

Indian c o r n .

R O U N D = L E A V E D D O G W O O D .

C6r?ius c ire In at a.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMDogwood. White. Scentless. New England June.

southward and westward.

Flowers: small, in a flat open cluster having no involucre. Calyx : with fourminutely-toothed sepals. Corolla: with four petals. Stamens: four. Pistil:




one. Fruit: a light blue berry. Leaves: opposite; oval, pointed; downy underneath. A shrub three to ten feet high, the branches streaked with whiteor green; warty.

A l t h o u g h ra the r fa i thful in i ts love of the w oods , where i t

set tles i tse l f by the paths an d roa dw ays so as to no d to the

pa s s ers by , t h i s pre t t y s hr u b is not a s d i s c r i m i na t i ng a s i t

m i ght be i n t he m a t t e r o f soi l . T o r i c h o r p o o r , r o c k y o r

san dy, i t appear s to be a l ike indi f ferent . F r o m i ts bark is ex

t ra c t e d c or ni n e , a pow e rf u l e x t ra c t t ha t is u s e d f or a t oni c . It

is s i m i la r t o qu i n i ne .

S O U R W O O D . S O R R E L - T R E E , (Plate ZXXX/I.)

Oxydendrum arboreum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMHeath. White. Sweet like honey. Penn. southward, April, May.

Florida to Mississippiand westward.

Ft -owers: growing in terminal panicles. Calyx: five-parted; pubescent.Corolla: five-toothed; pubescent. Stamens : ten. Pistil: one. Leaves: alter

nate ; ovate ; pointed; sour. A tree fifteen to forty feet high.I t w ou ld be a v e ry qu e e r w or ld i nd e e d i f w e s hou ld e v e r los e

o u r f a i t h i n t he c om pe ns a t i ons o f D a m e N a t u re ; a nd y e t w he n

w e s ee t he O. a r bor e u m c ov e re d w i t h i ts s pra y s o f e x qu i s it e

b l o o m , w e c a nn ot bu t w o nd e r a bou t t hos e poor l i t tl e s hru bs

t ha t ha ve c a re d s o t e nd e r ly for t he i r bu d s a n d a re a f te r a l l so

very plain . Ev e ry good g i f t , i t s e e m s , ha s be e n s how e re d u pon

this lo ve ly tree. It has the sweet f ra gra n c e , the d e l i c a t e beau ty of the l i ly -of- the -va l ley ; an d co m bin ed as i t is in

m asses, it g ives a l l the s tr on g e ffect of a bo lder blo om .

T h e on ly d i ff icul ty i s that one is tem pted to s i t dow n bes ide

it a nd ne v e r go a w a y .

M O U N T A I N L A U R E L . C A L I C O - B U S H . S P O O N W O O D .

(Plate LXXXIII.)

Kdlmia latifblia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMHeath. White or pink Very frag rant. Inland and May,June,

deepening into red. middle states.

Flowers: terminal; axillary; growing in rich umbel-like clusters. Calyx:

©t five sepals; clammy and covered with hairs. Corolla: wheel-shaped ; five-



i 6 2 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L .

lobed. Stamens: ten; the anthers of each one held by a depression of thecorolla. Pistil: one. Leaves: alternate; elliptical; entire; evergreen andshiny. Stem : ten to thirty feet high ; woody.

Al l flowers ar e lovely , but the beau ty of the laur el has plac ed

it wh ere it stands quite alone ; an d by m any lover s of f lowers

it is thought to be the most beautiful of those native to

A m e r i c a . It is a lso en dea re d to us by i ts m any virtu es. It is

very d om est ic, and has a s tr on g love for i ts own hom e. I ts

m i n d is blessed w ith a ra re con tentm en t. In fact, i t w il l sel

do m endure tra ns plan t ing ; unless care has been taken to pr o

vide for i t soi l of the same q ua lity as that of i ts chosen gro ves.

T h e construct ion of the f lower is on the plan of a wheel , and

the s tamens co rr esp on d to the spokes . E a c h f ilament is he ld

an d s l ight ly ar che d by the anther, w hich is caugh t in a

p o u ch of the cor ol la . Th e device of this l i tt le trap is m ost in

genious and the m echan ism very fine. I t is set for Ma ster Bee

an d pat ient ly awaits his c om i ng. W he n he bru s he s a ga i ns t i t,

or jostles i t the least l i t t le bi t , the anther s become dis lo dged ,

s p r i n g up an d let fly fro m their cel ls r igh t in his face, or ov er

his back, such a vol ley of pol len that the poor, o ld , drowsy

t h i n g is qu it e d i s c on c e r t e d . T h i n k i n g h i m s e l f i nhos pi t a b ly re

ce ived, he then betakes himself to the next f lower, only to find

that his back is made heavier by another cargo of pol len, whi le

the pr ot r u d i ng s t i gm a is bu s y re l i e v i ng h i m of h i s first loa d .

T h e c lamm iness of the ca lyx and s tems is un dou btedly to pr e vent such smal l insects as would be unable to carry the pol len

for c ros s - f e r t i l i z a t i on , f rom c l i m bi ng u p i nt o t he f low e r a nd i n

t e r f e r i n g with i ts arrangements .

C h i l d r e n that are in sym pathy with the bees know of this

t rap, a nd w i l l i nv a r i a b ly k noc k t he b los s om s w i t h t he i r l i t t l e fin

gers for the pure pleasure of see ing the anthers sp rin g up a nd

the po lle n fly. A s yet, the bees have not taught them the afterl a b o u r of c a rry i ng t he po l le n .

T h e leaves of the plant are un for tuna te ly poisonous . A cr ys

ta l line substance that is re adi ly d isso lved out of them by co ld

water , is sa id to be m or e deadly than s trych nine . Catt le and



PLATE LXXXIV. SHEEP LAUREL. Kalmia angusiifolia.


PRINTED IN AMERICA.



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L . 163

s h ee p f a ll v i c t im s a n n u a l l y to e a t i n g th e s h r u b . U n p r i n c i p l e d

people have a lso made use of the leaves to increase the in

t o x i c a t i n g effect of l i qu or s .L o n g ago the re d m an knew of this po ison . I t was dear to

h i m . F o r w hen he be c a m e u n ha pp y , i t lu l le d h i m i nt o the lo ng

s le e p , a nd ha s te ne d h i s f oot s te ps to h i s ha pp y h u n t i ng gro u n d .

S H E E P L A U R E L . L A i T B K I L L . W I C K Y . (Plate LXXXIV)

Kdlmia angustifblia.


Heath. Rich, deep,pinkish Scentless. Newfoundland to Ju7ie.crimson. Georgia.

Flowers: axillary ; clustered in corymbs. Calyx: of five sepals. Corolla :not quite half an inch broad, with five lobes. Stamens: ten ; the anthersdark-coloured and nestling in the pouches. Pistil: one. Leaves : narrow ; in

whorls of three; pale. A shrub growing about a foot high.

S u ch a w e a l t h o f w i t c he ry c lu s t e rs a bou t la m bk i l l t ha t w e a re

ver y , ve r y lenient to i ts fa i l ings an d a lmo st pro ne to for give

t he m a l t oge t he r . I t i s, u n ha ppi ly , the m os t po i s onou s o f the

l a u r e l s , a n d e x e r c i s e s t h i s p o w e r o v e r p o o r , d u m b a n i m a l s ,

which, t o s a y t he le a s t , i s not v e ry s port s m a nl i k e o f la m bk i l l .

B u t , on the othe r s ide , i t i s m ost s tup id of the bru te w or ld to

attempt to feast u pon t h i s lov e ly s h ru b w he n it is so e v i d e n t ly

i n t e n d e d t o p lea s e a no t he r s e nse ; f or a h i l l s id e , or low gro u n d ,

that i s covered with i t , i s about as fa ir a s ight as can be seen.

G R E A T R H O D O D E N D R O N . A 1 T E R I C A N R O S E - B A Y .

G R E A T L A U R E L . (Plate LXXXV.)

Rhododendron maximum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMHeath. White, spotted with Scentless. New York to Georgia . July,

red and yellow.

Flowers: clustered together in great bunches ; the flower-stalks clammy.Calyx: of five very short, cleft sepals. Corolla : tubular ; almost bell-shaped; fiveparted and greenish in the throat. Stamens: ten. Pistil: one with a redstigma. Friut: a pod with small seeds. Leaves : broadly elliptical ; entire ; gla

brous ; evergreen ; in texture like leather. Stem : six to twenty feet high; woody ; fibrous; leafy.

T o com e up on one of the hau nts of the great lau re l in the

m oi s t shady w oods of sum m er, is to get an insp ira t ion that can

be re c a l le d w i th p le a s u re d u r i n g the w hole l i f e ti m e . F o r the




i m a g i n a t i o n c a n p i c t u re no m ore g lor i ou s bu rs t o f na t u re t ha n

that w hich w i l l then be spr ead out before one. I t were , how

ever, wel l for us not to try to fo l low our pathway through the waxy f lowers, but to im itate the custom of the sheep an d go

a r o u n d ; as t he i nt e rm i ng l i ng , c los e m a nne r o f t he i r grow t h is

in places so grea t as to m ake the way qu ite imp assable .

T h e shr ub is wel l a dap ted for c u l t iva t io n , when the flowers

becom e ver y large , and are most e f fective as deco ra t ions in

p a r ks . F o r th i s p u r p o s e it is y e a r l y b e c o m i n g m o r e p o p u l a r ;

but i t i s fut i le to transplant i t unless under favourable c l imaticinfluences. A m oi s t a t m os phe r e is ne c e s s ary f or i t to t hr i v e

well . Ou t o f t hre e t hou s a nd t ha t w e re p la nt e d on a n estate in

D u t c he s s Co u n t y , w he re the a i r ha s a pe c u l i a r d ry n e s s , not

m o r e t h a n th r e e h u n d r e d h a v e s u r v i v e d .

In th e s o u t h , w h e r e th e r h o d o d e n d r o n s a r e c o m m o n , t h ey

sometimes reach a he ight of twenty- f ive feet.

S M O O T H O R T R E E A Z A L E A . Azalea arborescens.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMHeatk. Rose. Sweetly fragrant. Georgia northward. June.

Flowers : growing in terminal clusters, and appearing after the leaves. Ca

lyx : five-toothed ; conspicuous. Corolla : funnel-form; of five somewhat irregular lobes that are viscid. Stamens: five. Pistil: one. Leaves: alternate;obovate ; glaucous ; pale underneath. A shrub that varies greatly in height.

S p r e a d i n g o v e r th e m o u n t a i n s o f G e o r g i a a n d s t r e t c h i n g to

the no rth w ar d m ay be foun d this exqu is i te rosy species that has , bes ides its beauty , a rar e perfum e. I t seems when in endo w

in g t h is s hru b a s t hou gh N a t u re ha d be e n i n one of he r la v i s h ,

s u n s h i n y m ood s. I t can be taken as a type of those that have

be e n c o l le c t e d s o e x t e ns i v e ly t o a d orn gre e nhou s e s .

S H I N = L E A F . (Plate ZXXXVI.)

Pyrola elliptica.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMHeath. White with a green tint. Fragra nt. Mostly north. June, July.

Flowers: growing on a scape in a long, wand-like raceme; nodding at theend. Calyx: of five sepals. Corolla: of five ovate, wax-like petals. Stamens:

ten. Pistil: one, protruding and curved ; stigma, five-divided. Leaves : clustered at the base of the plant; rather oval petiolatej evergreen; thin;



PLATE LXXXVI. SHIN-LEAF. Pyrola clliptica.

(165)



i66 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L .

marked with a dull, flesh colour. Scape : upright, with one, or two scaly bracts.

T o name this sw eet ly pr etty plant , shin-leaf , is very m uc hl ike c h r i s t e n i n g a l i tt l e , d i m p l e d b a b y , N e h e m i a h . I t w o u l d

s ee m a s t hou gh bot h w e re s l i ght ly i na pp ro pr i a t e . B u t a c c o r d

in g to t he d e a r o ld d oc t r i ne o f s i gna t u re s , p la nts s ho u ld be

cal led for the ir vis i ble uses ; an d as the leaves of these p lants

were lo n g ago used to assuage the hu rt of br uises , they came

to be associated with sh in-plaster s . No t that these p lasters

were h e ld in reserve for the shins a lone , but were ap pl iedq u i c k l y w h e r e v e r t h e h u r t m i g h t b e .

It is there fore ow ing to the eff icacy of the leaves that the

ge nt le b los s om s ha v e ha d a t t a c he d t o t he m s o p le be i a n a na m e .

P. rotundifblia, ro u nd -le a v e d w i nt e rgr e e n is a s i s te r p la nt o f

the shin- leaf , an d is a lm on d-scen ted. I t has num erou s br acts

on the scape and i ts leaves are thick an d shin y . I t is foun d in

rather m o r e o p e n w o o d s . T h e r e is a n o t h e r v a r i e t y w h i c h is

r o s e - co l o u r e d a nd grow s i n bogs .

P. seciinda, s e rr a t e d w i nt e rgre e n i s no t ic e a ble on a c c ou nt o f i ts

smal l , green f lowers , which turn to one s ide of the stem. It is

le s s e v e rgre e n t ha n t he pre c e d i ng s pe c i e s a nd ha s t he th in , d u l l

leaves of the shin-leaf .

C R E E P I N G W I N T E R G R E E N . M O U N T A I N T E A .

C H E C K E R B E R R Y . {Plate LXXXVII.)Gaultheria procitmbens.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMHeath. White. Scentless. Eastern United States. July-Septe7nber.

Flowers: usually one or more ; axillary ; nodding. Calyx : of five sepals.Corolla: bell-shaped, with five points. Stamens: ten. Pistil: one, to theovary of which the calyx adheres and grows fleshy into the fruit, which appears like a berry. It is very pretty, round and red. Leaves: alternate ; oval;evergreen; shiny. Stem : creeping on or under the ground and sending uperect branches.

D o w n d e ep i n e v e ry he a rt m u s t be a re m e m bra nc e o f t he

days when i t was a great event to go to the moist meadows for

the f irs t bu n c h o f v i o le ts , a n d la t e r i nt o the w ood s f or a ha nd

ful o f w i n t e r g r e e n . T h e d e li c a te b l o o m a n d b r i g h t b e r r i e s




gro w together in the late season. T h e y have , in com m on with

the leaves, a pleasant taste a nd a f ford m a ny a m e r ry m e a l to

a ni m a ls a nd b i rd s . W he n fate decrees that they sh al l b lushunseen and no one com es by to pick them , they s im ply d ry

upon the s tem un ti l the ir innate w isdom te lls them that the

g r o u n d is r ipe for sowing. T h e seeds are then let loose and

d r o p i n t o t he gro u n d . T h e Ind i a n k ne w t ha t f rom th i s p la nt

he could extract som ethin g to soothe his ach ing bones ; and the

white man is now do in g the same thing, as the oi l of w inter

gre e n i s c ons i d e ra bly u s e d f or rhe u m a t i s m .G. Shdllon, {Plate LXXXVIII) is a s m a l l w i nt e rgre e n s hru b t ha t

is no t very ge ne ra lly k no w n, as i t confines i tself to the pine wo ods

of the far west. It spreads ga i ly ove r the gro un d as thou gh i t

h ad no other object in l i fe than to make the a ir spicy and fresh.

T h e waxy f lowers grow in grace ful racem es ; and the g lossy ,

ovate leaves appear to be the very essence of heal thful v igour.

S P I C E - B U S H . B E N J A H I N - B U S H . F E V E R - B U S H .

Benzoin Benzoin.


Laurel. Greenish yellow. Spicy. Massachusetts south- March, April. ward and westwa rd.

Flowers: both staminate and pistillate, with a four-leaved involucre underneath; clustered along the branches and appearing before the leaves. Calyx:

of six sepals. Corolla: none. Stamens: nine, in the sterile blossoms. Pistillate flowers with a rounded ovary. Fruit : an oblong, red berry. Leaves ;

alternate; oblong; on short petioles; hairy along the margins and having anaromatic flavour. A shrub four to fifteen feet high , with brittle branches.

A valuable bush of the m oist woo ds an d thickets and one of

the earl ies t to com e into blo om . Its leaves and be rr ies , as i ts

na m e s pi c e - bu s h i m pl i e s , ha v e o f t e n pe r f orm e d k i nd ly s e rv i c e s

for housewives that l ive at a grea t d is tance from " the s tore ."

I N D I A N - P I P E . G H O S T F L O W E R . C O R P S E P L A N T .

(Plate LXXXIX.)

Mondtropa tail flora.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMIndian-Pipe. White. Scentless. General. June, July.

Flowers : terminal; solitary ; nodding ; in fruit erect. Calyx : of two to four



PLATE LXXXVIII. Gaultheria Shallo?i.

(169)



i7o P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L .

scales. Corolla : of four or five usually bract-like petals. Stamens; eight or ten with anthers attached horizontally to the filaments. Pistil : one; stigma,five-rayed. Fruit: a capsule, which after flowering, erects itself. Leaves : white andsmooth ; more truly scales than leaves. Stem : round ; smooth j waxy • abouteight inches high. Foots ; fibrous.

Few plants are uncanny, and we therefore shiver s l ight ly

wh en we take h o ld of the ghost-f lower, wh ich is so c lam m y and

white . I t further anno ys us by tur n ing black and deco m pos ing

a lm os t ins t a nt ly a fte r ha v i ng be en t ou c he d . Ch i ld r e n a nd In

dians, w hose ne rv e s a re pe rha ps m o re ha r d y t ha n thos e o f or

d i n a r y m or ta ls , de l ight in the plant . T h e form er play with i t,

an d the latter have some way of us ing i t supp osed ly tostrengthen the eyes ight .

T h e wh iteness of the plan t is ow ing to the absence of a l l

c h l o r o p h y l l gra i ns , or gre e n c o lo u r i ng m a t t e r ; a nd i t m a y not

be inappropriate to mention here that i t i s through the chemi

ca l change of these grains that we have the varied t ints of the

a u t u m n fol iage.

F A L S E B E E C H - D R O P S . P I N E S A P . (Plate LXXXIX.)

Hypopitys Hypdpitys.

FAMILY , COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMIndian-Pipe. Ecru or tawny. Fragrant. General. June, July,

occasionally red.

T h i s is a c losely al l ie d plan t to the Indian -pipe. T h e differ

ence between them is that the false bee ch-dr op s have m ore

f lowers. T h e y grow in a on e-s ided raceme and their hue is var iable . Bo th plants are con spicuou s in the deep, coo l woods

of s u m m e r .

W I L D G I N G E R .

Asarum Canadinse.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMBirthroot. Yellowish, spotted Scentless. Throughout the April, May.

with brown-purple. northernstates.

Flowers: solitary ; growing towards the ground on a slender peduncle in thefork of the tall leaves. Calyx: bell-shaped; three-lobed; the lobes spreading; acute. Corolla: none. Stamens: twelve. Pistil: one, with six spreading stigmas. Fruit: a fleshy capsule that bursts and scatters many seeds.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lounsberry-alice-ellis-rowana-guide-to-the-wildflowers 227/432COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.

PRINTED IN AMERICA.



Diagram of flower.

PLATE XC. NEVINS'S STONE CROP. Sedum Nevii.

(170




Leaves: on long petioles; broadly and deeply reniform; veined; velvety;pubescent. Rootstock : thick ; creeping, with an aromatic flavour, like ginger.

L i k e the i d o la t r ou s J e w s tha t bu r i e d t he i r i m a ge s i n the

e a r t h , where they had to be du g for to be detected , does thisp la nt hide its flower f rom the s ight of m en. N o dou bt , i t has

s om e t he ory i n s o d o i n g t ha t w e ha v e not be e n a b le t o d i s

co ver ; but in any case , i t has no t ke pt the secret of i ts h id i n g

pla ce v e ry w e l l, a s e v e ry c ou nt r y c h i l d knows where i t i s to be

f o u n d . T h e y c a l l i t, m o r e o v e r , " l i t t l e b r o w n j u g , " a n d t h is is

per hap s what has of fended the d ign ity of the ta l l , so le m n-look

in g l e a ve s . W he n i t is t a k e n u p f rom u nd e r t he d r i e d leavesof the winter , i t is seen to be ver y pre tty . Ow in g to its bu r ied

gro w t h, its c o lou r i n g is not br i l l i a nt , bu t the t one s a re t hos e

t ha t a re a lw a y s t e rm e d ge nt e e l . N a t u r a l ly , w e a re m u c h i n

t e re s t e d i n t he b los s om s as a qu a i nt li t tl e c ha ra c t e r o f m a r k e d

o r i g i n a l i t y .

N E V I N S ' S S T O N E C R O P . H O U S E L E E K . (Plate XC.)

Sedum Nevii.


Orpine. White. Scentless. Mts. of Virginia to Alabama. April, May.

Flowers: sessile and scattered along the recurved branches of the cyme.Calyx : of five linear sepals. Corolla : of five petals. Stamens : ten, shorterthan the petals, with brownish, purple anthers. Pistils : five. Leaves; thoseof the stem, alternate ; linear; scattered; those about the base, obovate, forming a rosette ; glabrous.

T h e d e a r hou s e le e k ha s not c om e d ow n t o us t hr ou gh the

ages w i t h on ly a t ho u g ht o f i ts ow n p le a s u re . I t ha s e v e r ha d

it in m i n d to a s s u a ge t he i l ls o f m a n k i n d . N os e ble e d is a r

rested w he n a f e w o f t he bru i s e d le a v e s a re laid u p o n t h e c r o w n

of the h ead ; an d i f ap pl ied to the temp les severe head aches are

gr ea t ly soo thed. I t is a lso exc e l len t to re l ieve the s t ings of in

sects . In a prim l i tt l e m a nne r i t m a y be f ou nd s i t t i n g u pont he t op o f ro c k s i n w a rm , e x pos e d p la c e s , w he re t he s u n c a n

p o u r d ow n u pon i t a s ge ne rou s ly a s i t p le a s e s .



PLATE XCI. AMERICAN ORPI NE. Sedum telephioides.

(173)




A M E R I C A N O R P I N E . L I V E - F O R - E V E R . {Plate XCI)

Sedum telephioides.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Orpine. Flesh colour. Scentless. Georgia northward. J u n e .

Flowers: growing in many-flowered, compact cymes. Calyx: of four or fivesepals. Corolla: of four or five lanceolate, or linear petals. Stamens: ten.Pistils : five. Leaves : alternate ; obovate ; entire ; the lower ones tapering intoa petiole; the upper ones sessile. Stem : erect; leafy; branching.

In com m on with i ts re lat ive of the gar de n, w hich was so

c h e r i s h e d by ou r gra n d m ot he r s a n d so d i s l i k e d by t he fa rm e rs ,

the w i ld orpi ne is a lm o s t ind e s t ru c t a ble . T h e pr i c e o f la nd e nters very li t tle into the ca lcu lat ions of the gar den variety and

it has imbibed, perhaps f rom the far m er, the love of ow ning a l l

a d j o i n i n g ter r i tor y . I t is ver y d if ficul t of exter m inat ion , as i t

l ives m ore by i ts leaves an d s ta lks than by i ts ro ots . T h e w i ld

variety , however, chooses most ly to cover rocks on high hil ls ,

which pr op er ty we do not begr udge i t, as the blo om is ex

tremely fresh and pretty , and so i t saves itself f rom t he re pu t a t ion of be i ng a t rou ble s om e w e e d .

D U T C H M A N ' S B R E E C H E S . W H I T E H E A R T S .S O L D I E R S ' C A P S .

Bicuculla Cucullaria.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMFumitory. White and yellow. Scentless. Mostly north. April, May.

Flo7uers : growing in a one-sided raceme on a naked scape. Calyx: of two

scale-like sepals. Corolla : somewhat heart-shaped, of four closed, coheringpetals ; the inner ones enclosing the anthers and stigma; the two outer, largerones extending into widely spreading spurs that suggest its name. Stamens :

six. Pistil: one. Leaves : from the base ; growing on slender petioles ; thricecompound and irregularly cut. Scape: slender; smooth. Rootstock : a scaly

bulb; slightly tuberous.

W h e n the soft, war m days of sp r in g load the a ir w ith a subt le

fragr ance , those am on g us that are so for tunate ly p laced as to

make i t pos s ible , wa nder to the woods in search of i ts ear ly

b l o o m . A n d t h e r e w e find t he D u t c h m a n 's bre e c he s . S t a i d

old soul as the Du tch m an is, he must r ea l ly have been sur pr ised

at the na m ing of this e ther ial pla nt after his trou ser s. It is

t ru e t ha t u nd e r m i t i ga t i ng c i rc u m s t a nc e s t he y ha v e ga i ne d a n



PLATE XCII. SMOOT H RUELLIA. RueUia strep,

(i75)




entrance into art , but never before have they been kn ow n to

mingle with the sweet w or ld of f lowers. T h e plants , how ever,

would scorn any idea of snob bery ; and i t is sa id with m ucht r e p i d a t i o n that the name of wh ite hearts is infinitely pr ett ier ,

a n d i t would seem a tr i f le more appropriate .

W e kno w that we ough t not to pick these quaint blossoms ;

every b otany in the lan d w i l l te l l us so . W e sho uld leave them

to be v is i ted b y their own insects and to be cr oss -fer t i l i zed, that

the species m ay cont inue a m on g us. Bu t we som etimes res is t

d o i n g just what is r ig h t ; and sad thou gh i t be , i t is cer ta inly true that few am on g us have suff ic ient ha rd iho od to wan der

back f rom the sp r in g woods w ithout just one l i t t le spray of this

f lower. It nods to us al l the way hom e ; i t s t imu lates our inte r

est in al l that grow s ; an d it loo ks so pr etty in the l i tt le vase

that suits i t well .

S Q U I R R E L C O R N .

Bicuculla Canadensis.

These l i t t le pink and green blossoms are nearly re lated to the

D u t c hm a n 's bre e c he s . T h e root s t oc k be ars s m a l l t u be rs t ha t

are not unl ike gra ins of c o r n . T h e b loom ha s a d e l ic a t e , hy a

c i n t h - l i ke f ra gra n c e . T h e i r hom e is i n the no rt h e r n w ood s .

P A L E C O R Y D A L I S .

Capnoldes sempirvirens.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMFumitory. Rose pink and yellow. Scentless. North andsoteth. May-August.

Flowers: growing in loose terminal clusters. Calyx: of two scale-like sepals. Corolla : of four closed, cohering petals; the upper one extending into ashort spur. Stamens : six. Pistil: one. Pod: long and slender. Leaves : di

vided into fine leaflets ; pale green ; glaucous. Stem : curving ; leafy.

T h e r e i s a s t rong f a m i ly re s e m bla nc e be t w e e n these blos s om s

an d those of the Du tch m an 's breeches ; and the cor ydal is i s,perh aps , a l i t tle m ore de l icate species . T h e flowers appear l ike

a num ber of s tran ge spri tes that have come from s om e w he re ,

nobo d y k now s w he re , a nd i nt e nd re s t i ng a w hi le on the s le nd e r

stem.




it p a p p o o s e -r o o t , w h i c h r a t h e r suggests that a specia l decoct ion

of i t i s he ld i n re s e rv e f or t he b la c k - e y e d l i t t l e c oppe r- s k i ns .

Y E L L O W L A D Y ' S S L I P P E R . {Plate XCIII)Cypripedium hirsutum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMOrchis. Yellow. Scentless. Mostly north and east. May, June.

Flowers : terminal; nodding and subtended by a leaf-like bract. Sepals:

long, slender. Lip : one and a quarter inches broad, veined with brown andforming an inflated pouch, the opening to which is a rounded orifice. Thetwo side petals also streaked with brown ; long and curling. Leaves: alternate ; ovate ; clasping ; parallel-veined ; pubescent. Stem: one to two feethigh; leafy ; downy. Orchis construction page 6 4 .

T h e c o lou r o f t h i s or c hi s i s a bov e a l l e nc h a nt i ng , w h i le t he

c oy ne s s o f i ts s ha pe a nd t he t w i r l i ng s id e s t r i ngs br e a t he ou t t he

e s se nc e o f c oqu e t ry . T h e r e is a n a le r tne s s , a c r i s pne s s o f

express ion abo ut the ou t-tur ne d toe w hich makes us fancy i t i s

o n l y a w a i t i ng t he w a v i ng o f s om e f a i ry ' s w a n d to s p r i ng ou t

with i ts c o m p a n i o n s a n d m i n g l e in a ga y w o o d l a n d d a n c e .

O n the w ood e d h i l l s id e s w he re w e m a y ha v e t he g oo d f or t u ne

to find i t, there is of ten gr ow in g in c lose pr ox im ity to i t the

s m a l l e r l a d y ' s s l i ppe r , C . pa r v i f lor u m . I t is o f a d e e pe r , r i c h e r

s h a de o f y e ll o w a n d h a s th e a d d e d c h a r m o f f r a g r a n c e .

T h e n am e C y p r i p e d i u m is f r o m t w o G r e e k w o r d s w h i c h m e a n

V e nu s ' s b u s k i n .

M O C C A S I N F L O W E R . P I N K L A D Y ' S S L I P P E R .

(Plate XCJV.)Cypripedium acaule.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMOrchis. Pink. Frag rant. Along the coast and May, June.

westward to Minn.

Flowers: large ; terminal; nodding and subtended by a leaf-like bract.The lip forms a drooping sac an inch and a quarter broad. It appears to

be split down the middle, but is nearly closed; much veined with a darkershade of pink. The sepals and petals vary from green to purple. Leaves:

two at the base ; sheathing the leafless flower-stalk; ovate ; many-veined.Rootstock: thick.

T h e pi nk la d y ' s s l i ppe r s how s v e r y p la i n ly i ts k i n s hi p to t he

p a m p e r e d d a r l i ngs o f t he c ons e r v a t or y . I t is a m ore la ngu i d



PLATE XCIII. YE LL OW LADY' S SLI PPER. Cypripedium hirsutum.


PRINTED IN AMERICA.



PLATE XCIV. MOCCASIN FLOWE R. Cypripedium acaule.

(i79)




beauty than the yel low species and we may fancy of a more

sensi tive and r et ir in g d ispo s i t ion. I t i s shy of ap pr oa ch ing the

haunts of men but rather hides in the sec lus ion of some deep

wo od or forest, where i ts love l iness i s seen by the cro n in g bee

an d t he s ou ghi ng w i nd only .

As the l ip resembles a moccas in much more than a s l ipper, i t

would seem that whi le we c la im the ye l low one for our own, we

s h o u l d re sign this o rch is to the people that have love d it so

well. L i k e the Ind i a n , i t is be c o m i ng ra re r e v ery y e a r , a nd u n

less we respect i ts love of f reedom and cease from care less ly

p i c k i n g i t , we shall soon find that l ike him i t has vanished f romu s f ore v e r .

S H O W Y O R C H I S .

Orchis spectdbilis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMOrchis. Purplish pink. Fragrant. New York to Georgia April, May.

and westward.

Flowers: growing loosely in a terminal spike. The sepals and petals unitedand forming a sort of crimson purple hood. The lip white and projecting backward into a short spur. Leaves: two ; large, from the base of the scape ;ovate ; shiny.

When the air is soft and sweet i n the e a r ly s pr i n g w ood s a n d ,

l o o k i n g f irst to one s ide and then to the other, we fol low some

shaded pathway ; i t may be that we shall find a nu m be r o f the

showy or chid s . T h e y are not , how ever, showy as the name

would have us be l ieve but ver y quaint and pr etty . T h e blossoms have queer l i t t le expressive faces, and we feel l ike

m a k i n g f r iends w ith them at once a nd not s tan din g on cer e

m o n y as w o u ld be m os t na t u r a l w i t h m a ny o f the m or e pre t e n

t ious members of the ir family .

G R E A T G R E E N 0 R C H I 5 .

Habenaria orbiculata.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Orchis. Green and white. Scentless. Mostly north. July.

Flowers: clustered loosely in a long spike. Corolla: two-lipped; the lip white, almost linear, drooping and without a fringe ; the spur one and a half



Single flower.

PLATE XCV. STRIPED CORAL- ROOT. Corallorhiza striata.

(1S1)




inches long, curved and gradually becoming thicker. Leaves: two only ; very large, sometimes a foot long, at the bottom of the scape and lying flat on theground ; almost orbicular ; parallel-veined. Scape : one to two feet high.

T h i s p e cu l i a r a n d s t r i k i n g o r ch i s p r o t e st s s t r o n g l y a g a i n s t

the Ju ly sun and rear s i tse l f in the ever gree n woods, or on the

shaded hi l l s ides . I ts co lo ur is so coo l an d tra nq ui l that we

wond er i t has not chos en to d w el l by the s ide o f a bro ok, wh ere

it co u l d o cca s i o n a l l y d i p i ts r o o t s in t h e w a t er . Da r n i n g -

needles have a warm fr iendship for the p lant and guard i t wel l ,

as one f inds some t im es to h is sorro w w hen see king to gaze at it

m o r e c l o s e l y .

S T R I P E D C O R A L - R O O T . (Plate XCV.)

Corallorhlza striata.


Orchis. Dark purple. Scentless. Northward across June.the continent.

Flowers: growing closely in a terminal raceme on a stout scape. Sepalsand petals almost alike, the lip being broader than either of them. Leaves:

none. Stem : one to two feet high with a number of scale-like appendages at

the base. Rootstock: much branched and toothed, similar to that of coral.

Unless we were wel l acquainted wi th the fami ly t radi t ions o f

the orc hids i t wo uld ha rd ly be suspe cted that the co ra l -ro ot is

a m em ber of the fam i ly . B u t int ima cy w i th i t reveals mu ch , as

is usual ly the case with m ost p lants . I t i s far f rom bein g wel l

kno w n an d chooses for i t s hom e the c oo l , deep woods of the

n o r t h .

C. Multiflbra, c o r a l -r o o t , is a c o m m o n a n d u n a t tr a c t i ve m e m ber o f th is genus w hich is found in ra ther open woods. Th e

flowers are sma l l , pu rpl ish or ye l low , and grow in a racem e. A s

the above sp ecies, i t is w ithou t green fol iage.

S im ply that a p lant is ca l led an o rch is w i ll som et im es cast

abro ad the im pr ess ion that i ts b loo m mu st be beaut i ful . B u t

the or ch is fam ily is no di fferent fro m othe r fam il ies. It has its

plain mem bers as w el l as those that are beau t iful . Ea c h one ispossessed of i t s own indiv idual i ty and weaves out i ts own

dest iny.



PLATE XCVI. RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. Peranium repens.

(183)



i S 4 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L .

R A T T L E S N A K E P L A N T A I N . {Plate XCVI.)

Peranium repens.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMOrchis. White. Scentless. Atlantic states. Late summer.

Flmvers: very small; arranged loosely on one side of a tall spike. Lip,inflated. Leaves: from the base and lying flatly about the ground in a circle ;ovate; conspicuously veined and spotted with a light shade of yellow, almost

white.

T h i s u p r i g h t , del icate s ta lk of t iny white flowers suggests

little to us of th e ter r ib le , b r i l l ian t ly -c o l o u r e d m o n s t e r w i t h

f laming eyes an d up r a is ed fan gs for wh ich i t h as b een n am ed.

B u t i t spr ings from the same root as i ts cur ious leaves, and they

are suppo sed to have a pec ul iar eff icacy in cu r in g the bites of

ratt lesnakes . T h e I n d i a n s a r e c r e d i t e d w i t h p l a c i n g g r e a t

faith in them . I t may be that they have a so oth ing effect o n

the wound ; but once let the two h on ey-like dro ps o f v en o m

that the snake has at the bo ttom of his fang be in ter jec ted ,

a n d the litt le white b l o s s o m s w o u l d p r o v e as effectual in r es to r

in g t h e v i c t i m .P.pubescens is a m o r e b e a u t if u l var iety , as its flowers grow less

on one side of the s p ike an d th e s in g ular m o tt l in g of the leaves

is m o r e p r o n o u n c e d , b e in g wi th wh i te an d dar k g r e e n .

C R I N K L E = R O O T . P E P P E R = R O O T . T O O T H W O R T .

Dentaria diphyila.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMMustard. White. Scentless. Maine southward. May.

Flowers: rather large; growing in a terminal corymb. Calyx: of foursepals that fall early. Corolla : of four cruciferous petals. Stamens : six ; of which two are shorter than the others. Pistil: one. Pod: flat; lanceolate.Leaves: two, on the stem, whorled and divided into three toothed leaflets.Rootstock : long ; fleshy and similar in taste to water-cress.

T h e r e is a lway s a cr i s p n es s an d freshness about the mustards,

m eet th em wh er e we will . U n d o u b t e d l y a m o n g th e m s e lv es

th ey ar e v er y w i tty . T h is one is fond of r oo tin g in leaf mo ldan d we wo uld s adly m is s it from the May woods i f some day i t

should learn the tr ick of w a n d e r i n g a n d s t r a y from us far away



Stamen. Pistil.

PLATE XCVI1. BLOOD-ROOT. Sanguinaria Canadensis.

('S5 ) .




H A I R Y R O C K - C R E S S .

Arabis hirsuta.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM M u s t a r d . W h i t t t in t e d -w it h g r e e n . Scent less . M o s t ly n o r t h w a r d . M a y , J u n e .

Flowers: small; clustered. Calyx: of four sepals that fall early. Corolla:

of four cruciferous petals. Stamens: six, two of which are shorter than theothers. Pistil: one. Leaves: numerous; saggitate. Stem : quite tall;erect; rough. Pods: linear.

A n o t h e r l i t t le f lower that is r ea dily rec ogn ised as one of the

m ustards . I t is not as luxu rio us in i ts taste a s t he pre c e d i ng

species and is content with the less r ich soi l of roc k y p la c e s

a n d hi l ls ides .

B L O O D - R O O T . I N D I A N P L A N T . {Plate XCVPI.)

Sanguinarla Canadensis.


P o p p y . W h i t e w i th y e llo w c en t r e . Scent less . G e n e r a l . A p r i l, M a y .

Flowers: terminal; solitary ; growing on a naked scape. Calyx: of twosepals. Corolla: of eight to twelve petals. Stamens: numerous. Pistil:

one. Fruit: an oblong pod. Leaf: one only, from the base; rounded;palmately-lobed; veined. Rootstock: fleshy and, as the stalks, containing a

blood-red juice.

T h e blosso m of the blo od -r oo t i s one of the m ost care ful ly

gu a r d e d o f N a t u r e ' s c h i ld re n . I ts sweet love l iness i s not thr ust

ru thless ly upon the w or ld to m ake i ts way the best i t can .

T h e leaf is care ful ly wr apped about the f lower bu d, and notunti l the form er is assur ed of the temper ature and the f itness

of the su rr ou nd ings , does i t unfo ld and a l low the scape to

stre tch upw ard be ar ing the beau t i fu l f lower. A n d how fa ir i t i s

o n l y those can kn ow that have seen it un fold i ts pur e, spotless

peta ls . Inde ed, i t i s too fragi le for the r oc ky hi l ls ides . T h e

winds carry off its petals and those that seek it often sigh to find

i t has a lready perished.

It seems s tran gely inco ngr uo us that the fluid of this plant

w ith its un usu al ly pure blos som sho uld have been used so ex

tens ive ly by the Indians to decorate their faces .




W I L D P H L O X .

Phlox divaricdta.


Polemoniutn. Pale lilac or Slightly frag rant. New York-west- April, May. blue. wa rd and southwa rd. '

Flowers: large, over an inch broad; terminal, in loose cymose clusters.Calyx : of five pointed sepals. Corolla : salver-form ; of five round lobesthat extend into a slender tube, and have an eye of a darker colour. Stamens:

five; unequal, in the tube of the corolla, with deep orange anthers. Pistil':

one; stigma, three-lobed. Leaves : lanceolate ; opposite ; entire. Stem : afoot to eighteen inches high; erect; spreading.

T h e r e is so gre a t a s i m i la r i t y be tw e e n t he w i ld phlox a nd

the cu lt ivate d for m s of the plant that wh en we meet it in the

m o i s t w ood s w e a re j u s t a l i tt l e s u r pr i s e d , a nd fe el i n c l i ne d to

ask i f i t is en joy ing i ts s tr ol l away from the gar den . I t has

such a c om pla c e n t e x pr e s s i on , how e v e r , t ha t w e h e s ita te a nd

p u r s u e our own way fee l ing sure that i f i t has s tra yed away

f r o m hom e i t w i l l find i ts w a y ba c k a ga i n , u n a i d e d .

P. maculdta, o r w i l d sweet w i l l ia m , a s it is c om m on ly k no w n ,

is a pu r pl ish -pink var iety . I ts f lowers grow in panic les and the

lea v e s a re ra t he r he a r t -s ha p e d a t the ba s e . T h e s te m is c o n

s pi c u ou s ly d o t t e d w i t h p u r p l e . I t g r o w s i n r o c k y g r o u n d a n d

blooms a l i t t le later in the season than the above species .

G R O U N D O R M O S S P I N K . (Plate XCVIPP.)

Phlox subuldta.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMPolemonium. Pink, purple or white. Scentless. New England south- April-June.

ward and westward.

Flowers : on pedicels; growing in terminal racemes. Calyx : of five narrow lobes. Corolla: with five obovate lobes, notched at the apex. Stamens: five,unequal, in the throat of the corolla. Pistil: one; stigma, three-lobed.Leaves: scattered; lanceolate; pubescent. Stem: creeping; rising slightly from the ground.

It may be imagined how love ly i s the hi l ls ide where this

l i tt l e p la nt spre a d s a c a rpe t o f i ts so ft b loom . T h e m i ng l i ng o f

th e m a n y c o l o u r s a n d th e d a r k eyes that peep out coquett ishly

s e em a s t hou gh t he y w e re c oa x i ng one to s top a nd p la y w i t h

t he m a w hi le .

T h e pla nt re qu i re s l i tt le m oi s t u re , a nd i n a ti m e o f a



1 88 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L .

d rou ght , w he n th e earth was a l m o s t c r a c k i n g for w a n t of ra in ,

they were not iced to be the only f lowers on a ster i le , rocky

hil ls ide that were not l a n g u i s h i n g .

H O B B L E = B U S H . A M E R I C A N W A Y F A R I N G = T R E E .

{Plate XCIX.)

Viburnum alnifblium.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMHoneysuckle. White. Scentless. New England to North May.

Carolina.

T h e b l o s s o m s of this large shrub are s i m i la r to those of V.

O p u l u s , page 1 1 8 , and very l ike those of the g a r d e n h y d r a n g e a .T h e neuter f lowers with large flat cor olla s are a r r a n g e d a b o u t

the ferti le ones within th e c e nt re . T h e bright scarlet f rui t is

not edible .

T h e leaves are o r b i c u l a r , p o i n t e d and he a rt - s ha pe d at the

base, serrated; pi nna t e ly - v e i ne d , and c ov e re d w i t h a r o u g h ,

r e d d is h scurf .

T h e name wayfaring-tree is a ppropr i a t e , as it is v e ry w a n

d e r i n g in its m a n n e r of g r o w t h , the o u t s t r e t c h e d b r a n c h e s

of te n f or m i ng loops and root i ng t he m s e lv e s in the g r o u n d . In

the cold , moist woods of the n o r t h th e tree is w e l l k n o w n .

F L Y = H O N E Y S U C K L E .

Lonlcera ciliata.


Honeysuckle. Greenish yellow. Scentless. North and westward May.to Minnesota.

Flowers : growing in pairs on slender peduncles from the axils of the leaves.Calyx : of five short teeth. Corolla : funnel-form ; five-lobed ; spurred at the

base. Stamens: five. Pistil: one. Fruit: a red, egg-shaped berry. Leaves:

on petioles ; ovate; sometimes heart-shaped at the base, the margins slightly fringed with hairs. A shrub ; branching, with bark of a dull grey colour.

E v i d e n t l y the f ly-honeysuckle has not b e e n b r o u g h t up on

the old adage that blood is t h i c k e r t ha n w a te r ; as it has r e c k

lessly cast off its f a m i ly re s e m bla nc e . T h e r e g u l a r i t y of the

c o r o l l a and its w i d e m ou t h are quite different from th e s lender,

t u b u l a r , t w o- l i ppe d f orm s of the cult ivated species to w hi c h it

i s ne a r ly a l l i e d . It has, m o r e o v e r , a v e ry pe rt and saucy look

an d flourishes best in the roc k y w ood s of the n o r t h .



PLATE C. TR UMP ET HONE YSUCKLE . Lonicera sempervirens(189)



i 9 o P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L .

FAMILY

H o n e y s u c k l e .

COLOUR R e d , w i t h o u t ;

y e ll ow w i th i n .

ODOUR

Scent less .RANGE

M a s s . s o u t h w a r d .TIME OF BLOOM

M a y - O c t o b e r .

Flowers: axillary; clustered in spiked whorls. Calyx: five-toothed. Corolla :

trumpet-shaped; five-lobed. Stamens: five. Pistil: one. Fruit: a round,red berry. Leaves: opposite; oval ; clasping at the base, the upper onesunited about the stem ; glossy; thick; nearly evergreen. A shrub; climbing.

T h i s i s one o f t he m os t u ni qu e o f t he f a m i ly. T h e c la s pi n g

leaves seem to be a ser ies of d i f ficul ties thr ou gh w hich the b los

s o m s h a v e t r i u m p h a n t l y p a s s e d .

L. Japdnica, J a pa ne s e hon e y s u c k le , or w o od bi ne , is the v a r i e t y

t ha t is m os t f re qu e nt ly c hos e n for c u l t i v a t i on . I ts b los s om s

a re w hi t e, or y e l low , a nd the t u bu la r c o ro l la is lon g , w i t h p r o

t r u d i n g stamens and s ty le .

Few f lowers can v ie w ith i t in de l ightfu l f ra gra nce , an d this

ha s no d ou bt h a d m u c h t o d o w i th the f ond ne s s t ha t poe ts ha v e

fe l t for i t . T h e nam e w ood bine a l ludes to the way i t has of

e nt w i ni ng i ts e l f w i t h s om e ne a r obj e ct , " a s t hou gh i n w e d

lock." I t gives f ree ly as wel l as rece ives ; for the ro ck or

tree that gives i t sup po rt i s m ade by i t a bow er of beauty . In

c l i m b i n g i t t u rns f r o m east to west, a nd f or i ts hom e c hoos e s

t he qu i e t u d e o f t he roc k y w ood la nd s .

Flowers: axillary; growing in groups of threes at the summit of the stems.Calyx: small, with five very short teeth. Corolla: funnel-form; of five unequal, recurved lobes, the larger one having a rich nectar-bearing gland at the

base and being more highly coloured than the others. Stamens: five; pro

truding. Pistil: one; style, long ; protruding. Leaves : opposite; on petioles ;elliptical; serrated ; smooth. A shrub two to four feet high; with highly coloured bark.

B U S H H O N E Y S U C K L E .

Diervilla Diervilla.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE H o n e y s u c k l e . Y e l lo w ,s o m e t i m e s Fr a g r a n t . N e w E n g l a n d s o u t h -

t in g e d w it h r e d . w a r d a n d w e s tw a r d .

TIME OF BLOOM M a y , J u n e .

W e m ay h ar dly f la tter ou rse lves that the low er lobe of the co-



PLATE CI. TWIN-FLOWER. Linnaa boreahs.



IQ.2 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L .

r o l l a o f D . D i e r v i l la ha s be e n 's o h i gh ly c o lou r e d s i m ply to p le a se

o ur ar tistic sense. It is to in form Ma ster Bee that they are a

r i c h fam ily wo rthy of his a t tent ion , and that they have a g lan d

full of ne c t a r a w a i ti ng h i m . Of c ou rs e , i n i nv i t i n g h i m t hu s

c o r d i a l l y to their feast, he is supposed to return the c iv i l i ty by

leav ing for them a l i tt le package of po l len at a f r iend 's house

on his way hom e. Bu t M as ter Bee , l ike the rest of us , has his

m ood s, and when he is fee l ing very w icked he just pierces the

g l a n d f rom the ou tside w ith his shar p l i tt le bi l l , and ca lmly s ips

away w i t hou t s o m u c h as a " t ha nk y ou " i n r e t u rn .

T W I N = F L O W E R . {Plate CI.)

Linncea borealis.


H o f i e y s u c k l e . R o s e . F r a g r a n t , l ike a l m o n d s . M o s t l y n o r t h . J u n e .

Flowers: terminal in pairs; nodding; borne on individual thread-like flower-stalks that terminate in a common peduncle. Calyx: small ; five-toothed.Corolla: bell-shaped, with five rounded lobes; hairy within. Stamens: four ;two longer than the others. Pistil: one; protruding. Leaves: opposite; onpetioles ; round ; shining, evergreen ; rising from the stem. Stem: trailing;decumbent.

T h e serene sweetness of these l i t t le twin blosso m s has at

t ra c t e d to t he m m a n y lov e rs . L inna e u s, w i th h i s a bu nd a n t

kno wledge of the f lowers, love d them better than any other and

G r o n o v i u s bestowed upo n them his family nam e. I t wo uld

seem as thou gh they e xha led the he lpful love of a br oth er an d

s i s t e r w hi c h b loom s w i t h re f re s he d v i gou r e v e ry s pr i ngt i m e .

T h e fo l low ing ta le i s to ld of Linnaeus in con ne ct ion with his

fondness for them.

A fr iend gath er ing a sm al l f lower on the shore of a Swedish

lake asked the great botanis t i f i t were L. boreal is .

" Na y ," sa id the phi loso ph er , "s h e l ives not here , but in the

m i d d l e of our largest w oods . She c lings with her l i tt le arm s

to the mo ss, an d seems to r esist ver y gen tly if you force herf rom i t. She has a com plex ion l ike the m i lk-m aid ; and oh !

she is very, very sweet a nd a gre e a ble . "



PLATE CM. WHITE ABRONIA. Abronia fragrans.

(193)




S M O O T H E R S W E E T - C I C E L Y .

Washingtbnia longlstylis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMP a r s le y . W h i t e. R o o t , scen t ed l ik e N o r t h , s o u t h w a r d M a y , J u n e .

a n i s e. a n d w e st w a r d .

Flowers: small; growing in umbels with bracts underneath. Calyx: five-toothed. Corolla: of five petals. Stamens: five. Pistil: one, with two longstyles. Leaves: thrice-compound; leaflets; ovate; deeply toothed; downy.Stem : one to three feet high ; hairy. Root: aromatic; sweet-scented; edi ble.

T h e sw eet-cicely has a ra ther h a r d lot in li fe . It is a gr ace

ful, delicate plan t, an d the gifts of i ts r oo tstock ar e those thatp le a se m a n k i nd ra t h e r t ha n d o h i m ha r m ; a nd y e t, i nd i re c t ly

i t has been the cause of much suf fer ing. Un fo r tu n ate ly i t

bears so s tro ng a l ikeness to the dea dly wa ter-hem lock (Plate

V I) that the la tter is be in g co nstan t ly m istaken lo r i t, wi th fata l

results . A c lose com pa riso n of the two, how ever, wi l l show

that in cha ra cter they are qui te d i fferent. T h e sw eet-c ice ly is

fo u n d mostly in the r i c h w ood s .

I t s g e n e r i c n a m e c o m m e m o r a t e s G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n .

W H I T E A B R O N I A . (Plate CIL)

Abrbnia frdgrans.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMF o u r o'clock. W h i t e. Fr a g r a n t , l i k e v a n i lla . T h e R o c k y M o u n t a i n s . J u n e , J u l y .

Flowers: growing in dense umbel-like clusters. Involucre: of five heart-shaped, whitish bracts, thin and dry. Calyx: salver-form ; the tube long, andspreading into a petal-like border; the lobes notched at the apex. Corolla:

none. Stamens: two to five, included. Pistil: one. Leaves; opposite;lance-ovate, with a pair of stipules at the base. Stem : branching.

T h e scientif ic nam e of this f lower when tra ns late d is " d e l i

cate f ragr ance " ; and we m ay fi tly associate the wor ds with it

in c onn e c t i on w i t h i ts En gl i s h t i tl e . In a ppe a ra nc e it suggests

m u c h m ore the gro w th of the greenh ouse than that of a ha rd y dwel ler of the Ro ck ies . T h e flower opens at sunset on ly , when

it ladens the air with i ts luscious perfume.




C A T A L P A . I N D I A N B E A N . C A N D L E = T R E E .

Catdlpa Catdlpa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMT r u m p e t -c r ee p e r . W h i t e, dot t ed F r a g r a n t , a n d G u l f s ta t e s , J u n e , J u l y ,

• w it h y e llo w ; l eaves s t r o n g l y n o r t h w a r d , p u r p l e i n s i d e . scen t ed .

Flowers: growing in terminal panicles. Calyx: irregular, or two-lipped.Corolla: campanulate; two-lipped, with five spreading, crimped lobes.Stamens : three short, or occasionally four perfect in pairs, two of which areshorter than the others ; and one sterile stamen present. Pistil: one. Pods:

very long; linear; hanging. Leaves: on petioles; ovate; pointed; entire orthree-lobed ; glabrous above ; downy underneath. A tree twenty to thirty feet high.

It was sa id by an old darkey : " dat he felt a l l de l ight ob de

heavens s h i n i n ' d ow n f ru h i s head wheneber he sat under de

cata lpa tree ; and dat a l l de other t imes was darkness ."

S u r e l y the beaut i fu l t ree could have had no tr ibute paid to i t

which w o u l d have be e n m ore s inc e re a n d t ou c hi ng .

W H I T E B E A R D ' S T O N G U E . (Plate CIIL)

Pentstbnon Digitalis.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

F ig w o r t . W h i t e , t i n g e d Scent less . N e w Y o r k t o V irg in ia L a t e s p r in g a n d s u m m e r,w it h p u r p l e. a n d w e st w a r d .

Flowers: clustered in a loose panicle. Calyx: of five green, pointed sepals.Corolla: bell-shaped ; two-lipped ; the upper lip, two-lobed, the lower one, three-lobed and slightly spreading; inflated. Stamens: five. Pistil: one; stigma,two-lobed. Leaves: opposite; lanceolate. Stem: sometimes growing very high ; erect; smooth.

T h e open m o u t h of these pretty flowers gives t h e m a c o m i c a le x pre s s i on as tho ugh th ey were abo ut to speak ; an d the effect

is he i ght e ne d by the bearding of the s ter i le s tamen, which looks

l ike a saucy l i tt le tongu e. In the west they are among the at

tract ive blossoms of rocky places .

H A I R Y B E A R D ' S T O N G U E .

Pentstemon hirsitlus.


F ig w o r t . L i la c a n d w h i t e . Scent less . N o r t h w a r d f ro m t h e s o u t h . S u m m e r .

Flowers: nodding; growing in a panicle. Calyx : of five sepals. Corolla:

two-lipped; dilated; similar to that of the above. Stamens: four fertile andone sterile which is heavily bearded with yellow. Pistil: one. Leaves : opposite ;lanceolate. Stem ; one to two feet high; rather clammy.



F lo w e r l a i d opens h o w i n g s t a m e n s .

P L A T E C I V . Petitstcmo7i Newberryi.

(197)




A l t h o u g h not a com m on plant , we are sometimes so fortunate

as to find the bear d 's tongue on r oc ky hi l ls ides , or in the w ood

borders . Its beard is even handsomer than that of the western

variety .

P. Newberryi (Plate C I V ) is a pr etty var iety that i s found

grow i ng on ro c k s i n the f ar west. It i s c lear ly pr esented by

t he i l lu s t ra t i on .

C U L V E R ' S R O O T .

Septdndra Virginica.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMF ig - w o r t . W h i t e . Scent less . V e r m o n t w e st w a r d J u n e -S e p t em b e r .

a n d s o u t h w a r d .

Flowers; growing in terminal, dense, spike-like racemes. Calyx: four orfive-toothed. Corolla ; tubular ; the tube long, four or five-lobed. Stamens :

two; protruding. P i s t i l : one. Leaves: on short petioles ; lanceolate ; whorled;serrate. Stem : three to eight feet high ; erect; stiff.

T h e heigh t to w hich this plant grow s is a lways a sour ce of

wo nder m ent . I t i s not an inh er i ted tra i t , as none of the m em

bers of i ts im m ediate fam ily is so ta l l . Per hap s it s im ply longs

to peep over the top of the trees that grow near i t in the cool

woods or to ca l l a t tent ion to i tse l f when i t b looms in the mead

ow s. T h e p la n t is a ls o c a l le d Cu lv e r ' s phy s i c a nd B la c k -ro ot .

W I L D B E R G A M O T .

Mondrda jistulbsa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM M i n t . R o s e p u r p le , o r L e a v e s , f r a g r a n t . M a s s . s o u t h w a r d J u n e -A u g u s t ,

w h i te . a n d w e st w a r d .

Flowers: growing in a terminal head. Calyx: tubular ; five-toothed ; hairy in the throat. Stamens: two, protruding. Pistil: one ; style, protruding, twolobed at the apex. Leaves : opposite ; lanceolate ; slightly heart-shaped at the

base; toothed and veined. As they approach the flower they take the colour of the corolla.

U n l i k e the Osw ego tea , the wh ole of wh ich plant is de l igh t

fully f ragr ant even dow n to the ro ots , an d w hich w i l l em it as t ro ng s c e nt a f te r t he b loo m a nd lea v e s ha v e d r i e d away,

the f o l ia ge a lone o f the w i ld be r ga m ot is f ra gra nt . T h e p la nt

is a ra ther coa rse one, bu t ver y effective. It bloo m s l u x u r i -




a nt ly in its tufted heads, and w h e n p i c k e d will re m a i n f re s h in

water for a l o n g t i m e . H o w often it has been the fate of these

leaves to be tossed in a bott le with a l i t t l e a lc ohol ; and after

wards as pe rf u m e to ha v e a d d e d to the c h a r m s of a vi l lage be l le . Oswegotea, Pla t e L X I I .

B I T T E R = B L 0 0 1 T . R O S E = P I N K .

Sabbdtia angular is.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMG e n t i a n . R o s e p i n k . Scent less . N e w Y o r k s o u t h w a r d J u l y , A u g u s t .

a n d w e s t w a r d .

Flowers ; large; growing in panicled clusters. Calyx: of five linear sepals.Corolla: five-parted. Stamens: five. Pistil: one; style, two-cleft. Leaves:

opposite; ovate; clasping at the base; rather heart-shaped. Stem: four-angled ; much branched at the top.

G r o w i n g a b u n d a n t l y in the r ich soi l of the thickets these

bright , r o s y b l o s s o m s a p p e a l to us as v e r y b e a u t if u l. T h e r e is,

h o w e v e r , a s t ra i ght la c e d , a ngu la r e x pre s s i on a bou t t he i r pe t a ls

which m ay have been th e cause of t h e ir c h o o s i n g a d w e l l i n g so

far a w a y f rom t h e ir c h a r m i n g r e l a ti ve s of the s w a m ps . S. stel-larts, S. dodecandra a n d S. campanulata, page 72, ( P la t e X X X I . )

S T I F F G E N T I A N . F I V E = F L O W E R E D G E N T I A N .

Gentidna quinquefblia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMG e n t i a n . B l u e . Scent less . N o r t h a n d w e s t , s o u t h - S e p t e m b e r .

w a r d t o Florida .

Flowers: growing in panicles at the summit of the stem and branches. Calyx : of five, linear lobes. Corolla : funnel-form ; with five lobes, terminating in a little point or bristle. Stamens : five. Pistil: one; stigmas, two.Leaves: opposite ; ovate; slightly heart-shaped at the base ; clasping. Stem:

slender; branching.

W e a lw a y s w e lc om e an y one of the gent ians with pleasure ;

for they are a f a m i ly of r a r e taste and b e a u t y. H o w b r i g h t a n d

c he e ry t he y look to us in the la te season, when the s l i ght c h i l l

in the air be gi ns to r e m i n d us that the s u m m e r has passed.

T h e y t h e n s e e m to s p r i n g up an d say, " N o , not yet."

G . qu i nqu e f o l i a re s e m ble s s om e w ha t the c los e d ge nt i a n in its

m a n n e r of g r o w t h ; but it has o p e n e d its lobes a l i t t le way and



2oo P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N R I C H O R R O C K Y S O I L .

it is a s m a l le r , m or e d e l ic a t e v a r i e t y . It is v e r y p a r t i a l to the

m o u n t a i n s for its h o m e , a l t h o u g h it v i s i t s s om e t i m e s in the

wood b o r d e r s .

W O O D = S O R R E L . {Plate CV.)

Oxalis Acetosella.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMO x a l is . W h i t e , ve ined w i t h deep p i n k . Scent less . M o s t l y n o r t h . J u n e , J u l y .

Flowers : terminal; solitary; growing on slender scapes. Calyx : of fivegreen sepals. Corolla : of five obcordate petals with a deep magenta eye and yellow centre. Stamens : ten. Pistil: one, five-divided. Leaves : from the

root; of three obcordate leaflets ; glabrous.Scape :

slender.Rootstock :

scaly;toothed; creeping.

O n e of the beaut ies of the d e e p w ood s is the f re s h , br i ght

c lusters of wood-sorre l which seem to d e l i g h t in the s h a d y

c oo lne s s . H a p py , c om pla c e nt l i tt l e flow e rs the y are with no

d i s t u r b i n g e le m e nt s a bou t e i t he r t he i r b loom or their leaves .

P r o b a b l y this is because they do not subject themselves to any

of th e evi ls of d i s s i p a t i o n . E a r l y in the e v e ni ng t he i r l e a v e s

fo ld b a c k w a r d and they s leep unti l b r i g h t g l e a m s of s u n l i g h t

pi e rc e t h r o u g h th e tree-tops and r e m i n d th e m th a t the day has

c o m e .

T h e pla nt s be a r c le i s t oga m ou s b los s om s w hi c h are fruitful .

V I O L E T W O O D = S O R R E L .

Oxalis violdcea.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMO x a l i s . V i o l e t . Scent less . S o u t h w a r d . J u n e .

Flowers : several; growing on a scape. Calyx: of five sepals. Corolla : of five petals. Stamens: ten; of different lengths. Pistil: one; styles, five.Leaves: from the root; divided into three rounded, obcordate leaflets. Scape:

leafless; from a bulbous rootstock.

E v e n after th e b l o o m has pa s s e d , th e leaves of these plants

are so e x t re m e ly pre t t y t ha t t he y are f re qu e nt ly s ou ght for to

be potted and k e p t in the h o u s e t h r o u g h o u t th e w i n t e r . T h e y a re fou n d in m o r e r o c k y w o o d s t h a n the O. A c e t o s e l l a , and are

fond of a b a l m y , w a r m c l i m a t e .




H E R B R O B E R T .

Gerdniiun Robertianum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIMEOFbLOOMG er a n i u m . P u r p l is h p i n k . S t r o n g f r a g r a n c e. C o m m o n n o r t h . J u n e - O c t o b e r .

Flowers: growing singly, or in clusters at the ends of the flower-stalks. Calyx:

tubular ; of five sepals. Corolla : small; salver-form ; of five spreading lobes.Stamens : ten. Pistil: one; styles, five. Leaves: pinnately divided twice orthrice into deeply incised leaflets ; hairy. Stem : highly coloured ; hairy.

T h i s pla nt ca m e pro m i ne n t ly to the not ic e o f ro y a l t y d u r i n g

the t im e of Ro be r t 's plague. I t was then supposed to achieve

m a n y c u r e s , a n d w a s n a m e d a f t e r R o b e r t o f N o r m a n d y .It is one that by the bu r sti n g of its po ds scatters i ts seeds to

a very great d is tance .

W I T C H = H A Z E L .

FLamamelis Virginidna.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE T'ME OF BLOOMW i t ch - h a z e l . Y e l lo w . S l ig h t l y N e w E n g l a n d t o F lo r i d a S e p t e m b e r -N o v e m b e r .

f r a g r a n t . a n d w e s tw a r d .

Flowers: few; growing in an axillary cluster on short peduncles; sessile.Calyx : four-parted, with bractlets underneath. Corolla : of four almost linearpetals ; often twisted. Stamens : eight; four perfect; the others without anthers.Pistils: two. Fruit: an edible nut that matures the next season. Leaves:

alternate ; oval ; wavy on the edges ; slightly downy. A shrub with several branching, crooked trunks from the root.

W he ther the w itch-haze l has s im ply forgo tten to pr ovide i t

self w i t h a c a le nd a r , or w h e t he r it ha s the re v o lu t i ona r y s p i r i t

which w o u l d turn the wo rld top sy-turvy , is s t i l l an open quest ion. Bu t to those that are bent on inve st igat ion a gent le hi nt

m ay be give n that the e vidence is a l l in the la t ter d ir ec t ion .

Ot he rw i s e w hy s hou ld it a l low the s pr i ng a nd lov e ly s u m m e r to

g l id e b y w i t hou t m a k i ng -t hem a ny gre e t i ng a nd w a it u n t i l th e

late autumn, when the leaves are fal l ing, to put out i ts pale yel

low b loom . T h e s ee ds m a t u re t he ne xt s u m m e r, w h i c h is no t h

in g m ore t han a n a u d a c i ou s re v e r s a l o f the or t hod o x or d e r o f things . Th e witch-haze l makes a pla ythin g of the seasons .

It i s wel l char ged with a m m u ni t i on t oo , a nd onc e fired it at

M r . H a m i l t o n G i b s o n , who has to ld m os t a m u s i ng ly o f h i s r e n -




co n t r e w i t h th e s h r u b . W h e n s t a n d i n g l os t i n a d m i r a t i o n o f

i t, he found him sel f w oun ded first on the cheek an d then in

th e e ye . I n a l a r m he l o o k e d a b o u t fo r a h i d d e n a d v e r s a r y a n d

discovered i t was the seeds of the wi tch-hazel which were b u r s t i n g o u t f r o m t h e i r co v e r i n g s a n d s h o o t i n g i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s ,

he not iced to a distance of forty feet.

Ag a in there is supp osed to be some latent m yster iou s power

about the twigs, w h i ch i n r e m o t e p a r t s o f t h e co u n t r y a r e s t i l l

used as d iv i n in g rods an d to locate the pre sence of water

u n d e r g r o u n d . W e feel a l i tt le m ore com fortable abou t the

s h r u b , how ever , when we rem em ber that the extra ct f r om it is very domest ic .



Plants G r o w i n g i n L i g h t S o i l : O p e n

Woods.

Perhaps it is the lively spring wind that wakes the flowersin the open woods, and laughs loudly while they take theirplaces. They creep in as quietly as spirits, and seek the spots where they will be warm in the sunshine that falls throughthe trees and stains them with a ruddy richness. The dew absorbs their fragrance and lingers lovingly about as thoughloth to seek the sky. Knowing birds weave their nests beside

them and peep out a sharp, round eye to see if any harm isnear. The whole community know the country boy a little better than do those of the deep woods; but they are notafraid, and cajole him with their merriment,

P Y X I E . F L O W E R I N G H O S S .

Pyxidanthera barbuldta.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM D i a p e n s i a c e c e . W h i te o r p i n k . S c en t le s s . N e w J e r s ey s o u t h w a r d . M a r c h - M a y .

Flowers: small ; sessile on delicate branches. Calyx: of five sepals.Corolla: of five petals. Stamens: five. Pistil: one; stigma, three-lobed.

Anthers: opening like the lid of a little box. Leaves : lanceolate ; pointed;scale-like ; pubescent. Stem : prostrate ; creeping.

L i t t l e c a n b e i m a g i n e d t h a t is m o r e t r u l y sweet a n d d a i n t y

than th e f lo wer in g m o s s w h ich b eg in s to cr eep th r o ug h th e p in e

wo o ds jus t as th e s p r in g is o p e n in g . W h e n h a n d led i t is fo un d

to p o s ses s q ui te an am o u n t o f v ig o u r ; an d th e an th er s un der

a m i c r o s c o p e a r e a r e v e l a t i o n . E a c h one is a t iny box and



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N L I G H T S O I L .

opens by a l id . F r o m this fact is the s ignif icance of i ts gen er ic

na m e .

T R A I L I N G A R B U T U 5 . M A Y F L O W E R . G R O U N D

L A U R E L . (Plate CV1.)

Epigfea repens.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM H e a t k . W h i t eo r p i n k . Fr a g r a n t . N e w E n g l a n d a n d Ne zv J e r s e y . M a r c h - M a y .

Flowers : growing in terminal clusters. Calyx : of five, green pointed sepals.Corolla: tubular; with five spreading lobes; within hairy. Stamens: six toten ; included ; anthers, yellow. P i s t i l : one ; stigma, five-lobed. Leaves:alternate on hairy stalks ; cordate ; entire; evergreen. Stem: prostrate;

branching ; woody ; hairy.

T h o r e a u says : " I love natur e , I love the landsca pe b ecause

it is so s incer e. It ne ver cheats me, i t never jests ; i t is cheer

ful ly, m usica l ly earnest . " I t i s so with the ar butus , a fa i thful

l i t tle sweetheart . E ve n to those that l ive in large c i ties the

browned, f a d e d bu nc he s , t i e d w i t h w et s t r i ngs a nd pe d d le d by

sad-eyed l i t t le boys , have the power to k indle a g leam of joy inthe h ea r t ; but to those that l ive in the quietude of the cou n try

an d watch the ch an gin g of the seasons by the po s i t ion of the

sun's re f lect ion u pon the ir s idew al ls , the co m in g of the arb utus

is an event in the year . I t never d isap po ints i ts seekers . A s

soon as the winter 's cov er ing of snow has faded away a n d o n l y

l i tt le m elt in g patches are seen spa rin gly about ; the d r i e d

leaves may be pushed as ide and the sweet, pi nk f a c e s nu ggl i ng

so cos i ly among i ts green leaves has a fragrant welcome to be

stow. St e rn a nd gra v e a s w e re t he P i l g r i m fa thers , they loved

it dearly ; for as Whitt ier te l ls in his beaut i fu l poem, i t was the

first blossom to greet them after the ir winter of suffer ing. In

N e w En gla n d , w he re it grow s a bu nd a nt ly , a nd e s pe c i a l ly a bou t

P l y m o u t h , i t i s ca l led Mayf lower.

" O sacred flower of faith and hope, As sweetly now and then Ye bloom on many a birchen slope,

In many a pine-dark glen."



2o6 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N L I G H T S O I L .

P I P S I S S E W A . P R I N C E ' S P I N E .

Chimdphila umbellata,

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM H e a t h . Fl es h c o lo u r , t i n g e d w i t h Fr a g r a n t . N o r t h e a s t t o G a ., w e s t - J u n e , J u l y ,

c r im s o n ; green c en t r e . w a r d t o t h e P a c i j i c.

Flowers; nodding ; usually three in a loose cluster. Calyx: of five greenlobes. Corolla: of five round, concave petals with a crimson ring of colourat the base. Stamens: ten, with violet anthers. Pistil: one; stigma, five-rayed. Leaves: numerous, whorled, or scattered along the stem; lanceolate;toothed ; evergreen. Stem : about six inches high.

In a cr o w d w e m i g h t e a s i l y p a s s b y t h e p ip s i ss e w a , b u t o n ce

h a v i n g tur ne d as ide to look at i t, we sho uld be sure to l ingerfor a bet ter acq ua intanc e. I t i s one of the pr et t iest o f the

f r a g i l e b l o s s o m s t h a t g r o w i n th e o p e n w o o d s . T h e n a m e

pipsissewa is a lso full o f c h a r m a n d c o n ju r e s u p a l l th e r o m a n c e

t h a t h as e v e r c l u s t e r e d a b o u t th e r e d m a n . H e k n e w u n d o u b t

e d l y o f th e p l a n t 's m e d i c i n a l p r o p e r t ie s .

C. 7?iaculdta, P l a t e C V I I , is a s p e c i e s o f p i p s is s e w a t h a t

g ro w s a b u n d a n tl y i n E a s t e r n N o r t h A m e r i c a a n d is c o m m o n l y ca l l e d s p o t te d p i p s is s e w a . It b l o o m s a l i tt l e e a r l ie r i n

t h e s ea s on t h a n t h e p r e c e d i n g v a r i e t y a n d i f p o s s i b l e i s a

s w e e te r flo w e r . T h e l e a v e s a r e l i n e d b e a u t i fu l l y w i th w h i te .

I t i s a lso f ragrant .

S P R I N G B E A U T Y .

Claytbnia Virginica.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMP u l sa n e . W h i t e o r p i n k S c e n t le s s . N e w E n g l a n d s o u t h - M a r c h - M a y .

v e in e d w i t h a w a r d t o G e o r g i adeeper s h a d e. a n d w e st w a r d .

Flowers: a few growing in loose, terminal racemes. Calyx: of two ovatesepals. Corolla : of five petals, slightly united at the base. Stamens : five.Pistil: one; style, three-lobed. Leaves: opposite; linear; narrowing into apetiole and varying greatly in breadth. Stem: erect or reclining; rarely

branched. Root: tuberous.

W e s h o u l d n e v e r b e t ir e d o f r e m i n d i n g o u r s e l v e s t h a t p l a n ts

a r e n o t a l l f o r m e d a fte r th e s a m e p l a n . T h e y a r e a s h u m a n

beings , and we se ldom find a m o n g t h e m o n e t h a t h a s n o t s o m e

i n te r e s t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . A l t h o u g h g e n e r a l l aw s m a y b e s a id



P l A T r CVII | p ; p s ! s S E W A . ChimaphUa maculata.

( FI RE PINK. Silene Virginica.

COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANv.

PRINTED IN AMERICA.




to gove rn them , again as the an im al w or ld they defy any law

t ha t i n te r f e re s w i th t he i r i nd i v i d u a l i t y .

T h e s pr i ng be a u t y is fa m i l ia r to m a ny o f u s a nd a s w e re c a l l

it to the m i n d we co nn ect with i t a shr in ki n g type of love l iness .

W e r e i t not for i ts de licate ve na tion , and the difference in i ts

leaves an d gro wth , we shou ld a lm ost confuse i t wi th the anem

one. In woods , of ten by r u n n in g s tream s, and in exposed

places i t b loom s ab un da ntly . I t c loses in c lou dy weather.

L I V E R - L E A F . H E P A T I C A .

Hepatic a Hepatic a.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMCr o w f o o t . Pi n k i s h b lue , o r w h i t e . F r a g r a n t . M o s t l y e a s t . E a r l y s p r i n g .

Flowers: solitary ; growing on long scapes. Calyx: of six, or morecoloured sepals which are frequently mistaken for petals, as the involucre isinconspicuous and adheres closely to the flowers in the manner of sepals.Petals: none. Stamens: numerous. Pistils: numerous. Leaves: from the base; rounded; three-lobed; mottled with purple; evergreen. Scape: covered with a fuzz.

" Brave little wilding, herald of the spring !First of the beauteous tribes that soon will troopSingly, in pairs, or in a joyous group,

O'er sunny slope or sheltered bank ; or cling,By their slight fibres, where the bluebird's wing

Alone can visit them with graceful swoop ! "— E L I Z A A L L E N S T A R R .

F a t h e r W i n t e r is h a r d l y w e l l on h i s h o m e w a r d j o u r n e y w h e n

we go to the woo ds o r bank s an d n ot ice a subtle f ragr ance

h o v e r i n g about the a ir . L e d by i t we d ir ect our s teps andfind a lm os t h i d d e n by d e a d le av e s , or pe rha ps by s now , ou r

love ly hep at ica . I t has p ush ed up its de l icate blo om thr ou gh

t he ru s t y - loo k i n g le a ve s t ha t ha v e re m a i ne d ov e r t he w i nt e r ,

as thou gh im patient to be the f irs t to gree t the sprin g. T h e

new leaves appear la ter in the season. Per ha ps dow n below

t he y a n d t he b los s om s ha d a l i tt l e d i s a gre e m e nt a bou t j u s t

when was the pr ope r t im e to ar r ive at the f lower ca r niv a l andthe leaves scoffed at the idea of be in g f irst , so they d elaye d in

gett in g rea dy, an d the f lowers cam e on a lone. Nei th er were

they im pr ude nt ; the buds and s tems are well wr apped up in a



2o8 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N L I G H T S O I L .

heavy fuzz that pr otects them f r o m t h e c o l d . T h e y kn ew

better than the leaves how glad we al l sho uld be to see them

he re .M r . G i bs on re ga rd e d t he m a s ou r e a r l i e s t s pr i ng f low e rs .

W I N D - F L O W E R . W O O D - A N E 1 T O N E . {Plate CVIII.)

Anemone quinquefblia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMCr o i v f o o t . W h i t e , o r t i n t ed w i t h Scent less . G e n e r a l . A p r i l, M a y .

b lue o r p i n k .

Flowers:

terminal ; solitary.Calyx:

of four to seven petal-like sepals.Corolla: none. Stamens : numerous. Pistils : numerous, forming a head.Leaves : from the base ; three also on the flower stem, whorled below theflower and divided into five-toothed leaflets. Stem : delicate ; slender.

It i s sa id that the Gr ee ks nam ed their anem one wind-f lower

because i t appeared at the windy season ; but we would rather

c on ne c t ou r lov e ly b los s om w i t h the pa t he t ic gr i e f o f V e n u s

ov e r the bod y o f the s la i n A d on i s . A s s he a ppr oa c h e d Cy p ru s

inhe r s w a n-d ra w n c ha r i ot s he he a rd c o m i ng u p t hro u gh

m i d

air the groa n s o f he r be lov e d . She t he re fore t u rn e d ba c k t o

the earth, a l ighte d, and bent over his li fe less bod y. Ove rc om e

with gr ie f she re pr oa che d the Fate s an d sa id :

" T h e i r s s h a l l n o t b e w h o l ly a t r i u m p h ; m e m o r i a ls o f m y

g r i e f s ha l l e nd u re , a nd t he s pe c t a c le o f y ou r d e a t h , m y A d oni s ,

an d of m y la m e n t a ti on s ha l l be a nn u a l ly re ne w e d . Y o u r b loo d

shal l be cha nged into a flower ; that con solat ion none can envy

m e . "

She then s pr ink led ne ctar on the blo od and the flowers ar ose .

T h e wind blow s them open an d then blows the peta ls away.

So the y a re s hort l i v e d ; the i r c om i ng a nd go i n g be i n g a t t r i bu

table to the wind.

" Wind-flowers we since these blossoms call,So very frail are they,

Tear-drops from Venus's eye let fall,Our wood anemone."

T h e Eu rope a n s pe c i e s , A. pavonina a n d A. ranunculoides, are

scarlet and purple respect ive ly .



PLATE CVIII. WIND-FLOWER. Anemone quinquefolia.

(209)



1PLATE CIX. THIMBLE-WEED. Anemone Virginiana.

(211)



2 1 2 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N L I G H T S O I L .

D. income, c a l le d a l so s t a gge r-w e e d , i s the d w a rf la rk s pu r

which br ighte ns the open woods w ith i ts long, loose c lusters of

br igh t blue or w hite flower. I t effects a close soi l and is

fo u n d m o s tl y s o u t h w a r d a n d w e s tw a r d f rom P e n n s y l v a n i a .

T h e stem is f rom six to twelve i n ch e s h i g h a n d s m o o t h . T h e

leaves are deeply f ive-parted and the roots are tuberous .

In c o m m o n w i t h n e a r l y a l l th e l a r k s p u r s , o f w h i c h th e r e a r e

over twenty-f ive species nat ive to the U n it e d States , the plan t

pos se ss e s po i s onou s pro pe r t i e s , a nd is e s pe c i a l ly ha rm f u l to

catt le in A p r i l i f they ind ulge too free ly in i ts f resh, green

sh oo ts. It is f rom this fact that i t has de r ive d its nam e of s tagger-weed.

D. Carolinidnum, C a r o l i n a l a r k s p u r , P l a t e C X , h as a z u r e , p i n k

or wh ite f low ers that are som ewh at sm al ler . I t is a dow ny

p la nt , from one to three feet h i g h .

B. Ajacis, w i t h w hi c h w e a re fa m i l ia r i n o l d ga rd e ns , i s s i m i

lar t o a hy a c i n t h , a nd ha s f low e rs c ro w d e d i n a long , c los e r a

c e m e . T h e s pu r is s ho rt a nd t he pod s v e r y d ow ny . O n thef r o n t of the u ni t e d pe t a ls t he re a re tw o m a rk s w hi c h a re s u p

pos e d to be t he le t te rs A . I. T h e r e is a pr e t t y le ge nd c on ne c t e d

with it.

W h e n A j ax a n d U l y s s e s p r e s e n t e d t h e m s e l v es a s c l a im a n t s

for th e a r m o u r o f th e t r e a c h e r o u s l y s la i n A c h i l l e s , th e G r e e k s

a w a r d e d i t to U l y s s e s ; a n d b y so d o i n g p l a c e d w i s d o m b e f o r e

va lour . A j a x , on he a r i n g t he d e c i s i on , s le w hi m s e l f , a n d f rom

the s pot w he re h i s b lo od t ou c he d t he g r ou nd a lov e ly f low e r

s p r a n g up, be ar ing on i ts peta ls the two f irs t le t ters of his nam e,

Ajax, or A i a i , w hi c h i s t he G re e k f or w oe .

D O W N Y Y E L L O W V I O L E T . {Plate CXXXV.)

Viola pubescens.


V i o l e t . Y e l l o w , ve ined w i t h p u r p l e . Fa i n t ly f r a g r a n t . G en e r a l . M a y .

Flowers : solitary; growing on axillary flower-stalks. Leaves • usually two onthe stem ; broad ; on petioles; serrate ; smaller, bract-like leaves below. Stem:

leafy above ; pubescent.

T h i s fa ir -hu ed l i t tle v io let i s one of the pleasan test s ights




that greet us in the s p r i n g w o o d s. It s e e m s a lw a y s y ou ng and

gui le less , as t h o u g h it w o u l d n e v e r g r o w old or wise. It is so

c lose ly associated in the m i n d w i t h B ry a nt ' s lov e ly poe m , " T h e

Y e l low V i o l e t , " t h a t we c a n n o t but l a m e n t the evidence thatincl ines us to the bel ie f that it was V . r o t u n d i f o l i a by w h i c h he

w a s i ns pi r e d .

F R I N G E D P O L Y G A L A . F L O W E R I N G W I N T E R G R E E N .

Polj/gala ftaucifblia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM M i l k w o r t . R o s e p i n k . Scent less . M o s t ly n o r t h . M a y .

Flowers: axillary ; growing on slender flower-stalks; cleistogamous flowers borne near the root. Calyx: of five sepals, two of which are wing-like andcoloured like petals. Corolla : very irregular; the keel ornamented with afringe. Stamens: six. Pistil: one. Leaves: mostly at the summit of theflower-stalks ; ovate; those below scale-like. Stems : underground. Rootstock:

running.

U s u a l l y the f r i n g e d p o l y g a l a s are f o u n d g r o w i n g t o g e t h e r in

n u m b e r s as t h o u g h t h e y h a d j u s t me t for s o m e gay fete. T h e y

have on t he i r pa rt y c lo t he s , and look as pre t t y and b r i g h t as

poss ible . T h e po or l i tt le fert i le f lowers at the base have no

pa rt y c lo t he s , a nd are evident ly le f t out of a ll the fun. N o fa iry

g o d - m o t h e r has f o u n d t h e m out, so they just have to stay at

h o m e and do the w o r k of r e p r o d u c i n g t h e i r s p e c i e s , w h i l e the

useless , g iddy s is ters amuse themselves and are a d m i r e d by a l l .

P. polygama has m a n y flo w e rs g r o w i n g in a r a c e m e at the

s u m m i t of a leafy f lower-stalk. It a ls o m a k e s th e pla in l i t t le

sisters stay at h o m e to do the w o rk , k n ow i ng w e l l t ha t t he i r

v a n i t y ne v e r ov e rr u le s t he i r goo d s ens e, and that they do not

open their peta ls to e x pos e t he i r po l le n to the ra i ns , t h i e v i ng

insects or any ot he r e v i l s t ha t m i ght ov e rt a k e t he m .

T W I N - L E A F . R H E U n A T I S M - R O O T .

Jeffersbnia difthflla.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM B a r b e r r y . W h i te . Scent less . N ew Y o r k s o u t h w a r d A p r il, M a y .


Flowers : solitary; growing on a naked scape. Calyx : of four petals that fallearly. Corolla : one inch broad, of eight petals. Stamens : eight. Pistil: one ;




stigma, two-lobed. Leaves : from the base ; growing on long stalks, and partedinto two rounded leaflets which have won for it the name of twin-leaf. Scape:

simple; naked.

T h e gener ic name of this pr etty l i t tle per en nia l her b was bestow ed on i t in hon our of Th o m as Jef ferson. I t comes to us

ear ly in the season, but is on ly found spar ingly in woods that

ar e east o f N e w Y o r k .

W I L D M A N D R A K E . M A Y A P P L E .

Podophyllum peltatum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM B a r b e r r y . W h i t e . U n p l ea s a n t . G e n e r a l . M a y .

Flowers: large ; solitary ; nodding from a short pedicel between the two leafstalks. Calyx : of six sepals that fall early. Corolla : of six to nine petals.Stamens: usually double the number of petals. Pistil: one. Fruit: a large berry filled with seeds and sweet to the taste; it appears like a small lemon.Leaves: usually two ; terminal at the ends of elongated petioles; umbrella-shaped ; five to nine lobed. Beside the flowering stems other stems arise which

bear a single leaf seven to nine lobed.

A strange l i t t le f lower is our mandrake, and a s trange way i thas of gr ow ing und er i ts grea t um br el la- l ike leaves . I t seems

as though i ts perpetual dread in l i fe i s to be wet by a thunder-

shower . T h e frui t , ca l led w i ld- lem on , is har m less , and is often

eaten and enjoyed b y ch i ldr en ; but the leaves an d roo ts pos

sess a d e a d ly po i s on.

T h e Indians know how to use i t medic inal ly .

S T A R - F L O W E R .

Trientdlls Americana.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMP r im r o s e. W h i t e. Scent less . N e w E n g la n d s ou t h w a r d M a y .

a n d w e st w a r d .

Flowers : small; terminal ; solitary. Calyx : of six, or seven sepals. Co

rolla: wheel-shaped; of six, or seven pointed petals. Stamens: numerous.Pistils: four to fifteen. Leaves: sessile ; long ; narrow and whorled below the flower. Stem : erect; slender. Rootstock : slender.

G r o w i n g near the anem one a nd often near the wi ld s traw

berry , we find in the spr ing woods this prim l i t tle blosso m . Its



PLATE CXI. PARTRI DGE VINE. Mitchella repens.

(215)



2 i 6 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N L I G H T S O I L .

appeara nce is cr isp and pe rt- l ike , and a l tho ugh it evades us and

hides i tse lf b ehin d i ts hand som e leaves , we may ha rd ly fancy

that it does so f rom shyness ; but ra ther that i t i s m ischie v

ously teasing i ts seeker an d peep ing out i ts br igh t face to laughat him as he passes on.

F O U R - L E A V E D L O O S E S T R I F E .

Lysimdchia quadrifblta.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMP r im r o s e. Y e llo w , s t r e a k e d w i th r e d . Scent less . G e n e r a l . J u n e .

Flowers: solitary ; growing uprightly on axillary thread-like flower-stalks.Calyx: of five, parted petals. Corolla: of five, oblong, parted petals.Stamens : four or five. Pistil: one. Leaves: lanceolate ; opposite or whorledat even distances about the stem. Stem : upright; smooth.

T h e perfect ly sym m etr ica l ar ra ngem ent of the leaves of this

plant an d the s tar- l ike , br ight faces that shoot out f rom their

axi ls mak e i t ver y n ot iceable . I t is c lose ly re lated to L .

terr estr is of the m oist meadow s ; but i s fond of the l ight soi l of

open woods and som etim es even appears a lo ng the ro adsides .

T h i s difference of taste i s probably owing to the considerate

foretho ught of the fa m ily , w hich wish to put themselves as

m u c h en evidence as possible, and to be ready to assist the poor

fa r m e r by u s i ng t he i r s oo t hi ng in f lu e nc e u pon h is qu a rr e ls om e

beasts . L . ter re stris ,page 93.

P A R T R I D G E V I N E . {Plate CXP.)

Mitchella repens.


M a d d e r . W h i t e . F r a g r a n t . G e n e r a l . J u n e , J u l y .

Flowers: terminal ; two in each cluster. Calyx: of four toothed sepals.Corolla : of four wax-like lobes which extend into a tube ; within hairy.Stamens: four. Pistil: one. Fruit: a small, round, scarlet berry singularly crowned with the eight calyx-teeth, and formed by the cohering of the ovaries

of the twin flowers.Leaves:

small ; round ; opposite ; shiny ; evergreen.Stems : trailing closely over the ground.

M u c h of the essence of the woodlands is embodied in the

ch e r r y - l i ke scent of the gentle s ister blossom s an d the pr etty




fru i t and br igh t tr a i l in g s tem of the par tr idge -vine . I t i s a

gre at favou ri te in the open woods and ne ver deserts them to

v is i t in other loca l i t ies . M a n y a m er ry m eal it has offered to

the passer -by , and anim als and bir ds know wel l the pulpy , re d

b e r r y . In some places they a lso frequent ly find their way to

t he m a rk e t s .

T h e blossoms are d im or ph ou s , as are their sedate l i tt le re la

t ives the qua ker ladies . Page 97, Pla t e X L V I .

T A L L H A I R Y A G R I M O N Y .

Agrimbnia hirsitta.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM Rose . Y e l lo w . L ik e a p r i c o t s . G e n e r a l . J u l y , A u g u s t .

Flowers: small ; growing in a close, slender raceme. Calyx: obconic; five-lobed, covered with hooked bristles. Corolla: of five, rosaceous petals.Stamens: ten, or more. Pistil: one; sometimes three or four. Leaves: pinnate ; of five to seven lance-oblong, coarsely-toothed leaflets. Stem: erect ; bristly.

M a n y t e nd e r gra n d m ot he r ly t r a d i t i ons c lu s te r a bou t a gr i m ony. T h e y love d i ts f ragran t f lowers an d roots , an d pr ized

it esp ecial ly because an ad ditio n of i ts d r i e d leaves made the

tea go further , and gave to i t a pe c u l i a r a rom a a nd d e l i c a c y o f

f lavour. T h e d e a r o ld c ou nt ry d o c t or in h i s ra t t l ing g i g k new

t he a gr i m ony a nd ha d i t c la s s e d a m ong h i s ha rm le s s re m e d i e s .

P a p e r bags f il led with i t and hun g against the garr et wal ls are

a lso among the memories that i ts name reca l ls .

W H I T E A V E N S .

Geum Canadhise.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM Rose . W h i te . Scent less . G e n e r a l . M a y - A u g u s t .

G u a r d i n g the borders of the thickets and open woods we find

the wh ite avens. It is a less con spicu ou s plan t than either G .r i v a l e o r G . s tr i c tu m , pages 52 a n d 53, and has sma l l , shor t , w hite

peta ls . W e m ust infer that its lack of an at trac t ive appear ance

i s re a l ly pre m e d i t a te d , a nd f or the pu rpos e o f pr e v e n t i ng ou r



ziS P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N L I G H T S O I L .

n o t i n g i ts wh er eab o uts , to av o id i t ; as in th e la te s easo n i t

sheds abroad very l i t t le o f the m i l k o f h u m a n k i n d n e s s i n

at tach in g i t s b ur r s to th e un fo r tun ate .

W I L D P I N K . {Plate CXII.)

Silene Caroliniana.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMP i n k . R o s e p i n k , S c e n t l es s . E a s t e r n , m i d d le a n d A p r i l-J u n e ,

t o n e a r l y w h i t e . s o u t h e r n s ta t e s .

Flowers: clustered at the ends of the flower-stalks. Calyx: long; of fivesepals that form a tube. Corolla: of five notched petals with claws that areenclosed in the calyx-tube. Stamens : ten. Pistil: one; styles, three. Leaves :those from the base, long, narrow, clustered; terminating in hairy petioles;those of the stem lanceolate, opposite. Stem : four to eight inches hig h;

branching; vigourous.

L e t us cast a g lance at these lov ely deep, ro sy pin ks as we

p aus e b y s o m e r o ck y ledg e in th e o p en M a y wo o ds . T h e y s i t

s o jaun t i ly up o n th e ir s tem s an d h av e s u ch an as s ur ed exp r es

s ion th at we feel th ey ar e w h is p e r in g to each o th er v er y s p icy

th in g s ; an d wh o kn o w s b u t ab o u t us ? T h e f lo wer b u ds ar e v e lv ety an d s oft, an d wh en in ter m in g led wi th th e full , r ich

bloom th ey ad d an o th e r ch ar m to th e b eau t ifu l p lan t .

F I R E P I N K . V I R G I N I A C A T C H F L Y . {Plate CVIL)

Silene Virginica.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMP in k . S c a r le t . S c en t l es s . N e w Y o r k s o u t h w a r d A ll s u m m e r .


Flowers: few; growing on pedicels in a cyme. Calyx: tubular ; five-cleft;sticky ; nodding in fruit. Corolla : of five lanceolate, deeply two-cleft petals.Stamens : ten. Pistil: one; styles, three. Leaves: small ; lanceolate ; thin.Stem : one to two feet high ; erect; slender; pubescent.

T h e v is c id s ub s tan ce th at co v er s th e ca ly x a n d s tem s o f th e

fire p in k h as led em b lem at is ts , wh o s e h ear ts h av e b een full of

co m p a s s i o n for the hapless insects held to die by i ts means, to

associate the ide a of re m or seless fate w ith the plant . I t is notth o u g h t th at i t as s im i la tes i ts v ic t im s for n o ur is h m en t as i s cus

t o m a r y with th e in s ect iv o r o u s p lan ts ; an d i ts lar g e s t i cky

calyx is therefor e to be re gr etted , as i t m ars to a grea t extent




PRINTEO IN AMERICA.



PLATE CXIIf. STARRY CAMPION. Silene stellata.

(219)




t he be a u ty o f the br i l l i a nt flow e r. D r . Er a s m u s D a r w i n , w he n

s pe a k i ng o f A m e r i c a n c a tc hfl ie s , s a i d , " T h e v i s c i d m a t e r i a l

which s u rr ou n d s the s t a lk s u nd e r the flow ers is a c u r i ou s c o n t r i

v a nce to pr e v e nt i ns e c ts f rom plu n d e r i ng the hone y , or d e v ou r

in g the seed."

S T A R R Y C A M P I O N . {Plate CXIPI.)

Silene stellata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMP in k . W h i t e. Scent less . G e n e r a l . J u n e , J u l y .

Flowers: clustered loosely in a panicle. Calyx: swollen; reddish, sticky > with five lobes. Corolla: of five deeply fringed petals. Stamens: ten; exserted. Pistil: one; styles, three. Leaves: sessile; lanceolate; whorled infours, or opposite in pairs on the upper and lower part of the stem. Stem :

two to three feet high; reddish coloured.

T h e deeply fr inged peta ls an d ye l low -gre en leaves of the

s t a r r y c a m pi on f orm m a ss es o f d e l i ght f u l ly c oo l c o lou r i n g t ha t

seem to brea th the freshness of the m idsum m er woo ds . I t i s

in the even ing that the flowers un fold , a l tho ugh in m uch shaded woods they r em ain open un t i l noo n of the next day . Th e plant

is a conspicuous catchfly .

G R O U N D - N U T . D W A R F G I N S E N G . {Plate CXIV.)

Panax trifbltum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMG in s e n g . W h i t e. Scent less . N e w E n g la n d w e st w a r d ; A p r il , M a y .

s o u t h w a r d t o G e o r g i a .

Flowers: tiny; imperfect; clustered closely in a slender-stalked umbel andforming a ball of bloom. Calyx: short ; with five small teeth. Corolla : of five petals. Stamens: five. Pistil: one. Fruit: deep yellow. Leaves : three, whorled below the flower and divided into three to five sessile leaflets. Root-

stock : tuberous; deeply seated in the earth.

T h e r ou nd fluffy ba ll of t iny blossom s w hich rises abo ve the

leaves gives t h i s p la nt a v e r y pre t ty a nd i nnoc e n t look . I t

rests so pea cefully in the sp r in g woods that i t seems a sham eto d is tur b i t to d ig for i ts tubers . T h e y are edible and have a

sweet, pu nge nt taste.



PLATE CXIV. GROUND-NUT. Panax trifolium,

(221)




F I V E = L E A V E D G I N S E N G .

Panax qianquefbh'um.


G in s e n g . G r e e n i s h w h i t e . Scent less . V e r m o n t t o M i n n . J u l y , A u g u s t .s o u t h w a r d t o G e o r g i a .

Flotvers: imperfect; clustered in a slender-stalked umbel. Calyx: short; with five small teeth. Corolla: of five petals. Stamens: five. Pistil: one.Fruit: a bright red berry. Leaves : three, whorled below the flowers and pal-mately divided into three to five ovate, pointed leaflets on each of the threepetioles. Stem : about one foot high. Foots : forked; aromatic.

T h i s plan t i s eager ly sough t for in the wo ods not on ly by

love rs of f lowers , who app re ciate i t as a r ar i ty , but a lso b y

those who c on sider the co m m er cia l va lue of i ts roots . I t isc l o s e l y a l l i e d t o t h e t r u e M a n d c h u r i a n g i n s e n g o f C h i n a a n d i s

e x p o r t e d t h e r e f rom t h is c ou nt r y i n la rge qu a n t it ie s . T h e

Chi ne s e re ga rd i ts s t i m u la t i ng pr ope r t i e s as m ore pow e r f u l t ha n

t hos e o f a ny o t he r d r u g to i nv i gou ra t e t he s y s t e m . A s is the

ca se w i th th e M e d i t e r r a n e a n m a n d r a k e , th e f o r k e d s p e ci m e n s

a re t hou ght t o re s e m ble t he hu m a n f o r m , a nd t he na m e g i ns e ng

is a c o r r u p t i o n o f th e C h i n e s e J i n t s a n , m e a n i n g li k e a m a n .T h e pla nt ha s not , how e v e r , so u n c a nn y a re pu t a t i on a s the

m a n d r a k e a nd d oe s not c ry ou t w he n u proot e d f rom t he e a r t h .

W I L D S A R S A P A R I L L A .

Ardlia nudicairiis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMG in s e n g . G r e e n i s h w h i t e . Scent less . G e n e r a l . J u n e .

Flowers: clustered in an umbel on a short naked scape. Calyx: short ; with

five small teeth. Corolla: of five petals. Stamens: five. Pistil: one.Fruit: dark purple. Leaves: one only; growing much higher than the flowersand divided into five oval toothed leaflets on each of the three petioles. Roots :

slender; running horizontally.

I t i s s a i d t ha t t he god s c om pe ns a t e a n u g ly m ot he r by g i v i ng

he r a beaut i fu l chi ld , and we of ten not ice that rather p l a i n -

l o o k i n g flowers pro du ce ver y at tr ac t ive frui t . I t is so w ith the

wild s a rs a pa r i l la , the c los e bu nc h e s o f d a r k , s h i n i ng be r r i e s

pr ot e c t e d by t he i r ha nd s om e le a v e s be i n g a c ons pi c u ou s f e a ture of the late s u m m e r w ood s . T h e roo t s a re ga t he r e d a nd s o ld

in quan tit ies to f lavour sum m er d r ink s , or as a subst i tute for

t he ge nu i ne s a rs a pa r i l la .




A M E R I C A N S P I K E N A R D .

*>Aralla racembsa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMG i n s e n g . G r e e n i s h -w h i t e . Roo t s f r a g r a n t . V e r m o n t t o M i n n e s o t a , J u l y .

s o u t h w a r d t o G eo r g i a .

Flowers: imperfect ; growing in drooping, compound umbels in a long panicle ; similar to those already described of the genus Aralia. Leaves: very large ; compound ; with heart-shaped pointed leaflets ; downy; toothed. Stem :

very leafy ; branched. Roots: branched ; aromatic ; fragrant.

Fe w c ou ld pa s s by the long re d or pu r ple c lu s te rs o f b e r ry

l i ke f ru i t w h i c h the s p i k e na rd be a rs w i t hou t t u r ni n g a s id e toa d m i r e t he m . J u s t be fore be i n g qu it e r i pe t he y a re pa rt i c u

l a r l y b r i l li a n t a n d b e a u t if u l i n c o l o u r i n g .

W I L D G E R A N I U M . W I L D C R A N E S B I L L . (Plate CXV.)

Geranium maculdtum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMG er a n i u m . P u r p l is h p i n k o r la v e n d e r . Scent less . G e n e r a l . A p r i l - J u l y .

Flowers : growing in pairs, or more numerously on long peduncles. Calyx :

of five pointed sepals. Corolla: of five rounded petals. Stamens : ten, fiveof which are longer than the others with glands at their bases. Pistil: one ;styles, five. Fruit; maturing into as many capsules. Leaves: palmately three,five, or seven divided ; each division notched into lobes at the end ; the olderleaves yellowish, blotched, or spotted with white. Stem : branching ; hairy.

W h e n so s t ro ng a nd v i gou r ou s a p la nt a s the w i ld c ra n e s bi l l

c lothes i tse l f in de l icate pur ple or lavend er, we na tur a l ly think

it has a taste for the ar t is t ic . T h e deta i l of i ts gown has a lso

been m ost care ful ly p lan ne d, as is show n by i ts beaut i fu l vena

t ion. Un do u bt ed ly it is d oi n g i ts best to keep up with i ts fa

v o u r e d re la t i ve s o f the ga rd e n s . I ts c om m on na m e , c ra ne s bi l l ,

a n d G r e e k na m e , ge ra ni u m , a re f rom the r e s e m b la nc e o f the

p a r t l y - m a t u r e d seed vesse ls to the lo n g beak of a cran e. W he n

r ipe they bur st open e last ica l ly and scatter the seeds . T h eplant spreads i tse l f bounti fu l ly over the f ie lds and roadsides as

well as rests quietly in the open woods.



224 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N L I G H T S O I L .

N E W J E R S E Y T E A . R E D - R O O T .

Ceanbthus Amertcdnus.


B u c k t h o r n . W h i t e. Scent less . G e n e r a l . J u l y .

Flowers ; crowded in a dense umbel-like cluster. Calyx: of five roundedlobes coloured like petals. Corolla : of five hood-shaped petals. Stamens ;

five. Pistil: one; stigma, three-lobed. Leaves : alternate on short petioles ;oblong ; triple-ribbed ; serrated; downy underneath. A low shrub ; one to threefeet high. Root: bright red.

New Jersey tea is not so nam ed because that m uch -abu sed

State knows no other, or i s especia l ly part ia l to the use of r e d - r o o t as a beverage ; but because in R evo lut io n ar y times the

li tt le po lit ica l dif ficulty that mad e tea r ath er scarce was felt less

poi gna nt ly by t hr i f ty hou s e w i v e s w ho ha d bags of its d r i e d

l e a ve s hu n g i n the ga r re t . T h e roo t -ba r k is a l so k now n i n

m e d i c i n e , a nd i t yi e ld s a br ow n d y e .

P R O S T R A T E T I C K - T R E F O I L . (Plate CXVP)

Meibbmia Michduxil.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMP u l s e . P u r p l e . Scent less . Fl or i d a t o M i s s , a n d n o r t h w a r d . A u g u s t .

Flowers: growing in terminal racemes on axillary branches. Calyx: five-cleft. Corolla: papilionaceous. Pods: with scalloped margins. Leaves: of three rounded, ovate leaflets. Stem : prostrate ; pubescent.

W h e n th e M e i b o m i a s o r D e s m o d i u m s , a s t h ey w e r e f o r m e r l y

ca l l e d , held their fam ily co un ci l as to the best way for them to

disperse their seeds , they decid ed upo n a plan no do ubt g ra t

i fy ing to t he m s e lv e s bu t j u s t a l i tt l e t ry i n g to hu m a ni t y at

large . I t seems as thou gh they ha d con sider ed the que st ion

from t h e ir p o i n t o f v ie w a l o n e . T h e y th e n p r o v i d e d t h e m

s e lv e s w i t h j o i nt e d pod s t ha t a re c ov e re d w i th br i s t ly hook s ,

an d clev er ly designed to fasten in the f leece of sheep, or ha ir of

a n i m a l s . In fact, they do not despise c loth ing of any de

s c r ip t io n . In th i s w a y t he y s e cu re a v e r y w i d e d i s t r i b u t i on ,a n d often fa l l upon ground at a great d is tance f rom t h e o r i g i n a l

plan ts . Th e y are not we l l -bre d l ike the ratt lesnake , who a lways

gives a fr iendly w ar nin g of his intent ions ; and often the f irs t



PLATE CXVI. PROSTRATE TICK-TREFOIL. Meibomia Michauxii.

(225)




in t im a t io n one has of t he i r w he re a bou t s is to find hi m s e l f c ov

e r e d w i t h t he i r pod s . T i m e m u s t t he n be taken to pick them

off, even though, as T h o r e a u says : " Y o u w e re r u n n i n g for y o u r

l i fe ." T h e f a m i ly is also a n u m e r o u s one, and it is a l m o s t i m

poss ible not to c o m e in c ont a c t w i t h s om e of t h e m w h e n t a k i n g

a s t r o l l in the a u t u m n .

M. Canadensis is the tal lest and most showy of the genus ; of

t e n r e a c h i n g six feet h i g h . It is no t at all d i s c r i m i n a t i n g in its

c hoi c e of a h o m e , and can be f ou nd a lm os t a ny w he re , f rom th e

h e a r t of the w ood s to the m i d d l e of a bog.

M. nudiflbra is a s m a l le r and v e r y c om m on s pe ci es of the

open woods. Its purple f lowers grow in a r a c e m e on a usual ly

leafless scape.

M. grandiflbra be a rs a long ra c e m e of flowers with leaves

d i v i d e d into large leaflets cr ow de d below it on the same s tem.

A l l of these plants are r e a d i l y k n o w n by t he i r pu rpl i s h pa

pi l i ona c e ou s c oro l la s and three- fol io late leaves . T h e b l o o m is

often quite pretty .

W O O D - B E T O N Y . L O U S E W O R T . (Plate CXVII.)

Pedicularis Canadensis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMF ig w o r t . Y e l lo w , r e d , o r p u r p l e . Scent less . G e n e r a l . M a y - J u l y .

Flowers: growing in a short, thick spike. Calyx: united and split downthe front. Corolla: tubular ; two-lipped, the upper lip helmet-shaped, the

lower one erect and three-lobed. Stamens: four enclosed in the upper lip.Pistil: one. Seed pods : dagger-shaped. Leaves: those from the base deeply incised and cut ; those near the flower, smaller and less cut; hairy. Stem:

erect; hairy.

T h e w ood - be t ony is a not he r of the f lowers that interest us by

their i r r e g u l a r i ty a n d v i g o u r of e x pre s s i on . T h e upper l ip ra ises

i tself in the most se l f -asser t ing m ann er un t i l it takes the w h i m

to a rc h ov e r . T w o s hort te e t h t he n ha ng d ow n and f orm a

s t r i k i n g l ikeness to the h e a d of a walrus . T h e u nd e r l ip, which is s hort e r , c om ple t e s the re s e m bla nc e by d r o o p i n g .

O c c a s i o n a l l y the whole flower is of a deep r i c h p u r p l e ; but

usual ly the pa rt s are d i f f e re nt ly c o lou re d , the upper lip b e i n g



F r u i t a n d c a l y x .

PLATE CXVII. WOOD- BETONY. Pedicularis Canadensis.(227)




p u r p l e an d the lower one pale ye l low . A ga in pale and dar k

c lum ps of the f lowers w i l l be foun d gr ow ing s ide by s ide .

After the blo om has passed the plants are no t pr etty , as the

fern-l ike l e a v e s a nd pod s a re ra t he r rou gh.

Un for tun ate ly , the plant is not cr ed i ted with possess ing any

especia l v irtue , and we have no reason to be l ieve i t i s ident ica l

with the ancient betony of his tory .

N A R R O W = L E A V E D C O W = W H E A T .

Melamfiyrum lineare.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMF ig w o r t . P a l e y e ll o w . Scent less . G en e r a l . A l l s u m m e r .

Flowers: small; solitary ; axillary. Calyx: bell-shaped ; four-cleft.Corolla: tubular ; two-lipped, the upper lip arched, the lower one three-lobed.Stamens ; four. Pistil: one. Leaves: opposite ; lanceolate or narrower; theupper sparingly tipped with bristles. Stem : six to twelve inches high; erect;

branching.

Cow -wh eat is so nam ed because the D u tch at one time

cult ivate d i t as food for the ir ca tt le ; an d the Gr eek gen er ic

na m e , M e la m py r u m , m e a ni ng b la c k w he a t, re f e rs to the c o lou r

of the s ee ds w he n m i x e d w i t h o t he r gr a i n . T h e p la nt is v e r y

c o m m o n i n ou r ope n w ood s , a nd i s not pa r t i c u la r ly a t t ra c t i v e .

S M O O T H F A L S E F O X G L O V E .

Dasystoma Virginica.


F ig w o r t . Y e l lo w . Scent less . N e w E n g l a n d t o M i n n e s o t a A u g u s t , S e p t e m b e r .s o u t h w a r d t o F lo r id a .

Flowers: large; growing in a leafy raceme. Calyx: short; campanulate, with five lobes. Corolla : large ; with five spreading lobes extending into a longtube, the inside of which is woolly. Stamens: four, in pairs, one pair shorterthan the other ; woolly. Pistil: one. Leaves: opposite ; the lower ones finely divided, the upper ones lanceolate ; entire. Stem : from three to six feethigh ; branching; smooth. Root: parasitic.

T h e f igwor ts are one of the few fam ilies that re m ain w ith us

after the com posi tes have ar r iv ed . I t wo uld seem as thou ghthey were loath to leave us without some r em inde r of the

m o r e d e li ca te b lo om of the s p r i ng a nd s u m m e r. In full b u d

the plants ar e esp ecial ly bea utiful . In fact, the lar ge show y



PLATE CXIX. FERN- LEAF FALSE FOXGL OVE. Dasystoma Pedicularia.

(229)




f lowers have h ar dly the c ha rm of the de eply- t inted en ro l led

bu ds wh ich pique the inter est with the expe ctancy of the

bloss om . Often wefind the fox glove b lo om ing in the woods

wh en there is not ano ther f lower to be seen, an d we thereforegreet i t wi th an added amount o f p leasure.

D. Jlava, o r d o w n y f a ls e f o xg lo v e , P l a t e C X V I I I , is p e r

haps a l i t t le ea r l ier in co m ing into b loo m . I t is a smal ler

plant , very showy, and wi th beaut i ful bel l -shaped f lowers .

F E R N - L E A F , O R L O U S E W O R T F A L S E F O X G L O V E .

{Plate CX/X.)Dasjstoma Pedicular la.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMF ig w o r t . Pale y e llo w . Scent less . M a i n e s o u t h w a r d . A u g u s t , S e p t em b e r .

Flowers: large, in a terminal leafy panicle. Calyx: irregularly cut; five-lobed ; pubescent. Corolla : funnel-form ; inflated ; with five slightly irregularlobes; within woolly; pubescent. Stamens: four in pairs, one pair shorterthan the other; woolly. Anthers: lavender. Pistil: one. Leaves: pinnati-fid; the divisions much incised. Stem: branched; leafy. Root: parasitic.

T h e b l o s s o m s f rom w h i ch t h e a cco m p a n y i n g i l l u s t r a t i o n w a sm a d e w er e p i cke d i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a ; a n d th e r e , a s a l o n g t h e

At l an t ic coast, the fern-leaf foxglove is very lovely . Th e r e is

a sensit iveness abo ut the plant that m akes us fancy i t to be

one of the t i m i d spir i ts o f natur e. I t resents be ing p icke d,

a n d th e leaves and stems then t u r n q u i ck l y b l a ck a n d d i e .



Plants Growing i n Sandy Soil .

There are flowers that delight in sandy soil, and they are as

well adapted to it as the white water-lily is to its home inthe pond. When they desire moisture they are fashio?ied so

as to retain it within themselves, and have succulent, non-

porous foliage. If it is unpleasant to them their leaves are

small or thin, and sometimes close at the approach of astorm, or when the air is laden with moisture. This senseor instinct that flowers possess seems to be somewhat akin to

that of the carrier pigeon ; or of a dog that will follow atrail over rocks even after they have been zvashedby the rain.

We all know that the Indian s senses are much better developed

than those of civilised man and they are ever in sympathy

with the flowers.

S P A N I S H B A Y O N E T . A D A M ' S N E E D L E . (Plate CXX.)

Yucca flametitbsa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM L i ly . W h i te . Scent less . E a s t V i rg i n ia s o u t h w a r d . S u m m e r .

Flowers: large ; growing in compound panicles on a scape-like flower-stalk.Perianth : of six, oblong, pointed divisions, sometimes tipped with purple at theends. Stamens: six. Pistil: one. Leaves: one to two feet long; lanceolate;growing from a short trunk.

T h i s s t r i k i n g p l a n t , w h o se g e n e r i c n a m e is taken f rom then a m e u s e d by the a b o r i g i n e s of A m e r i c a , is p e r h a p s m o r e fa

m i l i a r to us of the n o r t h in cu l t i v a t i o n , t h a n in the state of w i l d

f r e e d o m it enjoys in the s o u t h . It g u a r d s our garden paths



232 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N S A N D Y S O I L .

with an e re c t , s e nt i ne l - li k e be a r i n g t ha t is v e r y i m p o s i n g , a n d

no one is a f r a i d , e v e n t h o u g h it is c a l le d Spa ni s h ba y one t .

B E A C H P L U M .

Primus mariti?na.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMP lu m . W h i te o r r o s e t i n t e d . S w e e t s ce n t e d . M a i n e t o V i r g i n i a . A p r i l , M a y .

Flcnvers: growing in round, dense clusters. Calyx: urn-shaped, with fivegreen lobes. Corolla : of five rosaceous petals. Stamens : numerous. Pistil:

one. Fruit: a drupe, or having a stone enclosed in the centre; glaucous.Leaves: alternate, with stipules; oval; finely toothed; downy underneath. A

low shrub with dark, purple bark.In the s a nd y soi l of the sea-beaches this spr ead ing shr ub m ay

b e f o u n d g r o w i n g a b u n d a n t l y . T h e b u m b l e b ee s k n o w w e l l its

h o m e and seem to have de ser ted ever y othe r flower to h o v e r

a b o u t it d r o w s i l y . It is a na t i v e of A m e r i c a and d e l i c i ou s pre

serves have been made f rom its f ru i t .

B I R D ' S - F O O T V I O L E T . {Plate CXXP.)

Viola pedal a.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMVio le t . Pa le b l u e a n d Scent less . N ew E n g l a n d t o M i n n . M a y .

deep p u r p l e. a n d s o u t h w a r d .

Flowers : large, one inch across ; solitary ; nodding; growing on a scape.Calyx : of five pointed sepals with ears at the bases. Corolla : of five unequal,

beardless petals, one of which extends into a spur. Stamens : united about thepistil. Pistil: one; style, club-shaped. Leaves: from the base; pedately five

to nine-parted; the lobes narrow; spatulate.

F r o m ti m e i m m e m o r i a l v i o le t s h a v e had t he i r h i s t or i a ns ,

their eulogists , and t h e i r w o r s h i p p e r s ; and yet, they are not

s t r i k i n g l y h a n d s o m e p l a n ts t h a t c l a i m i n s ta n t a d m i r a t i o n ; t he y

ar e s i m ply ge nt le , m od e s t and sweet.

It is not, p e r h a p s , g e n e r a l l y k n o w n th a t unti l r e c e n t l y the

v iolet was h i g h l y p r i z e d in m e d i c i n e ; and p h y s i c i a n s of the

m i d d l e ages r e g a r d e d it as one of t he i r f ou r c or d i a l f low e rs. Inthe t ime of C h a r l e s II. a c ons e r v e c a l le d v i o le t pa s te , or v i o le t

s u ga r , was in gre a t f a v ou r w i t h roy a l t y and all the m o r e

e a ge r ly c ons u m e d be c a u s e it was t h o u g h t to be a pre v e nt a t i v e



PLATE CXXI. BIRD' S-FOOT VIOLET. Viola pedata.

Viola pedata bicolor.

(233)



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N S A N D Y S O I L .

of a nd c u re f or a l l pu lm on a r y c om pla i n t s . I t m a y be t ha t t h is

w as the f ore r u n ne r o f the v i o le t glace wh ich is now eaten,

a l t h o u g h u n d o u b t e d l y m o r e from pu re d e l i ght t ha n a ny i d e a o f

benefit.

V. pedata bicblor, Pla t e C X X I , w hi c h is a v a r i e t y o f V . pe d a t a ,

is v e r y ha nd s om e , w i t h d e e p pu r ple , v e lv e t -l i k e u ppe r pe t a ls .

T h e fol iage of these v i o le t s is c ons pi c u ou s a s ha v i ng d e pa rt e d

f rom the entire leaf type w i t h he a r t -s ha p e d ba se t ha t is c o m

m o n l y associated with the plants . T h e y be lo ng to the s tem less

d iv is io n , s o-c a l le d , o f v i o le t s a nd a l t hou gh t he y o f te n b loom a

second time late in the season they do no t bear c le is togam ou s blossoms.

V. Atldntica, coast v io let , i s a pr etty plan t w ith f lowers that

grow on lon g s lender scapes . I ts peta ls are nea rly equal in

leng th. I t i s by the leaves , how ever, that i t i s re ad i ly d i s t i n

g u is h e d . T h e y a r e ovate to r e n i f o r m i n ou t l i ne a nd d e e ply

p a r t e d i n t o l ine a r or ob la nc e o la te lobe s ; the m i d d le one be i ng

s om e w ha t w i d e r t ha n t he o t he rs . W e find t h e m e i t h e r t o o t h e dor ent ire .

P O V E R T Y - G R A S S . F A L S E H E A T H E R .

Hudsbnia tomentbsa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM R o c k - r os e . Y e l lo w . S c e n t le s s . N e w E n g l a n d s o u t h w a r d M a y , J u n e .


Flowers: growing in loose, leafy clusters. Calyx: of five sepals, twolarger than the others and appearing like bracts. Corolla; of five petals.Stamens: numerous. Pistil: one. Leaves . very small ; numerous ; huggingthe stem closely. Stem: low ; bushy ; heath-like.

It seems rather the i r o n y of fate t h a t th e w o r d p o v e r t y

s h o u l d ever have been associated with this heather- l ike l i t t le

plant . I ts br igh t , ye l low f lowers an d green leaves are ex

t re m e ly pr e t ty a ga i ns t the l i ght ba c k gr ou nd o f s om e s a nd y

hil ls ide. T h e r e i s , how e v e r , a h ope le s sne s s , a la c k o f e nd u r a nc e

abou t the l i t t le b losso m s that is to be re gre tted. T h e y open in

t he s u ns hi ne , u nre s i s t i ng ly give up the s truggle , and l ive bu t a

single day.



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N S A N D Y S O I L . 235

R O C K - R O S E . F R O S T - W E E D .

Helidnthemum Canadense.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM R o c k - r o se . Y e l lo w . L e a v e s , w h e n b r u i s e d , M a i n e s o u t h w a r d J u l y , A u g u s t .l ik e b a ls a m . a n d w e s tw a r d .

Flowers: occurring in two forms ; the early blossoms large; solitary, withfive petals ; the later ones small and axillary. Calyx : of the early flowers •,of five sepals, two larger than the others and appearing like bracts. Corolla :

of five, or more early-falling petals. Stamens: numerous; in the later blossoms, three to ten. Pistil: one ; stigma, three-lobed. Leaves; opposite, becoming alternate as they ascend the stem ; lanceolate; pubescent underneath. Stem : erect; branched; pubescent.

A s is the case w ith m any fam il ies the frost-w eed r a ises twosets of c h i ld re n . T h e f irs t, w hi c h u n f o ld i n J u ly , a re la rge ,

s o l i t a r y a nd ope n i n the s u ns hi ne only . T h e ne x t d a y the y

d r o o p t he i r pe t a ls a nd d i e. T h e y re s e m ble c los e ly a n e v e ni ng

p r i m r o s e . Pe r ha p s the p la n t find s the m t oo lu x u r i ou s a nd deli*

cate as of fsprings ; for la ter in the season, in Au gu st a nd Sep

t e m be r , i t b loom s a ga i n , a nd nu m e rou s s m a l le r b los s om s a ppe a r

in the axi ls of the leaves . T h e y are qu i te d i fferent in aspect

f rom t he i r br ot he rs a n d s i s te rs t ha t ha v e gone on be f ore , a nd

a re w i t h or w i thou t pe t a ls . T h e p la nt , how e v e r , is ha rd ly m i s -

t a k a ble , e s pe c i a l ly i n N o v e m be r , w h e n i ce c ry s t a ls f a nt a s ti c a nd

whimsical i n s ha pe bu rs t ope n t he ba rk a nd r e a r t he m s e lv es on

h i g h . These are supposed to be the sap of the plant , which ac

c u m u la t e s m o i s tu re a n d t he n f re ez e s.

S T A G G E R - B U S H .

Pieris Mariana.


H e a t h . W h i t e , o r t i n t ed w i t h Scent less . R h o d e I s l a n d t o M a y , J u n e , p i n k a n d r e d . F lo r i d a .

Flowers: rather small ; nodding ; clustered on leafless shoots. Calyx: of fivelanceolate sepals. Corolla: roundish ; of five petals. Stamens : ten. Pistil:

one. Leaves : oblong ; glossy veined. A shrub two to four feet high.

L i k e l a m bk i l l t he s ta gge r-bu s h ha s a ra t he r u n k i n d w a y o f

d e a l i n g w i t h y ou n g la m bs a nd s hee p t ha t brow s e u pon i ts gr e e n

shoots . I t tur ns their poo r, fool ish heads d izz y , or i f they have

per s is tent ly eaten too free ly , i t sends them to their ever last ing




rest . Th e shr ub is very handsom e and is gener a l ly found in the

sandy, dry soi l o f lo w g r o u n d s ab o u t N e w Y o r k a n d R h o d e

I s l a n d . I t is a c on ne c t i on o f the A n d r om e d a o f the m a rs he s .

V E R N A L W H I T L O W - G R A S S .

Drab a vtrna.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM M u s t a r d . W h i t e . S c e n t l e ss . G e n e r a l . A p r i l , M a y .

Flowers : small ; growing in a raceme on a naked scape. Calyx: of foursepals that fall early. Corolla: of four two-cleft petals. Stamens: six, of which two are shorter than the others. Pistil: one. Pod: flat; somewhat

lanceolate. Leaves: from the base ; oblong to lanceolate. Scape : one to threeinches high.

T h i s l it tle m em ber of the spicy m ustar d fam ily mak es i ts

hom e i n s a nd y , waste places . I t has been natur a l ised from

E u r o p e .

P I 1 T P E R N E L . P O O R - M A N ' S , O R S H E P H E R D ' S

W E A T H E R - G L A S S .

Anagdllis arvinsis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMP r im r o s e . R e d d i s h , w h i t e , o r b l u e . S c e n t l e ss . G e n e r a l . J u n e -A u g u s t .

Flowers: sm al l; solitary; axillary; growing on slender flower-stalks.Calyx: five-parted. Corolla : wheel-shaped, with five delicately fringed segments. Stamens: five; the filaments bearded with purple. Pistil; one.Leaves: short; opposite; ovate; almost sessile ; darkly spotted. Stem : low;spreading on the ground.

T h e wish to be of some assis tance to the poo r m an and thes h e p h e r d is ch ar ac ter ist ic of this dear l i t t le f lower. It spre ads

i tsel f ou t a bu nd a n t ly ov e r the s a nd y , waste f ie lds wh ere they

o f te n pas s by , a nd w a rn s t he m of the a pp ro a c h i ng s t orm s by

c l o s i n g i ts peta ls . A t nigh t a lso an d when the day is c lou dy i t

fo lds them togeth er. T h e fact that i t does so with the choice

of a sandy so i l for i ts hab itat shows how con sis tent the plan t

is in i ts avers ion to moisture . A. Stdus, St. Peter 's-w or t, is gen er al in the sandy soi l and es

pe c i a l ly the p ine ba rre n s o f N e w J e rs e y a nd L o n g Is la nd . I ts

peta ls are longer than the sepals and obovate in out l ine .



PLATE CXXII. ST. ANDREW'S CROSS. Ascyrum hypericoides.

(237)



2 3 3 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N S A N D Y S O I L .

S T . A N D R E W ' S C R O S S . [Plate CXXPP.)

Ascyrum hypericoldes.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMS t . J o h n 's -w o r t . Y e l lo w . S c e n t l e s s . M a s s . t o F lo r i d a J u l y , A u g u s t .


Flowers: clustered at the ends of spreading flower-stalks. Calyx: of fourunequal sepals. Corolla : of four oblong petals. Stamens: numerous. Pistil:

one; styles, two. Leaves: opposite; narrow; entire; sessile; smooth andspotted with a darker colour. Stem: much branched.

T h i s low , l ea f y m e m be r o f the St . J o hn 's -w or t f a m i ly is v e ry

pre t t y a nd m a y be f ou nd i n l i ght , s a nd y soi l , o r p i n e b a r r e n s

e s pe c i a l ly thos e o f N e w J e rs e y . T h e pe t a ls , w hi c h a re not longe rt h a n t he s e pa ls , s pr e a d ou t in the s ha pe o f S t. A nd r e w 's c ros s .

S H R U B B Y S T . J O H N ' S - W O R T . [Plate CXXIII.)

Hypiricum prolificum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMS t . J o h n 's -w o r t . Y e l lo w . S c e n t l e s s . N e w J e r s e y t o G e o r g i a . J u l y , A u g u s t .

Flowers: clustered at the ends of the branches. Calyx : of five sepals.

Corolla: of five spreading pointed petals, tinged with scarlet in the centre.Stamens : indefinite in number ; protruding. Pistil: one; styles, three. Pod:

red ; three-celled. Leaves : numerous ; opposite ; oblong. Stein ; branched ;reddish.

T h e s h r u b b y S t. J o h n ' s - w o r t is r a t h e r th e c o x c o m b o f th e

fami ly a n d h a s d e c i d e d l y th e a i r o f b e i n g v e r y m u c h p l ea s e d

with i tse lf . I ts pr ol i f ic sup ply of p r o tr u di n g s tamens gives i t a

l ight fluffy look w hich en l ivens any b un ch of f lowers an d adds a

t o u c h of be a u t y t o t he s a nd y , ba r re n soil w he re i t grow s .T h o r e a u m en tions that at the t ime of the longe st days in the

y e a r t he St . J ohn 's - w ort be g i ns t o b loom ,

P R I C K L Y - P E A R . I N D I A N F I G .

Opimtta humifusa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMCa c t u s . Y e l lo w . S c e n t l e s s . N o r t h e a s t e r n s ta t e s . S u m m e r .

Flowers: large ; solitary ; sessile ; axillary from the side of the stem joints.Calyx: of numerous sepals. Corolla: of eight to twelve petals arranged inranks. Stamens : numerous. Pistil: one; stigmas, numerous. Fruit: pear-shaped; edible. Stem: successively jointed ; fleshy, spiny, and provided withtufts of stiff, reddish-brown bristles.




A s the cam el is ada pted to the dese rt so is the cactus to

s a nd y soi l , and in i ts f irm, pat ient gro w th i t is not un l ike that

un w ear y ing beast. I ts succu lent , f leshy p ar ts r eta in w ithin

them selves al l the m oistu re i t needs for existence, an d the

le a the ry , non -por ou s s k i n pre v e n t s e v a po ra t i on . I t lov e s t he

b u r n in g rays of the sun and wi l l of ten choose to grow on rocks

wher e the heat i s longest re ta ined . A m o n g the hi l ls of New

J e rs e y a nd a bou t Conne c t i c u t i t i s not u nu s u a l t o find i t c ov e r

in g l a rge bou ld e rs .

O u r f lower is one of the two species w ith w hich we are m ost

famil iar . O. Opilntia, the other species , has a wester n ra nge ,

f rom Min ne so ta to Te xa s , sma l ler f lowers, few spines or none,

an d gre enish -ye l low br is t les . In other respects it i s a lm ost

i d e n t i ca l with the above .

G O A T ' S R U E . W I L D S W E E T P E A . C A T - G U T .

(Plate CXXIV.)

Crdcca Virgi?iiana.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMP u l s e . Y e l lo w i s h a n d p u r p l e . Scent less . S o u t h e r n N e w E n g la n d J u n e , J u l y .

s o u t h z v a r d a n d w e st w a r d .

Flowers: growing closely in a terminal cluster. Calyx : five-cleft. Corolla :

papilionaceous ; the standard broadly ovate and notched at the apex; the wings a purplish red. Sta?nens : ten ; nine of them united. Pistil: one. Pod:

flat; linear. Leaves: odd-pinnate, with smooth, oval leaflets. Stem : slightly shrubby.

It is a lways a pleasure to com e upo n the goat's ru e w hos e

m a n n e r of gro w th is gra ceful an d i ts co lou r ing e f fective . I t would s ee m a s t hou gh D a m e N a t u re ha d m i x e d he r pa le tt e to

pa i nt it i n a c c ord a nc e w i t h he r taste f or v a r i e t y . A g a i n , w e

lament the absence of fragr anc e , w hich we un con sciou s ly expect

to find, a s t he b loom s t rongly suggests the garden sweet pea.

W I L D L U P I N E .Lupinus perennis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMP u l s e . B l u e . Scent less . M a i n e t o F lo r i d a . J u n e , J u l y .

Flowers: growing in a long, terminal raceme. Calyx: deeply toothed.Corolla: showy ; papilionaceous. Leaves: palmately divided into seven toeleven lanceolate, hairy leaflets. Stem : erect; sometimes branching ; hairy.



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N S A N D Y S O I L . 241

T h e gene ric name of this love ly plant , w hich means a wolf ,

was bestowed upo n i t becau se i t has been supposed to devo ur

an d exhaust the so i l . Wel l , if it does it has the go od taste to

do so in a way hig hly con sider ate of i ts ne ighb ou r 's fee lings ,an d one that i t w ould be wel l i f a l l w olves wo uld imitate . B y

s p r e a d i n g i tse l f over sandy, waste places i t t ransforms them

into a n u nd e r s k y t ha t V e n i c e m i ght e nv y, a nd tha t c he e rs a nd

deligh ts the eye. It has been ca l led sun -dial , as i ts leaves

are said to turn to face the sun f r o m m o r n i n g unti l e v e ni ng .

O l d m a i d ' s b o n n e t s i s a n o t h e r a n d r a t h e r a m u s i n g c o m m o n

name of the plant .

In e a s te rn N o r t h A m e r i c a w e ha v e bu t tw o s pe c ie s , of w hi c h

o ur pla nt is the no rt he rn r e pre s e n t a ti v e . T h e s ou t he rn s is te r

is cal led L. villosus. It has ob lon g s imple leaves , in contr ast to

the abo ve , and i ts pod s are bea ut i fu l ly covere d with soft, s i lver y

h a ir s .

T h e west boasts many variet ies of this plant , which a l l

c los e ly re s e m ble e a c h ot he r . T h e y a re a m o ng t he pe c u l i a r ly

s t r i k i n g and attract ive of our wi ld f lowers .

W I L D , O R F A L S E I N D I G O .

Baptisia iinctbria.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMP u l s e . Y e ll o w . Scent less . G e n e r a l . J u l y .

Flowers: clustered in a loose raceme. Calyx: four, or five toothed.Corolla : papilionaceous, the banner erect. Leaves : small, divided into three

obovate leaflets, glaucous and whitish underneath. Stem : much branchedslender.

W e c ou ld ha r d ly pa ss on w i t hou t m e nt i on i ng t he w i ld i nd i go

as we are con stan t ly co m in g across i t in the sandy soi l . It

y ie lds , as i ts nam e indicates , a ra the r po or sor t of ind igo.

R A T T L E B O X .

Crotallaria sagittatis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMP u l s e . Y e ll o w . Scent less . M a i n e w e st w a r d . J u l y .

Flowers: small; seldom more than two, or three clustered on a peduncle ;Corolla : papilionaceous. Pods: one inch in length ; inflated, and having



PLATE CXXVI. BEACH PEA. Lathyrus maritimus.

(243)




P A R T R I D G E P E A . L A R G E S E N S I T I V E P L A N T .

{Plate CXXV.)

Cassia Chamacrista.F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O M

S e n n a . Y e llo w . Scent less . M i d d l e s ta t e s s o u th w a r d L a t e s u m m e r .a n d w e s t t o t h e R o c k i es .

Flowers: large; growing on slender axillary flower-stalks. Calyx: of fivealmost separate petals. Corolla : one and a half inches broad ; of five petals; four of which are nearly equal and two dotted with purple at the base; thefifth one being larger. Stamens: ten; anthers, irregular, of which some areladen with a yellow, others with a purple, pollen. Pistil: one. Pod: flat.Leaves: pinnate; divided into ten to twenty pairs of small, linear, sensitive

leaflets which close when roughly handled, the lowest pair possessing a club-shaped gland at the base.

W h e n l o o ki n g a t t h e i l lu s t r a t i o n i t w o u l d a p p e a r a s t h o u g h

the wi ld senna a nd the pa rtr idge pea ha d, to amuse themselves ,

p layed at exchanging their leaves , for the eye natural ly associ

ates the larger leaves w ith the lar ger f lowers. Ju st the rever se,

however , is true, and the stren gth that has been res er ved in the

s m a l l leaves of the pa rtr idge pea, bur sts forth in the large

br ight flowers w hich enl iven m any a sandy bank in late sum mer .

It is esp ecial ly in the sou th that i ts bloo m is m ost per fect . T h e

sensi t iveness o f these plants to the touch is a cu r io us feature.

B E A C H P E A . (Plate CXXVI)

Ldthyrus marltimus.

F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O M

P u l s e . V i o l e t p u r p l e . Scent less . A l o n g t h e coas t . S u m m e r an d e ar ly a u t u m n .

Flowers: clustered on slender axillary peduncles. Calyx : of five unequalsepals. Corolla: showy; papilionaceous. Stamens: ten; united. Pistil:

one. Pod: long; narrow. Leaves: divided into three to five pairs of oval,smooth leaflets ; the common petiole ending in a tendril. Stem : stout; leafy.

W e n d i n g o u r w a y t h r o u g h th e s a n d d u n es th a t g u a r d th e

app ro ach to the seashore we pass the beach pea gr ow ing in

low c lump s. Th e r e is a hea l thy look about i ts sof t green

spotless leaves, and the varying tones of i ts purple f lowers harm onise wel l wi th the whi te sand . W e c an not h elp but fancy

that it feels a su btle joy in its pow ers as it str etch es ou t its

firm tendri ls to ra ise i t se l f upward.



PLATE CXXVII. BUSH CLOVER. Lespedezaprocumbent.

(245)



2 4 6 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N S A N D Y S O I L .

B U S H - C L O V E R . {Plate CXXVII)

Lespedeza procumbens.


P u l s e . P u r p l is h p i n k . Scent less . G en e r a l. L a t e s u m m e r a n d a u t u m n .

Flowers: terminally clustered on peduncles. Corolla: papilionaceous, the banner petal pointed at the top. Pods : flat; jointed; having one seed. Leaves:

divided into three oblong, clover-like leaflets. Stem : procumbent.

T h i s dainty l i t t le gro un d weed that hugs the earth so c lose ly ,

bears, besides the lar ge ter m ina l f lowers, sma ller ones that are

i n t e r m i n g l e d with the others and grow a long the bra nches .

F r e q u e n t l y they are w ithou t peta ls and are the mor e fert i le of

the two. In sandy places in the late season m em ber s of this

genus aboun d and are con spicuo us by the ir c love rl ik e leaf le ts .

T h e i r sm ooth , s ingle or dou ble- jointed pods with but one seed

also serve to d is t inguish them f rom their re lat ives , the M eib o-

mias, page 2 2 4 , Pla t e C X V I .

L. capitata, r o u n d -h e a d e d b u s h - cl o v e r , b e ar s c r e a m -c o l o u r e d

flowers spotted with purp le in a r ou nd ed h ead, or cap i tu lum ,on very short peduncles .

L. frutescens, w an d-like bu sh-c lover , is an erect species with

flowers gr ow ing c lose ly ; thick s tems and man y leaves.

L. Virginica, s lender bush-c lover , has f lowers in oblong heads

an d l inear leaflets.

It w il l be no ticed that the specif ic nam es of these plants , as

is custom ary , indicate their pecu l iar i t ies . A s a genus they arer e a d i l y r e c o g n i s e d .

H Y S S O P S K U L L C A P . {Plate CXXVII I)

Scutellaria integrtfblia.


M i n t . B l u e o r vio le t . Scent less . Co n n e c t ic u t , s o u t h - J u n e - A u g u s t .w a r d a n d w e st w a r d .

Flowers: one inch long ; growing in terminal racemes. Calyx : two-lipped;the upper lip covered by a helmet-like little cap, Corolla : two-lipped withlong ascending tube, the upper lip helmet-shaped and curving over the lowerlip, which is flaring and indented at the apex. Stamens : four, in pairs of unequal length. Pistil: one ; stigma, two-lobed. Leaves: opposite; lanceolate to




linear. Stem : one to two feet high. The whole plant is covered with a softdown.

N o t h i n g can be m ore bew itchin g than a s ta lk of these blue

flowers inter m ingled with their l ight green leaves . T h e h e lmet

l ike peta l of a deep pu rp l ish blue hangs over the others and

gives the blossom s an odd expr ess ion, as tho ugh they were

s i m p l y helmets and open mouths ; the la t ter just ready to snap

ou t any m or se l of goss ip that m ight be inter est ing to the

passers by.

S. pilbsa, h a i r y s k u l lc a p , P la te C X X V I I I , h as o p p o site

r o u n d i s h , or ovate leaves , and f lowers gr ow ing in a shor t r a ceme with spatulate b ra cts . I t i s a ta l ler species than the pr e

c e d i ng a nd is m o re pu be s c e nt. T h e b los som s a re s m a l le r .

S. lateriflora a n d S. galericulata, pages 126 a n d 127.

B L U E = C U R L S . B A S T A R D P E N N Y R O Y A L .

Trichostlma dichotomum.

F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O M M i n t . B l u e , t u r n i n gt o Fr a g r a n t . M a s s . t o Flo r id a L a t e s u m m e r a n d

p u r p l e. a n d w e st w a r d . a u t u m n .

Flowers: single; axillary, or in raceme-like clusters at the ends of the branches. Calyx: tubular; five-cleft. Corolla: two-lipped; five-divided; the'upper lobe deeply cleft. Stamens: four; curved; exserted with hairy filaments. Pistil: one; style, two-lobed. Leaves: opposite, on short petioles;lanceolate; entire; rather clammy. Stem: branching; clammy.

B l u e cur ls does i ts best to be agreea ble and throw s out an

abun dance of b loo m in the la te sum m er. I t i s not , how ever,

ver y pre tty , an d i t i s to be do ub ted whether i ts f ragra nce is

w h ol ly a gre e a ble . T h e c om m on na m e re f e rs t o i ts ha i r -l i k e

c u r l i n g f i laments.

H 0 R 5 E = M I N T . (Plate CXXIX.)

Mondrda punctata.


M i n t . Y e l lo w a n d c r im s o n . S t r o n g l yscen t ed . N e w Y o r k t o I lli n o is J u l y - S ep t e m b e r .


Flowers : whorled above the floral bracts. Calyx : short; five-toothed. Co

rolla: two-lipped; narrow in the throat; pale yellow, spotted with deep crimson.Floral leaves: whorled; lanceolate; pinkish crimson, veined with a deepercolour.



PLATE CXXIX. HORSE-MINT. Monardapwictata,

(249)




T h i s i n t e r e s t i ng p la nt is f ou n d i n gre a t a bu nd a nc e i n the

sandy soi l of New Jer sey . T h e ar ra ngem ent of the flowers

m a k e s the m a ppe a r as t hou gh t he y ha d a s s e m bled i n c ou r t to

p r o n o u n c e j u d gm e nt on s om e u nha ppy c re a t u re a nd t ha t t he y

h ad j u s t ope ne d t he i r m ou t hs t o s na p ou t a m os t u nf a v ou ra ble

ver dict . One inst in ct ive ly hopes that Ma ster Bee has not been

s h i r k i n g his duty , for they have a very angr y , spi te fu l expres

sion. The f lora l bracts of r i c h c o l o u r i n g f o r m a n e x q u is it e

sett ing for the ir assem blage .

C A R O L I N A C A L A H I N T {Plate CXXX.)

Calamintha Caroltntana.


M i n t . P u r p l e, o r w h i t es p o t t e d F r a g r a n t . Flo r i d a t o A u g u s t , S e p t e m b e r ,w i th a d a r k e r s h a d e . N . Ca r o l in a .

Flowers ; growing in cymes of six flowers in the axils of the leaves. Calyx :tubular; two-lipped. Corolla: long ; two-lipped ; the upper lip notched at theapex ; the lower one three-lobed. Stamens ; four ; curving inward. Pistil :

one. Leaves: opposite ; oblong, narrowing into a slender petiole; pubescent;

smaller leaves also clustered in the axils. Stem : erect; branching ; leafy.

Calamintha, m e a ni ng i n G r e e k be a u t if u l m i nt, w e l l e x pres se s

this m ember of the genus . I t r ange is un for tuna te ly l im ited,

but i t can be know n by the i l lustr at io n.

P A I N T E D C U P .

Casttlleja coccinea.


Fi g w o r t . Y e l lo w w i th v e r m i li o n Scent less . E a s te r n a n d J u n e , f l o ra l l eaves . t n i d d l e s ta t e s .

Flmvers: terminal; growing in a short spike. Calyx: four-cleft; yellow.Corolla : tubular; two-lipped ; the upper lip long, erect ; the under one shorterand three-lobed. Stamens: four, unequal. Pistil: one. Leaves : those of thestem unequally divided into three, pointed lobes; those near the flower cutinto three bract-like lobes that are vermilion in colour and appear like the

blossoms. Stem : one foot high ; hairy.

" Now if thou art a poet, tell me notThat these bright chalices were tinted thusTo hold the dew for fairies, when they meetOn moonlight evenings in the hazel bowers,

And dance till they are thirsty."— B R Y A N T .



PLATE CXXX. CAROLI NA CALAM1NT. Calamintha Carolimana.

(250




It would seem as though the painted cup had been conscious

of the ins igni f icance of i ts pa le ye l low bloom and so had ca l led

u p o n the loya lty of i ts leaves f or a s s is ta nc e . T h e y t he n re

s p o n d e d no bly by f o rm i ng a bou t t he m a s c a r le t c loa k w hi c henables the flower to appear one o f the mo st br i l l ia n t of a l l . It

b loom s in such pr ofus ion that a sandy m eadow w here i t grow s

suggests that i t i s t raversed by some vagrant , wandering f lame.

P U R P L E G E R A R D I A . {Plate CXXXI.)

Gerdrdia purpurea.

F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O MF ig w o r t . P in k i s h l a v e n d e r . Scent less . N o r t h a n d s o u t h . A u g u s t , S e p t em b e r .

Flowers: axillary; growing along the diverging flower-stalks. Calyx: of five-toothed sepals. Corolla : one inch across ; tubular ; bell-shaped with fiveirregular lobes daintily dotted with a deeper colour. Stamens: four, in pairs of unequal length; downy. Pistil: one. Fruit: an ovate, pointed pod. Leaves:

opposite : linear. Stem : branched.

A love ly l i t t le f lower of quaint express ion which peeps at one

in the low m eadows. I t i s ve r y f ra i l a n d s o o n d r o p s from th e

stem when p ick ed ; bu t the pr etty bud s come out we l l a f terha vin g been placed in water . T o c l ima te i t i s ver y suscep t ible ,

a n d when i t wan ders to other than i ts nat ive so i l t he b loom

soon shows the difference.

G. marttima is the species tha t is fou nd on salt m eadow s. It

is se ldom o ver a foot hig h, wh i le the pr ece din g p lant i s f re

quent ly four feet hi gh . T h e f low e rs a re a ls o sm a l le r a nd

f a i nt e r i n c o lou r .T h e y hav e bot h f ors a k e n the t w o- l ippe d c o ro l la o f the f ig -

wo rt family , as have the foxgloves . N o doub t they are bo th

of them a tr i fle per verse ; an d that they are indo lent is m ade

certain by t he i r ha v i ng t he re pu t a t i on o f be i ng pa ra s i t e s .

F L O W E R I N G S P U R G E . (Plate CXXXI I.)

Euphorbia corollata.


S p u r g e . W h i t e. Scent less . M a s s , t o F lo r i d a . J u l y - Oc t o b e r .

Flcnvers : staminate and pistillate; growing on forked branches in umbels,and surrounded by a five-lobed corolla-like involucre. The staminate flowers



P L A T E CXXXII. F L O W E R I N G S P U R G E . Euphorbia corollata.

(253)

V




which line the base have one stamen ; the pistillate ones which grow singly in thecentre have a three-lobed ovary and three styles. Leaves : ovate, or lanceolate ;smooth. Stem : two to three feet high; divided into five-forked umbels, whichagain divide and bear the flower-heads; highly coloured with purple.

Pa t t e rn i ng it s e lf by m a n y t ha t a re la rge r a nd pe rha ps w i se r ,

the l i t t le spurge has ar ra ng ed abo ut i tse l f a set of bracts , or an

i n v o l u c r e that is com m on ly m istaken for peta ls ; an d in i ts

centre is the com m un ity of s taminate and pis t i l la te blossom s.

A l t h o u g h the m edic in al pr op er t ies of spurges are sa id to have

been disco ver ed lo ng ago by K i n g J u b a o f M a u r i t a n i a , in A f r i c a ,

an d to be equ al ly wel l kn ow n to our own Indians ; they have

not a l together the san ct ion of ma ny for such use. I t iscer ta inly true that as ide f rom i ts power s of pu r gin g the plant

possesses l i t tle v irtu e . I t be lon gs to a poisono us fam ily and

m ust be pr ou d to boast of the fa i thful , o l d ca sto r -oi l p lan t .

R i c i n u s c om m u ni s , a s a m e m be r o f t he s a m e na t u ra l f a m i ly .

S A N D K N O T W E E D . C O A S T J O I N T W E E D .

Polygonella articitlata.F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O M

B u c k w h e a t . R o s e p i n k . Scent less . M a i n e t o F lo r i d a . S e p t e m b e r .

Flowers : minute; growing nodding in a spike-like raceme; each flower appearing from within a bract. Calyx : unequally five-parted. Corolla: none.Stamens: eight. Pistil: one; styles, three. Leaves: alternate; sheathingthe stem; linear ; jointed at the base. Stem : upright; branching; thread-like.

W h a t sweet things mu st the autum n winds wh isper to the

t iny knotweed as they sweep alo ng the coast , to m ake i t tint

the sandy pla in with its de l icate blu sh ! A n d what a keen

a p p r e c i a t i o n the l i tt le pla nt m ust have of the bea uty dear

t o D a m e N a t u re ' s he a rt t o give ou t i ts b loo m so a bu nd a nt ly !

It seems loath to leave us, an d often l inge rs well on in to the

a u t u m n .

S A N D Y S O I L A S T E R S .


Co m p o s i t e . Pu r p l e, b lue o r Scent less . G en e r a l . L a t e s u m m e r a n d w h i te . e a r ly a u t u m n .

Flower-heads: composed of tubular and ligulate flowers, or ray and disk flowers. The rays purple, blue or white and the disks yellow,



Plants G ro w in g in D r y S o i l : U p l a n d

Places, Thickets and Meadows.

" The rain-drops glistened on the trees around. Whose shadows on the tall grass were not stirred,Save when a shower of diamonds, to the ground, Was shaken by the flight of startled bird ;For birds were warbling round, and bees zvere heard

About the flowers."

—Bryant.

S H A D - B U S H . J U N E = B E R R Y . S E R V I C E - B E R R Y .

(Plate CXXXPV.)

Ametdnchier Canadensis.


A p p l e. W h i t e . F a in t . N e w E n g l a n d w e s t - M a r c h - M a y .w a r d a n d so u t h w a r d

t o F lo r i d a .

Flowers : growing in loose racemes. Calyx: five-cleft. Corolla : of five al

most linear petals notched at the apex. Stamens : numerous. Pistils: numerous ; styles, five. Fruit: a small purplish pome, sweet and agreeable tothe taste. Leaves: on petioles ; ovate ; rounded at the base ; serrated. A shrub or tree, ten to thirty feet high, or sometimes reaching the height of sixty feet.

" Gay circles of anemonesDanced on their stalks ; the shad-bush white with flowers

Brightened the glens." — BRYANT.

W h e n the s ha d be g i n t o f ro l i c i n the s pr i ng w a t e rs t h i s be a u

tiful shr ub un folds i ts f leecy petals by the pastur e thick ets . A s we wander forth, i t waves a nd be c k on s t o u s the j oy f u l t i d i ngs

t ha t t he s pr i ng ha s i nd e e d c om e . T h e t ra ns lu c e nt , pa le gre e n

of i ts leaves and the soft creamy whiteness of the bloom speak



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N D R Y S O I L . 257

of the uns ul l ied new ness o f i ts l ife . I t is a lso a pr et ty s ight in

J u n e w h e n i n f r u i t .

A. alnifblia is a s m a l l e r s h r u b o f th e west w h i ch h a s b e e n

l o o k e d u p o n a s a m e r e v a r i e t y . T h e p e ta l s a r e s h o r t e r a n d th e

fruit m o r e r o u n d e d t h a n t h a t o f t h e p r e ce d i n g . I n f a ct, th e

s e v e r a l w i l d s p e c ie s h a v e n o v e r y m a r ke d d i ff e r e n ce s, a n d a r e

s o m e t i m e s r e g a r d e d a s o n e b y b o t a n i s t s .

Y E L L O W S T A R = G R A S S .

Hypdxis hirsuta.


Am ary l li s . Y e l lo w . S c en t l es s . M a i n e s o u t h w a r d a n d Ear l y s u m m e r .w e s t w a r d .

Flowers: growing singly, or a few in a cluster at the end of a naked scape.Perianth ; of six narrow divisions, within yellow, the outside green and slightly hairy. Stamens : six. Pistil: one. Leaves : from the base j sometimes over afoot long; linear; grass-like.

L o n g a g o t h i s p l a n t w a s ca l l e d t h e y e l l o w s t a r o f B e t h l e h e m .

I t n e s t le s s o co s i l y a m o n g th e gr a s s e s o f t h e m e a d o w s a n d

t h i cke t s t h a t from a f a r w e co n n e ct i ts b r i g h t g l e a m o f co l o u r

with a f ire-f ly tha t has a l igh ted a nd i s f lut ter ing his w ings. O n

r e a c h i n g i t we are no less p lease d to find the winsome face o f

the yel low star-grass . I t i s , how ever , in no sense a grass , bu t

q u i te a n o r t h o d o x l i tt le m e m b e r o f th e a m a r y l l is f a m i l y ; a n d

o n e o f t h e o l d e s t k n o w n o f A m e r i c a n f l o w e r s .

B U L B O U S B U T T E R C U P . G O L D E N C U P S . {Plate CL.)

Rantinculus bulbbsus.


Cr o w f o o t . Y e l l o w . S c e n t l e s s . E a s t e r n s ta t e s . M a y - J u l y .

Flowers: large ;.terminal; cup-shaped. Calyx : reflexed ; of five sepals. Co-rolla : of five, six, or seven petals. Stamens: numerous. Pistils : several.Leaves: much divided; deeply toothed. Stem : herbaceous; erect from around bulb and having an acrid, watery juice.

" Heigh-ho ! daisies and buttercups,Fair yellow daffodils, stately and tall,

When the wind wakes how they rock in the grasses, And dance with the cuckoo-buds, slender and small ;

Here's two bonnie boys and here's mother's own lasses,Eager to gather them a l l . "—J E A N INGELOW.



258 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N D R Y S O IL .

A l o n g w i th the s pr i ng c om e the b u t t e rc u ps , a nd c ro p u p

everyw her e to tel l us tha t a sunn y, gay t ime is in store for us

all . T h e e a rt h is a w a k e a nd br i gh t a ga i n , a nd the b los s om s

appear to dance and skip through the f ie lds , s topping now and

then to s ip the dew and make merry with the bees a nd bu t t e r

flie s. N on e is m ore w a rm ly w e lc om e d or lov e d m o re d e a r ly

t h a n t he bu t t e rc u ps .

P. den's, ta l l or meadow bu ttercu p, is com m on in the f ie lds

a n d m e a d ow s , e s pe c i a l ly i n t he no rt he r n states. It is erect,

wi th a hair y or som etim es glab ro us s tem, and grows f rom tw o

to three feet ta l l . A s the pr ece din g species , i t is na tur a l ised

f rom E u r o p e .

T h e exquis i te grasses o n the plate with the bu ttercu ps and

dais ies are ca l led Po a pra tens is , an d we usual ly find t he m a l l

gro w i ng c los e ly t oge t he r .

C O M M O N B L U E V I O L E T . {Plate CXXXV)

Viola cucullata.


V i o l e t , P u r p l e , Scent less . A r c t i c r e g i o n s t o F lo r i d a A p r i l , M a y .a n d w e s t w a r d .

Flowers' solitary; terminal; growing on scapes, Calyx', of five green sepalsextending into ears at the base, Corolla: of five unequal petals; the lower one with a sac, or spur. Stamens: five, short, united about the pistil. Pistil: one,short, with a one-sided stigma. Leaves: from the base; roundish; cordate.Scape: slender; leafless.

T h e violet needs l i t tle de scr ipt ion , as somew here in every

hear t i t has i ts own r est in g place . Ov e r the ragged u r c h i n

a n d th e m i g h ty E m p e r o r it casts i ts subt le enchantment ; for

ha v e t he y bot h not be e n c hi ld r e n ? I t is i n c h i ld ho od t ha t the

v iolet m akes its c la im to the h e a r t ; an d to be the f irs t to d is

cover that i t has peeped thr ou gh the cr ust of winter and to

s hou t i n t r i u m ph of s u pe r i or k now le d ge t ha t the v i o le t s ha v e

com e, is one of the keenest de l ights .In Fr a n c e t he popu la r l e ge nd c on c e r ni n g the v i o le t is t ha t

one da y , s ho rt ly bef ore go i n g i nt o ex ile , N a pole on w as w a lk i ng

in th e g a r d e n a t F o n t a i n e b l e u . H i s c o m p a n i o n s w er e G e n e r a l



D . A T C r v v Y v r vim P T Q / v i o I a blanda, Viola Canadensis, ViolaPLATE CXXXV. VIOLETS, j pu bescens, Violapalmata.

COPYRIGHT. 1899. BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.

PRINTED IN AMERICA.



PLATE CXXXVI. CRANBERRY TREE. Viburnum Opulus.

(259)



260 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N D R Y S O I L .

B e r t r a n d a n d t h e Du e de B a s s a n o , w i th w h o m h e w as d i s cu s s i n g

his future. W he ther to s tr ike a b low for l iberty o r to go

quiet ly to the i s land of E lb a was the pr oble m . H is at tent ion

was dive rte d by a ch i ld p ic k in g v io lets . T h e l it t le cre ature o f

fered them to Na po leo n and they were accep ted in s i lence.

The vein of superst i t ion that was always present in h is nature

contro l led his thoughts and turning to h is companions he said :

" G e n t l e m e n , I a m t h i n k i n g o f t h a t ch i l d . I t s ee m s t h a t b y

g i v i n g m e these f lowers, I have been w arn ed to im itate for the

future the m odesty o f the v io let . H en ce fo r th i t sha l l be the

e m b l e m o f m y d e s i r e s . "" S i r e , " sa i d B e r t r a n d b o l d l y , " fo r y o u r M a j e s t y 's g l o r y I

t ru st the desire w i l l be no m ore last ing than the f lower ." B ut

i t w a s n o t so ; a n d N a p o l e o n s h o r t l y went to E l b a .

B y the next season to w ear in Pa r is a bun ch of v io lets was

though t to be a s ign of imp er ia l i s t ic sym pathy. In fact , they

are there st i l l re gar ded as havin g p ol i t i ca l s ignif icance. A

leg i t imist would no sooner wear one than he would the t r i -co l -o u r e d flag o f the r epu bl ic ; and thro ugh ou t F r an ce they are no t

worn in the same gener al way that they are in En gla n d and

A m e r ic a .

M A P L E - L E A V E D V I B U R N U M . D O C K M A X I E . A R R O W -

W O O D .

Vibitrnum acerifblium.F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O M

H o n e y s u c k le . W h i t e. P ec u lia r . M a i n e s o u t h w a r d a n d M a y , J u n e .w e s t w a r d .

Flowers : sm al l; perfect; growing in flat-topped cymes on long peduncles.Calyx: five-toothed. Corolla ; five-lobed. Stamens: five. Pistil: one. Fruit'

a drupe, bright crimson turning to almost black. Leaves: ovate to orbicular ;lobed; ribbed; similiar to those of the maple tree. A shrub, sometimesreaching six feet high.

W h a t is t r u e i n a g e n e r a l w a y o f a V i b u r n u m w i l l b e f o u n d t o be t rue of them a l l , only wi th var iat ions in the details . A dis

t inct di fference in V . ace ri fol iu m is that i t is w ithout the neu

ter f lowers that are associated with V. Opulus a n d V. alnifolium.




I ts l ea v e s m i ght re a d i ly be m i s ta k e n f or t hose of a y ou ng

m aple tree , w hi le the blosso m s, or beau t i fu l f r ui t , pro test loud ly

against such an e r r o r .

V.pruntfblium, black-haw, or s tag-bush, has a lmost ident ica l b los s om s w i th t he a bov e w hi c h grow i n c om pou nd , se s sile

cymes ; an d da rk blue g laco us frui t , qui te sweet and edible .

T h e l ea v e s a re b lu n t ly ov a l or po i n t e d , g los s y a nd s e rr a t e d .

It i s a ta l l shrub from eight to twelve feet high, of hard r e d -

i s h - b r o w n w ood a n d is f ou nd b los s o m i ng e a r ly i n the s ea son

f rom C o n n e c t i c u t t o F l o r i d a a nd w e s t w a rd t o T e x a s .

V. alnifolium, page 188, Plate X C I X . V. Opulus, page 118.

P O I S O N I V Y . P O I S O N O A K .

Rhus radicans.


S u m a c . W h i t e, t in g e d w i th S c en t l es s . M a i n e s o u t h w a r d t o M a y , Ju n e ,g r e e n , or y e l l o w . Flor ida a n d w e st w a r d .

Flowers: sm al l; axillary ; perfect; growing in loose panicles. Fruit: clustered ; a small whitish berry. Leaves; divided into three ovate leaflets ;

serrated ; sometimes downy underneath. Stem: climbing by means of rootlets.It i s no mark of genius to avoid poison ivy a f ter one has had

a ba d ca s e o f p o i s o ni n g ; bu t i t is a w i se pr e c a u t i on to a c qu a i nt

oneself w i th t he p la nt a n d t he n t o be c on t e nt t o a d m i re it from

a d i s t a nc e . L i k e m a ny poi s onou s p la n t s i t i s not e q u a l ly i n

jur ious t o a l l pe rs on s or f orm s o f l if e . T h e goat, the mule

an d the hor se have an especia l fondness for eat ing i t ; and i ts

s ee d s a re d i s t r i bu t e d t hr ou gh t he a ge nc y o f c row s a nd w oo d ,peck ers w hich re l ish them ke enly . I t is thou ght to be the least

h a r m fu l when the full blaze of the sun is sh inin g on the leaves .

In a l m o s t a n y k i n d of soi l i t w i l l th rive , and i t has some

a p p r e c i a t i o n of dec or at ive e ffects . I t cover s o ld s tone wal ls ,

c l u m p s of trees , tra verse s the open m eadows, and finds i ts w ay

to the ro a d s i d e ba n k s . J a c k Fr o s t is i ts gre a t e s t e ne m y , a nd

the f irs t c oo l days of autum n chan ge i ts green leaves to m any

t int s o f y e l low a nd c r i m s on .

R. Toxicodbidro?i is pe c u l i a r t o the Sou t he r n states. Its lobed

leafle ts are ver y pub escen t .



262 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N D R Y S OI L .

S H O O T H U P L A N D O R S C A R L E T S U H A C .

Rhus glabra.


S u m a c. W hi te . Scen t le ss . Ma ine s o u t h w a r d t o June-Augus t .Florida a n d w e s t w a r d .

Flowers: growing in compact terminal panicles. Fruit: velvety, crimsonhairy berries, clustered in bunches nine to ten inches long ; acid and pleasantto the taste. Leaves: one foot long; odd-pinnate; divided into eleven tothirty-one lanceolate, serrate, glabrous leaflets. A shrub usually four to twelvefeet tall, although at times reaching twenty feet high.

" Still sits the schoolhouse by the road,

A ragged beggar sunning ; Around it still the sumachs grow

And blackberry vines are running ."— WHITTIER.

W h a t an irresistible charm the sumacs must have lent to

the little schoolhouse that W hi tti er tells us about, and how

often the girls and boys must have thr ust their f i rm, little fin

gers in am ong the closely pack ed bu nches of berr ies.

R. glabr a is our most com mon species of the fields a nd

waysides and is very deco ra tive in the autum n. Th e shape of

the clusters and their crim son colo ur at once gain our confi

dence, as it shou ld be re mem bere d that the berr ies of the p o i

sonous species of the swamps, R. Vemlx, page 53, are whitish

a n d grow in axillary panicles.

F I V E - F I N G E R . C O M M O N C I N Q U E F O I L .Potentllla Canadensis.


Rose . Y el low .F a i n t l y f r a g r a n t . M a i n e s o u t h w a r d A p r i l - A u g u s t .a n d w e s t w a r d .

Flowers ; small ; solitary ; axillary. Calyx : of five narrow sepals, alternating with an under row of delicately pointed bracts. Corolla: of five rosaceouspetals. Stamens : numerous. Pistils : numerous, forming a head. Leaves :

divided into three obovate leaflets, the two lateral ones again divided and making the five stubby fingers which have suggested its name. Stem : growing

close to the ground ; silky. The plant spreads by runners.

O n e of our dearest little field blos som s whose che rr y yellow

h e a d peeps out am ong the grass in ear ly spr ing. W e find it



PLATE CXXXVII. SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL. Potentilla fruticosa.

(263)




when we fo l low some s tone wal l to a place wher e we kn ow a

s p r e a d i n g pa t c h o f /raises des bots, a s the F r e n c h c a l l t he w i ld

straw ber ries , i s in bloo m . T h e l i t tle plan t i s, in fact, of ten

ca l l e d , a l th o u g h e r r o n e o u s l y , w i l d s tr a w b e r r y . P e r h a p s w e a t

t e m pt t o c a rry i t away, bu t i t is i nd i gna nt a t s u c h t re a t m e nt

a n d i t s pe t a ls d roop qu i c k ly a f t e r l e a v i ng t he i r s ha d y hom e .

S H R U B B Y C I N Q U E F O I L . (Plate CXXXVII.)

Potentllla fruticbsa.

F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O M Rose . Y e l lo w . Scent less . E a s t e r n s ta t e s a n d w e s tw a r d . A ll s u m m e r .

T h e flow e rs o f t h is p la nt , a l t ho u gh la rge r , are v e r y s i m i la r i n

a r ra nge m e nt to t hos e o f the c o m m on c inq u e f o i l . I t s ee m s to

be the p a t r i a r c h o f the f a m i ly a nd ha s f rom f ive to seven long,

n a r r o w leafle ts , w hich are m ore fla t ter in g in shape to the f ingers

after w hich i t was ch ris ten ed than those of the rest of the

genus . I t a lso grow s as high as four feet, a n d i s v e r y

s h r u b b y .

T h e plan t is a go od exam ple of the theo ry that is now ac

c e pt e d , a nd t he one t hr ou gh w h i c h G o e t he a ppe a r e d on the p la t

form of s c i e nc e . I t is t ha t o f the m or ph olo gy o f t he s u d d e n ly

a r r e s t e d bra nc h i nt o t he flow e r . T h e c i rc u la r gro w t h o f t he

leaves is ver y s im i lar to that of the sepals an d peta ls , an d w hich

are i n re a l i ty no t hi n g bu t t ra n s f or m e d le av e s. T h e c a ly x ha s a

dou ble row of five sepals , the o uter one spr ead ing an d the inn erone bent to give s om e pro t e c t i on to the na k e d s ee d s. T h e r e

a re a l so five pe t a ls . T h e s ta m e ns a re t he n n a t u r a l ly i n som e

mult ip le of f iv e. W he n the gr ow t h i s v e r y rapid i t i s some

times the case that some of these pa rt s a re ob l i t e ra t e d .

S h r u b b y c i nqu e f o i l i s m os t c a pr i c i ou s o f soi l a nd loc a l i t y ,

an d i s sa id to c ir c le the g lobe . In the eastern states i t favours

low, m oist meadow s or even swam ps, but chooses drier so i l asit t ra v e ls w e s t w a rd , unti l i n M i c hi ga n i t f lou r i s he s i n s a nd y soi l .

T o a c la s s if i ca t ion a c c o r d i n g to soi l i ts vagaries are not only

t r y i n g , bu t i ne x c u s a ble .




S I L V E R Y O R H O A R Y C I N Q U E F O I L .

Potentllla argentea.

F A M I L Y

R o s e .C O L O U R

Y e l lo w .O D O U R

S c e n t l e s s .R A N G E

Eas te rn a n d m id d le s ta tes .T I M E O F B L O O M

A l l s u m m e r .

V e r y s i m i l i a r to the pr e c e d i ng s pe ci e s a re the large ha nd s om e

flow e rs o f the s i lv e ry c i nqu e f o i l . T h e pa lm a t e ly -d i v i d e d le a ve s ,

how ever, ar e d is t in guish ed by the s i lver - like floss wh ich covers

their u nd e r s u r f a c e . T h e y a ppe a r to be w i t hou t v a ni t y a nd

ha v e los t a l l c on c e r n a bou t h a v i n g t he i r f ingers s lend e r a nd

t a p e r i n g . W e find t h e m r a g g e d a n d u n k e p t .P. Monspeliensis, r o u g h c in q u e f o i l, g r o w s i n d r y soi l and has

qu i te a n e x t e nd e d ra n ge . In c u l t i v a t e d gro u n d i t oc c u rs a s a

weed.

T h e g e n e r i c n a m e o f these pla nt s re f e rs t o t he m e d i c i na l p r o

p e r t ie s f o r w h i c h th e y w er e f o r m e r l y n o t e d . T h o r e a u m e n

t ions that in one of his wa lks he met an old wo od-tortoise eat

in g th e leaves of the early potent i l las , and soon af terwards an

ot he r d e l i be ra t e ly e a t i ng s o r r e l . T h e y i m p r e s s e d h i m a s k n o w

in g the v irtu es of the her bs , and be ing able to select the ones

best s u i t e d t o t he c ond i t i on o f t he i r bod i e s .

Flowers : growing in a curved raceme that straightens as the flowers mature.Calyx : five-parted. Corolla: funnel-form ; five-lobed. Stamens.' five.Pistil: one. Fruit: a nutlet covered with prickles. Leaves: alternate;ovate-lanceolate ; the lower ones on petioles ; slightly heart-shaped at base ;the upper ones sessile ; hairy. Stem : two to three feet high ; branching ;hairy.

A s we have foun d no goo d for wh ich this plant is respo nsible ,

w e m u s t, a c c o r d i n g to M r . Em e r s o n , c a l l i t a w e e d . It be arsthe t i t le w ith d ig nity , for i t is a han dsom e cre ature with a

beauti ful velvety leaf ; but how it ever ve ntur es to r aise i ts head

in face of the anathemas showered upon i t by the farmers

F A M I L Y

B o r a g e . C O L O U R Purp l i sh r e d , o r w h i t e .

T I M E O F B L O O M

J u n e , J u l y .



2 6 6 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N D R Y S O I L .

an d wo ol-grow ers is qui te a m ystery . I ts bu r- l ike frui t has the

m ost w icked p ro pe ns ity for atta ch ing i tself to the f leece of

sheep. De tra cto r s have a lso l iken ed i ts odo ur to that of a nest

of mice ; but as this is qui te a com m on expr ess ion w ith cou ntr y

people and means about as m uch as te l l ing the s ick they look

as pale as a bla ck do g, there may be a li t t le exa gger ation in the

statement . T h e resem blance of i ts leaves to the shape of a

hound's tongue is responsible for i ts name.

V I P E R ' S - B U G L O S S . B L U E W E E D . (Plate CXXXVIPP.)

L\chium vulgare.


B o r a g e . B r i l l i a n t b lue , w i t h Scent less . E a s t e r n s ta t e s . J u n e , J u l y , p i nk b u d s .

Flowers : small ; thickly clustered on one side of a spike that unfolds as theflowers expand. Calyx ; five-parted. Corolla ; funnel-form ; of five lobes ;three of which are shorter than the others. Stamens: five, unequal ; exserted ;red. Pistil: one; styles, two. Leaves: alternate; lanceolate ; very hairy ; wavy on the edges. Stem : about two feet high ; rough ; hairy.

W h e n seen f rom a distance the blue f lowers of the viper's

bu glos s a re ha r d ly c re d i te d w i th ha v i ng t he b r i l l i a nc y o f c o lou r

that they are found to possess on a c loser exam inat ion. Th e

pink bu d s a nd re d p ro t ru d i n g s ta m e ns a re a n i nv a lu a ble f e a tu re

of the plant and play their par t in l igh ten ing the otherw ise

heavy effect of the gre e n. W he n gro w i ng a long the roa d s i d e s ,

i ts extreme h air iness at tracts an imm ense am oun t of dust and

not unti l i t has been sha ke n, or washed off, is the pr ett iness of the blossoms seen. Th e pin k buds and un co i l ing gro w th of the

bun ches cal l to m i n d the l i tt le for get-m e-nots of w hich i t is a

re lat ive .

G R O U N D I V Y . G I L L = O V E R = T H E = G R O U N D .

Glecbma hederacea.

F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O M M i n t . B l u e .Leaves f ra g r a n t . N e w E n g la n d s o u t h w a r d . M a r c h -M a y .

Flowers; axil lary; growing singly or in clusters along the flower-stalk.Calyx : small; five-toothed. Corolla ; tubular; two-lipped, the upper lip two-cleft; the lower one three-cleft with the middle lobe much larger than the




others. Stamens : four; the anther-cells approach and form a little cross. Pis

til : one; style, two-lobed. Leaves: opposite; on petioles; roundish kidney-shaped ; smooth. Stem : creeping; trailing.

T h i s is the l i tt le plant that the En gl is h love so dea rly an d which bloo m s abu nd an tly in the pasturage every springt ime.

W e have ha rd ly the same fondness for i t here a nd rather resent

the ca lm m ann er in wh ich i t has taken possess ion of the soi l ,

espe cial ly where i t is m ost distasteful to catt le . It is a l l ied to

o u r c a tne p, a ls o a Eu ro pe a n p la nt , a nd w as f orm e r ly m u c h u s ed

a s a m e d i c i ne .

W e are freq uen t ly am used to watch the grow th and se lf

sat isfact ion of m any Eur op ea n plants that es tabl ish themselves

in this cou ntr y an d som etim es exterm inate those nat ive to the

soil. What advantage have they , we natura l ly ask , that makes

t he m t r i u m ph a n t i n the s u r v i v a l o f t he f it te s t? V e r y pro ba bly

i t i s because they leave their de str oy in g insects on the o ther

side of the wa ter. If this is so we can no t but symp athise w ith

them in their a t tempt to f lee f r o m pe rs e c u t i on .

Flowers: small; axillary; whorled. Calyx: two-lipped. Corolla: two-lipped; the upper lip erect and notched, the lower lip three-lobed. Stamens :

two. Pistil; one; style, two-lobed. Leaves: opposite; on petioles; ovate;pungent to the taste. Stem ; low; erect: branching ; square ; hairy.

A place that i s re m em ber ed in co nn ect ion with this wel l -

k n o w n l i tt le plan t is a tee ing gro un d of a gol f course in a high

u p l a n d m e a d o w i n D u t c h e s s c o u n t y. T h e r e , b o r d e r i n g th e

h a r d - p a c k e d square of d ir t , i t grows in great profus ion and

ca n be scented f rom a con sider able d is tance . W e can wel l be

l ieve in i ts m edicin al pr op er ties ; for even to nib ble at the leaveson a w a r m d a y is re f r e s hi ng . I t is c los e ly a l l i e d to M e nt h a

P u l e g i u m , t h e t r u e p e n n y r o y a l o f E u r o p e .

F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E

M i n t . P u r p l i s hb lue . S t r o n g l y scen t ed . N e w E n g l a n d s o u t h w a r d a n d w e st w a r d .


M i d s u m m e r .




L A R G E = F L O W E R E D V E R B E N A . {Plate CXXXIX.)

Verbena Canade'nsis.


V e r v a i n . P u r p l e . Scent less . F lo r i d a t o S . C a r o l in a M a y - A u g u s t .a n d w e st w a r d .

Flowers : growing closely in terminal spikes. Calyx : tubular ; with five unequal teeth, long, slender. Corolla : salver-shape ; long ; with five lobes ;

bearded in the throat. Stamens ; four, included. Pistil : one ; stigma, two-lobed. Leaves: opposite; tapering into a long petiole; thrice divided andthe lobes deeply toothed; hairy. Stem : creeping at the base; forking ; hairy.

A s a ha rd y plant this verbe na is r iva l le d by few in br ightness

of expr ess ion . I t is not so be aut i fu l as the B r az i l ia n variet ies

which re c e i v e s o m u c h c ons i d e ra t i on f rom the gardeners , but i t

ha s m a ny o f t he i r c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s , a nd is i n t e rm i ngle d w i th

them in cu lt ivat io n. In the language of flowers these pla nt s

have been chosen as emblem s of sen s ibi l i ty .

C O M M O N E V E N I N G = P R I M R O S E .

Onagra biennis.


E v e n i n g p r im r o s e . Pale y e llo w . F r a g r a n t . Ge n e r a l . J u n e - S e p t e m b e r .

Flowers : large ; clustered on a leafy spike. Calyx: tubular, of four long,pointed sepals. Corolla : often two inches broad, of four obcordate petals delicately veined with green. Stamens: eight. Pistil: one; stigma, four-

branched. Leaves : alternate ; lanceolate; thick. Stem : erect; hairy.

Th os e that see the even ing-pr imr ose o nly in the dayt ime have

no con cep tion of i ts fairness when it opens i ts petals to com m un e

w i t h the n i ght re v e l le rs . A m o n g the m a re the ra re s t o f N a

t u re 's c h i ld re n w h i c h u nd e r the s ta rs c om e ou t from their hid

in g places . M a n y of the love l ies t flowers reserve their beau ty

an d exquis i te f ragrance to bestow u pon the n i ght . T h e y a re

vis ited by m oths an d insects that far surpass in beau ty those

of the day and which are never seen unti l the earth is wr apped

in he r d a rk m a nt le . T h e sweetest s i ng i n g b i rd s a nd the m os t beaut i fu l anim als are then f ly ing and r o vin g abou t . Th e r e is

m u s i c in the f lap of the pin k night m oth's win g and a l l the

bu zz in g noises of the night . Th e even ing pr im ro se is then in



PLATE CXXXIX. LA RGE- FL OWERE D VERBENA. Verbena Canadensis.

(269)




its glor y : the next day i ts fragi le petals are w ofully faded.

T h e plant i tse l f i s coarse and unattract ive .

S C A P O S E P R I M R O S E . (Plate CXL.)Pachjrlophus cozspitbsus.


E v e n i n g p r i m r o s e . W h i t eo r p i n k . Scent less . N e b r a s k a s o u t h - J u n e , J u l y .w a r d a n d w e st w a r d .

Flowers: large; one and a half to five inches broad; terminal; solitary.Calyx : with four linear sepals. Corolla : with four obcordate, spreading petals.Stamens: eight, with linear anthers. Pistil: one ; stigma, four-cleft. Fruit :

growing in a cluster at the base. Leaves ; from the base; lanceolate; taperinginto a slender petiole ; pubescent. Flower-stalks: ciliate, or beset with whitehairs.

It is ow ing to the gro w th of the fru it of this super b f lower

that i t has been separated from the Oe no t he ra d i v i s i o n of the

p r i m r o s e f a m i ly , a nd no longe r be a rs the na m e of G Enot he ra

m ar ginata , as i t d id at one t im e. Th e plant f r o m which the

i l lustrat ion w a s d ra w n w a s a pa rt i c u la r ly w e l l d e v e lope d a nd

perfect specim en. T h e blossom s were fu l ly five inches in d i a

m e t e r . N e a r th e B l u e M o u n t a i n s a n d a b o u t th e S a l m o n F a l l sof t he Sna k e Ri v e r , t he y u nf o ld ge ne rou s ly t he i r s i lk e n pe t a ls .

A L L E N ' S S U N D R O P S .

K?ieiffia Alleni.


E v e n i n g p r im r o s e . Pale y e l l o i u . Scent less . E a s t e r n L o n g I s land . S u m m e r .

Flowers: on long pedicels in loose corymb-like clusters. Calyx: with a long

tube and four lobes. Corolla: of four rounded petals. Stamens: eight with long versatile anthers. Pistil: one ; stigma, four-branched. Leaves:

alternate ; lanceolate. Stem : branched ; leafy ; somewhat rough. Pods ; cucumber-shaped ; four angled at the top.

A n open d r y place that is br igh ten ed by c lusters of these

flowers appear s as tho ugh the sun were da nc ing am on g the

gre e n leaves of the plant . T h e blossom s a ie s l igh t ly deeper in

c o l o u r t ha n thos e o f the e v e n i ng pr i m ro s e a nd re m a i n ope n i n

the s u ns hi ne . Pr ob a b ly t he y do not d e pe nd u pon the p i nk n i ght m ot h f or f e r t i li z a t i on a s t he y a re w i t hou t the f r a gra nc e

t hat a t t ra c t s h i m to the e v e ni ng pr i m ros e . T h e y a re v e r y

pe r i s ha ble a nd d roop s hort ly a f t e r be i ng p i c k e d .



PLATE CXL. SCAPOSE PRI MROSE. Pachylophus caspitosus.

{271)




F I R E - W E E D . G R E A T O R S P I K E D W I L L O W = H E R B .

Chamcenirion a ugust ifblium.


E v e n i n g p r i m r o s e . M a g e n t a . Scent less . N e w E n g l a n d s o u t h - J u n e -S e p t e m b e r .w a r d a n d w e st w a r d .

Flowers: large ; growing in a long terminal raceme which is slightly nodding. Calyx: deeply four-lobed. Corolla: of four petals with short claws.Stamens: eight. Pistil: one; stigma, four-lobed. Pods : long ; narrow, theseeds having white, silky tufts. Leaves: alternate; lanceolate ; almost linear;

willowy. Stem: •Si t most eight feet high ; erect; leafy; smooth.

D a m e N a t u re , w i th he r w o nd e r f u l ly i m p a r t i a l he a rt , ha s pr o

v ided this handsome plant to grow abundantly in soi l that has

be en bu r ne d ov e r a nd t he re fore m a d e b la c k a nd u n s i ght ly to

the eye. It a lso strays into dr y m eadow s and peeps out on the

roadsides . I t i s a conspicuo us p lant w ith deep hued, de l icate

b los s om s w hi c h s how t he i r k i ns hi p t o t he e v e ni ng pr i m ros e .

P A S S I O N F L O W E R . {Plate CXLI.)Passiflbra incamata.


P a s s io n f lo w e r . P u r p l e. Fa i n t ly f r a g r a n t . V i r g in i a a n d K e n t u c k y S u m m e r .s o u t h w a r d .

Flowers: solitary ; axillary ; frequently having three bracts underneath.Calyx: tubular ; of five, or more divisions, highly-coloured inside. Corolla:

of five, or more petals which rest upon the throat of the calyx and appear toform a background for the heavy circular fringe made by numerous outreach-ing rays. Stamens: five, with long versatile anthers, their filaments united to a

rod-like stalk that upholds the ovary. Styles: three ; spreading ; club-shaped. Leaves: alternate; deeply three-cleft; serrated. Stem: woody; branching ; climbing by means of axillary tendrils.

It is in the dense for ests of B r a z i l that the passio n f lowers are

seen in a l l the majesty of the ir nat ive love l iness . T h e ir hue is

br ighte r there than e lsewhere , the f lower s are larger and they

have a ra re fr agra nce that is lost to a great extent i n t h e N o r t h

A m e r i c a n species . Th er e , the de l icate , cur ious blos som first

a t t ra c t e d the a t te nt i on o f t he e a r ly Ro m a n C a t h ol i c m i s s i onaries , who, with fire and sw or d, were spr ead ing the r e l ig io n of

love and gent leness . T o them , i t seem ed that the f lower he ld

before their v is ion a l l the dre adful deta i ls of the cru ci f ix ion.



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N D R Y S O IL . 273

" The crown of thorns in the fr inges of the f lowers, nai ls in the

styles with their capi tate s t igma s, ha m m ers to dr ive them in the

stamens, cor ds in the ten dr i ls ." Th e sponge an d the five

wounds of Ch ris t were a lso po inted out to s trengthen the in vade rs in the bel ief that the ir doin gs were san ctioned by the

div ine wil l .

Th e f lower is s t i l l the one am on g a ll o ther flowers that is held

in vene ra t ion ; for i t i s assoc iated wi th the passion above a l l

o t h e r co n ce p t i o n s o f o u r S a v i o u r .

I t remains open but for a s ingle day.

P. liitea, yel low passion flower , grows sou thwar d and westwardfrom P e n n s y l v a n i a . I t s leaves are ver y br oa d and the lobes

m u c h r o u n d e d .

C O M i T O N S T . J O H N ' S = W O R T .

Hypericum perforation.


S t . J o h n ' s -w o r t . Deep y e l l o w . Scent less . M o s t ly n o r t h e a s t . S u m m e r .

Flowers: growing in clusters. Calyx: of five pointed sepals. Corolla : of five petals dotted with black. Stamens : very numerous. Pistil: one, withthree branching styles. Leaves: opposite; sessile ; oblong ; dotted; pellucid. Stem : branched ; leafy. Juice : acrid.

T h e on ly one of the fam ily in ou r f lora that is not a native.

Th e r e is no doub t, how ever, but that i t has taken out i ts

papers o f natural i sat ion as i t i s qui te at home here and pursues

a course o f r a p i d soi l -exh au st ing gro w th, wh ich no doubt is

answer able for many gr ey hairs in the p oor farm er 's head.T h e f lo w e r r e ce i v e d i ts n a m e f rom an ancient superst i t ion

that on St . John's day, June 24, the dew that had fal len on the

plant was possessed of a pecu liar efficacy to pre ser ve the eye

s i gh t I t was therefor e co l lected, d ipped in o i l , and m ade into

a b a l m , w h i ch s e r v e d e q u a l l y w e l l f o r e v e r y w o u n d — " b a l m -o f -

t h e -w a r r i o r ' s w o u n d " b e i n g o n e o f its e a r l y n a m e s . It w as

also gather ed on St. Joh n's eve to be hu ng at the d oors and

windows, an d in Scot lan d was even car r ied about in the pockets

as a safeguard a gainst ev i l sp ir i ts and w i tchcr af t . Ma iden s had

faith in it as for ete l l ing by i ts v igouro us or puny grow th whether




the com ing year wo uld mak e them br ides . I t has been laude d

in a nc i e nt poe t ry , a nd proba bly m ore a s s oc i a t e d w i t h good a nd

evi l than any other plant .

Sarbthra gentianoides, ora nge-grass , or pine-weed , has t iny

flowers of a deep ye l low scattere d a lo ng the br anch es . T h e

leaves are sm al l , erect and wiry . I t is com m on ly found in dr y ,

s ter i le or sandy soi l from M a i n e s ou t hw a r d a n d w e s tw a rd .

T h e g e n e r i c n a m e o f th e p l a n t w as f o r m e r l y H y p e r i c u m n u d i -

caule .

I N D I A N T O B A C C O .

Lobelia inflata.


Lobe l i a . V i o l e t , b lue , o r w hi te . Scen t l e ss . G e n e r a l . J u n e - A u g u s t .

Flowers: axi llary; growing in terminal, leafy racemes. Calyx : tubular;inflated ; veined; five-cleft. Corolla: tubular ; split down the upper side ;the five lobes very regular. Stamens: five ; united ; the anthers bearded.Pistil: one. Pod: inflated. Leaves: sessile; ovate; hairy. Stem: one totwo feet high ; erect ; branched ; hairy.

U n f or t u n a t e ly t h is lobe l i a d oe s not s he d a br oa d a v e ry e n

n o b l i n g i nf lu e nce a m on g i ts c om pa ni ons . I ts na r c ot i c pro pe r

ti es a re w e ll k now n a nd ha v e be e n r a t he r i nd i s c r i m i na t e ly u s e d

by the Indian s . T h e y chew and smok e the d r i e d leaves , which

have a bi t ter f lavour l ike tobacco . T h e plan t is a poisono us

one and has been lar ge ly e m ploye d as an em etic . I t is , in fact,

a rath er plebeian r e lat ive of the car din al f lower.

C O R N = C O C K L E . C O R N - R O S E .

Agrostemma Gil It ago.


P i n k . Cr i m s o n p u r p l e . Scent less . G e n e r a l . J u l y - S e p t e m b e r .

Flowers: terminal; solitary. Calyx: large, with five linear lobes alternating with and exceeding the corolla. Corolla: of five rounded petals. Stamens:

ten. Pistil: one ; styles, five. Leaves : opposite; linear-lanceolate; pale green;hairy. Stem: stout, erect; much branched; four-angled.

T h e ge ne r i c na m e ly chn i s , w h i c h w a s f or m e r ly a ppl i e d to t h is

plan t and wh ich means a lamp or l ight , expressed w el l the effectof the cor n-co ckle in our gr a in f ie lds . I t i l lum inates them with

a blaze of cr im son l ight an d causes the tra ve l ler to exc la im , the

f ie lds here are as bea ut i fu l as they are in En gl a n d .



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N D R Y S O I L .275

B u t the farm er and the ar t i s t ic eye seem to be always at

var iance . H e un der stand s the ser iousness o f th ings and re

gards the p lant as an impudent foreigner that has secured f i rst

a foot ing , then a ho m e, and finally a k ingd om in his cor n fie lds .T h e cock le is a lso a la rm ing ly c lever . I t m ixes its b lack seeds

wi th those of the grain and so increases i t s dominion every

y e a r . T h e y d r a w t ea r s o f l a m e n t a t io n f r o m th e s tu r d y m i ll e r

who pr ides h imsel f on his f lour 's puri ty and whiteness .

T h e plant a lso con tains a poison ous ingred ient ca l led sapo

n in w h i ch i s f r e e l y s o l u b l e i n w a t e r a n d w h e n i n h a l e d p r o d u ce s

v io len t snee zing. I t is kn ow n that a sm al l qua nt i ty o f breadthat contains these seeds i f eaten re gu lar ly w i l l prod uce a pe

c u l i a r a n d ch r o n i c d i s e a s e .

C A L I F O R N I A P O P P Y . {Plate CXLII.)

Eschscholtzia Californlca.


P o p p y . O r a n g e r e d or y e ll o w . J u i c e, li k e m u r i - Cal i fornia . J u n e -S e p t em b e r .a t i c a c i d .

Flowers: large; solitary. Calyx: of two sepals that form a pointed cap which drops off as the petals expand. Corolla : of four concave petals. Stamens ; numerous. Capsule : one-celled and covered by the compound stigma.Leaves: dissected, pale, glaucous. Stein: twelve to eighteen inches high;the end dilated into a top-shaped receptacle with a broad rim upon which arethe stamens. Juice : watery; narcotic.

" How gently, O sleep,

fall thy poppies on m e ! "—E D . JOHNSON.

T h e f lowers f rom w hich the i l lus tra t ion was taken , werep i c k e d i n S a n ta R o s a , C a l i f o r n i a . T h e r e , to see th e fie ld s

aglow with the si lky, f lame-coloured beauties, which have every

var iety o f tint f ro m pa le yel low to deep oran ge, is m ost en

c h a n t i n g .

A t one t im e, when C h in a w ished to pr even t the large use o f

o p i u m w h i ch is e x t r a ct e d f r o m t h e o p i u m p o p p y , s he d e s t r o y e d

an i m m e n s e q u a n t i ty o f p l a n t s t h a t b e l o n g e d to B r i t is h m e r

chan ts an d as a resu l t becam e invo lved in her first war wi th

E n g l a n d . T o this poppy, there fore , is due, in a m easure, the

o p e n i n g o f C h i n a a n d J a p a n to t he co m m e r ce o f th e w o r l d .




T h e ancients gave poppi e s t o t he d e a d , a nd a s t y p i f y i ng

s le e p t he y w e re re ga rd e d a s t he w or ld ' s gre a t c om f ort e r .

E. ccEsfiitbsa is the na m e of the s m a l le r a nd br i l l ia n t poppy

t ha t i s re pr e s e nt e d i n the i l lu s t ra t i on .

C E L A N D I N E P O P P Y .

Stylophoruni dip hy Hunt.


P o p p y . Deep y e llo w . S c e n t le s s . P e n n s y lv a n i a w e s t w a r d . A p r i l, M a y .

T h e c e la nd i ne pop py re s e m ble s v e ry c los e ly t he s m a l le r

f lowers of the ce lan din e . I t i s not so ta l l , and i ts gen er ic name,

m e a n i n g sty le-bearded, expresses another d i f ference between i t

a n d t he c e la nd i ne .

C E L A N D I N E .

Chelidbnium mdjus.


P o p p y . Y e l lo w . S c e n t le s s . G e n e r a l. S u m m e r .

Flowers ; small ; growing in loose umbellate clusters. Calyx: of two sepals

that fall early. Corolla ; of four spreading petals. Stamens : numerous. Pistil: one ; stigma, two-lobed. Leaves : pinnately divided into lobed and toothedsegments; hairy. Stem: erect; branching ; hairy. Juice : acrid; poisonous.

In d r y soi l , e s pe c i a l ly a bou t ga rd e ns , w e find t h e b r i g h t

f lowers of this plan t. It has com e to us f rom E u r o p e , a n d its

ju ice has qui te a re pu tat ion for c u r in g d iseases of the eyes , a lso

w a rt s a nd j a u nd i c e .

B U T T E R F L Y P E A . (Plate CXLIII.)Clitbria Mariana.


P u l s e . L a v e n d e r . S c e n t l e s s . N e w J e r s e y s o u t h - J u l y .w a r d a n d w e st w a r d .

Flowers : showy ; one to three borne on a short peduncle. Calyx: tubular ;five-cleft. Corolla : papilionaceous ; the banner petal much larger than theothers ; erect and notched at the apex. Stamens: ten, not distinct; style,

bearded. Pods: long; appearing late in the season. Leaves: of three lanceolate leaflets on separate stalks with stipules at their bases ; the under surfaceof a much lighter shade of green. Stem : smooth ; twining.

I t m a y be t ha t t he re ha s be e n a s l i ght d i s a gre e m e nt in t he

h o u s e h o l d of t he bu t te r f ly pe a . T h e la rge ba n ne r pe t a l s ee m s

to be l ieve in ga iety and sh ow ing i tse l f to the wo r ld , w hi le the



PLATE CXLIII. BUTTERFLY PEA. Clitoria Mariana.

(277)




ot he r pa r t s o f the c o ro l la ha v e a l e a ni n g t ow a r d s p i e t y a nd

s t a y i ng a t hom e . So e a c h f a c t i on goes i ts separate way. T h e

b lossom, in c o n s eq u e n c e , is v e r y m u c h o u t o f p r o p o r t i o n . W e

r e a d i l y for give i t this fault , how ever, on acco un t of i ts love ly

c o l o u r and the cou ra ge each one of i ts par ts has shown in re

m a i n i n g true to i ts convict ions .

J A M E S T O W N - W E E D . T H O R N A P P L E .

Datura Stramonium.


N i g h t s h a d e . W h i t e s t r e a k e d U n p l e a s a n t . G en e r a le a s t M a y -S e p te m b e r ,

w i t h p u r p le . o f I o w a .

Flowers: large ; growing on short flower-stalks in the forks of the branchedstems. Calyx : five-toothed. Corolla : three inches long ; tubular ; funnel-form, the divisions sharply pointed. Stamens : five. Pistil: one. Leaves:

large; flaccid; ovate; and deeply toothed. Stem: two to five feet high;stout; branching; smooth; greenish purple.

T h e od ou r o f t h i s p la nt ha s e a rne d f or i t a m ong t he c ou nt ry

pe ople a na m e not a t a l l e u phoni ou s a nd w hi c h i s not re pe a t e d

here out of re spect to ou r fin de s iec le c iv i l i sa t ion .

D. Tatula i s the purpl ish-f lowered species which is otherwise

n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h the a bov e . I ts ra nge i s ra t he r m ore

extended in the west a nd s ou t h . B o t h o f the j im s on weeds, as

t he y a re c a l le d , ha v e be e n i nt r od u c e d i nt o t h is c ou nt r y f r o m

S o u t h A m e r i c a a n d E u r o p e a n d a re a m o n g th e n u m b e r th a t w e

would p r e f er to h a v e h a d r e m a i n w h e r e t h e y r i g h t f u l l y b e l o n g .

Ou t s i d e o f s pr e a d i ng t he m s e lv e s ov e r u n s i ght ly p i le s o f way

s ide garb age , the ir usefulness as a s t im ula nt in m edic ine is notso great but that i t could be readi ly d ispensed with.

T h e y a re be s id e s pos s es s ed o f a na rc o t i c po i s on , e s pe c i a l ly

the pu r ple v a r i e t y , w hi c h i s fou n d i n the s ee ds . Ch i ld r e n

ha v e be e n ba d ly po i s on e d by s u c k i ng the flow e rs.

C O M M O N D O D D E R . L O V E V I N E .

Ctiscuta Gronbvii.


D o d d e r . W h i t e .Scent less . N e w E n g la n d s o u t h - L a t e s u m m e r a n d w a r d . a u t u m n .

Flowers: small; growing in clusters. Calyx: five-cleft. Corolla: tubular;five-lobed. Stamens: five. Pistil: one; styles, two. Leaves: none, their



PLATE CXLIV. COM MO N MI LKWEED. Asclepias Syrit

(279)



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N D R Y S O I L .

place taken by yellowish bracts. Stem : copper yellow; twisting and twininglike a bunch of tangled wire ; parasitic.

W e may wel l inqu ire into the ways of this l i t t le parasite ,

which, altho ugh i ts v ic t im s are of a different class, is quite asun can ny as the insect ivor ou s plants . I ts coi led seed dro ps

intc the gr ou nd , germ inates , and sends up a ye l low s tem, w hich,

when i t has ha r dly rea ched two inches high , begins to s tretch

ou t f or s om e s hru b or p la nt a bou t which to entwine i tself .

It then puts out suckers which penetrate t he ba rk a nd d r a i n

the a lready ass imi lated sap of the plant. T h e o r i g in a l g r o u n d

stem withers and falls away. T h e d o d d e r is therefore left w hol ly d e pe nd e nt f or nou r i s hm e nt upon i ts v ict im . I ts per s is t

ent, c lose grow th abou t the bar k of a shr ub infl ic ts great dam

age.

T h e t a ngle d go ld t hre a d s a re int e re s t i ng w he n w e c om e

upon them ; but once the ha bits of the pla nt a re k now n i t

cann ot bu t inspire us with a fee l ing of re pu ls ion.

C O n i T O N M I L K W E E D . S I L K W E E D . (Plate CXLPV.)

Asclepias Syr lac a.


M i lk w e e d . P u r p l is h p i n k . S:ent less . M o s t ly n o r t h w a r d . J u n e - A u g u s t .

Flower-clusters : often four and a half inches in diameter. Construction, see A . incarnata, page 7 6 . Pods . two only, which burst open and let fly seeds with beautiful, silky tufts. Leaves * very large; six to eight inches long;opposite, or scattered ; oblong ; pubescent underneath , glabrous on the uppersurface. Stem : tall ; coarse ; with a milky juice , pubescent.

One o f the greatest c h a r m s of the wild f lowers is that they

never ha v e to be b o u g h t . T h e beggar can enjoy the world

f lu s he d w i th m y r i a d , e v a ne s c ent hues that blend into each other

l ike the de l icate splen dou r of a bir d 's plum age quite as w el l as

can a m o n a r c h o n h is throne^ T h e on ly requ is ite is to have

t h e d i s c r i m i n a t i n g eyes that see : see as do the artists.

B a r e f o o t e d u r c h i n s t h i n k , u nd ou bt e d ly , t ha t th e c o m m o nm i lk w e e d b low s t or t he m , a nd th e p o m p o n s they make f rom its

seed pods for their tor n s traw hats become t he m e x t re m e ly

well. T h e y s l u m b e r sweetly upon the pi l lows and mattresses



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N D R Y S O IL . 281

that are stuffed with the pappus and laugh at the " c ity peop le "

for c a l l i n g the p la nt " ru bbe r tre e . " I t b l o o m s in the dry fields

an d al l a lon g the ways ides an d is the m ost gener a l ly kno w n of

the family .

B U T T E R F L Y = W E E D . P L E U R I S Y - R O O T . (Plate CXLV.)

Asclepias tuberbsa.


M i l k w e e d . O r a n g e r e d . Scent less . M o s t l y n o r t k w a r d . J u n e -S e p t e m b e r .

Flowers: regular; gamopetalous ; growing in umbel-like clusters, and showing the distinctive features of the milkweed family, see A . incarnata, page 7 6 .

Pods: two, which burst open and let fly seeds with beautiful silky tufts.Leaves: alternate ; lanceolate ; pubescent. Stem : one to two feet high; erect; branched near the summit; hairy and containing very little milky juice.

Per hap s this is one of the most br i l l ia nt plants , not exc lud

in g those of the tro pics , of our cou ntr y . T h e soft a ir of m i d

s u m m e r plays up on it as i t l ighten s the d r y f ie lds, an d the

tuneful ha r m ony i s one o f b le n d i n g t int s of ora nge a nd re d . I t

is the on ly no rth er n one of the genus with so m uch ye l low

m i x e d i n its c o l o u r i n g . O n e r a r e l y sees i t w i thou t a gay b an dof butterf lies ho ve r in g about , and i t is ver y poss ible that f rom

this fact i t has rece ived one of i ts Engl ish names.

T h e Indians made use of i t in ma ny ways ; p r i n c i p a l l y b y

ex tra ct ing a suga r- l ike substance from the f lowers. T h e root s

have been be l ieved to be a cur e for pleu risy . T h e plant is also

cal led w i n d - r o o t a n d o r a n g e - r o o t .

W I L D C A R R O T . Q U E E N A N N E ' S L A C E .

Daiicus Carrbta.


P a r s le y . W h i t e. Scent less . G e n e r a l . A u g u s t , S e p t e m b e r .

Flowers^ minute, delicate; growing in a compound, flat-topped umbel, which becomes concave after flowering. The central flower of the umbel isoften purple. Invohicre: light green : of very fine pinnatifid leaves. Leaves

fine ; much divided. Stem : erect; rough ; branched.

W e m a y ha v e no qu a lm s o f c ons c i e nc e on the grou n d s o f i n -

hospita l i ty i f we say bo ld ly t ha t we s hou ld not gr i e v e v e ry m u c h

to have this weed return to the old country from where i t came.




Its ruthless habit of taking possession of whole f ie lds, especial ly

in N e w J e rs e y , a nd d e s t r oy i n g the pa s t u re is a c ons t ant c a re

an d an no yan ce to the far m er. It is m ost difficult to extir pate

as i t is tough and h a r d t o u proot .

I t f requ ent ly fa lls w ithin the exper ience of our f r iend the

c ou nt ry boy t o pul l up the plan ts befor e the y have gone to

seed ; and one instan ce is kn ow n of his ha ving been enga ged

to pe r f or m t h i s s e r v i c e a t the e x or bi t a nt wage of twenty-five

c e n ts a h u n d r e d . H i s m i n d , how ever, is po et ica l . H e loves to

d r e a m of the beau t i fu l s ide of the w i ld c ar ro t 's char acter , and

to weave rom a nc e s a bou t i t i n c on ne c t i on w ith Qu e e n A nn e 'slac e . T o b e nd h i s ba c k ov e r a nd t ea r h i s pa lm s u p ro ot i ng t he m

is not to his taste. So on the mentioned occas ion he sat on the

fence a nd wa tched o ther boys that he had h i r e d at five cents a

h u n d r e d d o th e w o r k f o r h i m .

G R E A T f l U L L E N . V E L V E T O R M U L L E N D O C K .

Verbdscttm Thdpsus.F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O M

F ig w o r t . Pale y e llo w . Scent less . G e n e r a l . J u l y - S e p t e m b e r .

Flowers: large; growing in a long, terminal spike. Calyx: of five sepals.Corolla: wheel-shaped with five unequal, rounded lobes. Stamens: ten; threetaller than the others with woolly filaments. Pistil: one. Leaves : alternate;the basal leaves lying flatly in a circle on the ground ; oblong ; pale green ; vel vety to the touch. Stem : erect; flat.

A l t h o u g h i n E u r o p e th e m u l l e n is c a l l e d " A m e r i c a n velvet

pla n t , " w e c a n h a r d ly c la i m i t a s i nd ige nou s t o ou r c o u n t ry .In fact, as its specific nam e im plie s, it is a na tive of the isla n d

of Th ap su s . I t has v is i ted m any lands , and had quite a br oa d

experience in usefulness . T h e Gr eek s made lamp wicks of the

le av e s, a nd t he Ro m a n s , a fte r pr e pa r i n g the d r i e d stalks in suet,

burned them as fun eral tor ches , when they were ca l led " can -

d a l a r ia . " T h e e f ficacy of m ul len tea for pulm on ar y d iseases is

st i l l lauded by the cou ntr y people , especia l ly when used for beasts. It has also i ts place among the vanit ies of vanit ies , and

the vi l lage bel le kno w s we ll that the velvety leaf rubbed against

h e r cheeks wi l l leave a tint l ike that of a r ipen ed peach.



PLATE CXLVI. MOTH-MULLEN. Verbascum Blattaria.

(283)




T h e plant f i rs t b looms in the s e c ond year of i ts growth, and

then the blossom s last but a single day. It is cr ed ited w ith

h a v i n g f o r t y c o m m o n E n g l i s h n a m e s .

M O T H = M U L L E N . {Plate CXLVP.)

Ve?'bdscum Blattaria.


Fi g w o r t . Y e l lo w w h i t e, o r p i n k i s h . Scent less . G e n e r a l . J t i ly -S e p t e m b e r .

Flowers: slightly nodding ; growing on pedicels along the stem. Calyx : of five sepals. Corolla : with five rounded, delicately veined lobes. Stamejis : five ;the filaments dark coloured and covered with a purplish wool. Pistil: one.Leaves : those above, alternate ; ovate ; sessile ; toothed ; those below on peti

oles and deeply cut; smooth. Stem : erect ; slender.T h e r e is l i t t le about this plant e i ther in texture or appearan ce

to suggest its k ins hip with the co m m on mu llen. I t i s qui te

a pre tendan t to the c la ims of beauty , an d when the different

c o l o u r e d v a r i e t i e s a re f ou nd grow i ng t oge t he r in some dry , up

land meadow they a re v e ry pre t t y a n d f a ir y -l ik e . U n f o r t u

nate ly t he y pe r i s h qu i c k ly a f ter be ing pick ed . A s the speci fic

n a m e suggests, t h e c o c k r o a c h and this plant can never agree .In fact that despised tr ibe are sa id to ho ld i t in especia l abh or

r e n c e .

S L E N D E R L A D Y ' S T R E S S E S .

Gyrostachys gracilis.


O r c h i s. W h i t e . F r a g r a n t . N e w E n g l a n d t o F lo r i d a J u l y - O c t o b e r .a n d w e st w a r d .

Flffivcrs: very small; growing on one side of a slender, twisted spike. Corolla: hardly a quarter of an inch broad ; the lip spreading and crimped. Leaves:

ovate ; withering early in the season. Stem: erect ; leafy below and having bracts above.

S u r e l y the ladies h a v e been sleep ing that lo n g ago they d id

not resent the changing of this plant 's E n g l i s h n a m e f r o m l a d y' s

traces , wh ich the br a ided appear ance of the s tem somewhat

suggests, to lady 's tresses. T h e r e is n o t h i n g a b o u t th e prim

l i t t le blossoms to r e c a l l the f lowing locks that are wom an'sc r o w n i n g g l o r y .

I t m a y be f ou nd i n d ry grou nd , on the s ide of hi l ls , in sandy

places and open f ie lds.



PLATE CXLVII. STRIPED GENTIAN. Gentiana vittosa.

(285)




G. ce'rtiua is pe rha ps t he c om m one s t l i t tl e o rc h i s t ha t w e

ha v e . T h e s te m is m ore t w i s te d a nd flow e re d t ha n t ha t o f G .

g r a c i l i s and the low stem leaves a r e a l m o s t l in e a r . T h e s p i r a l

gr ow th of the f low ers abou t the s tem is ver y pr etty , and the

b los som s a re f ra gra n t . I t s e ld om grow s ov e r e i ght i nc he s t a l l

a n d b l o ss o m s i n S e p t em b e r a n d O c t o b e r . I n lo w g r o u n d s

t h r o u g h o u t t h e east a nd s ou t h i t i s m os t c om m on.

B L U E W A X - W E E D . C L A M M Y C U P H E A .

Parsdnsia petiolata.

F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O M L o o s e s t r i f e . P u r p l i s h p i n k . Scent less . C o n n , t o I l li n o i s J u l y - O c t o b e r .


Flowers: small; growing in loose racemes along the branches. Calyx : tu bular ; six-toothed, extending into a spur on the upper side ; purplish; sticky.Corolla : of six unequal ovate petals, having short claws. Stamens : abouttwelve ; irregular; in two sets. Pistil: one; stigma, two-lobed. Leaves : opposite ; lanceolate ; disagreeable to the touch. Stem : branching; reddish ;clammy.

In th e a u t u m n , w h e n w e w a n d e r t h r o u g h th e p a s tu r e s o r b y

the roa dsides , i t i s the turn of t h i s f low e r to c la i m ou r a t te nt ion. T he pe t a ls ha v e a w r i nk le d look , a nd t he pod s , from the

posi t ion of the seed-bearing part of the ovary , appear to have a

l i tt l e ha nd le . T h e s e po i nt s , a nd re m e m be r i ng t ha t i t is a loos e

stri fe, s e rv e re a d i ly t o i d e nt i f y t he p la nt .

S T R I P E D G E N T I A N . {Plate CXLVIP.)

Gefitldna vii Ids a.F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O M

G e n t i a n . G r e e n i s h w h i t e , s t r i p e d Scent less . S o u t h e r n N e w S e p te m b e r -N o v e m b e r ,i n s i d e w i t h p u r p l e . J e r s e y t o F lo r i d a .

Flowers: solitary, or clustered; sessile ; axillary along the stem and terminal.Calyx: of unequal linear lobes. Corolla: short ; funnel-form. Leaves: opposite ; obovate ; long ; narrowed at the base. Stem : six to eighteen inches high.

T h e s e t e nd e r b los s om s , w i t h t he i r s i lk y s t r ipe s , a re a s d e l i

cate a n d m i s ty i n c o l o u r i n g a s m a n y g r a c e f u l c u p s o f V e n e t i a n

gla s s . T h e y grow i n d ry , s ha d y p la c e s , a nd a l t hou gh t he y e nterta in ro y a l ly t he i r i ns e c t f r i e nd s , t he y a re s hy o f w e lc om i ng

m o r e m u nd a ne m or t a ls . T h os e t ha t a re f or t u na t e e nou gh to

find t he m a ppre c i a t e t he m a s a ra re f loral t re a s u re .




F A M I L Y

C h i c o r y .C O L O U R

Y e l lo w .T I M E O F B L O O M Apr i l -O c t ober .

Flower-heads: roundish, of innumerable strap-shaped flowers. Involucre :

closing after blooming until the fluffy ball is ready to mature and be blownaway by the wind, when it opens, turns downward, and bears up the pappus.Leaves: at the base ; much cut. Stem : hollow. Juice: milky.

T h e r e s ee m s to be s om e t hi ng pa t he t i c a bou t the d a n d e l i on

a s i t grow s o ld . G r a d u a l ly it is d e p r i v e d o f i ts go ld e n ra y s

a n d up on its stalk is left a l i t t le c lo ud of gossa m er . It is the n

w h o r l e d aloft and away, t o r n a n d s c a t te r e d u p o n t h o r n y b u s h es

a n d dashed into an gry s tream s by pi t iless winds . O r the c h i l

d r e n blow i t to te l l what o 'c loc k i t i s. Th e r e are u sual ly four

goo d blows in a b a l l of dow n an d this fact has won for i t the

na m e of " f ou r o ' c loc k , " e a c h b low s i gni f y i ng a n hou r . T h e

pla nt s a re e a te n a s a pot he rb , a nd t he i r m e d i c i na l pr ope rt i e s

a r e g e n e r a l l y k n o w n a n d a p p r e c i a t e d .

O r l i t t le da nd el ion , as i t is som etim es ca l led , extends i ts

bloom t h r o u g h o u t t h e s u m m e r a n d a u t u m n . O n a n e a r e r

acquaintance we find i t has rather different habits f rom o u r

early dan del io n but is ver y m uch l ike the hawkw eeds. I ts

G r e e k na m e re f e rs t o t he m e d i c i na l prope rt i e s o f t he root .

Flower-heads; of tiny tubular flowers clustered closely together in a corymb;sterile and fertile flowers growing on different plants. Leaves: those of thestem, lanceolate; pointed; soft; silky underneath ; those of the base, oval; onpetioles ; nerved. Stem : sometimes approaching one foot high ; covered witha soft down. The plant spreads by runners.

In rocky f ie lds and on dry s lopes we find this everlast ing.

Co m p o s i t e .F A M I L Y




T h e difference betwee n the s tam inate an d pis t i l la te blossom s,

which grow on s epa ra te p la nt s a nd u s u a l ly n e a r t oge the r , is

t ha t t he s t a m i na t e one s a re m ore h i gh ly c o lo u r e d a nd a ppe a r

s om e w ha t d o t t e d . T h e p i s t il la t e one s a re s m oot h a nd d ow n y .

A. 7ieodioica, smal ler cat 's - foot , i s of ten found growing s ide by

s ide with the above species . I t i s a wo ol ly plant and bears

m a n y leaves.

G O L D E N R A G W O R T . S Q U A W = W E E D .

Senecio aureus.


C o m p o s i t e . Y e l lo w . Scent less . G e n e r a l. M a y , J u n e .

Flower-heads: small; growing in umbel-like, leafless clusters and composedof both ray and disk flowers. Leaves : alternate ; the lower ones mostly heart-shaped, with long petioles, upper leaves lanceolate ; deeply cut; sessile as they ascend the stem. Stem: erect; simple; smooth; cottony when young. Thepappus of silky white down.

T h e ra gw or t , w hi c h is one o f ou r na t i v e w e e d s, i l lu m i na t e s

o u r m eadows with the same tints of golde n ye l low that we

s om e t i m e s t ra c e i n the a m be r l i ght f rom a sun set. It is also

s a d ly t ru e t ha t i t i s re s pons i b le f or a n i m m e ns e a m ou nt o f ha y

fever.

T h e ge n e r i c na m e s e ne c i o is from s e ne x , a n o ld m a n, a nd

refers to the s i lk y , w h i te h a i rs o f t he pa ppu s . A l t h o u gh the

pla nt is i n ge ne r a l a ppe a r a nc e s om e w ha t l i k e a n a s t e r , the

leaves are qu i t^ Individu al and ve ry var iable in the d i fferent

species .

T I C K = S E E D . (Plate CXLVIII)

Coreopsis la?iceoldta.


Co m p o s i t e . Y e l lo w . Scent less . M o s t ly s o u t h a n d w e s t . M a y - A u g u s t .

Flower-heads: few, or solitary on long slender peduncles; ray-flowers, sixto ten, toothed at the apex; disk-flowers, perfect. Involucre: two inches

broad, depressed, with lanceolate bracts. Leaves: lanceolate ; entire ; almost

sessile. Stem : high ; slender; glabrous.So br i l l ia n t an d effective is this f lower that i t has been ex

t e ns i v e ly c u l t i v a t e d i n ga rd e n s . T h e i nv o lu c re is re s p ons i b le

for i ts ap pe ar ing som ewh at decep t ive to the non-botanis t . I t



PLATE CXLIX. ROBIN'S PLANTAI N. Erigeronpulchellus.

(289)




is ra t he r a f i c k le -m i nd e d p la nt a n d grow s e qu a l ly w e l l in d r y

or m oi s t soi l , s om e t i m e s e v e n v e nt u r i ng u pon t he roa d s i d e s .

W h e r e v e r we find i t , however, i t is always w e lc om e .

C. rosea is t he ro s e - c o lou re d ti c k -s e e d tha t i s s om e t im e s

found in sandy swam ps. I t grow s from six inches to two feet

h igh , and i t i s very pretty .

R O B I N ' S O R P O O R R O B I N ' S P L A N T A I N . (Plate CXLIX.)

Ertgeron pulchellus.


Co m p o s i t e . L i g h t vio le t . Scent less . G en e r a l . M a y , J u n e .

Flower-heads: round, growing in small clusters and composed of both ray and disk flowers ; the former being very numerous. Leaves : few on the stem ;lanceolate ; the basal leaves broader and clinging closely to the ground. Stem :

about one foot high ; thick, juicy ; hairy.

W ha t s trange idea f il led the pr etty head of ro bin 's plan ta in

when it de ck ed i tse l f out to loo k so m uch l ike an aster we do no t

k now ; bu t its d e c e pt i on i s v e r y t ra ns pa re n t a nd w e re a d i ly

d isco ver that it is not one of the aster fam ily . Th e r e is a ha iry look abou t the s tem an d flower wh ich is qui te un l ike an aster ,

a n d ano ther d is t inc t ive feature is the way in w hich i ts lowe r

leaves l ie f la t about the ground.

P e r h a p s by i ts adven t so early in the season i t s im ply wishes

to pro c la i m the c o m i ng o f t he t ru e a s te rs a nd t he m e m be rs o f

t he gre a t f a m i ly o f c om pos i t e s .

L A R G E R D A I S Y F L E A B A N E . S W E E T S C A B I O U S .

Erlgeron dnnaus.


Co m p o s i te . W h i t e o r p u r p l i s h . Scent less . G e n e r a l . J u n e .

Flower-heads: small, about three quarters of an inch broad; clustered andcomposed of both ray and disk flowers. Leaves : lanceolate; the lower onesserrated. Stem : three to five feet high ; branched ; hairy.

W e all kn ow the fleabanes, o r l i t t le dais ies , that sp r in g up in

the m e a d ow s a nd a lo ng t he roa d s i d e s i n s u m m e r a nd w h i c hl o o k s o pre t ty i n the bu nc h o f p u r ple a s te rs a nd go ld e n rod s

t ha t w e c a r r y hom e as a n e f fe c ti ve d e c o ra t i on for s om e s e

c l u d e d c o r n e r .




C o u n t r y pe ople t e l l u s t ha t w he n bu rn e d t he y a re obn ox i ou s

to insect l i fe , an d we fre qu en tly see d r i e d bu nc he s o f t he m

h a n g i n g ov e r t he i r cottage d o o r s to c a u t i o n s u ch i n t r u d e r s

a ga i ns t e nt e r i ng t he port a l .E. rambsus, or sm al ler daisy f leabane, has lon ger ra y flowers

than thos e o f the a bov e s pe c i e s ,a nd e nti re l e a ve s . T h e ge ne r a l

e ffect of the plan t , how ever, is sm al ler an d m or e de l icate .

W H I T E D A I S Y . W H I T E W E E D . O X = E Y E D D A I S Y .

Flower-heads: terminal; solitary and composed of both ray and disk flowers.Ray flowers white, those of the disk yellow. Leaves: the lower ones spatulate,the upper ones partly clasping; netted-veined ; cut, or toothed.

T h e " e y e o f d a y , " a s Cha u c e r says m e n r i ght ly c a l l t he d a i s y ,

a l t hou gh one o f ou r com m one s t f low e rs , is not a na t i v e o f t h is

c o u n t r y ; bu t w a s pr ob a b ly br ou ght he re by the e a r ly c o lon i s t s .

I t has a place in the hear ts of poets an d lover s of natur e . T h e

f a r m e r alone w i l l have none of i t. H e sco rn ful ly ca l ls i t wh ite

weed, not even deigning to give i t i t s m ore poe t i c a l na m e .

T h e E n g l i s h d a i s y t h a t B u r n s s a n g ab o u t, B e l l i s p e r e n n i s , is

s m a l l e r than this species , an d pink. I t seems r athe r a pi ty

t ha t i n c e le b ra t i ng i t B u r ns s ho u ld ha v e c los e d the poe m w i t h

his o w n l a m e n t .

F A M I L Y

Co m p o s it e .

(Plate CL)

Chrysdnthemum Leucd?ithemwn.

C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E

W h i t e , w i th y e llo w c e n t r e . Scent less . M o s t ly n o r t h .T I M E O F B L O O M

J u n e .

Ev'n thou who mourn'st the daisy's fate,That fate is thine—no distant date ;Stern Ruin's ploughshare drives, elate

Full on thy bloom,Till crush'd beneath the furrow's weight,

Shall be thy doom ! "

R A T T L E S N A K E - W E E D . H A W K W E E D .

Hierdcinm vendsum.

F A M I L Y

C h i c o r y .C O L O U R

Y e l lo w .O D O U R

Scent less .

R A N G E

M o s t l y n o r t h .


J u l y , A u g u s t .

Flower-heads: growing singly on the ends of branched flower-stalks or scapes,and composed of strap-shaped flowers. Leaves: from the base ; obovate and




spreading around on the ground like a rosette ; veined conspicuously withpurple. Floiver-stalk : one to two inches high ; naked, or bearing one leaf ;slender or forked above.

T h e prevai l ing idea that the leaves of the haw kweed resem ble the ra tt lesnak e, serve better to ident i fy it f rom its

n u m e r o u s re lat ives , than w hich i t is by far m ore inter est ing ,

t h a n to re cal l to m i n d the dreadful creature for which i t i s

n a m e d , or to remove the venom of his bi te .

T h e pla nt grow s i n d ry soi l , som etim es by the ways ides, in

the meadows, or in the open woods .

H. Grebiii, Gr een 's haw kweed, has spatulate , tuf ted, basa l

leaves wh ich nar ro w into a pet io le . I t is found in the dry soi l

of the m ou nt a i ns o f Pe n ns y lv a n i a , V i r g i n i a a n d W e s t V i r g i n i a .

F I E L D S O W T H I S T L E .

Sonchus arvensis.


C h i c o r y . B r i g h t y e llo w . Scent less . O cc a s io n a l i n t h e e a s t er n S u m m e r .a n d m i d d l e s ta t e s .

Flower-heads: large ; showy ; clustered closely together and bursting outlater into a soft, downy pappus. Involucre : of numerous strap-like scales.Leaves: long, pointed, blade-like ; clasping by a heart-shaped base; saw-toothed.Stem : one to three feet high ; branched ; hollow ; bristly.

In dr y f ie lds and a lo ng ro adsides ; in sa lt meadows and by

s treams we find this show y, coar se weed. It has com e to us

f r o m Eu r o pe a nd i s a l so a n a t iv e o f A s i a . E v e r y y e a r i t e x

t end s its ra nge a nd be c om e s m ore c om m on . T h e flow er ope ns

at five o 'c lock in the m or nin g, begins to c lose at abou t e leven

o'c lock and by noon i t has ent ire ly shut out the world .

B L A C K = E Y E D S U S A N . C O N E = F L O W E R . (Plate CZI.)

Rudbeckia hirta.


Co m p o s i t e . Deep y e llo w , p u r p le centre . Scent less . G en e r a l . M i d s u m m e r .

Flower-heads : large; terminal; solitary and composed of both ray and disk flowers; the former often one and three quarter inches long, the latter arrangedin the form of a cone and chocolate brown in colour. Leaves: lanceolate;narrow ; rough and disagreeable to the touch ; the lower ones on petioles,the upper ones sessile, Stem : one to two feet high; rough ; usually branching.




B lac k-eye d Susan, or Sus ie, as her playmates ca l l her , is a

beaut i fu l w i ld cou ntr y g i r l with a s t r i k i ng bru ne t t e f ac e , a nd a

gown of ye l low an d black, wh ich fa ir ly makes the meadows

dance with l i fe and gaiety. P e r h a p s she lacks that wealth of c h a r m w hi c h c u l t i v a t i on gives, and is rather care less in choos

in g he r c om pa n i ons . N o d ou bt she is gov e r ne d e nt i re ly by he r

lov e o f f u n . H e r m a nn e r o f grow t h is c e r t a i n ly u ngra c e f u l a nd

her leaves a nd s t e m a re rou gh a nd u nc ou t h .

She is per fect ly a t hom e in the east, although she f i rs t came

t o u s h i d d e n i n c lov e r seeds f rom th e west; where she is ca l led

by t he u npoe t i c a l na m e o f " n i gge r- he a d . "T h e souther n ru db eck ia is a m ore gor geou s flower, the cone

of d i sk -f low e rs be i n g m u c h h i ghe r a nd the leaves b r o a d e r t h a n

those of the above species .

R.Brittonii, B r it to n's cone-f lower , has f lower -heads that are

f rom t w o to thre e inc he s br oa d . I ts ra y s a re t w o-lobe d a nd

a bou t twelve in n u m b e r . T h e y a r e t ip p e d w i th p u r p l e . T h e

stem leaves a re ne a r ly ov a l a nd o f te n oc c u r w i t h a la t e ra l lobe .In t h e m o u n t a i n s o f P e n n s y l v a n i a , V i r g i n i a a n d T e n n e s s e e a n d

in t he w ood s i t b loom s a bu nd a nt ly f rom M a y unti l J u l y .

T h e plant is s tout an d v igou ro us an d i t bears , as w i l l be

n o t i ce d , th e n a m e o f D r . B r i t t o n , w h o h a s e x p e n d e d so m u c h

time and af fect ion upon the f loral w o r l d .

G O L D E N = R O D . D Y E R ' S W E E D .

Solidago nemoralis.


Co m p o s i t e . Y e l lo w . Scent less . N e w E n g la n d s o u t h w a r d A u g u s t .a n d w e s t w a r d .

Perhaps this i s the most c o m m o n o f a l l t he go ld e n- rod s t ha t

a b o u n d in dr y f ie lds . T h e f lowers grow in a dense plume, o r

c o m p o u n d pa ni c le , a long the up per s ide of the stem ; an d thefew tapering leaves are of a d u l l gre y i s h gre e n. It seldom

grows over two feet h i g h . T h e s imple s tem has a cottony l o o k .

S. Canadensis, C a n a d a g o l d e n - r o d , is a ta l l species with spread-



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N D R Y S O I L .

in g racem es of f lowers. T h e leaves are lanceolate and very

rough on the upper s ide.

£ mollis, or velvety gold en -ro d, is d ist inguisha ble by the

soft f leecy fuzz w ith w hich i t is co ver ed . It grow s in dr y

plains f rom M i n n e s o t a s o u t h w a r d a n d w e s t w a r d .

S.juncea, Plate LXIX.

B L A Z I N G S T A R .

Lacindria scaribsa.


Co m p o s i t e . R o s e p u r p l e . Scent less . M a i n e t o Flo r id a a n d E a r ly a u t u m n .w e s t w a r d .

Flower-heads : round ; growing in a long, wand-like raceme ; and composedof tubular flowers with long slender lobes. Scales of the involucre, long and

bristly, purple tipped. Leaves : alternate ; lanceolate ; pointed. Stem: erect;leafy; rather downy.

W h y these beau t iful f lowers , w hich are c lustere d thick ly or

loosely together, as the case m a y b e , w e r e e v e r n a m e d b l a z i n g

star i t would trouble the wisest o f u s to e xp l a i n . T h e i r p a r t i cu

lar charm l ies in their warm r ich c o l o u r i n g .

L. squarrbsa, or scaly b la zin g star , is a beaut i ful var iety wi th

larger , fewer f low er-heads of rose pur ple. It bloo m s in the late

s u m m e r a n d a u t u m n a n d m o s t l y s o u t h w a r d a n d w e s t w a r d from

Pen nsy lvania . An oth er nam e for i t is rat t lesnake-master ; the

bites of w hich snak es it has been s up po sed to be efficacious in

c u r i n g .

B U R R T H I S T L E . S P E A R T H I S T L E .

Carduus lanceolatus.


Co m p o s i t e . P u r p l is h c r im s o n . Scent less . N o r t h a n d e a s t . J u l y -N o v e m b e r .

Flower-heads: large; solitary; composed entirely of tubular flowers and surrounded by a prickly involucre. Leaves : alternate; sessile, much cut and beset with red prickles. Stem : leafy ; rough.

" Nemo me impune lacessit."

T r u l y the farm er 's l i fe is no m er ry jest ; for when he at tem pts

to lean back in his easy cha ir , and f latter h im self that he has



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N D R Y S O I L . 2 9 5

g r a p p l e d s u cce s s f u l l y w i th th e t r o u b l e s o m e weeds of the sea

son, alo ng come s the thist le an d rea rs i tsel f in his pastur es. Its

sharp re d pr ick les are ra ther inco nve nien t to those of a rt i s t ic

temp era m ent who wish to show i t any dem on stra t ion of a ffec

t ion ; but the bumble-bees love i t dear ly and enjoy sweet c o n

verse wi th i t unharmed.

C. arve'nsis, o r C a n a d a t h i s t le , is th e co m m o n s p e c ie s a l o n g

the r oad sides and in f ie lds . I t is re adi ly kno w n by i ts num erou s

smal l f lower-heads and a l tho ugh pr et ty i t is a most pern ic ious

weed.



Plants G r o w in g i n Waste S o i l : Roadside

Banks and Lanes.

WJiat charm has the road when beside it we wander

And gaze at its banks gaily clothed,

Where dwell the proud asters, the legion of sparrozvs

And myriads of rods "wavinggold.

There the little birds sing and the merry bees hum, A naughty snake glides slowly by,

In waves clear or misty hang sunshine and sJiadoiv,

While above is the deep, blue sky.

W I N T E R C R E S S . Y E L L O W R O C K E T .

Barbarea Barbarea.F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O M

M u s t a r d . Y e l lo w . Scent less . G e n e r a l . A p r i l-S e p t e m b e r .

Flowers : small; growing in racemes. Calyx : of four sepals that fall early.Corolla : of four cruciferous petals. Stamens : six, two of which are shorterthan the others. Pistil: one. Pods: linear, branch-like. Leaves: those atthe base, ,lyre-shaped; those of the stem, ovate; pinnately-divided; incised.Stem : erect; smooth.

T h e leaves of the her b of St . B a r b ar a, as this l i t t le plan t isa lso ca l led , are used as a sa lad b y ma ny cou ntr y people . On e

must have , however, the taste e n g e n d er e d b y b e i n g b r o u g h t

up on the soi l t o t ru ly a ppre c i a t e t he m a s a d e l i c a c y .



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N W A S T E S O I L . 297

S H E P H E R D ' S = P U R S E .

Bursa Bursa-pastbrls.


M u s t a r d . W h i t e. Scent less . G e n e r a l . A p r i l-S e p t e m b e r .

Flowers: small; clustered in a long raceme. Calyx : of four sepals thatfall early. Corolla: of four cruciferous petals. Stamens: six, two of whichare shorter than the others. Pistil: one. Pods: triangular; notched at theapex; two-valved. Leaves ; those of the base, clustered, incised; those of the stem, arrow-shaped, partly clasping. Stem : branching.

T h e s e i ns i gni f i c a nt l it tl e f low e rs c ro p ou t w i th m u c h pe r

s i st e nc y a lo ng the w a y s i d e . T h e i r ge ne r i c na m e is d e r i v e d

from the po uc h- l ike shape of the ir seed-pods . Th e plants are

widely d is tr ibu ted a l l over the g lobe ,

B L A C K M U S T A R D .

Brdssica nigra.


M u s t a r d . Y e l lo w . P u n g e n t . G e n e r a l . A l l s u m m e r .

Flowers: small; clustered in racemes. Pods : half an inch long, the seedsdark, spicy to the taste. Stem : three to six feet high ; branched.

It is from the seeds of the black an d wh ite m usta rd s that the

w e l l -k no w n c on d i m e nt is m a d e . F o r t h is pu rpo s e the p la nt s a re

e x t e ns i v e ly c u l t i v a t e d i n Eu ro pe , a nd a re s ow n a s f ora ge for

catt le , when they are cut dow n an d fed to them before the seeds

are r ipe . W ith us they f lourish a lo ng the road sides and are

rather t r o u b l e s o m e weeds in some parts of the country .

Sinapis alba, or wh ite m usta r d, has s ingle seeds ; the lon g

h a ir y pod s a re be a k e d .

V E N U S ' S L O O K I N G - G L A S S .

Speculdria perfolidta.


Ca m p a n u la . P u r p l i s h blue . Scent less . G en e r a l . M a y -S e p t e m b e r .

Flowers:

growing with the leaves along the stem.Calyx:

three to five-lobed. Corolla: wheel-shaped, with five almost linear lobes. Stamens: five.Pistil: one; stigmas, three. Pods: triangular. Leaves: oblong with heart-shaped bases ; clasping. Stem : hairy.

T h i s fanci fu l ly nam ed l it t le plant is one that bears c le is toga-



298 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N W A S T E S O I L .

m ous f lowers. It does not, how ever, hide th em at i ts base as

thou gh asham ed for them to be seen. T h e leaves c lasp the

stem t igh t ly and look l ike l i t t le shel ls in wh ich l ie three c lo sed

buds . Th e y never open an d are ver y fru i t fu l . I t seems as

thou gh the plant he ld them in the hol low of i ts ha nd . I t is

o n l y the for tuna te ones that re ach the top of the stem that

unfold t he d a i nt y b los s om .

S. biflbra i s the sm al l Ve nu s 's look ing-glass . I t grow s from

V i r g i n i a s ou t hw a rd a nd w e s t w a rd , a nd b loom s f rom A p r i l

u n t i l J u l y .

G R E E N = B R I E R . C A T B R I E R . H O R S E = B R I E R .

Smilax rotundifblia.


S m i la x . G r ee n i s h w h i t e. Scent less . N e w E n g l a n d t o F lo r i d a . A p r i l -J u n e .

Flowers : small; imperfect; growing in umbels. Perianth : of six divisions.Staminate blossoms with six stamens ; pistillate ones with three divergingstigmas and a three-celled ovary. Leaves: alternate; on petioles, roundish;pointed. Stem: four-angled ; prickly.

T h e catbr ier is a very near re lat ive of S . her bacea , page 100,

w ith infinitely better m ann ers, as i t does not taint the lo vel y

s p r i n g days with a d isagreeable odo ur . I ts sharp pr ickles ,

how e v e r , a re v e ry v i c i ou s a nd by f a r t oo m u c h i n s y m p a t hy

with barbed-wire fences to al low of the plant ever being a great

favour i te . I ts dark ber ries an d m an y-t inted leaves are m ost

beaut i fu l in the autumn.

B I T T E R S W E E T . W A X - W O R K .

Celdstrus scdndens.


S t a f f -t r e e . Cr e a m w h i t e . Scent less . G e n e r a l . J u n e .

Flcnuers : small; imperfect; growing in raceme-like clusters. Petals, sepals,

and stamens: five. Pistil: one. Fruit: orange-red; of three roundeddivisions that burst open and display the seeds within. Leaves : alternate ;

oblong ; thin ; toothed ; smooth. A shrub, twining; woody.In com m on with cat-ta i ls ; the s i lky pompons m ade fro m

m i l k w e e d p o ds a n d n u m e r o u s sedges ; the exquisite ber rie s of

the bitter sweet ha v e a ppe a le d lou d ly t o t he d e c ora t i v e i n-



PLATE CLII. PURPLE FLOWERING RASPBERRY. Rubus odoratus.

COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY

PRINTED IN AMERICA.



P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N W A S T E S O I L .

s t incts of housew ives . H o w c lear ly they re ca l l to m i n d th e

s qu a rene s s a nd re gu la r i t y o f s om e c ou nt ry pa r lou r ; a nd how

s t r i k i n g l y gi d d y t he y a ppe a r i n c o nt ra s t to the som bre ne s s o f

their s u rr ou n d i ngs , a s t he y d ro op ov e r the c r a y on o f s om ech e r i s h e d re lat ive that h angs on the w al l . W e prefer to see

t hem c la m be r i ng ov e r the s t one w a l ls a nd m i ngl i n g in the

t hi c k e t s a long t he roa d s i d e s , w he re t he y a re pe rha ps m ore

ge ne r a l ly a d m i re d tha n a ny ot he r o f ou r la te s ea son be r r i e s .

P U R P L E = F L O W E R I N G R A S P B E R R Y . (Plate CLIP)

Ritbus odoratus.


Rose . P u r p l is h p i n k . F ra g r a n t . N e w E n g l a n d s o u t h w a r d J u n e , J u l y .t o G a . w e s t w a r d t o M i ch .

Flowers: large; two inches broad; terminal; clustered. Calyx: of fivelong, slender lobes tipped with a fine point; hairy; sticky. Corolla: of fiverosaceous petals. ^a-w^/w: numerous. Pistils: numerous. Fruit: similarto a raspberry, edible. Leaves : alternate ; palmately three to five lobed, themiddle lobe longer than the others ; netted-veined; serrated. Stem : shrubby

branching; clammy.

H a r d l y any des cr ipt ion is needed of the pur ple-f lower ingr a s p b e r r y a s i t is po rt r a y e d so c le a r ly a nd be a u t i fu l ly by the

c o l o u r e d plate . W e can a l l see that there is no thin g plebeian

or coarse about the plant . I ts m or al tone is ev ide nt ly of the

very highest . T h eleaves grow to a great s ize , and w hen folded

t oge t he r m a k e e x c e l le nt d r i n k i n g c u ps , w h i c h o f te n e na ble t he

weary tra ve l le r to qu ench his thir s t by som e n ear -by s tream .

As we a l l know, the berries are de l ightfu l .

T h e l i tt le gro up of bees on t he p la te re m i nd u s t ha t M r .

B u r r o u g h s says the fact a t the bo ttom of the com m on state

ment that bees have their own l ikes an d dis l ikes for cer ta in

people, i s s imply that they w i l l " s t ing a per son who is a fra id of

t he m a nd goes s k u lk i ng a nd d o d gi n g a bou t , a nd t he y w i ll not

s t i ng a pe rs on w ho faces t he m bold ly a nd ha s no d re a d o f

t h e m . "

R. strigbsus a n d R. occidentalis a re t he r e d a nd b la c k w i ld

r a s p b e r r i e s f rom w hi c h m a ny o f the c u l t i v a t e d va r i e t i e s ha v e

be e n prod u c e d .



3 ° °P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N W A S T E S O I L .

S P R E A D I N G D O G B A N E . {Plate CLIII)

Apocyn tan androscemifbllum.


D o g b a n e . R o s e c o lo u r . F r a g r a n t . M o s t l y n o r t h w a r d . J u n e , J u l y .

Flowers: in terminal cymes ; growing on thread-like flower-stalks. Calyx:

five-cleft. Corolla: bell-shaped; five-lobed, and veined with a deeper pink.Stamens: five. Ovaries: united by an ovate stigma. Pods : large ; long ; slender.Leaves : opposite ; ovate. An herb two to eight feet high ; forked ; branching.

Juice: milk white ; sticky.

T r u l y i t is the poets an d bo tanists who are m os t ly a l ive to

the love l iness of the wi ld ings of nature ; and we ever find thems i ngi ng t he i r praises to the exc lus ion of t he i r m ore pre t e nt iou s

sisters that a re u nd e r t he ga rd e ne r ' s c a r e .

T h e t iny b los s om s o f t he s pr e a d i ng d o g b a n e r e m i n d us o f

the bel ls of the l i ly -of- the-val l ey ; but they have a de l icate

rose t int , a nd a re e x qu i s i t e ly v e i ne d w i t h a d e e per c o lou r .

T h i s is proba bly t o l e t the bee know of the ir f ive g la nd s of

sweet ne c t a r .

T h e pla nt w a s f o r m e r l y t h o u g h t to be poisonous to dogs .

V I R G I N I A C R E E P E R . A M E R I C A N I V Y .

Parthenocissns quinquefblta.


V i n e . W h i t e. Scent less . G e n e r a l . J u l y .

Flowers : small ; clustered in a cyme. Fruit: small black, or blue berries.

Leaves : divided into five lance-oblong leaflets. A vine climbing by means of tendrils and rootlets.

It is qui te d is tre ss in g to thin k how often this most beaut i fu l

of o u r c l im b e r s i s s h u n n e d a n d l o o k e d upon w ith d is tru st by

the non-botanists s imply because the difference between it and

p o is o n i v y is not k no w n . T h a t it has five leaflets and bluish

berries s h o u l d b e r e m e m b e r e d a s a means to dis t inguish i t from

the three leaflets a nd w hitish fru it of the ha rm f u l v i ne .

It accom m odates i tse l f read i ly to a lmost every k i n d of soi l ,

an d ha s be e n e x t e ns i v e ly c u l t i v a t e d i n Eu rope a nd i n t h i s c ou n

tr y f or ga rd e n d e c ora t i on . In t he a u t u m n th e leaves turn a

br i l l iant c r i m s o n .



PLATE CL.HI. SPREADI NG DOGBANE. Apocynum androsatmifoliutn.

(301)



3 o 2 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N W A S T E S O I L .

H E D G E B I N D - W E E D .

Convblvulus sepiu?n.


Co n v o l v u l u s . P in k , o r -w h i t e . Scent less . N o r t h A t l a n t i c s ta t e s . A ll s u m m e r .

Flowers : terminal; solitary. Calyx : of five sepals surrounded by two leafy bracts. Corolla : bell-shaped ; convolute or twisted in the bud. Stamens: five.Pistil: one. Leaves : alternate ; rather halbert-shaped; netted-veined. Stem :

trailing. Juice: milky.

M r . B u r r o u g h s says a bou t t h is f low e r : " M o r ni n g- g lor y is t he

best now. I t a lways re fresh es me to see i t . " " In the m or n ing

a n d c lou d y w e a t he r , " says Gr ay , " I associate i t wi th the h o l i e st m or ni n g hou r s . I t m a y pre s i d e ov e r m y m or ni n g w a lk s a nd

t hou ght s . T h e r e is a f low e r f or e v e ry m ood o f the m i n d . "

C. arvcnsts, or f ie ld b i nd w e e d , the Eu r op e a n s pe ci e s, ha s m a d e

i tsel f quite at hom e in our f ie lds. Its calyx is w ithout bra cts .

N e a r the coast i t becom es a weed .

T h e pe c u l i a r i t i e s o f qu a m oc l i t c oc c i ne a , c y pre s s - v i ne , a re

c l e a r l y r e p r e s e n t e d i n P l a t e C L I V .

B O U N C I N G B E T . F U L L E R S H E R B . S O A P W O R T .

(Plate CLV.)

Saponaria officinalis.


P in k . W h i t e , o r rose . Fr a g r a n t . G en e r a l . S u m m e r .

Flowers: often one and a half inches broad; growing in corymbed clusters.Calyx: tubular ; five-toothed. Corolla: of five narrow petals, notched at theapex. Stamens : ten. Pistil: one, with two curved styles. Leaves; opposite ;nearly sessile; lanceolate ; triple-ribbed. Stem : smooth, with swollen joints.Juice: mucilaginous.

I t w a s a lw a y s a m y s t e r y t o D i c k e n s t ha t a d oor nail s h o u l d

ha v e be e n c o ns i d e r e d so m u c h m ore d e a d tha n a ny o t he r i n a n i

m ate object , and i t seems a lso s trange that this plant sho uld

ha v e s u gge s t e d the i d e a o f bo u n c i n g m ore t ha n ot he r p la nt s.

D e a r Bett ie does not bou nce , nor co ul d she i f she w ou ld . She

s i ts m ost f irm ly on her s tem, and h er char acter is t ics seem to be

ho m e - lov i n g a nd s i m ple . W e a re s u re to find he r pe e pi ng

t h r o u g h the gar den fences , or on the ro adsid e , where the c h i l -



PLATE CUV. CVPRESS-ViNE. Quamoclit coccinea.

(303)



PLATE CLV. BOUNCING BET. Saponaria officinalis.

(304)



PLATE CLVI DOUB LE BOUNCI NG BET. Saponaria officinalis.

COPYRIGHT, 1899. BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY

PRINTED IN AMERICA.




d r e n n o d to her as they pass by . She is one of the b est be

l o v e d o f o u r w a s t e -g r o u n d f lora.

T h e d ou ble v a r i e t y , P la t e C L V I , suggests t he b loom of a c u l t ivated f low er ; an d this i s no t to be w on der ed at, as i t was at

o n e t im e m u c h p l a n t e d i n g a r d e n s . I t is r a t h e r m o r e c o m m o n

than th e s in g l e v a r i e t y . T h r o u g h o u t th e e a ste r n states th e

p la n t s a r e s p r e a d i n g v e r y r a p i d l y . T h e i r j u ic e , w h e n m i x e d

with w a t e r , f orm s a la t he r . T h i s f a ct is w e l l k n ow n.

Y E L L O W W O O D S O R R E L . L A D Y ' S S O R R E L .dxalis strlcta.


Ge r a n iu m . G o ld e n y e llo w . Scent less . G en e r a l . A l l s u m m e r .

Flowers ; terminal; solitary. Calyx: of five lanceolate sepals. Corolla : of five petals. Stamens : ten. Pistil: one; styles, five. Leaves : divided intothree obcordate, smooth leaflets. Stem : slender; erect.

A n o d d t h i n g a b o u t t h i s p r e t t y s o r r e l t h a t greets u s a l o n g

the ro adside s , is the d i f ficulty it seem s to have abo ut d ec id in gthe m a t te r o f f e r t i l i z a t i on . T h e c le i s toga m ou s b los s om s t ha t i t

bears are na tur a l ly se l f - fer t i l i z ed : wh i le the showy f lowers m ost

c a u t io u s l y p r e v e n t su c h a t h i n g b y b e i n g e i th e r d i m o r p h o u s o r

t r i m o r p h o u s , — t h a t i s, they have s tamens an d pis t i ls of two

d if fe re nt l e ngt hs . T h e s ho rt p i s ti l s m u s t re c e i v e t he po l le n

f r o m t he s hor t s ta m e ns i n a no t he r b los s o m ; a nd the lon g p i s t i ls ,

the pol len f rom t he long s t a m e ns .

A t nigh t the plant fo lds toge ther i ts leaves an d s leeps . O .

a c e t o s e l l a , P l a t e C V .

E N C H A N T E R ' S N I G H T S H A D E .

Circcea Lutetidna.


E v e n i n g - p r i m r o s e . W h i te . Scent less . G en e r a l. S u m m e r .

Flowers: small; growing in long, loose, terminal and lateral racemes ;pedicels reflexed in fruit. Calyx : two-lobed. Corolla: of two petals. Stamens :two. Pistil: one. Leaves: opposite ; ovate ; smooth; thin; serrated. Stem:erect; branching.

A na m e is a gre a t d e a l t o t he e nc h a nt e r ' s n i ght sha d e . One




fa ir ly br is t les w ith inter est to seek i t out an d p ause un der i ts

p o w e r s o f e n c h a n t m e n t . A n d i n p r o p o r t i o n to th e k e e n n e s s

with w h i c h i t is s ou ght , w i l l the d i s a pp oi nt m e nt be gre a t i nre cog nis ing i t ; for few f lowers possess so l it t le ch ar m . It i s

per s is tent , too, an d thr usts i tse l f upon the at ten t ion of the

passer -by w hen ever i t f inds the space to do so a lo n g the shad y

r o a d s i d e .

T R A V E L L E R ' S J O Y . V I R G I N ' S B O W E R . (Plate CLVI I)

Clemdtis Virginidna.


Cr o w f o o t . W h i t e . S l ig h t l y f r a g r a n t . N e w E n g l a n d s o u t h - J u l y , A u g u s t .w a r d an d w e s tz v a r d .

Flowers: imperfect; clustered loosely in panicles. Calyx: of four oblong,petal-like sepals. Corolla: none. Stamens and pistils: indefinite in number.Fruit: a cluster of feathery tailed achenes. Leaves : opposite ; thrice divided;toothed. Stem: climbing.

" The favoured flowerThat bears the name of Virgin's bower."

— S I R W A L T E R S C O T T .

In G e r a r d e , w e r e a d th a t " T r a v i l e r ' s j o ie is t h is s am e p l a n t

t e r m e d a s d e c k i n g a n d a d o r n i n g w a ie s a n d h e d g e s w h e r e p e o p le

t r a v e l l ; V i r g i n ' s b o w e r , b y r e a s o n o f th e g o o d l y s h ad o w e w h i c h

t he y m a k e w i t h t he i r t h i c k bu s h i ng a n d c l i m bi n g , a s a ls o f or the

beaut ie of the f loweres , an d the pleasan t scent an d sa vour of

t h e s am e ; a n d b y c o u n t r y f o l k s , o l d m a n ' s b e a r d , f r o m the

h o a r y a ppe a ra n c e o f t he s e e d s, w h i c h r e m a i n lon g on t he

he d ge s . "

L i t t l e c o u n t r y b o y s a l so c a l l th e p la n t , T o m - b a c c a a n d s m o k

in g tree , which names are suf f ic ient ly suggestive f or u s t o i m

a gi ne t he re a s on o f t he i r d e l i ght i n t he lov e ly c l i m be r .

M U S K H A L L O W . (Plate CLVIII.)

Malva moschata.F A MI L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O M

M a l lo w . W h i t e, o r y n a g e n t a . H e r b a g e , y n u s k s c e n t e d . Genera l J u l y - S e p t em b e r .

Flowers: clustered on short peduncles. Calyx: of five ovate sepals. Co

rolla : one and a half inches broad ; of five malvaceous petals. Stamens : very numerous, growing out from all sides of a column wrapped about the style.



PLATE CLVII. TRAVELLER' S JOY. Clematis Virginiana.

(307)




Pistils : several. Leaves: five-lobed; the divisions again divided or cleft.Stem : one and a half feet high j hairy.

T h i s lov e ly f low e r t ha t ha s c om e to us f rom Eu r o pe a n d e sc a pe d f ro m t he ga rd e ns t o t he roa d s i d e s is a re la t i v e o f t he

ho l lyho ck. I t is m ost ly in the eve nin g that i t em its a fa int

m u s k - l i k e p e r f u m e .

W H I T E A L D E R . S W E E T P E P P E R B U S H . (Plate CZPX.)

Clhthra alnifblia.

F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O MW h i t e a l d e r . W h i t e. Fr a g r a n t . N e w E n g l a n d s o u t h w a r d . J u l y , A u g u s t .

Flowers: growing in upright clustered racemes. Calyx: of five sepals.Corolla: of five long, narrow petals. Stamens: ten; protruding. Pistil: one.Leaves: alternate; ovate; veined; toothed. A handsome shrub three to tenfeet high ; upright; leafy.

On e of the joys of the la te season is the bu r st in g into blo om

of t he c le t hr a . I ts d e l ic a t e b los s om s a nd the i nte ns e f ra gra nc e

that i t sheds abo ut re ca l l again the ear ly spr ing days of t im id

f lowers a n d soft gre en leaves w hich have la ter becom e sadly

ov e r he a t e d or d u s t y be y o nd re c ogn i t i on . I t s e ek s i ts hom e i n

shady lanes a lon g the coast , w here the a ir i s m oist , an d w hich is

un do ub tedly the rea son of i ts f reshness so la te in the season, an d

of the v i go u r o f i ts d a r k gre e n le a v es . I t re m a i ns i n b loo m a

l o n g t im e . W h e n br u i s e d the fo l ia ge e m i ts a pe c u l i a r od ou r .

C. acuminata, m o u n t a i n sweet pe ppe r bu s h, is f ou n d i n t he

m o u n t a in s o f V i r g i n i a a n d G e o r g i a . I t i s r e a d i l y k n o w n a s a

ne a r re la t i on o f t he a bov e s pe c i e s .

C O M i l O N S P E E D W E L L .

Veronica officinalis.


F ig w o r t . L ig h t blue . Scent less . G e n e r a l . J u l y .

Flowers: small; growing in axillary, spike-like racemes. Calyx : four-parted. Corolla : wheel-shaped ; with four lobes. Stamens : two. Pistil: one.Leaves: opposite; on short petioles; obovate; toothed; hairy or smooth.Stem: prostrate.

T h i s dear l i t t le speedw el l is a var iable plant , som etim es



PLATE CLIX. WHITE ALDER. Clethra alnifolia.

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3 i o P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N W A S T E S O I L .

d ow ny a nd s om e t im e s s m o ot h ; bu t w i th e nou gh c le a r ly d e f ine d

tra i ts to make i t always re c ogni s a ble .

In olden t imes i ts leaves w e re m a d e i nt o a popu la r be v e ra ge ,

something l ike tea , and for which i t i s sa id to have been a very

goo d a nd w hole som e s u bs t it u te .

V. serpyllifblia, t hy m e -le a v e d s pe e d w e l l , is a no t he r v a r i e t y

that is fond of the ro adsides . T h e cor o l la is ver y pale , s tr ip ed

with a darker blue , and the leaves a r e m o r e r o u n d e d i n o u t li n e

than those of V . offic inalis .

B U T T E R - A N D - E G G S . Y E L L O W T O A D - F L A X .

Linaria Lindria.


F ig w o r t . O r a n g e , a n d y e llo w . P le a s a n t . G en e r a l . S u m m e r .

Flowers: showy; growing closely in a terminal raceme. Calyx: five-parted. Corolla : two-lipped, closed in the throat; extending backward intoa long, pointed spur; within hairy. The hairs and tip of the corolla of adeeper orange shade of yellow. Stamens : four, in pairs of unequal length.Pistil : one. Leaves: alternate; linear; grass-like. Stem: erect; branching ;

smooth.

Ou r v e ry f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h these c o n s p i c u o u s a n d b e a u t i f u l

flowers inc l ines us to pay l i t t le heed to them ; a l tho ugh they

find t he i r w a y i nt o c hi ld re n 's ha nd s a lm os t m ore t ha n a ny ot he r

of our ways ide f lora. I f w e ha d t o s ee k t he m t hr ou gh s om e

q u a k i n g bog w i t h only a vague hope of f inding them we sho uld

pr oba bly pr i z e t he m i n s om e s u c h w a y a s w e d o the y e l low

o r c h is . B u t t he y give u s no t rou ble . T h e y ga l i v a nt a long the

ro adsides an d we may a dm ire them , or pass them by , just as we

c hoos e . N o d ou bt the po l i t i c a l e c on om i s t w o u ld r e m i nd u s i n

t h is c on ne c t i on t ha t t h i ngs a re on ly v a lu a ble t ha t a re l i m i t e d

in s u p p l y .

B L U E , O R W I L D T O A D - F L A X .

Linaria Canadensis,F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O M

Fi g w o r t . Pale b lue , o r p u r p l e. Scent less . G e n e r a l . J u l y - O c t o b e r .

Flowers : growing in a terminal raceme. Calyx : five-parted Corolla : twolipped, closed in the throat, extending backward into a long pointed spur.




Stamens: four, in pairs of unequal length. Pistil: one. Leaves: those of the base, tufted; those of the stem, alternate; linear; sessile; parallel-veined.Stem : erect; leafy ; smooth.

A l o n g t he s a nd y roa d s i d e s t he b lu e l i n a r i a s e e m s t o be pe rf e c t ly a t hom e a nd ha ppy . I t c om e s e a r ly i n t he s u m m e r a nd re

m a i n s unti l l a te i n t he a u t u m n ; e n j oy i ng the s u ns h i ne , t he

s i n g i n g of t he b i r d s a nd the f u n -lov i n g u r c hi n s t ha t k now i t s o

wel l . I t c a n ha rd ly be s a i d t o re s e m ble v e r y c los e ly i ts ne a r

re la t iv e , t he s pr i ght ly bu t t e r -a n d -e ggs .

L. repens, pa le-blu e toad-flax, is a sm all species that is fou nd

a bou t t he A t la n t i c s e a port s . I t ha s c om e t o u s f rom E u r o p e .

P O K E W E E D . P I G E O N - B E R R Y .

Phytoldcca decdndra.F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O M

P ok e w e e d . W h i te a n d p in k . Scent less . G e n e r a l . J u l y - S e p t e m b e r .

Flowers: on pedicels; growing in a long raceme. Calyx : of five rounded, petal-like sepals, pinkish on the outside and whitish within. Stamens : ten. P i s t i l :one; styles, ten. The ovary like a green eye. Fruit: a bunch of many purple, juicy berries. Leaves: large; alternate; on long petioles; lanceolate;conspicuously veined ; smooth and thin. Stem : five to ten feet high; stocky ;smooth. Roots: poisonous.

In the d is tr ibu t io n of ta lents i t i s not g iven to ever y one to

b e a n a d m i r e r o f p o k e w e e d . E v e n th e l o n g , c y l i n d r i c a l r a c e m e s

of pu r ple be r r i e s t ha t , c lu s t e r e d a m on g the s of t gre e n le a ve s ,

l ine m a ny a ro a d s i d e i n t he la te a u t u m n, fai l to ca l l for th the

least enthusiasm f rom these s l i g h t e d p e o p l e . T o t h e m p o k e -

w e e d is pok e w e e d a n d t ha t is a n e nd o f t he m a t t e r . M r . B u r

rou ghs is f ond o f pok e w e e d a nd says : " W h a t a l u s ty , r o y a l

plant i t i s ! I t neve r invad es cult iv ate d fie lds but hove rs abou t

the bor d e r s a n d look s ov e r t he f e nce s l i k e a pa i n t e d Ind i a n

s a c h e m . "

A l t h o u g h t he b lo om is u s u a l ly a s c r i be d t o J u ly a nd the f ru i t

t o S e p t e m b e r , t h e r e a r e m a n y s p o t s o n L o n g I s l a n d a n d i n N e w

J e rs e y w he re the p la nt l inge rs i n b los s om r,ntil e a r l y S e p t e m b e r .C o u n t r y people boi l t he y o u n g s hoot s a s gre e ns , a n d f rom t he i r

a c c ou nt s o f t he m t he y qu i t e r i v a l a s pa ra gu s i n d e l i c a c y o f

f lavour. T h e b e r r i e s a ls o a r e g r e a t l y e n j o y e d b y b i r d s .




W H I T E S W E E T C L O V E R . W H I T E M E L I L O T .

Melilbtus alba.


P u l s e . W h i t e . L e a v e s , f r a g r a n t . G e n e r a l . J u l y - S e p t e m b e r .

Flowers; small, clustered in spike-like racemes. Corolla: papilionaceous.Leaves; divided into three obovate, toothed leaflets, notched at the apex. Stem:

two to four feet high ; upright; branching ; leafy.

M r . Gib so n ob ser ved that a t nigh t two of the three pr etty

leaflets of the w hite sweet c lov e r c los e a nd t he t h i r d one, he

says, " is left out in the cold."

W h e n d r i e d the fo l iage has a f ragr ance l ike new-mow n hay

a n d is an tago nis tic to m oths. It is a lso use d as a sub stitute for

snuff a nd t oba c c o .

Y E L L O W S W E E T C L O V E R . Y E L L O W J T E L I L O T .

Melilbtus officindlis.

We r e i t not for a s l ight shor tness in heigh t and the blu nt-

ness of the leaves, we might fancy the yel low sweet c lov e r t o be the same species as the wh ite one ; an d that i t ha d s im ply

a m u s e d i ts e lf by w e a r i ng a d if fe re nt c o lou re d gow n, a n d f o l low

in g the popu la r w h i m f or v a r i e t y . W e m u s t, how e v e r , c on c lu d e

that they are s is ters of equal sweetness a n d g r a c e .

It was by a shady roadsideMy own sweet clover grew,

Where the low stone wall is broken And the pasture comes in view.

I bent o'er to pick the wilding, When hark, was that a sigh ?

I'll leave it where God has placed it,Thought I, as I sauntered by.

B L U E V E T C H .

Vicia Crdcca.

F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O MP u l s e . B l u e Scent less . M o s t ly n o r t h a n d w e s t . J u n e - A u g u s t .

Flowers: growing closely together on one side of a long spike. Calyx:

short, with unequal teeth. Corolla : papilionaceous. Leaves: pinnate, dividedinto ten to twelve pairs of smooth, oblong leaflets. The common petioleterminating in a tendril.



PLATE CLX. HOG- PEANUT. Falcata comosa.

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3 i 4 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N W A S T E S O I L .

T h i s " s p le nd i d t u ft e d v e t c h , " is f ou nd a long the bo rd e r s o f

ro adsides an d in the thicke ts . I t s tretches out i ts ten dr i ls as

thou gh i t loved to c l im b and gleeful ly throw s out i ts br igh t

f lowers to mingle with the grasses and brambles . V. Americana has larger purple f lowers, and but f ive to seven

p a i r s of ova te leaflets.

H O G - P E A N U T . {Plate CLX)

Falcdta combsa.


Pu l se . Pa l e l i lac . Scent less . N e w E n g l a n d t o F lo r id a A u g u s t , S e p t em b e r .


Flowers: growing in axillary racemes. Calyx : tubular ; four or five-toothed.Corolla : papilionaceous, the standard partly wrapped about the other petals.Stamens : ten ; united. Pistil: one. Pods : one inch long ; linear. Leaves:

divided into three, ovate, pointed leaflets ; netted-veined; thin; smooth.Stem : wiry; three-sided, covered with brown hairs.

T h i s l i t tle plant i s another that has i ts ho useh old d iv id ed

against itse l f. Th e upper p re tty flowers enjoy l ife , lend them

selves to the breeze an d are a l togeth er use less ; wh i le the w o rk e r s a re d ow n below a nd ha v e no t im e to d e c k t he m s e lve s

in gay , pr etty cor ol las . I t is a gra cefu l c l im be r an d has a

f ineness and del icac y of cha ra cter of ten s tro ngly in con trast to

its associates, as i t usu ally twines abo ut coar se, rou gh plan ts .

W ho e v e r m a i m e d the u nof f e nd ing l i tt l e t h i n g w i t h the na m e

of hog-peanut must s t i l l be sm ar t ing un der the we ight of his

i n i q u i t i e s ; a l t hou gh the c i rc u m s t a nc e tha t l e d t o h i s d o i ng so

is t ra c e d i n the u n d e r gro u n d , pa le , one -s i d e d , s w ol le n a nd ha i r y

pod s , the prod u c t o f t he h i d d e n b los som s . T h e y a re not

u n l i ke peanuts in appe ara nce , an d hogs upr oot them to feast

u p o n . Cattle eat a lso the herbage of the plant.

S I M P L E R ' S J O Y . B L U E V E R V A I N .

Verbena hastata.


V e r v a i n . P u r p l i s h blue . Scent less . G e n e r a l . J u l y , A u g u s t .

Flowers : growing in numerous, corymbed, terminal spikes. Calyx : tubular ;five-toothed. Corolla ; tubular ; salver-shaped; with five lobes. Stamens ;



P L A N T S G R O W I N G IN WA ST E SOIL . 3 i5

four; growing in pairs. Pist i l : one. Leaves : opposite; on petioles; lanceolate pointed at both ends; serrated; rough ; conspicuously veined. S t e m :

sometimes six feet high ; leafy ; angled; rough.

Rearing amid the summer foliage its tall steeple-like spikes

of intense colour, the blue vervain strikes joy to many a heart

beside that of the ancient simpler, who, of shaggy appearance,

armed with an old tin kettle and a great bag, bent his back

and thrust his two-edged knife into the soil that he might bear

the plant away and haggle with his friend, the chemist, for its

exchange in filthy lucre. For the herb doctors had no more

faithful ally than the blue vervain.

Our plant is not identical with the " sacred herb " of theGreeks and Romans ; a sprig of which was sent as an ambas

sador on treaties of peace, and used to decorate altars at

sacrifices and incantations. In those days the name verbena

was rather generally applied to almost any branch that had a

part in religious rites. The plant has, however, been credited

with averting disaster and signifies enchantment in the lan-

guage of flowers. V. urticifblia, white vervain, is also common along the

roadsides. It resembles the simpler's joy, although its flowers

are fewer and less attractive.

Both of these vervains are country cousins of the large-

flowered, many-coloured verbenas of the gardens.

C R E E P I N G T H Y M E .

Thymus Serpyllum.


M i n t . B l u i s hj>urj>le. Fr a g r a n t . G e n e r a l. S u m m e r .

F lo w e r s : growing closely in whorls at the ends of the branches and possessed of a pair of floral leaves. C a l y x and coro l la : two-lipped. S t am e n s :

two. Pist i l : one; style, two-lobed. Leaves : small; ovate; veined; smooth, with a fringe of hairs at the base. S t e m : creeping ; branched.

The round moss-like hillocks of this fragrant wilding form

pleasant playing grounds for the rabbit to gambol amongst.

It comes to us from Europe, where it is surrounded with

many tender and classic associations.




C O M I T O N M O T H E R W O R T .Leo?iurus Cardiac a.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE T I M E OF B L O O M M i n t . P a l e p u r p l e . S c e n t l e s s . N e w E n g l a n d t o N o r t h L a t e s u m m e r .

Ca ro l in a a n d w e s t w a r d .

Flowers: growing closely in whorls along the branches. Calyx: withfive awl-shaped teeth. Corolla: two-lipped; the upper lip entire and bearded; the lower lip three-lobed, the middle one being larger and obcordateStamens: four, in pairs. Pistil: one; style, two-lobed. Leaves: opposite;the lower ones palmately divided, the upper ones, three-cleft j rough. Stem :

tall; erect; leafy; purplish.

We can hardly pass on without considering the motherwort,

which belongs to the group of plants that were so tenderly

cherished by our grandmothers. In their homes it played itspart as a never-failing cure for colds. What a pleasant hobnob

motherwort, agrimony, boneset, tansy and many other plants

of their set would have if they should ever meet together and

chat over the good old times when they were held in such high

esteem.

A M E R I C A N D I T T A N Y . S T O N E M I N T .

Cunila origanoldes.FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM M i n t . L a v e n d e r , o r Leaves , f r a g r a n t . N ew Y o r k t o G eo r g i a A u g u s t , S e p t em b e r ,

w h i te . a n d w e s tw a r d .

Flowers: small ; growing in cymose clusters. Calyx: five-toothed ; hairy in the throat. Corolla: two-lipped; the lobes nearly equal. Stamens: two;protruding. Pistil: one; style, two-lobed. Leaves: small; opposite; ovate,heart-shaped at base ; sessile; toothed. Stem: branching; highly coloured.

The dittany would be recognised as a member of the mint

family from its strong aromatic fragrance. It is a prim little

plant and its wants in this world are few. It seems to be con

tent with the dry, packed soil of the roadside and to have its

comeliness overshadowed by the masses of composites that are

greatly en evidence at the late season of the year when it

blooms.

S E L F - H E A L . H E A L - A L L .Prunilla vulgdris.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM M i n t . P in k i s h p u r p l e . S c e n t l e s s . G e n e r a l . J u n e ~ S e p t e m b e r .

Flowers: small; growing in clusters of threes in a compact, terminal spikeamong leafy bracts. Calyx: two-lipped; the upper lip with three small teeth;




the lower one two-cleft. Corolla: two-lipped ; the standard large and overshadowing the other petals ; the lower lip, three-cleft. Stamens : four. Pistil:

one; style, two-lobed. Leaves: opposite; on petioles ; oblong; smooth ; veined. Stem: six inches high ; four-angled.

H o w gr atefu l the l i t t le self-hea l m us t feel to the soft r a i nthat fa l ls upo n i t when thir s ty an d dusty i t t r ies to ma inta in its

r e p u t a t i o n f or c he e r i ne s s a lon g the roa d s i d e s . A n d w ha t a

wonderful tra ns for m ation we see in the plan t a f ter i t has been

so re fr eshe d. B u t few f lower s blo om at the same t im e in the

leafy spike an d when exa m ined separ ate ly they ar e foun d to be

very pretty .

T h e c om m on na m e of t he p la nt re f e rs t o t he k i nd ly i nt e re s tit has always taken in the i l l s of m an ki n d. I t is a love r of the

pe ople . La bo u r e r s a pp ly i t f re e ly to t he i r w ou nd s a nd i t ha s

be e n u s e d a s a ne v e r- f a i l i ng c u re f or qu i ns y .

J E R U S A L E H A R T I C H O K E . W I L D S U N F L O W E R .

Helia7ithus tuberbsus.

F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O MCo m p o s i t e . B r i g h t y e ll o w . Scent less . M o s t ly s o u t h a n d w e s t . A ll s u m m e r .

Flower-heads: large; flat; terminal and composed of both ray and disk flowers. The disk-flowers tubular, yellow or yellowish ; the rays bright

yellow. Leaves : on petioles, ovate ; triple-ribbed, hairy. Stem: five to sevenfeet high ; branched above ; hairy. Rootstock : tuberous.

T h i s ta l l and bea ut i fu l species of sunflower has a fancy for

r e a r i n g i tse l f b y o ld fences , an d peepin g into the garde ns . I t

seems as thou gh i t co uld ha r dly re s ign i tse l f to be sever ed en

t i r e l y f rom c iv i l i sa t ion an d do m est ic i ty . I ts tubers are qui te

la rge a nd e d i b le .

W I L D S U N F L O W E R .

Helidnthus giganthus.


Co m p o s i t e . Y e l lo w . Scent less . M o s t ly n o r t h . L a t e s u m m e r a n d e a r l y a u t u m n .

Flower-heads : terminal ; solitary, and composed of both ray and disk flowers.Invohccre : of two series of bract-like pointed leaves. Leaves : alternate ; almost sessile ; lanceolate ; rough. Stem : upright; branched above ; leafy ;rough.



3 i 8 P L A N T S G R O W I N G I N W A S T E S O I L .

T h i s sunf lower i s our com m on species o f the no rth and we

are fam i l iar w i th seeing i t a lon g the roa dsides , where i t o f ten

f o r m s a m o s t g o r g e o u s h e d g e.

H. mollis, plate C L X I , is f o u n d f r o m O h i o s o u t h w a r d a n d

w estw ar d. It is one of the m ost beau tiful of the fam ily.

T h e leaves are h ear t-ovate , opposi te and c lasp ing, and the

whole p lant is cove re d wi th a w hi te w ool , w hich gives i t a misty

look. I t is qui te re m ar ka ble how wel l the co lou re d p late re p

resents this effect. The plant i s f rom two to four feet h i g h .

H. divaricatus has large show y f lower-heads a nd opposi te ,

ovate- lanceolate leaves that are r ou n de d at the base. It isa l s o p a r t i a l t o t h e r o a d s i d e s a n d b a n ks .

H. annus i s the garden species wi th which we are a l l fami l iar .

In Eu r o pe i t is cul t ivated for i ts seeds, wh ich are fed to

s h e ep , p i gs a n d p o u l t r y . T h e y a r e a l so th e p r i n c i p a l f o o d o f

p a r r o t s .

A c c o r d i n g t o th e m y t h o l o g i ca l t r a d i t i o n o f th e G r e e k s th e

sunf lower i s none other than the fa i r water-nymph Clyt ie , who was t ransfor m ed into the f lower . W he n she foun d that her

m a d l o ve f o r A p o l l o w a s n o t r e t u r n e d s h e g r i e v e d g r e a t l y, a n d

s at n in e d a y s u p o n th e g r o u n d n e it h e r e a ti n g n o r d r i n k i n g b u t

w a t ch i n g i n t e n t l y t h e s u n . H e r h e a d s h e t u r n e d g r a d u a l l y to

fo llow him as he tra vel led f rom east to west. At last her l imbs

became rooted to the ground and her face became a sunf lower .

E v e n to-day the i l lus ion is pre vale nt that the sunflower, the

emblem of constancy, turns i t s face to fo l low the course o f the

sun. M o o r e a llu d e s to i t i n —

" The heart that has truly loved never forgetsBut as truly loves on to the close

As the sunflower turns on her god when he setsThe same look that she turned when he rose."

In ancien t scu lptur e the sunf lower has ever been a favour i te

decorat ion, and especia l ly has i t been looked upon as sacred inthose countr ies that have worshipped the sun.




T A N S Y .

TanacHum vulgdre.


Co m p o s i t e . Y e l lo w . S t r o n g l y scen t ed . G e n e r a l. A l l s u m m e r .

Flowers : tiny ; tubular; growing in a flat-topped umbel. Leaves : pinnately divided into linear, deeply incised leaflets. Stem : two to four feet high, branched at the top.

" Soone at Easter cometh alleluya With butter, cheese and a tansay."

In c e rt a i n pa r t s o f I re la n d , w he re c u s t om s a re pe rh a ps not a s

c ha n ge a ble a s t he y a re i n t h i s ne w e r w or ld o f ou rs , w e m i ght

a t Ea s t e r pa rt a k e i n t he f e s t iv a l w i th w h i c h t he na m e of t a ns y

has been asso ciated, ever s ince the e leven th cen tur y . I t then

c a m e a bou t t ha t t a ns y w a s m a d e i nt o c a k e s for d i s t r i bu t i on

am on g the po or , an d the figures of two ch ar i table s is ters were

s t a m p e d u p o n t h e m .

T h e m e d i c i n a l pro pe r t ie s t ha t t a ns y pos s e ss e d m a d e it d e s i r

able to use at this season of the year , to purge away f rom th e

s y s te m t he ph le gm tha t ha d be e n e nge n d e r e d by t he e a t i ng o f f ish dur ing the lenten season.

" On Easter Sunday be the pudding seenTo which the tansy lends her sober green."

E L E C A M P A N E .

Inula Helhiium.


Co m p o s i te . Y e l lo w . H e r b a c e o u s . G en e r a l . S u m m e r .

Flower-heads : large ; terminal and composed of both ray and disk flowers ;the former few, long and narrow. Leaves: large ; alternate ; clasping; oblong;serrated ; the lower sides pale and woolly. Stem: four to five feet high ; stout.Foots : thick ; containing a mucilaginous substance.

T h e r e are f low ers that speak to us of the su nshine , and ther e

ar e those that cast a bou t a s ha d ow . H a p p i ly w e a s s oc ia t e the

e lecam pan e with the sun because i ts face is so br igh t an dgold e n. I t ha s a ls o d one m a ny good d e e ds t o m a n a nd beast

d u r i n g i ts lon g re s i d e n c e on t he g lobe . In v e t e r i na r y p ra c t i c e

it is used lar ge ly in ep idem ics , an d when m ade into a tea it is ex-




c e l le nt f or c ou ghs , or to s t re n gt he n t he hu m a n s y s te m . In

fact, i t i s one of the o ldest kn ow n of the m ed ic in al plants .

C H A J T O i T I L E . M A Y W E E D .

Anthemts Cdtula.


Co m p o s it e . W h i t e , cen t re y e ll o w . S t r on g l y scen t ed . M o s t l y e a s t . L a te su m m e r.

Flower-heads ; small; composed of ray and disk flowers similar to those of the white daisy. The disk-flowers arranged in a more decided cone and thetwice pinnately-divided leaves mark the difference by which it may be known.

" B r i n g d o w n t h e b a g o f c h a m o m i l e leaves an d put some to

steep on the stove, L a m b i e , a n d t r u s t m e to k n o w w h a t w i l l b r in g the ros e s ba c k t o y ou r c he e k s w he n the s pr i ng a i r m a k e s

you l i m p i d a n d weak."

In s om e s u c h phra s e the v i r t u e s o f c ha m om i le ha v e be e n

s u n g t hr ou gho u t m a ny ge ne r a t ions . I t ha s a l so be e n d e s c r i be d

by an old wr i ter as the plan t ph ys ic ian ; for a s ick plan t , when

p l a c e d ne a r i t, w i l l f re qu e nt ly re c o v e r . Ins e c ts , how e v e r , c a n

no t abide i t , in e ither a d r i e d o r p o w d e r e d form ; a n d n i g h t m a r e will not enter the porta l when a piece of i t i s la id on the pi l low

be s i d e a t rou ble d s le e pe r .

It i s a bo ld l i t t le plant an d often ventur es even into the ru ts

m a d e by he a v y wagons i n c o u n t r y r o a d s .

I R O N - W E E D . (Plate CLXII.)

Verndm'a Noveboracinsis.


C o m p o s i t e . R e d d i s h p u r p l e . Scent less . M a i n e t o V irg in ia A u g u s t , S e p t em b e r .


Flower-heads: loosely clustered in corymbs on axillary flower-stalks andcomposed of tubular flowers. Involucre : of pointed purplish scales similar tothose of the thistle. Leaves ; lanceolate; netted-veined ; rough. Stem : tall;leafy ; purplish ; crisp.

T h e r e is ju s t a l i t tl e r i v a l r y be tw e e n t he i ro n- w e e d a n d s om e

of the m em bers of the aster fam ily , an d we of ten find t he m

d i s p u t i n g t he pos s e s si on o f t he roa d s i d e ba nk s . U s u a l ly thea s t e rs c om e ou t v i c t or i ou s , a nd t he i ron- w e e d i s t he n d r i v e n t o

seek re fuge in the low m eadow s, where i t begins the same feud

ov e r a ga i n w i th J oe -Py e -w e e d . I t is a ha nd s om e , br i l l i a nt



f

PLATE CLXII. IRON-WEED. Vernonia Noveboracenszs.

(321)




plant an d at a d is tance m ight eas i ly be m istaken for an aster .

I ts t u bu la r flow e rs a nd i nv o lu c r e , how e v e r , a t onc e re m i nd u s

that i t is the iron-weed.

B O N E S E T . T H O R O U G H W O R T .

Eupatbrium perf olidtum.


Co m p o s i t e . G r e en i s h w h i t e . H e r b a c e o u s . G e n e r a l . A u g u s t , S e p t em b e r .

Flower-heads; very small; tubular, growing in large, dense corymbs. Leaves ;

opposite; united at the base about the stem ; lanceolate ; rough ; netted-veinedand serrated. Stem : four to five feet high ; branching ; leafy ; very hairy.

W h e n in full blow t he pr ot r u d i ng s ta m e ns f rom the se i nn u m e rable l i t t le f lowers give a fluffy loo k to bo ne set tha t gr ea tly

a d d s to i ts ra t h e r s l i ght c la i m t o be a u t y. Pe r ha ps the k now

in g insects h ave the same faith in i ts eff icacy for h ea ling as was

be l ieve d in by the go od o ld he rb doc tor s , as they m anage

alm ost every season to devo ur the leaves so that they are

left s imply f ibrous net-works.

Bon eset i s, as i t has a lways been, a s taunch fr ien d to frai lhu m a ni t y, a n d a w e l l -pre pa r e d d e c oc t i on o f t he d r i e d he rb

causes new vigou r to flow thr ou gh the ve ins of m any a dr oo p

in g m o r t a l .

Bo neset taffy i s ver y go od , m uch better to taste, in fact , than

boneset tea.

C O M M O N Y A R R O W . H I L F O I L . {Plate CLXIII.)

Achillea Millefblium.F A M I L Y C O L O U R O D O U R , R A N G E T I M E O F B L O O M

Co m p o s i te . W h i t e, or p i n k i s h . S t r o n g l y scen t ed . G e n e r a l . J u l y - O c t o b e r .

Flower-heads : growing in compound corymbs and composed of both ray anddisk flowers. The rays four or five square and three-cleft at the apex ; thedisk dingy white. Leaves : alternate ; twice divided into fine segments. Stem :

very leafy ; downy ; much branched at the top.

It is for tuna te tha t the milfo i l i s a t tr ibuted with so many

v irtues and has the san ct ion of the gre at Ac h i l le s , whose nam e

it bears , and who is sa id to have d isco ver ed i ts hea l ing pr opert ies , and to have em plo yed them for the benef it of his so l

diers ; for cer ta in ly i t is not pr etty . T h a t i s, we think i t i s not

pr etty when we see i t a lo ng the dusty road side . P lac ed unde r a



PLATE CLXIII. CO MM ON YARROW. Achillea Millefolium.(323)




m i c r o s c o p e , how e v e r , i t i s a s t on i s hi ng t he a m ou n t o f be a u t y i t

re v e a ls . In s orn d 'pa rt s o f En gl a n d i t is s t i l l u s ed f or w e a v i ng

br idal wreaths and has been thus ce lebrated in f lower- lore ." Thou pretty nest of Venus' tree,

Thy true name it is yarrow,Now who thy bosom friend must be,

Pray tell thou me to-morrow."

C H I C O R Y . S U C C O R Y . {Plate CLXIV)

Cichbrium tntybus.


C h i c o r y . B l ix , w h i t e , o r p i n k . Scent less . M o s t l y e a s t . S u m m e r a n d a u tu m n .

Flower-heads: showy; arranged along the stem, and composed entirely of strap-shaped flowers. ' Leaves: entire ; lanceolate; pointed and clasping, thefloral ones bract-like and small. Stem : upright, branching, hairy.

" And spreading succory chokes the rising field."— V I R G I L .

T h e n am e c i c h o r i u m is o f A r a b i c o r i g i n , w h i c h w o u l d r a t h e r

suggest that this l i t t le plan t has tr av e l le d far an d seen a wealth

of p l a ce s . W e k n o w t h a t H o r a c e h a d i t f r e q u e n tl y u p o n h i sm e n u , a nd tha t i n Eg y p t i t i s u s e d a s a n a r t i c le o f f ood . F r o m

th e l e a ve s t h e F r e n c h m a k e a m o s t d e l i ci o u s s a l a d . N o d o u b t

i t has a taste f o r s e r v i n g a l l n a ti o n s , a n d s o h a s u n c e r e m o n i

ou s ly c ros s e d t he oc e a n a n d is be nt on k e e p i ng i ts b lu e e ye

u p o n th e n ew w o r l d . H a p p i l y i t h a s h a d t h e g o o d m a n n e r s to

b r in g w i t h i t a br i ght , a t t ra c t i v e a ppe a ra n c e , or t hos e d e t ra c t or s

of weeds m ight fee l a l i t t le miffed at the co ol way in w hich i tha s t a k e n pos s e s s i on o f ou r h i ghw a y s . A s ye t i t ha s not

t r a v e l l e d v e r y f a r s o u t h w a r d .

I ts d e e p d a nd e l i on -l i k e ro ot s ha v e be e n u s e d t o a d u l t e ra t e

c of fe e. T h e i r d i s a gre e a ble fla vou r , how e v e r , i s a t onc e pe r

c e pt i b le .

R O A D S I D E A S T E R S .

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOMCo m p o s i t e * B l u i s h p u r p l e , o r Scent less . G en e r a l . S u m m e r a n d e a r ly

w h i t e . a u t u m n .

" A n d everywhere the purple asters nod And bend and wave and flit."




Aster patens, la te p u r p l e a ste r , P l a te C X X X I I I , a p p ea r s

a l o n g the roadsides in early August , and is one of the f i rs t

s ha d ow y prop he c i e s o f t he a p pr oa c h i ng a u t u m n. I t is a la rge ,

beauti ful species w ith sol i tar y f lower-heads , a ha l f inch to two

i n c h e s i n d i a m e t e r , a n d b o r n e a t th e e n d o f r o u g h , s p r e a d i n g

branches . I t i s re a d i ly k n ow n by i ts la nc e o la t e , c la s pi ng u ppe r

leaves a nd t he he a rt - s ha pe d one s o f t he low e r s t e m .

A. Ifrvis, s m o o t h a ste r , P l a te C X X X I I I , is a s im i la r s p e cie s,

o n l y i ts f lower -heads are c lu ster ed together in a pan ic le . I ts

c o l o u r i s n ot such a deep pu rp le as that of A . patens , an d i t

s e l d o m re a c he s ov e r t w o feet h igh . I t l ives by the ro adsidesor i n the ope n w o od bor d e r s , a n d is one of t he m os t lov e ly o f

the family .

A. cordifblius i s the t iny pale blue aster w ith the saucy l i t tle

d a r k d i sk -f low e r s t ha t pe e p t hr ou gh the f e nce s a lo ng t he r o a d

s ides . I ts f lower -heads are nu m ero us in a loose pa nic le ; an d

its leaves , as i ts nam e ind icates , are h ear t-shap ed. T h e plan t

is s m oot h i n t e x t u re . A. ericdidcs, wh ite h eath aster , i s the fam il iar t iny wh ite aster

t ha t is s o c on s pi c u ou s a lon g t he ro a d s i d e s . I t grow s a bou t a

foot high, and bears innumerable f lower-heads on i ts wiry^

s p r e a d i n g b r a n c h e s .

A. divaricdtus, wh ite woo d aster , is a lso no t iceable a lo n g the

r o a d s i d e a n d by t h i n bo rd e rs o f ope n w ood s . I t ha s bu t fe w ,

s ix to nine , wh ite ra ys in loose ly c lus tere d f lower -heads . T h e

leaves a re long , na r ro w , a nd grow u pon z i gz a g s te m s .

A s the golden -ro ds , the asters are a pe cul iar feature of the

u n r iv a l l e d t in t s o f th e A m e r i c a n a u t u m n .

" There is a lesson in each flower, A story in each stream and bower ;In every herb on which you tread, Are written words, which rightly read Will lead you from earth's fragrant soil,

To hope and holiness and God."— A L L E N C U N N I N G H A M .



In dex to Colour .

WHITE.

A BRON IA , White, 194.

Alder, White, 308. Andromeda, Marsh, 57. Apple, Mock, 106. Arrow-head, 36. Arbutus, Trailing,204 . Asters, Swamp, 77.

" Sandy soil, 254." Roadside, 324 .

Avens, White, 217 .

B ANE B ERRY , White, 154.Bayonet, Spanish, 231 .Beach Plum, 232.Beard's Tongue, White, 196.Bergamot, Wild, 198.Bind-weed, Field, 302.

" " Hedge, 302.Bishop-weed, Mock, 101.Bitter Sweet, 298.

Black-haw, 261 .Blood-root, 186.Boneset, 322 .Bouncing Bet, 302 .

" Double, 305 .Buckbean, 70.Bunch-berry, 158.Bush-clover, Round-headed, 246.Button-bush, 97 .

C A LAM IN T , Carolina, 250.

Campion, Starry, 220 .Carrot, Wild, 281 .Cassandra, Dwarf, 97 .Catalpa, 196.

Chamomile, 320 .

Chicory, 324.Chokeberry, 50 .Choke-cherry, 86 .Clover, White Sweet, 312.Cohosh, Black, 156.Cornel, Panicled, 95 .Cranberry Tree, 118.Creeper, Virginia, 300 .Cress, Bulbous, 96 .Crinkle-root, 184.Crinum, American, 44 .Crowfoot, Common White, Water

Culver's-root, 198.

DAISY, White, 291 .Dalibarda, 150.Dittany, American, 316.Dodder, Common, 278.Dog's-tooth Violet, White, 82 .

Dogwood, Flowering, 160." Round-leaved/160." Wild Red-Osier, 95 .

Dutchman's Breeches, 174.

E L D E R , 120.

Everlasting, Plantain-leaf, 287.

FLEABANE , Larger Daisy, 290." Smaller Daisy, 291 .

Foam Flower, 158.Fringe Tree, Common, 94.

G E N T I A N , Fringed, 128." Striped, 286.

Ginseng, Five-leaved, 222.



I N D E X T O C O L O U R .3 27

Gold Thread, 50 .Green-brier, 298.Ground-nut, 220.

H A W T H O R N , 150.Hemlock, Water, 30 .Hepatica, 207.Hobble-bush, 188.Honeysuckle, White Swamp, 55.Hound's Tongue, 265.

I N D I A N P I P E , 168.

" Tobacco, 274.Ivy, Poison, 261.

J A M E S T O W N - W E E D , 278.

L A D Y ' S S L I P P E R , Showy, 6 0 .

Lady's Tresses, Slender, 284.Larkspur, Carolina, 212.

" Dwarf, 212.Laurel, Mountain, 161.Lily-of-the-Valley, False, 143.

Lizard's Tail, 55.Lobelia, Southern, 75.

MAGNO L I A , Small, 6 9 .Mandrake, Wild, 214.Mallow, Musk, 306 .Meadow-sweet, 86 .Mitre-wort, 158.Moth-mullen, 284.

Mustard, White, 297.N E V I N S ' S S T O N E C R O P , 172.

Nightshade, Enchanter's, 305 .

ORCHIS , White-fringed, 65 .

P A R T R I D G E V I N E , 216.

Pepperbush, Mountain Sweet, 308.Pimpernel, 236.

Pink, Ground, 187.Pipsissewa, 206.Plantain, Rattlesnake, 184.Pokeweed, 311.Polygala, Purple, 114.

Primrose, Scapose, 270.Pyxie, 203.

RHODODENDRON , Great, 163.

Rock-cress, Hairy, 186.Rose, Early White, 152.Rue Anemone, 210.Rue, Tall Meadow, 102.

SARSAPARILLA, Wild, 222.

Saxifrage, Early, 156.Shad-bush, 256.Shepherd's Purse, 297.

Shin-leaf, 164.Sidalcea, White-flowered, 108.Silver-rod, 136.Snowberry, Creeping, 56.Snowdrop Tree, Four-winged, 84.Solomon's Seal, False, 142.Sourwood, 16 1.Spikenard, American, 223.Spring Beauty, 206.

Spurge, Flowering, 252.Stagger-bush, 235.Stagger-weed, 212.Star, Blazing, 84 .Star-flower, 21 4.Steeple-bush, 86 .Stenanthium, Stout, 84 .Sumac, Poison, 53.

" Smooth Upland or Sc'rl't, 262.Sundew, Round-leaved, 74.Sweet-cicely, Smoother, 194.

T E A , New Jersey, 224.Thimble-weed, 210.Toothwort, Cut-leaved, 96.Traveller's Joy, 306.Trillium, Painted, 144.Turtle-head, no.Twin-leaf, 213.

V E N U S ' S F L Y - T R A P , 74.

Vervain, White, 315. Viburnum, Maple-leaved, 260. Violet, Canada, 148.



I N D E X T O C O L O U R .328

Violet, Lance-leaved, 102." Sweet White, ior.

W A K E - R O B I N , Large-flowered, 144.

Water-arum, 21. Water-lily, White, 24. Water-parsnip, 32 . Water-plantain, 38 .

Whitlow-grass, Vernal,236. Wind-flower, 208 . Wintergreen, Creeping, 166.

" " Round-leaved, 166. Wood-sorrel, 200.

YARROW, Common, 322 .

YELLOW AND ORANGE.

AGRIMONY, Tall Hairy, 217.

Artichoke, Jerusalem, 317. Avens, Yellow, 53.

BEECH-DROPS , False, 170.

Bellwort, 146.Bellwort, Perfoliate, 148.Black-eyed Susan, 292.Bladderwort, Common, 34.

" Horned, 6 7 .Britton's Cone-flower, 293.Butter-and-Eggs, 310 .Buttercup, Bulbous, 257.

" Meadow, 258.

C E L A N D I N E , 276.

Cinquefoil, Shrubby, 264." Silvery, 265 ." Rough, 265 .

Clover, Yellow Sweet, 312 .

Cow-wheat, Narrow-leaved, 228.Crowfoot, Yellow Water, 30 .Cress, Winter, 296.

D A N D E L I O N , 287.

" Fall, 287.

E L E C A M P A N E , 319.

Evening-primrose, Common, 268.

F I V E - F I N G E R , 262.

Floating-heart, 41.Fly-honeysuckle, 188.Foxglove, Downy False, 230 .

Foxglove, Fern-leaf False, 230 .

" Smooth False, 228.G INGER , Wild, 170.

Goat's Rue, 240.Golden Club, 22.Golden-Rods, Swamp, 77.

" Moist Soil, 134." Sandy Soil, 255." Dry Soil, 293 .

Grass, Water Star, 33 .

HEDG E- HY S S OP, 112.

Honeysuckle, Bush, 190.Japanese, 190.

Horse-mint, 248.

I N D I A N C U C U M B E R - R O O T , 143.

Indian Poke, 46 .Indigo, Wild, or False, 241 .

J E W E L - W E E D , 120." Pale, 12 1.

L A D Y ' S S L I P P E R , Yellow, 178.

" " Smaller, 178.Lettuce, Wild, 132.Lily, Carolina, 83 .

" Turk's-cap, 83 ." Wild Yellow, 83 .

Loosestrife, Bulb-bearing, 93 ." Four-leaved, 216.

Fringed, 93 ." Lance-leaved, 93 .

M A R S H M A R I G O L D , 48.



I N D E X T O C O L O U R .

Mullen, Great, 282." Moth, 284.

Mustard, Black, 297.

N E LUM BO , Yellow, 28.ORANGE-GRASS, 274.

Orchis, Yellow-fringed, 65.Orpine, American, 174.

P A I N T E D C U P , 250.

Parsnip, Meadow, 100.Partridge Pea, 244.Passion Flower, Yellow, 273.

Poppy, California, 275." Celandine, 276.

Pond-lily, Yellow, 26.Poverty-grass, 234.Prickly Pear, 238.

RAGWORT, Golden, 288.

Rattlebox, 241.Rattlesnake-weed, 291.

Rock-rose, 235.S ENNA , Wild, 242.

Sneezeweed, 130." " Purple-head, 130.

Solomon's seal, 142.Sorrel, Yellow Wood, 305.Spearwort, Water-plantain, 48.Spice-bush, 168.

St. Andrew's Cross, 238.St. John's-wort, Common, 273.

" " Shrubby, 238." " Smaller, 108.

St. Peter's-wort, 236.Star-grass, Yellow, 257.Sundropa, Allen's, 270.Sunflower, Wild, 317.Sunflowers, 318.

T A N S Y , 319.

Thistle, Field Sow, 292.Tick-seed, 288.Trumpet-flower, 95.

V IOLET , Dog's-tooth, 82 .

" Downy yellow, 212." Round-leaved, 150.

W I T C H - H A Z E L , 201.

Wood-betony, 226.

Y E L L O W - A D D E R ' S T O N G U E , 82.

RED AND

A Q U I L E G I A T R U N C A T A , 154.

Asclepias lanceolata, 76.

B A N E B E R R Y , Red, 154.

Beech-drops, False, 170.Buckbean, 70.Butterfly-weed, 281.

C A R D I N A L F L O W E R , 121.

" Monkey-flower, no.Columbine, 153.

F I R E P I N K , 218.

G R O U N D IVY, 266.

ORANGE RED.

H O U N D ' S T O N G U E , 265.

Honeysuckle, Trumpet, 190.

L I L Y , Wood, 140.

O S W E G O - T E A , 126.

P A I N T E D C U P , 250.

Pennyroyal, American, 267.Pimpernel, 236.

T R U M P E T - F L O W E R , 95.

W A K E - R O B I N , Ill-scented, 146.

Wood-betony, 226.



33° I N D E X T O C O L O U R .

PINK, ROSE, CRIMSON AND MAGENTA.

A NDROMEDA , Marsh, 57.

Arbutus, Trailing, 204. Arethusa, 59 . Azalea, Smooth,or Tree, 164.

B E A C H P L U M , 23 2.

Bindweed, Field, 302." Hedge, 302 .

Bitter-bloom, 199.Bouncing Bet, 302.

" " Double, 304 .Bush-clover, 246.

C A L O P O G O N , 6 0 .

Calypso, 59.Chicory, 324.Clover, Bush, 246.Corydalis, Pale, 176.Cranberry, American, 57.Cress, Bulbous, 96.

DO G B A N E , Spreading, 300 .

F L E A B A N E , Salt Marsh, 75.Fire-weed, 272.

GER AN I UM , Wild 223.

H A W T H O R N , 150.

Herb Robert, 201.

Honeysuckle, Wild, 55.

KNO TWE ED , Amphibious, 38.

" Sand, 254.

L A R K S PU R , Carolina, 212.

Laurel, Mountain, 161." Sheep, 163.

MA L L OW , Musk, 306.

" Rose, 69.Meadow Beauty, 112.

Meadow-sweet, 86.

Milkweed, Common, 280 ." Swamp, 76.

Milkwort, Moss, 65 .Moccasin Flower, 178.Moth-Mullen, 284.

O B E D I E N T P L A N T , 127.

Orchis, Showy, 180.

P I N K , Ground, 187.

Wild, 218.Pipsissewa, 206.

" Spotted, 206.Pitcher-plant, 47.Polygala, Fringed, 213.Primrose, Scapose, 270 .Pyxie, 203 .

RASPBERRY, Purple-Flowering, 299 .

Rose, Swamp, 50.Rue, Early Meadow, 152.

S E A - P I N K , 72.

Shooting-star, Colorado, 9 1 .Snake-mouth, 62 .Spring Beauty, 206.Steeple-bush, 88 .Strophilirion, 138.

Squirrel Corn, 176.Sweet William, Wild, 187.

T H I S T L E B U R , 2 94 .

" Canada, 295.Tick-seed, Rose-coloured, 290.Twin-flower, 192.

W A X -WEED , Blue, 286.

Willow Herb, Small, 94 ." " Hairy, 94 .



I N D E X T O C O L O U R .33 i

P U R P L E

ASTERS, Swamp, 77 .

" Sandy Soil, 254." Roadside, 324. Avens, Water,52.

B E A C H P E A , 244.

Beard's Tongue, Hairy, 196.Bergamot, Wild, 198.Butterfly Pea, 276.

C A L AM I N T , Carolina, 250.

Cohosh, Blue, 77.Coral-root, Striped, 182.Corn-cockle, 274.

D I T T A N Y , American, 316.

Dwarf-iris, Crested, 80 .

F L A G , Larger Blue, 79.Fleabane, Larger Daisy, 290 .

Smaller " 291.

GER AN I UM , Wild, 223.

Gerardia, Purple, 252 .

H O G - P E A N U T , 314.

I R O N - W E E D , 320.

J ACO B'S L A D D E R , American, 53.

Jamestown-weed, Purple, 278.

Joe-Pye-weed, 134.L A R K S P U R , Tall, 210.

Lettuce, Wild, 132.Lobelia, Great, 122.

" Spicata, 12 4.Loosestrife, Purple spiked, 98 .

M I L KW E E D , Ashy, 77.

Milkwort, Large-flowered, 114.

Mint, Wild, 124.Monkey-flower, 109.

L A V E N D E R .

Monkshood, 104.

Motherwort, Common, 316.

N I G H T S H A D E , 106.

ORCHIS , Fringeless Purple, 64 ." Large, Purple-fringed, 62 ." Small, " " 64 .

PA S S I ON F L O W E R , 272.

Pink, Ground, 187." Swamp, 46 .

Phlox, Wild, 187.Plantain, Robin's, 290.Polygala, Purple, 114.Psoralea, Round-leaved, 124.

R U E , Purplish Meadow, 15 2.

S E A L A V E N D E R , 70.

Self-heal, 316.Shooting Star, Colorado, 91.Skullcap, Hyssop, 246 .St. John's-wort, Marsh, 67.Star, Blazing, 294.

" Scaly Blazing, 294.Stokesia, Blue, 132.

T H Y M E , Creeping, 315.

Tick-trefoil, Prostrate, 224 .Toothwort, Cut-leaved, 96 .

Turtle-head, Purple,Twisted Stalk, 140.

V E R B ENA , Large-flowered, 268.

Vetch, American, 312. Violet, Common Blue, 258.

" Pedata bicolor, 234.

W A T E R - S H I E L D , 24.

Wood-betony, 226. Wood-sorrel, Violet, 200.



332 I N D E X T O C O L O U R S .

A S T E R , Pale Blue, 325.

B E L L F L OWER , Panicled, 148.

Tall Wild, 9 1 .Bluebells, 90 .Blue-curls, 248.Blue-eyed Mary, 108.Bluets, 97 .Brooklime, American, 41 .

CLEMAT I S , Marsh, 67.Chicory, 324 .Columbine, Long-spurred, 154.

D A Y F L OWER , Common, 116.

Slender, 116.

FORGET-ME-NOT, Smaller, 88 .

G E N T I A N , Closed, 128.Fringed, 128.Stiff, 199.

Grass, Pointed Blue-eyed, 80 .

H A R E B E L L , Common, 90 .

Hepatica, 207.

I N D I A N T O B A C C O , 274.

Ivy, Ground, 266 .

C A R R I O N - F L O W E R , 100.

Cohosh, Blue, 177.

J A C K - I N - T H E - P U L P I T , 137.

M I L K W O R T , M O S S , 65.

B L U E .

LARKS PUR , Carolina, 212.

" Dwarf, 212." Tall, 210.Lobelia, Southern, 75 .Lupine, Wild, 240.

P ENN YROYA L , American, 267.

Phlox, Wild, 187.Pickerel-weed, 32 .Pimpernel, 236,

RU E L L I A , Smooth, 177.

S I M P L E R ' S J O Y , 314.

Speedwell, Common, 308 ." Thyme-leaved, 310.

Spiderwort, 118.Skullcap, Mad Dog, 126.

" Hyssop, 246.Stagger-weed, 212.

Stokesia, Blue, 132.TOAD-FLAX , Blue or Wild, 310.

Pale Blue, 311.

V E TCH , Blue, 312.

Violet, Bird's-Foot, 232. Viper's-bugloss, 266. Venus's Looking-glass, 297 .

W A T E R - H Y A C I N T H , 33.

G R E E N .

ORCHIS , Great Green, 180 .

P I T C H E R - P L A N T , 47.

Polygala, Purple, 114.

S K U N K C A B B A G E , 43.

W INTERGREEN , Serrated, 166.



Index to English Names.

A B RON I A , White, 194.

Adam's Needle, 231. Adder's Tongue, White, 82.

Agrimony, Tall Hairy, 217. Alder, White, 308. Andromeda, Marsh, 57. Anemone, Rue, 210. Apple, May, 214.

" Mock, 106." Wild Balsam, 106.

Arbutus, Trailing, 204. Arethusa, 59.

Arrow-head, 36. Arrow-wood, 260. Artichoke, Jerusalem, 317. Asters, Swamp, 77.

" Sandy Soil, 254." Roadside, 324.

Avens, Purple, 52." Water, 52 ." White, 217 .

" Yellow, 53 . Azalea, Clammy,55.

" Pink, 55.Smooth or Tree, 164.

B A N E B E R R Y , Red, 154.

White, 154.Bayonet, Spanish, 231.Bay, Sweet, 69.

Beach Pea, 244." Plum, 232.Bean, Sacred, 28 .Beard's Tongue, Hairy, 196.

" " White, 19 6.

Bee Balm, 126.Beech-drops, False, 170.Bellflower, Tall Wild, 91 .

" Panicled, 148.Bellwort, 146.

" Perfoliate, 148.Benjamin-bush, 168.Bergamot, Wild, 198.Bind-weed, Field, 302.

" Hedge, 302.Birthroot, 146.Bishop's Cap, 158.

Bishop-weed, Mock, 101.Bitter-bloom, 199.Bitter Sweet, 106.

" " 29 8.

Black-eyed Susan, 292.Black-haw, 261.Black-root, 198.Bladderwort, Common, 34.

Horned, 6 7.

Blood-root, 186.Bluebells, 90.lilue-curls, 248.Blue-eyed Mary, 108.Bluets, 97.Blueweed, 266.Boneset, 322.Bouncing Bet, 302.

" Double, 305.

Brooklime, American, 41.Buckbean, 70.Bugbane, 156.Bugloss, Viper's, 266.Bunch-berry, 158 .Bush-clover, 246.



334 I N D E X T O E N G L I S H N A M E S .

Butter-and-Eggs, 310.Buttercup, Bulbous, 257.

" Tall or Meadow, 258.

Butterfly Pea, 276.Butterfly-weed, 281 .Button-bush, 97.

C A L AM I N T , Carolina, 250.

Calico-bush, 161.Calla, Wild, 21.Calopogon, 60.Calypso, 59.Campion, Starry, 220.Candle-tree, 196.Cardinal Flower, 121 .

" " Blue, 122.Carrion-flower, 100.Carrot, Wild, 281.Catalpa, 196.Cat-brier, 100.

" 298.

Cassandra, Dwarf, 97.

Catchfly, Virginia, 218.Cat-gut, 240.Cat's-foot, Smaller, 288.Celandine, 276.Chamomile, 320.Checkerberry, 1 66 .Chicory, 324.Chinquepin, Water, 28 .Chokeberry, 50.

Choke-cherry, 86.Cicely, Smoother Sweet, 194.Cinquefoil, Common, 262.

14 Rough, 265." Shrubby, 264." Silvery or Hoary, 265.

Clematis, Marsh, 67.Clover, Yellow Sweet, 312 .

" White Sweet, 312.

Club, Golden, 22.Cohosh, Black, 156." Blue, 177.

Columbine, 15 3." Long-spurred, 154.

Cone-flower, 292.

Cone-flower, Britton's, 293.Coral-root, 182.

" Striped, 182.

Corn-cockle, 274.Corn-rose, 274.Cornel, Dwarf, 158.Cornel, Panicled, 95.Corpse Plant, 168.Corydalis, Pale, 176.Cowbane, Spotted, 30.Cowslip, American, 91.

" Virginia, 90.

Cow-wheat, Narrow-leaved, 228.Cranberry, American, 57.Tree, 118.

Cranesbill, Wild, 223.Creeper, Virginia, 300.Cress, Bulbous, 96.

" Winter, 296.Crinkle-root, 184.Crinum, American, 44.Crowfoot, Yellow Water, 30 .

" Common White Water,Culver's Root. 198.Cuphea, Clammy, 286.Cypress-vine, 302.

D A I S Y , English, 291.

" Ox-eyed, 291." White, 291.

Dalibarda, 150.

Dandelion, 287.Fall, 287.

Day Flower, Common, 116." " Slender, 116.

Deer Grass, 112.Devil's Bit,' 84.Dittany, American, 316.Dodder, Common, 278.Dockmaxie, 260.

Dock, Spatter, 26." Velvet or Mullen, 282.Dogbane, Spreading, 300.Dogwood, Flowering, 160.

" Panicled, 95." Round-leaved, 160.



I N D E X T O E N G L I S H N A M E S .

Dogwood, Wild Red-osier, 95 .Dragon Head, False, 127.Dutchman's Breeches, 174.

Dwarf-iris, Crested, 80.Dyer's-weed, 293.

E L D E R , 120.

" Poison, 53.Elderberry, 120.Elecampane, 319.Evening-primrose, Common, 268.Everlasting, Mouse-ear, 287.

" Plaintain-leaf, 287.

F E V E R - B U S H , 168.

Fire-weed, 272.Five-finger, 262.Flag, Larger Blue, 79.Fleabane, Larger Daisy, 290.

" Smaller Daisy, 291." Salt-marsh, 75 .

Fleur-de-lis, 79.Floating-heart, 41 .Fly-honeysuckle, 188.Foam Flower, 158.Forget-me-not, Smaller, 8 8.Foxglove, Downy False, 230.

" Fern-leaf or LousewortFalse, 230.

" Smooth False, 228.Friar's Cap, 104.Fringe Tree, Common, 94.

Frost-weed, 235.Fuller's Herb, 302.

G EN T I A N , Closed, 128.

" Five-flowered, 199." Fringed, 128." Stiff, 199." Striped, 286.

Geranium, Wild, 223.

Gerardia, Purple, 252.Ghost Flower, 168.Gill-over-the-ground, 266.Ginger, Wild, 170.Ginseng, Dwarf, 220.

" Five-leaved, 222.

Globe Flower, 97.Goat's Rue, 240.Golden Cups, 257.

Golden-rods, Swamp, 77." " Moist Soil, 134." " Sandy Soil, 255.

" Dry Soil, 293.Gold Thread, 50.Grass, Pointed Blue-eyed, 8 0 .

" Water Star, 33.Green-brier, 298.Ground-nut, 220.Guelder-rose, Wild, 118.

H A R D H A C K , 8 8 .

Harebell, Common, 90.Hawkweed, 291.

Green's, 292,Hawthorn, 150.Heal-all, 316.Heather, False, 234.Hedge-hyssop, 112.

Hellebore, False, 46.Hemlock, Water, 30.Hepatica, 207.Herb Robert, 201.Hobble-bush, 188.Hog-peanut, 314,Honey-balls, 97.Honeysuckle, Bush, 190.

" Japanese, 190,

" Trumpet, 190." White Swamp, 55." Wild, 55.

Hound's Tongue, 265.Horse-brier, 298.Horse-mint, 248.Houseleek, 172.Huntsman's-cup, 47.

I N D I A N B E A N , 196." Cucumber-root, 143." Fjg, 238.

Indian-pipe, 16S." Plant, 1S6." Poke, 46 .



I N D E X T O E N G L I S H N A M E S .

Indian Tobacco, 274." Turnip, 137 .

Indigo, Wild or False, 241 .

Innocence, 108.Iron-weed, 320.Ivy, American, 300.

" Ground, 266." Poison, 261 .

JA C K- I N - T HE- PUL PI T , 137.

Jacob's Ladder, American, 53 .Jamestown-weed, 278.

Jewel-weed, 120." " Pale, 12 1.Joe-Pye-weed, 134.Jointweed, Coast, 254.June-berry, 256.

KNOTWEED , Amphibious, 3 8.

Sand, 254.

L A D Y ' S T R E S S E S , Slender, 284.

" Slipper, Pink, 178." " Showy, 60 ." " Smaller, 178." " Yellow, 178 .

Lambkill, 163.Larkspur, Carolina, 212.

" Dwarf, 21 2." Tall, 210.

Laurel, Great, 16 3.

" Ground, 204." Mountain, 161." Sheep, 163.

Leather-leaf, 97.Lettuce, Wild, 132.Lily, Carolina, 83 .

" Meadow, 83 ." Turk's-cap, 83 ." Wild Red, 140.

" Wild Yellow, 83 ." Wood, 140.Lily-of-the-Valley, False, 14 3.Live-for-ever, 174.Liver-leaf, 207 .Lizard's Tail, 55.

Lobelia, Blue, 124" Great, 12 2." Southern, 75.

Loosestrife, Bulb-bearing, 93 ." Four-leaved, 21 6." Fringed, 93 ." Lance-leaved, 93 ." Purple Spiked, 9 8 .

Louse wort, 226.Love Vine, 278.Lungwort, 90 .Lupine, Wild, 240.

MAGNO L I A , Small, 69 .

Mallow, Marsh, 70." Musk, 306." Rose, 69 ." Swamp, 69 .

Mandrake, Wild, 2T4.Marsh-mallow, 70 .Marsh Marigold, 48 .Mayflower, 204.

Mayweed, 320.Meadow Beauty, 112.Meadow-sweet, 86 .Melilot, White, 312.

" Yellow, 312.Milfoil, 322.Milkweed, Ashy, 77 .

" Common, 280," Swamp, 76.

Milkwort, Large-Flowered, i L" Moss, 65 .

Mint, Stone, 316." Wild, 124.

Mitre-wort, 158.False, 158.

Moccasin Flower, 178.Monkey-flower, 109.

" " Cardinal, no.

Monkshood, 104.Moss, Flowering, 203 .Motherwort, Common, 316.Moth-mullen, 284.Mullen, Great, 282.



3 3 3 I N D E X T O E N G L I S H N A M E S .

SARSAPARILLA, Wild, 222.

Saxifrage, Early, 156.Scabious, Sweet, 290.

Scarlet Berry, 106.Sea Lavender, 70.Sea-pink, 72.Self-heal, 316.Senna, Wild, 242.Sensitive Plant, Large, 244.Service-berry, 256.Shad-bush, 256.Shepherd's-purse, 297.Shin-leaf, 164.

Shooting-star, Colorado, 9 1 .Sidalcea, White-flowered, 108.Sidesaddle-flower, 47.Silkweed, 280.Silver-rod, 136.Simpler's Joy, 314.Skullcap, Hairy, 248.

" Hyssop, 246." Mad Dog, 126.

Skunk Cabbage, 43.Snake-head, no.Snake-mouth, 62Snakeroot, Black, 15 6.Sneezeweed, 130.

" Purple-head, 130.Snowberry, Creeping, 56.Snowdrop Tree, Four-winged, 84.Soapwort, 302.

Soldiers' Caps, 174.Solomon's Seal, 14 2." " False, 14 2." " Two-leaved, 14 3.

Sorrel, Yellow Wood, 305." Lady's, 305.

Sorrel-tree, 161.Sourwood, 161.Spearwort, Water-plaintain, 48 .

Speedwell, Common, 308.Thyme-leaved, 310.Spice-bush, 168.Spiderwort, 118.Spikenard, American, 223.

Spikenard, Wild, 142.Spoonwood, 161.Spring Beauty, 206.Spurge, Flowering, 252.Squaw-weed, 288.Squirrel Corn, 176.St. Andrew's Cross, 238.St. John's-wort, Common, 273.

" Marsh, 67." " Shrubby, 238." " Smaller, 108.

St. Peter's-wort, 236.Stag-bush, 261.

Stagger-bush, 235.Stagger-weed, 212.Star, Blazing, 84.

" " 294 .

Star, Scaly Blazing, 294.Star-Flower, 214.Star-grass, Yellow, 257.Starwort, Drooping, 84.Steeple-bush, 8 8 .

Stenanthium, Stout, 84.Stokesia, Blue, 132.Strophilirion, 138.Succory, 324.Sumac, Poison, 53 .Sumac, Smooth Upland or Scarlet,

262.

Sundew, Round-leaved, 74.Sundrops, Allen's, 270.

Sunflower, Wild, 317." 317.

" Swamp, 130.Sweet-cicely, Smoother, 194.Sweet Pea, Wild, 240.Sweet William, Wild, 187.

T A N S Y , 319.

Tea, Mountain, 166.

" New Jersey, 224.Thimble-weed, 210.Thistle, Burr, 294.

" Canada, 295." Field Sow, 292.



I N D E X T O E N G L I S H N A M E S . 339

Thistle, Spear, 294.Thorn Apple, 278.

" Dwarf, 150." Scarlet-fruited, 150.

Thoroughwort, 322.Thyme, Creeping, 315.Tick-seed, 288.Tickseed, Rose-coloured, 290.Tick-trefoil, Prostrate, 224.Toadflax, Blue or Wild, 310.

" Pale Blue, 3 11 ." Yellow, 310.

Toothwort, 184." Cut-leaved, 96 .

Touch-Me-Not, 120.Traveller's Joy, 306.Trillium, Painted, 144.Trumpet-creeper, 95.Trumpet-flower, 95 .Trumpet-weed, 134.Turtle-head, no.Twin-flower, 192.Twin-leaf, 213.

Twisted Stalk, 140.

V E N U S ' S F L Y - T R A P , 74.

" Looking-glass, 297." " " Small, 298.

Verbena, Large-flowered, 268. Vervain, Blue, 314.

" White, 315. Vetch, American, 314.

" Blue, 312. Viburnum, Maple-leaved, 26b. Violet, Bird's-foot, 232.

" Canada, 148." Coast, 234." Common Blue, 258," Dog's-tooth, 82." Downy Yellow, 212.

Violet, Lance-leaved, 102." Round-leaved, 150." Sweet White, 101 .

Viper's Bugloss, 266.

Virgin's Bower, 306. W A K E - R O B I N , Large-flowered, 144.

Ill-scented, 146. Water-arum, 21.

" Hemlock, 30. Water-hyacinth, 33 . Water-lily, white, 24. Water-parsnip, 32. Water-plaintain, 38.

Water-shield, 24. Wax-weed, Blue, 286. Wax-work, 298. Wayfaring-tree, American,188. Weather-glass, Poor Man's or Shep.

herd's, 236. White Hearts, 174.

" Weed, 29 1. Whitlow-grass, Vernal, 236.

Wicky, 163. Willow-herb, Great or Spiked, 272." " Hairy, 94." " Small, 94.

Wind-flower, 208. Wintergreen, Creeping, 166.

" Flowering, 21 3." Round-leaved, 166." Serrated, 166.

Witch-hazel,201.

Wolf's Bane, 104. Wood-sorrel, 200.

" " Violet, 200. Wood-anemone, 20S. Wood-betony, 226.

YARROW, Common, 322.

Yellow-adder's Tongue, 82 .



Index to L a t i n Names.

A B R O N I A FRAGRANS, 194.

Achillea Millefolium, 322.

Aconitum uncinatum, 104. Actaea alba, 154.

" rubra, 154. Agrimonia hirsuta, 21 7. Agrostemma Githago, 274. Alisma Plantago-aquatica, 38. Althaea officinalis, 70. Amelanchier Canadensis, 256.

" alnifolia, 257.

Anagallis arvensis, 236." Staus, 236. Andromeda polifolia, 57. Anemone pavonina, 208.

" quinquefolia, 208." ranunculoides, 2 0 8 ." Virginiana, 210.

Antennaria neodioica, 288." plantaginifolia, 287.

Anthemis Cotula, 320. Apocynum androsaemifolium, 3 0 a Aquilegia caerulea, 154.

" Canadensis, 153 ." truncata, 154.

Arabis hirsuta, 186. Aralia nudicaulis, 222.

" racemosa, 223. Arethusa bulbosa, 59. Arisaema triphyllum, 137.

Aronia arbutifolia, 50. Asarum Canadense, 170. Asclepias cinerea, 77.

" incarnata, 76 .

Asclepias lanceolata, 76." Syriaca, 280.

" tuberosa, 281. Ascyrum hypericoides, 238. Aster cordifolius, 325.

" divaricatus, 325.( i ericoides. 325." gracilis, 255." laevis, 325." multiflorus, 255." nemoralis, 78." Novae-Angliae, 77." patens, 325." puniceus, 78." spectabilis, 255." surculosus, 255.

Azalea arborescens, 164." nudiflora, 55." viscosa, 55.

B A P T I S I A TINCTORIA, 241.

Barbarea Barbarea, 296.Batrachium trichophyllum, 30.Bellise-perennis, 291.Benzoin Benzoin, 168.Bicuculla Canadensis, 176.

" Cucullaria, 174.Brasenia purpurea, 24.Brassica nigra, 297.Bursa Bursa-pastoris, 297.

C A L A M I N T H A C A R O L I N I A N A ,

Calla palustris, 21 .Caltha palustris, 48 .Calypso bulbosa, 59.



I N D E X T O L A T I N N A M E S . 341

Campanula Americana, 91." divaricata, 148." rotundifolia, 90.

Capnoides sempervirens, 176.

Cardamine bulbosa, 96.Carduus arvensis, 295." lanceolatus, 294.

Cassia Chamaecrista, 244." Marilandica, 242.

Castalia odorata, 24 .Castilleja coccinea, 250.Catalpa Catalpa, 196.Caulophyllum thalictroides, 177.

Ceanothus Americanus, 224.Celastrus scandens, 298.Cephalanthus occidentalis, 97.Chamaedaphne calyculata, 97 .Chamaelirium luteum, 84.Chamaenerion augustifolium, 272.Chelidonium majus, 276.Chelone glabra, no.

" Lyoni, 112.Chimaphila maculata, 206.

" umbellata, 206.Chiogenes hispidula, 56.Chionanthus Virginica, 94.Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, 291.Cichorium Intybus, 324.Cicuta maculata, 30.Cimicifuga racemosa, 156.Circaea Lutetiana, 305.Claytonia Virginica, 206.

Clematis crispa, 67." Virginiana, 306.

Clethra acuninata, 308." alnifolia, 30 8 .

Clitoria Mariana, 276.Collinsia verna, 108.Commelina erecta, 116.

" Virginica, 116.Convolvulus arvensis, 302.

" sepium, 302.Coptis trifolia, 50.Corallorhiza Multiflora, 182.

" striata, 182.

Coreopsis lanceolata, 288." rosea, 290.

Cornus Canadensis, 158." candidissima, 95.

" circinata, 160." florida, 160." stolonifera, 95.

Cracca Virginiana, 240.Crataegus coccinea, 150.

" uniflora, 150.Crinum Americanum, 44.Crotallaria rotundifolia, 242.

" sagittalis, 241.

Cunila origanoides, 316.Cuscuta Gronovii, 278.Cynoglossum officinale, 265.Cypripedium acaule, 178.

" hirsutum, 17 8." parviflorum, 17 8." reginae, 60.

D A L I B A R D A REPENS, 150.

Dasystoma flava, 230.

" Pedicularia, 230." Virginica, 228.

Datura Stramonium, 278." Tatula, 278.

Daucus Carrota, 281.Delphinium Ajacis, 212 .

" Carolinianum, 212." tricorne, 212." urceolatum, 210.

Dentaria diphylla, 184." laciniata, 96 .

Diervilla Diervilla, 190.Dionaea muscipula, 74.Dodecatheon Meadia frigidum, 91.Doellingeria umbellata, 78.Draba verna, 236.Drosera rotundifolia, 74.

E C H I U M VUL G A R E, 266.Epigasa repens, 204.Epilobium coloratum, 94.

" hirsutum, 94.



342 I N D E X T O L A T I N N A M E S .

Erigeron annuus, 290." pulchellus, 290." ramosus, 291.

Erythronium Americanum, 82.

" albidum, 82 .Eschscholtzia Californica, 275.

" caespitosa, 276.Eupatorium perfoliatum, 322.

" purpureum, 134.Euphorbia corollata, 252.

F A L C A T A COMOSA, 314.

G A U L T H E R I A PROCUMBENS, 166.

Gaultheria Shallon, 168.Gentiana Andrewsii, 128.

" crinita, 128." quinquefolia, 199." villosa, 286.

Geranium maculatum, 223." Robertianum, 201.

Gerardia maritima, 252." purpurea, 252.

Geum Canadense, 217." rivale, 52 ." strictum, 53.

Glecoma hederacea, 266.Gratiola aurea, 112.Gyrostachys cernua, 286.

" gracilis, 284.

H A B E N A R I A BLEPHARIGLOTTIS, 65.

" ciliaris,65.

" grandiflora, 62." orbiculata, 180." peramcena, 64" psycodes, 64.

Hamamelis Virginiana, 201.Hedeoma pulegioides, 267.Helenium autumnale, 130.

4 ' nudiflorum, 130.Helianthemum Canadense, 235.Helianthus annus, 318.

" divaricatus, 318." giganteus, 317." mollis, 318.

Helianthus tuberosus, 317.Helonias bullata, 46.Hepatica Hepatica, 207.Heteranthera dubia, 33.

Hibiscus Moscheutos, 69.Hieracium Greenii, 292.

" venosum, 291.Houstonia cserulea, 97.Hudsonia tomentosa, 234.Hypericum adpressum, 108.

" ellipticum, 108." maculatum, 108." mutilum, 108.

" perforatum, 273." prolificum, 238.Hypopitys Hypopitys, 170.Hypoxis hirsuta, 257.

I M P A T I E N S AUREA, 121 .

" biflora, 12 0.Inula Helenium, 319.Iris cristata, 8 0.

'' versicolor, 79 .

J E F F E R S O N I A B I P H Y L L A , 2 1 3 .

K A L M I A ANGUSTIFOLIA, 163.

" latifolia, 161.Kneiffia Alleni, 270.

L A C T U C A C ANAD E NS I S , 1 3 2.

Lacinaria scariosa, 294." squarrosa, 294.

Lathyrus maritimus, 244.Leontodon autumnale, 2S7.Leonurus Cardiaca, 316.Lespedeza capitata, 246.

" frutescens, 246." procumbens, 246." Virginica, 246.

Lilium Canadense, 8 3 .

" Carolinianum, 8 3 ." Catesbsei, 140." Philadelphicum, 140." superbum, 8 3 .



I N D E X T O L A T I N N A M E S . 343

Limnanthemum lacunosum, 41.Limodorum tuberosum, 60.Limonium Carolinianum, 70.Linaria Canadensis, 310 ,

" Linaria, 310." repens, 311 .

Linnaea borealis, 192.Lobelia amcena, 75.

u rardinalis, 12 1." inflata, 274." spicata, 12 4." syphilitica, 12 2.

Lonicera ciliata, 188.

Japonica, 190.sempervirens, 190.

Lupinus perennis, 240." villosus, 241.

Lysimachia quadrifolia, 216." terrestris, 93.

Lythrum Salicaria, 9 8.

M A G N O L I A V I R G I N I A N A , 6 9.

Malva moschata, 306.Medeola Virginiana, 143.Melampyrum lineare, 228.Melilotus alba, 312.

" officinalis, 312.Meibomia Canadensis, 226.

" grandiflora, 226." Michauxii, 224." nudiflora, 226.

Mentha Canadensis, 124.Menyanthes trifoliata, 70.Mertensia Virginica, 9 0 .Micrampelis lobata, 106.Mimulus cardinalis, no.

" ringens, 109.Mitchella repens, 216.Mitella diphylla, 158.Mohrodendron Carolinum, 84.Monarda didyma, 126.

" fistulosa, 198 ." punctata, 248.

Monotropa uniflora, 168.Myosotis laxa, 88.

N E L U M B O L UTE A, 28.

Nymphaea advena, 26.

O N A G R A BIENNIS, 268.

Opuntia humifusa, 238." Opuntia, 240.Orchis spectabilis, 180.Orontium aquaticum, 22.Oxalis Acetosella, 200.

" stricta, 305.u violacea, 2 0 0 .

Oxycoccus macrocarpus, 57.Oxydendrum arboreum, 161.

P A C H Y L O P H U S CJESPITOSUS, 270.

Panax quinquefolium, 222." trifolium, 220.

Panicularia Canadensis, 122.Parsonsia petiolata, 286.Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 300.Passiflora incarnata, 272.

lutea, 273.Pedicularis Canadensis, 226.

Pentstemon Digitalis, 196.hirsutus, 196.Newberryi, 19 8.

Peranium pubescens, 184." repens, 184.

Phlox divaricata, 187." maculata, 187." subulata 187.

Physostegia Virginiana, 127.

Phytolacca decandra, 311.Piaropus crassipes, 33.Pieris Mariana, 235.Pluchea camphorata, 7 5.Poa pratensis, 258.Podophyllum peltatum, 214.Pogonia ophioglossoides, 62.Polemonium Van Bruntiae, 53.Polygala cruciata, 65.

" grandiflora, 11 4." paucifolia, 213." polygama, 213." viridescens, 114.

Polygonella articulata, 254.



344 I N D E X T O L A T I N N A M E S .

Polygonatum biflorum, 142.Polygonum amphibium, 38.Pontederia cordata, 32.Potentilla argentea, 265.

" Canadensis, 262." fruticosa, 264." Monspeliensis, 265.

Prunella vulgaris, 316.Prunus maritima, 232.

" Virginiana, 86.Psoralea orbicularis, 124.Ptilimnium capillaceum, 101.Pyrola elliptica, 164.

" rotundifolia, 166." secunda, 166.

Pyxidanthera barbulata, 203.

Q U A M O C L I T COCCINEA, 302.

R A N U N C U L U S ACRIS, 258.

" bulbosus, 257.*'' delphinifolius, 30." obtusiusculus, 48.

Rhexia Virginica, 112.Rhododendron maximum, 163.Rhus glabra, 262.

" radicans, 261." Toxicodendron, 261." vernix, 53 .

Ricinus communis, 254.Rosa blanda, 152.

" Carolina, 50.

Rubus occidentalis, 299." odoratus, 299." strigosus, 299.

Rudbeckia Brittonii, 293." hirta, 292.

Ruellia strepens, 177.

S A B B A T I A ANGUL ARI S , 1 99 ,

campanulata, 72.dodecaudra, 72.

" stellaris, 72.Sagittaria lancifolia, 38.

latifolia, 36.Sambucus Canadensis, 120.Sanguinaria Canadensis, 186.Saponaria officionalis, 302.

Sarothra gentianoides, 274.Sarracenia purpurea, 47.Saururus cernuus, 55.Saxifraga Virginiensis, 156.Scutellaria galericulata, 127.

" integrifolia, 246." lateriflora, 126 ." pilosa, 248.

Sedum Nevii, 172." telephioides, 174.

Senecio aureus, 288.Septandra Virginica, 198.Sidalcea Candida, 108.

Silene Caroliniana, 218." stellata, 220." Virginica, 21 8.

Sinapis alba, 297.Sisyrinchium angustifolium, 80.Sium cicutaefolium, 3 2 .Smilax herbacea, 100.

" rotundifolia, 298.Solanum dulcamara, 106.

Solidago arguta, 134." bicolor, 136." Canadensis, 293." fistulosa, 13 6." juncea, 13 6." mollis, 294." nemoralis, 293." odora, 255." patula, 77 .

" uliginosa, 77." tortifolia, 255.

Sonchus arvensis, 292.Spathyema foetida, 43.Specularia biflora, 298.

" perfoliata, 297.Spiraea salicifolia, 86.

" tomentosa, 8 8 .Sonchus arvensis, 292.Stenanthium robustum, 84.Steironema ciliatum, 93.

" lanceolatum, 93.Stokesia cyanea, 132.Streptopus roseus, 140.Strophilirion Californicum, 138.Stylophorum diphyllum, 276.S ndesmon thalictroides, 210.



I N D E X T O L A T I N N A M E S .

T A N A C E T U M V UL GARE . 3 1 9 .

Taraxacum Taraxacum, 287.Tecoma radicans, 95.Thalictrum dioicum, 152.

" polygamum, 102.purpurascens, 152.

Thaspium barbinode, 100.Thymus Serpyllum, 315.Tiarella cordifolia, 15 8.Tradescantia montana, 118.Triadenum Virginicum, 67.Trichostima dichotomum, 248.Trientalis Americana, 214.

Trillium erectum, 146." grandiflorum, 144." undulatum, 14 4.

U N I F O L I U M CANADENSE, 143.

Utricularia cornuta, 67 ." vulgaris, 34.

Uvularia perfoliata, 148." sessilifolia, 14 6.

V A G N E R A RACEMOSA, 142.

Veratrum viride, 46. Verbascum Blattaria, 284.

" Trapsus, 282.

Verbena Canadensis, 268." hastata, 314." urticifolia, 315 .

Vernonia Noveboracensis, 320. Veronica Americana, 41." officinalis, 308." serpyllifolia, 310.

Viburnum acerifolium, 260." alnifolium, 188.

Opulus, 118." prunifolium, 261.

Vicia Americana, 314." Cracca, 312.

Viola Atlantica, 234 ." blanda, 101." Canadensis, 148." cucullata, 258." lanceolata, 102." pedata, 232." pedata bicolor, 234." pubescens, 212" rotundifolia, 15 0.

W A S H I N G T O N I A LONGISTYLIS,

Y U C C A FILAMENTOSA, 231 .



Index of Te ch nic al Term s.

P A G E .

A B R U P T L Y P I N N A T E L E A V E S , 12

Aerial Roots, M Alternate, 9

Anther, 7 Arrow-shaped, 11

Auriculate, 11

Axillary, 2

B A N N E R , 6

Bell-shaped, 5Blade, 9

Bracts, 9

Bulb, 14

C A M P A N U L A T E , 5

Calyx, 4 , 5>7Capitulum, 3

Cleft, 5, 12Complete Flower, 4

Compound Leaves, 12

Cordate, 11

Corolla, 4 , 7Corm, 14

Corymb, 3

Creeping, 13

Crenate, 12

Cross-fertilization, 7Cruciferous, 6Cyme, 4

D E C U M B E N T , *3Divided, 12

E L L I P T I C A L , 10

Entire Leaves, 12

Erect, J 3Exserted Stamens, 7

P A G E .

F E A T H E R - V E I N E D , 10

Fertilization, 7Fertilizing Organs, 7Filament, 7Fruit, 7Funnel-Form, 5

G A M O P E T A L O U S , 4

Gamosepalous, 4

Glabrous, l3Glaucous, 13

H E A D , 3Heart-shaped,

I M P E R F E C T F L O W E R , 8

Incised, 12

Included Stamens, 7Inflorescence, 2

Irregular Flowers, 7

K E E L , 6

Kidney-shaped, 11

L A B I A T E , 6

Lanceolate, 10

Leaves, 9, 10

Ligulate, 5

Linear, 10

Lobed, 5, 1 2

N E T T E D - V E I N E D , 9

Neutral Flower, 8

O B C O R D A T E , 11

Oblanceolate, 10

Oblong, 10

Obovate, u



O d d - P i n n a t e ,

O p p o s i t e ,

O r b i c u l a r ,

O r g a n s o f r e p r o d u c t i o n ,

" " p r o t e c t i o n ,

O v a l ,

O v a r y ,

O v a t e ,

O v u l e s ,

P A L M A T E ,

P a l m a t e l y - v e i n e d ,

P a n i c l e ,

P a p i l i o n a c e o u s ,

P a r a l l e l - v e i n e d ,

P a r a s i t e s ,

P a r t e d ,

P e d i c e l ,

P e d u n c l e ,

P e l t a t e ,

P e r f e c t F l o w e r ,

P e r i a n t h ,

P e t a l s ,

P i n n a t e ,

P i s t i l ,

P i s t i l l a t e ,

P o l l e n ,

P o l y p e t a l o u s ,

P r o c u m b e n t ,

13

9

11

4

4

10

7

10

7

12

10

36

9

14

5

22

12

8

7

4

12

7

9

7

6

13

[ N I C A L T E R M S . 3 4 7

P A G E .

S A G I T T A T E , 11

S a l v e r - s h a p e d , 5S c a p e , 14

S c o l l o p e d , 12S e e d - b e a r i n g O r g a n , 7S e e d s , 7S e e d V e s s e l , 7S e l f - f e r t i l i z a t i o n , 8

S e p a l s , 4S e r r a t e , 12

S e s s i l e , 3S h i e l d - s h a p e d , 12

S i m p l e S f £ m , 14S o l i t a r y , 2

S p a d i x , 3S p a t u l a t e ,

S p i k e , 3S t a m e n s , 7S t a m i n a t e F l o w e r s , 9S t a n d a r d , 6

S t e m , *3S t i g m a ,

7S t i p u l e s , 9S t y l e , 7

T E R M I N A L , 2

T h o r n s , 14T o o t h e d , 5T u b e r , 14T u b u l a r , 5

Lounsberry Alice & Ellis Rowan_A Guide to the Wildflowers

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