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Problem-Oriented Guides for Police
Problem-Specific Guides SeriesNo. 9
Graffiti
U.S. Department of JusticOc Cuy Od Plcg Svc
Deborah Lamm Weisel
www.c
ops.u
sdoj.
gov
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Graffiti
Deborah Lamm Weisel
Ths pjc ws suppd by Cpv Ag Nub1999-CK-WX-K004 wdd by h Oc Cuy OdPlcg Svcs, U.S. Dp Jusc. Th ps cd
h hs h uh(s) d d cssly ps hcl ps plcs h U.S. Dp Jusc. Rcs spcc cps, pducs, svcs shuld b csdd ds by h uh(s) h U.S. Dp Jusc. Rh,h cs lluss suppl dscuss h ssus.
2009 C Pbl-Od Plcg, Ic. Th U.S. Dp Jusc svs yly-, xclusv, d vcbl lcs pduc, publsh, hws us, d uhz hs us, hspublc Fdl Gv pupss. Ths publc y b
ly dsbud d usd ccl d ducl pupss.Th I cs cd hs publc w vld s My 2009.Gv h URLs d wb ss cs lux, h h uh h COPS Oc c vuch h cu vldy.
www.cps.usdj.gv
ISBN: 1-932582-08-8
Augus 2004
Problem-Oriented Guides for Police
Problem-Specific Guides Series
Guide No. 9
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iAbout the Problem-Specific Guides Series
About the Problem-Specific
Guide Series
Th Problem-Specific Guides suz kwldg bu hwplc c duc h h cusd by spcc c d dsdpbls. Thy guds pv d pvg hvll sps cds, vsgg ss hdlg spcc cds. Nh d hy cv ll hchcl dls bu hw pl spcc spss. Thguds w plc whv k ssgwh us ddss h spcc pbl h guds cv. Th guds
wll b s usul cs wh:
Understand basic problem-oriented policing principles andmethods. The guides are not primers in problem-orientedpolicing. Thy dl ly bly wh h l dcs cus pcul pbl, hds lyz h pbl,d s ssss h suls pbl-d plcgpjc. Thy dsgd hlp plc dcd hw bs lyz d ddss pbl hy hv ldy dd.(A cp ss Problem-Solving Tools guds hs b
pducd d vus spcs pbl lyss dssss.)
Can look at a problem in depth. Dpdg hcplxy h pbl, yu shuld b ppd spdphps wks, v hs, lyzg d spdg . Cully sudyg pbl b spdg hlps yudsg h gh sgy, h s s lkly wk yucuy. Yu shuld bldly dp h spss hshv usd; yu us dcd whh hy ppp yu lcl su. Wh s u plc y b u
lswh; wh wks plc y wk vywh.
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ii Graffiti
Are willing to consider new ways of doing policebusiness. Th guds dscb spss h h plcdps hv usd h schs hv sd.Whl ll hs spss wll b ppp yupcul pbl, hy shuld hlp gv bd vw h kds hgs yu culd d. Yu y hk yu cpl s hs spss yu jusdc,bu phps yu c. I y plcs, wh plc hvdscvd cv sps, hy hv succdd hvg lws d plcs chgd, pvg h sps
h pbl. (A cp ss Response Guides hsb pducd hlp yu udsd hw cly-usdplc spss wk vy pbls.)
Understand the value and the limits of researchknowledge. F s yps pbls, l usulsch s vlbl h plc; h pbls,ll s vlbl. Accdgly, s guds hs sssuz xsg sch whs h guds llush d sch h pcul pbl.Rgdlss, sch hs pvdd dv sws
ll h quss yu gh hv bu h pbl. Thsch y hlp g yu sd dsgg yu wspss, bu c ll yu xcly wh d. Thswll dpd gly h pcul u yu lclpbl. I h s kpg h guds dbl, vy pc lv sch hs b cd, hs vyp b bud s sucs. T hv d s wuldhv vwhld d dscd h d. Th cslsd h d ch gud hs dw shvly; hy cpl bblgphy sch
h subjc.
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iiiAbout the Problem-Specific Guides Series
Are willing to work with others to find effective solutionsto the problem. Th plc l c pl y h spss dscussd h guds. Thy us qulypl h pshp wh h spsbl pvd publc bds cludg h gv gcs, -gvl gzs, pv bussss, publc uls,cuy gups, d dvdul czs. A cvpbl-slv us kw hw g gu pshpswh hs d b ppd vs csdbl kg hs pshps wk. Ech gud ds
pcul dvduls gups h cuy wh whplc gh wk pv h vll sps hpbl. Thugh lyss pbls vls hdvduls d gups h h h plc sgps ddss pbls d h plc ugh shs g spsbly h d s. Rsps GudN. 3, Shifting and Sharing Responsibility for Public Safety
Problems, pvds uh dscuss hs pc.
Th COPS Oc ds cuy plcg s phlsphyh ps gzl sgs, whch supp hsysc us pshps d pbl-slvg chqus, pcvly ddss h d cds h gv s publc sy ssus such s c, scl dsd, d c.Ths guds phsz pbl-slvg d plc-cuypshps h cx ddssg spcc publc sypbls. F h s p, h gzl sgs h cclproblem-solving and police-community partnerships vycsdbly d dscuss h s byd h scp hsguds.
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iv Graffiti
Ths guds hv dw sch dgs d plc pccs h Ud Ss, h Ud Kgd, Cd, Ausl, NwZld, h Nhlds, d Scdv. Ev hugh lws,cuss d plc pccs vy cuy cuy, spp h h plc vywh xpc c pbls.I wld h s bcg csgly ccd, sp h plc b w sch d succssul pccsbyd h bds h w cus.
Ech gud s d by hugh vw h schlu d pd plc pcc, d ch gud s
yusly p-vwd by l plc c, plcxcuv d sch p publc. Th vw pcsss dpdly gd by h COPS Oc, whch slcs hvws.
Th COPS Oc d h uhs cug yu pvddbck hs gud d p yu w gcysxpcs dlg wh sl pbl. Yu gcy y hvcvly ddssd pbl usg spss csdd hs guds d yu xpcs d kwldg culd b
hs. Ths wll b usd upd h guds. I yuwsh pvd dbck d sh yu xpcs shuld bs v -l [email protected].
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vAbout the Problem-Specific Guides Series
F bu pbl-d plcg, vs hC Pbl-Od Plcg l www.ppc.g.
Ths wbs s l ccss :
ThProblem-Specific Guides ss
Th cp Rsps Guds dProblem-Solving Toolsss
Spcl publcs c lyss d plcg s
Isucl bu pbl-d plcg dld pcs
A cv pbl-d plcg g xcs
A cvProblem Analysis Module
Ol ccss p plc sch d pccs
I bu pbl-d plcg ccs dwd pgs.
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viiAcknowledgments
Acknowledgments
ThProblem-Oriented Guides Plc pducd by hC Pbl-Od Plcg, whs cs MchlS. Sc (Dc), Rld V. Clk (Assc Dc) dG R. Nw (Assc Dc). Whl ch gud hs py uh, h pjc bs, COPS Oc s dyus p vws cbud ch gud by ppsgx, cdg sch d g suggss s d syl.
Th pjc h dvlpd h gud ss cpsd HGlds (Uvsy Wscs Lw Schl), Rld V. Clk(Rugs Uvsy), Jh E. Eck (Uvsy Cc),Mchl S. Sc (Uvsy Wscs Lw Schl), RSps (Plc Csul), d Dbh L Wsl (NhCl S Uvsy.)
Mbs h S Dg; Nl Cy, Cl; dSvh, Gg plc dps pvdd dbck hguds d syl h ly sgs h pjc.
K Schl, R V, d Ncy Lch vsw h pjc h COPS Oc d sch h guds ws cducd h Cl Jusc Lby Rugs Uvsy by PhyllsSchulz. Suz Fgly dd hs gud.
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ixContents
contentsAbout the Problem-Specific Guides Series i
Acknowledgments vii
The Problem of Graffiti 1
Related Problems 3
Factors Contributing to Graffiti 3
Types of Graffiti 3
Common Targets and Locations of Graffiti 4
Motives of Offenders 7
Characteristics and Patterns of Graffiti Offenders 10
Understanding Your Local Problem 13
Asking Key Questions About Graffiti 13
Victims 13
Amount of Graffiti 13
Types of Graffiti 14
Locations/Times 14
Offenders 15
Measuring Your Effectiveness 16
Responses to the Problem of Graffiti 19
Reducing Rewards to Offenders 20Increasing the Risk of Detection 24
Increasing the Difficulty of Offending 27
Responses With Limited Effectiveness 30
Appendix: Summary of Responses to Graffiti 35
Endnotes 39
References 41
About the Author 45
Other Problem-Oriented Guides for Police 47
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1The Problem of Graffiti
The Problem of Graffiti
Ths gud ddsss cv spss h pbl gh wd g kgs, chgs d pgs hdc publc pv ppy. I c dcds, g hsbc xsv pbl, spdg h lgs cs h lcls. Dsp h c ssc g whggs, g s wdly ud jusdcs ll szs, dg ds by s ld ggs.
Bcus s sg pvlc y sd h hgh cssypclly sscd wh clup d pvg s vwd s pss, cbl, pbl. Fw gds pphdd, d s chg h hds dlcs sps pssbl pphs d clups.
As wh s s vdls, g s ulypd plc. My ppl hk h g s plc l c pbl, h h plc c d llbu . Bcus g s uly pd plc h gcs, s u scp s ukw. Bu g hsbc j cc, d h ss d, cludg vs
d wbss glzg pg g s ccpbl ub s , hv cbud s spd.
Alhugh g s c pbl, s sy vssubslly plc plc. Whl sgl cd g ds s sus, g hs sus cuulvc; s l ppc lc pps c g. Lcl g ps pp g v , husg ks dscv s, s ud d lcs,d y b sscd wh vyg vs g ds.
Ths vyg bus p clus h cl dpv g.
Alhugh g s ls ud whpublc pv ppy (such s schls), hs gud ply ddsssg plcs p publc vw.
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2 Graffiti
F y ppl, gs psc suggss h gvslu pc czs d cl lwbks. Th hugpublc css sscd wh g; sd $12 bll y s sp clg up g h Ud Ss. Gcbus ls vu sscd wh ducd dshp s syss, ducd l sls, d dcls ppy vlu.I dd, g gs h pcp blgh d hghs gg cvy.
G ds sk juy by plcg g plcs such s hs ld bdg spg v.
Kip Kellogg
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3The Problem of Graffiti
Related Problems
G s sld pbl. I s ld h cd dsd pbls, cludg:
Publc dsd, such s lg, publc u, d lg
Shplg ls dd g, such s p dks1
Ggs d gg vlc, s gg g cvys hs dds u buds
Ppy dsuc, such s bk wdws slshd bus
ss.
Factors Contributing to Graffiti
Udsdg h cs h cbu yu pbl wllhlp yu yu w lcl lyss quss, d gdcvss sus, cgz ky v ps, d slcppp spss.
Types of Graffiti
Th d yps g. Th j yps clud: Gg g, usd by ggs k u cvy hs
vlc, d ss cpyc g, whch cs ggg
Tgg g, gg hgh-vlu spl hs cplxs
Cvl g, sld spus cs yuhul xubc, bu ss lcus vdcv
Idlgcl g, such s plcl h g, whch
cvys plcl ssgs cl, lgus, hc slus.
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4 Graffiti
I s wh g s pvl, gg d gg g h
s c yps ud. Whl h s g y bubls, hy ypclly s wdspd. Th pp g bubl dg vs vs wdly jusdc h. Th j yps g dscussdl.
Common Targets and Locations of Graffiti
G ypclly s plcd publc ppy, pv ppydjc publc spc. I s cly ud sp
syss d u sds s, subwys d buss,d s ss d shls. I s ls cly ud vhcls; wlls cg ss; s, wy d c sgs; susd us; d bdgs. I dd, pps vdgchs, pk bchs, uly pls, uly bxs, bllbds, s,ss, sdwlks, pkg ggs, schls, busss d sdcwlls, ggs, cs, d shds. I sh, g pps lsy plc p publc vw.
A cu S Dg wh l g shwd h bu 50
pc ws gg g, 40 pcws gg g, d 10 pc ws-gup g (S Dg PlcDp 2000). I by ChulVs (Cl), ly 19 pc g ws gg-ld (Chul VsPlc Dp 1999). Alhughh cug hds lkly d, hs
pps suggs hw h bkdw
yps g vs jusdc h.
Gg g ks y d cvys hs.
Bob Morris
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5The Problem of Graffiti
G ds cu s lcs. I c, s wh ghs b pd vspclly wh csg clsy b g b vdlzd. S ds hghly cus
cducg psychlgcl bl wh uhs ws h cl v spcc lc. Such cy pps b ld sclg dc uhy.
G lcs chczd by h bsc ywh dc spsbly h . Ths cluds publc s,schls, vc buldgs,2 d buldgs wh bs ldlds.Ods ls g lcs wh p lghg d llvsgh by plc scuy psl.
Ms sucs suggs h p-vcls shuld clsly ch, h hcs wh, h bs. Csg
p-vs psud c chllg g ds ph g; h pd-v
pvds cvss w g.
G s cly ud sp syss,such s h sd hs ld c.
Kip Kellogg
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6 Graffiti
S gs d lcs pp pcully vulbl g: Esy--ch gs, such s sgs Pcully hd--ch lcs, such s wy vpsss Hghly vsbl lcs, such s buldg wlls Lcs wh wll c s h py scuy, d
wh h w wdws, plys, psssby Lcs wh vsgh s cyclcl dug h dy wk,
wh ppl dd by g ds Mbl gs, such s s buss, whch g wd
xpsu h g
Plcs wh gg bs cggvs, bwlg llys,cvc s pkg ls, d sdl dvlpswh y chld yuh.
G pps hd--ch y hghly vsbl lcs, such s h upp-sy wdws hs whus.
Kip Kellogg
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7The Problem of Graffiti
I dd, w yps sucs c g: Lgh-cld sucs. Dk sucs d glly c s
uch g, bu c b d wh lgh-cld p. Lg d pl sucs. Sucs whu wdws ds
y b pplg lg-scl pjcs. Sh sucsspclly c ds wh us l-p ks.
Motives of Offenders
Whl kg g ds l wd ds,cy publc p, ds hv g. Rh h
bg sslss dsuc ppy, g ullls cpsychlgcl ds, cludg pvdg xc d c, ss cl, d l sk. Th d yps g sscd wh d vs, lhugh hsdvs y vlp. Dsgushg bw yps g dsscd vs s ccl sp dvlpg cvsps.
Hsclly, uch cvl g hs psd yuhul pssgp phs xpl bhv. Such
g s usully spus d lcus u; dd,spus g hs b chczd s ply, dvu, xubc. Spus g y lc lcl ds dpp " gs" such s bdd buldgs schls.Cus hv ld such g.
Th vs s yps cvl g y cludg d hsly wd scy, d h vdls hus ulllss psl psychlgcl d.3 Th g y s bd, dsp, s, lu, d/ us, whchcs y b vdcv lcus.
A ld yp g s dlgcl. Idlgcl g xpssshsly gvc qu xplcly. Such g s usullysly dd by s c, lcg plcl, lgus,hc, h bs. Ods y sgclly g clcs uh h ssg.
Th dscp yps gd vs g ds dws bd yplgs d vssscd wh vdls. S, xpl, Cld (1991) d Ch(1973).
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8 Graffiti
I cs cvl d dlgcl g, h pyv gg g s ccl; h g svs s publc cuc k u, cvy hs, bs chvs.4
S gg g y vlv cv xpss, pvdg suc g pd h c cplx wks .Ms ggs sk y d cg h ghych sus hvg h wk s. Thus, plgd vsblydu h sh vlu, scl d cplxy h g, dplc h g hd--ch plcs s
syss, hc h vdl's ssc.5 Bcus cg sp, h gg ds xpss h s h gssyl d c plcd v d v g, bcg hggs uqu sgu.
Pcp g s dvly cugd hughplc ccs, d d publc cg hugh dvsg dsplysll c sv hc hds pu y.6
Ths cluds cplx, sc gkw s spcs.
Tggs Cl usd clbgqup g wy vpsss,kwg h gs wuld b hghly
vsbl xdd pds, ul hd ws shu dw p-vs(By 1990). Hd--ch plcsls pvd l dg pphs physcl sk,
cbug h vdls pu.
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9The Problem of Graffiti
Cpyc g lks lk ggg d y b h wk gg w-bs yuhs skgxc.
Ods cly usubs s cd gg g.A ub y ps hcspdg ps hlphb (.g., 13 = M, hMxc M), ps
pl plc d cd.
Sylzd lphbs cludbubbl ls, blck ls,bckwds ls, d OldEglsh scp.
Tgbgs, dvv ggg cws d ggs, chczd by cp whh cws. Thus cssd-u gs
us h g.Th sgl-l wg s usully kw s g,
whl slghly cplx gs,cludg hs wh w cls bubbl ls, kw shw-ups.
Types of Graffiti and Associated Motives
Type of Graffiti Features Motives
Gg Gg sybl, cludghd sgs
Gg b (s) ck(s), ss ll-cll lsg bs
Nubs Dscv, sylzd lphbs Ky vsbl lcs Ey s d sybls,
lls s
Mk u Th vlc Bs chvs H h sl Isul/u h
ggs
C Tgg Hgh-vlu, ccssbl lcs Hgh-vsbly, hd--ch
lcs My b sylzd bu spl
ck g sybls Tcus (kp ggg)
Ny psg Dc uhy
Asc Tgg Clul d cplx pcuskw s spcs pcs
Asc psg cg
CvlG: Spus
Spdc psds sldcds
Ply R pssg Exc Ipulsv
CvlG: Mlcus Vdcv
Spdc, sld sysccds
Ag Bd Rs Flu Dsp
Idlgcl Osv c sybls Rcl, hc lgus slus Spcc gs, such s
syggus Hghly lgbl Slgs
Ag H Plcl Hsly Dc
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10 Graffiti
Characteristics and Patterns of Graffiti Offenders
G ds ypclly yug d l. I sudy, sds w gs 15 23; y h ds w suds.Ods y ypclly b l, -cy blcks d Ls, bul, s wll s wh d As, pcp s gwg.7 Thpl clly ds pply s plcs wh h ppul spdly wh. Tggg s scd by clss ls.
I Sydy, Ausl, g ds, whl sly bys, cludgls; ds ypclly gs 13 17.8 I S Dg, ll hggs dd wh w-l w l, d 72 pcw 16 yug.9
Yug l gg bs y gg subsl u g.
Bob Morris
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11The Problem of Graffiti
G ds ypclly p gups, wh phps 15 20 pc pg l.10 I dd h vyg vs dg yps g, p pssu, bd, lck supvs, lck cvs, lw cdc chv, d yuhuply cbu pcp g.
G ds us spy p, lhugh hy y lspduc g wh lg ks by chg, h lspclly glss sucs. Spy p s wdly vlbl, slyccld, sly d quckly usd vy sucs, dvlbl d cls wh d zzls chg l
wdhshs cs k spy p subl g ds.
Th kg g s chczd by yyhclv sy dc d pphs. Ms dswk quckly, wh w ppl ud. G pdlyccus l wkd ghs, hugh h s ll syscvdc bu hs. I Bsh s suds, g cdsypclly ccud -pk -ush hus.11 I Bdgp,Cccu, g cds w ccd 5 p..
4 .. Thusdys hugh Sudys.12
A S Dg sudy shwdh us ldg wy schls w h quly,suggsg cc -schl hus Mdy hughFdy. Ods ggd schl wlls dly.13
Th s wdspd cc h pcp g y b l gwy s whch ds y gdu sphscd hul cs. G s sssscd wh ucy, d c vlv dug d/ lchl us.G ds wh p s bs ggs cws y
ls gg ghg.
Oh ls g clud shplsh, cks, zs, glss cus, dglss chg lud. Glss chg ludsclud cds, such s Ech Bh dAu Ech, dvlpd s hbby
pducs dcg glss. Vdlssqu ub h cds glss.
Vdls y dp dy ls dpccs clg hds. I NwYk Cy, wh s sys psl
usd p slvs v g,ds dpd by spyg sucwh pxy, wg h g d hcg h suc wh shllc, whch
pvd vy dcul v.
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13Understanding Your Local Problem
Understanding Your Local Problem
Yu us cb h bsc cs pvdd bv wh spcc udsdg yu lcl pbl. Alyzg h lclpbl hlps dsgg cv sps sgy.
Asking Key Questions About Graffiti
Th llwg s ccl quss yu shuld sk lyzg yu pcul pbl g, v h sws lwys dly vlbl. I yu l sw hs quss,yu y slc h wg sps.
Victims
Wh ds h g dcly vcz (.g., hws,p gs, busss ws, s syss, uls,publc wks, hs)?
Wh ds h g dcly c (.g., ppl wh sh g)? Hw ul hs ppl? Wh cvs dsg c (.g., shppg, us cl s d publcs)? (Cuy h suvys y b cssy
sw hs quss.)
Amount of Graffiti
Hw uch g s h? (Vsul suvys cssy sw quss bu h u g.)
Hw y dvdul gs sp pcs g h?
Hw bg s h g (.g., squ )?
Hw y g lcs h?
Hw y g-ld clls svc, cd ps, hl ps h?
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14 Graffiti
Types of Graffiti
A h d yps g? Hw y ch yp?
Wh h c d uqu chcscs h g?(S gcs phgph vdp g c llgc dbs g ky chcscs, lk g chc ds.)
Wh pp b h vs h g?
Is h g spl cplx? Sll lg? Sgl-cld ulcld?
Is h g sld gupd? Wh d ds us k h g (.g., spy p,
kg ps, chg dvcs)?
Locations/Times
Wh ds h g ccu? (Mps g c bpcully llug, vlg s dsbu css lg. S Fgu 1.)
Wh h spcc lcs wh h g ccus (.g.,
ddsss , pcsly, Glbl Psg Sys lcs ss whu ddsss, such s pks lg ldcks)?
Hw cls s h g g-gs such s schls?
Wh h chcscs h lcs whch gs pvl? A h lcs sdcs, schls? A hycls sswh yp, wh wh hus bus spswhug s?
Wh h chcscs g gs? A h gs
sgs, wlls, cs, buss, s? Wh h physcl vs chcscs, cludg
lghg, ccss, ds, suc yps, d h lv cs?
Wh ds h g ccu? T dy? (usg ls kwg- )? Dy wk?
D h pk s cspd wh h vs?
S O, Mly, d Schss(2000) bu hschlgy, s usd Ak, Oh.
Mps g hv b usd pgg vlc d gg y. S, xpl, Kdy, Bg, d Phl(1997).
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15Understanding Your Local Problem
Offenders Wh h ds chcscs (.g., g, gd,
sud)?
Wh d h ds lv, g schl, wk? Hw dhs lcs cspd g lcs d/ plcccs?
Wh s h p dg? F xpl, s h gspus pld, gul?
Wh h ds vs? (Ods c b vwd
cllc hs . Udcv vsgs, sgs,suvllc, d g c lyss c vl buds pccs.)
A ds l ps p gup? Ds dug d/ lchl us cbu g? Is g sscd wh h vls, such s ucy?
Phgphs ds d hddss c ls b lkd ps.
Plc s cs hv psd s lcws, vwg ggs bu h
pccs.
Fg. 1. Mp shwg lcs g.
San Diego Police Department
"TAGGER" Calls for Service in Central DivisionJan 1 through Jun 30, 2000
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16 Graffiti
Measuring Your Effectiveness
Msu llws yu d wh dg yu shv succdd, d suggss hw yu gh dy yu spss hy pducg h dd suls. Yu shuld ksus yu pbl before yu pl spss, d hw sus h pbl s, dafteryu plh, d whh hy hv b cv. All susshuld b k bh h g d h suudg .(F dld gudc sug cvss, s hcp gud hs ss,Assessing Responses to Problems: An
Introductory Guide for Police Problem-Solvers.)
Rsch shws h g c b subslly ducd, dss ld. Th llwg plly usulsus h cvss spss g. T ckpssbl dsplc, such sus shuld b u:
Au sz g
Nub d yp g lcs
C d yp g
Lgh g-p sucs sy cl Publc d pcps bu h u g (y
b ssssd hugh suvys czs, chgs us publcspc d s syss, chgs l sls, d hdc sus).
S jusdcs ck h ubs ss d, glls p ppld squ cvd, u g vd, y sp g dc;14 hs sus dc hwuch hs b pu h -g v, bu hy d
ll yu hamount
nature
g hs chgd ywy. Yu shuld chs sus bsd h spss chs; xpl, p sls ld, yu shuld plc phss ckg h yp g l usd. Tls d chg; xpl, s ds hv bgu usg glss chg lud.
Bcus y -g sgs qu xpsv, cs-b lyss
wll pvd bsl su bs sscd wh spcc css d sgs.
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17Understanding Your Local Problem
I s wdly blvd h g s sly dsplcd,
bu vdc such dsplc s sc. Th h g s cblpbl h s sly dsplcd hs b uld by hphzd dpcl c pv sus.15 Usul sus gwll ssss h x whch g s ducd vd d lcs, lc chg ds ccs. Whlg ds c b pss d dpv, h s s ssu h dsplc wll b cpl; dd, succssulspss y hv wdspd c.
Th sps g h NwYk subwy sys suld spd dsplc buss, gbgucks, wlls, d h bjcs hcy (Buld 1988; Cld 1991).
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19Responses to the Problem of Graffiti
Responses to the Problem of Graffiti
Yu lyss yu lcl pbl shuld gv yu budsdg h cs cbug . Oc yu hvlyzd yu lcl pbl d sblshd bsl sug cvss, yu shuld csd pssbl spss ddss h pbl.
Th llwg sps sgs pvd ud ds ddssg yu pcul pbl. Ths sgs dw vy sch suds d plc ps. Svl
hs sgs y pply yu cuys pbl. I sccl h yu l spss lcl ccuscs, d hyu c jusy ch sps bsd lbl lyss. I scss, cv sgy wll vlv plg svld spss. Lw c spss l sldcv ducg slvg h pbl. D l yusl csdg wh plc c d: gv cul csd wh ls yu cuy shs spsbly h pbld c hlp plc b spd .
G s slly plc pbl. Th plc l shuld b supp d sssc. Ecv spss g ycb g pccs, dsg d c, dvlv h gl publc, dvdul vcs, cl jusccls such s pscus d judgs, d hs. Rspss g shuld b cphsv d cdd, whl css dvlbl sucs shuld b cully vlud.
Rspss g us b hugh d css, s sds y b hghly ppusc, dpv, d cus.Rspss shuld clud wys g d ddss
chgs , lc, d hds pplyg .
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20 Graffiti
Reducing Rewards to OffendersRpd dc d vl g hs b shw duc s ccuc. Ths ppch dcly ddsss hvs y ds by ducg h y sscdwh gs vsbly. Th w-sp pcss vlvs ug quckly sp g d pd vl h g.I Nw Yks succssul ppch s g, ws llyvd wh w hus dc. I S. Psbug,Fld, busss ws qud v g wh 48hus.16
1. Detecting graffiti rapidly and routinely. Th w pywys gh bu h cdc d lc g: sysc g g-p lcs,d csd pg. Bh usd pdly dc gcds; dcu h lc d ccucs, dc g; d gg spss.
Monitoring graffiti-prone locations routinely. Quckdc g pvds b dvlpgcv vs. A g dbs c b usd ck
cds d llu ps, dy chc dsd/ p gg cvs pls cdd g.Mg y clud dcug g hughphgphs vd. I s plcs, g pvds
b gg cvy d ls bw ggs.
Ths lw dshg vdlssh pssc clg up pys .S Sl-Hw d Kllg (1990);Sc (1989); Chh (1994); Clk(1978); d Governing(1994).
I g c b vd quckly,s k u svc. F ss, g s vd wh 72hus. Sl quck clups hvccud Phldlph (Sc 1989).
I Ld, g s cld lgss wh 24 hus.
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21Responses to the Problem of Graffiti
Addressing Transit Graffiti in New York City
Th xpcs h Nw Yk Cy Ts Sys llus vyg ppchs g. G bg pp subwy s h 1960s; by 1970, ws hugpbl. Th publc ws ul, d dshp s dcld.
Th v h g ws gg up d gg cd; h w dcsh g ws gg-ld. Isd, h gss ggs sugh buld h puhugh h sh quy h g. As cp g h csd, hydsgushd hslvs hugh wg syl, bllsh, g sz, d lch uusul sps pvusly ukd sps. O plc vdl pducd 10,000 g
kgs.Dsp h svy s gg scl css, Nw Yk Cy dpd vy -gsgs h 1970s: pushg ds by kg h cl up s kd wh g;usg cg wh z ws pc h vs yds; d dvlpg ls sg vl, ls h w l ud b vlly hzdus. Th hdsll ld subslly duc h u g.
I 1984, h cy dpd sys s d cl hs kd wh g whw hus; hws, hy k h cs u svc. Thy ls bg s cl s hghly scu yds h ud 24-hu--dy wk cws, hcd lghg, u cc, d udcv plc. Th v cusd h s pblc s,lcs, d ls; lly, ll s w d, bu d chcks w lsuccssully usd cl s. I dd, p ds w gd plcc d hcd pls.
I cs h l vs, hs -g bg wh hdul s (hsdcd wh g) d bul up cv h sys. Iply, h h cusg usg h cl jusc sys, hs ppch ddssd h ds udlyg vs.Idly vg g-kd s svc svly ld h vdls' xpsu.
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22 Graffiti
T g-p lcs, Phx hs usd gh vsd dgl cs, whl Phldlph d Sydy hv usdclsd-ccu lvs (CCTV). I Phldlph d LsAgls buss, plclhs cs hv d g. I hjusdcs, Nghbhd Wch d h gups sysclly g. I Lkwd, Cld, czs cdygdus k g ps, phgph g d g lcs. I Nw Suh Wls, g sps hv hsl. Eplys such s bus dvs c wks cdly p vdls hugh w-wy d.
Increasing reporting of graffiti and offenders. Ayusg hls, s pg 24 hus dy, cllc bu g cds. Cus hv lsusd cll ph pg, vc l, gcy cll svc,d cc ghbhd wch gups.
S jusdcs py g ps cll ph chgs.I Ld, ppl c us lphs s ss p ss. I h jusdcs, s ds cugd p g d ds. Nuus
jusdcs csh wd $200 $1,000 p lds cvc.
I s jusdcs, g ps y b suppssd du ccs bu l by gg bs ggs.Wdspd publc pcp bh p d yuspg usully ddsss hs ccs, bu plc shuld bw hs pl pbl.
2. Removing graffiti rapidly. O h s psg spss g s cssly gg d , d dg s quckly.
Th vl pcss y vy subslly dpdg hyp g l d h yp l vdlzd. My h hds -csug d c b qu xpsv,s jusdc us b bl p suc sucs ullypl hs ppch. S yps clupcludg p-
Plc usully cug czs cll911 gdg g pgss; hydscug czs cgds. Czs c p g pgss hls.
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23Responses to the Problem of Graffiti
vsy b cd by cld w wh. Rvl y b -gd, such s dug pdw hus, uh duc xpsu.Rpd vl s ky, d y jusdcs y v gwh 24 48 hus; s bscu lcs, such s dgdchs, g y b vd lss quckly.
Th u j yps vl cv-ups:
Painting over graffiti. Pg v g pps b hs c d lvly chps hd vg .Alhugh p-vs c b xpsv cug, h ppch
s wdly ccssbl, d usully qus spcl sklls chlgy. S cs pvd cycld ps ; scs hv clups udd by cbus; d s cs,bussss d p. Ppy ws vczd by gds supply h w p. Thy c ch chps p h supply ss. Oc hy k p ch,hy shuld kp supply h p dly vlbl. I swh hvy g, ppy ws c uy cls (.g., llywlls d cs) k u p-vs s. Pgv g y qu h us sl pv bldg
hugh. Removing graffiti chemically. Th vy chcl
vl pducs vlbl, bu c shuld b k slcg. Th us s vl pducs c pussucs y c shdw h g. P cpsss d p-vl suppls.
Cleaning graffiti off. Dpdg h suc d kgg, y sucs c b cld g. Mhds cludsdblsg wh hgh-pssu h-w jsd ss
bkg sd v g c d h updsucs, lhugh hs, , c b xpsv d lv shdw.Lss v g bcg vlbl.
Replacing signs, materials and other items vandalized.Rplc s ppp ls whch gc b pd v, chclly vd, cld.
Th yp suc g s plcd s j c bcus g-vl pducs y dg ssucs. Th yp kg g sls c: s ps vsbl.Th s wd g g vl
pducs vlbl, cludg chclspys, sls, gls, d pulcs.Cls h lkl cdc;h l c dg sy, dulzg chqus us b
cpd wh usg h. Physclvl hds clud lw- dhgh-pssu w clg, whdgs, d sdblsg. Physclvl s xpsv, d sypclly usd lg s wh hhds hv ld.
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24 Graffiti
Th suc lb vg g y vy. Clupsquds y css vlus, plys, djudcdds. G vl y b ccv. A lg ub jusdcs hld h ppy w spsbl gvl. Scg vcs qus h hy cl g upquckly g d.17 Czs y g p physcl sssc vlus, dd. Cs c us usc dcs,zg cds, g dcs c ws cl upquckly, whch y b cssy bs ws. Alvly,s cs cl up g d h bll h w. S cs
d h s clup ; h w h hs spsbly subsqu clups.
Nuus jusdcs us g vl s cu-ddsc ds d h sds. I sjusdcs, such scs qu vc su, lcg sv jusc ppch.
Increasing the Risk of Detection
Bcus g ds usully p dkss, wh hs ll chc bg s, w pphdd. Icsg hlklhd h bg dcd css h sk pphs.
3. Increasing natural observation of graffiti-prone locations.Th lklhd dcg ds c b csd by sllg,upgdg g lghg. (Whl s ds p h dk, ddl lghg y cully c g ssld lcs. A lv s sll -cvd lghg, whch y sgl uuhzd ppy us.)I dd, shubby s h ccl s c b vd.Sgh ls c b pvd wh vs s bscud h wys.
Oh hds cs bsv vlv dsg, such slg bld sps udpsss, pk phs, sllgwdws buldg pkg ls wh vw sdcs ddsgg spcus s wh gd vsbly.
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25Responses to the Problem of Graffiti
4. Increasing formal observation of graffiti-prone locations.Obsv g-p lcs c b pvdsysclly hugh us plc, scuy psl,Nghbhd Wch, d plys wh h py dus(such s bus dvs, ck gs, wssd s, lbby ccgs,d -s/sdl ppy gs). Such bsv yclud h us ud udcv psl cvsuvllc, d y g xd lcs bl lcs suchs buss d s.
5. Increasing electronic security. Fl bsv g-
p lcs c b cd u v lcc hds.CCTV hs shw psg vdc ducg vdls,cludg g.18 CCTV s wdly usd d plds, pphd ds h c h c, dpvd vdc pscus. Th subsl up-d pg css CCTV, d dcss us b d s whh cs wll b cvly pssvly d, cvd by dcs. I CCTV s b usd vdc,gd pcu quly, dqu lghg, d llw-up vsg cssy. I CCTV s b usd pphd ds pgss, us b cvly d. Sgs wg CCTV psd dscug ds; such dc ycbu gs spd h lcs. Th s lsvdc h CCTVs c pv bs y spd h lcs.
CCTV wll b cv vywh, bu c b dpd. Fxpl, vd suvllc wh d chlgy hs b usd buss, whl lcc suvllc bs CCTVscs s jusdcs, d wg ls. Pbl
CCTV c ls b usd, d duy CCTV hs b cvlyusd suppl h l hg. Oh yps lcc scuyclud d bs, whch usd ud s Ld.
Us CCTV y sul ducd vglc, s lccsuvllc y c ls ss scuy. Bu h psc CCTV y ls ssu czs, d publc supp s hgh.
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26 Graffiti
6. Conducting publicity campaigns. O h w, publcycpgs ld cvss. Hwv, y publcys cbd wh h sgs. A ub publcycpgs c b dscbd s buc s, cssg cuy clup dys l g, l, d hsgs dsd. I y jusdcs, hs clup dys quvlus, bu s y vlv cu-djudcd dswh wkg cuy svc . I cs hsysc g vl dscbd bv, publcy cpgs usully - psdc clups spcc s.
A xs h clup pgs wshp vssuch s Adp--Blck, Adp--Bus, Adp--S, hs h cd v publc s.S h dp schs vlv pg uls sshls, vkg psud cscc h ds gds g hs sc dvs. I s ssud hg s s dc wh h g xss, d clds vk ss wshp d spsbly g uss h s.
Oh publcy s clud pss publcz -gs, publc svc ucs, lys, bchus, d hlk. Publcy cpgs clud h hs g, h css g, hw dc g d,d hw p g. Ths ducl s gd ps, schls, bussss, cvc gups, s sys uss,d/ h gl publc. Publcy d ducl cpgshv b shw b cv ducg g wh usd publcz suvllc vdlzd buss; h cs v xddbyd h c pv gs.19
Publcy cpgs dscug h us g dvsg d xhbs, s wll s d cvg g,cgzg h such svs uh cbu hy g ds sk. C s k vd glygg, d gg s sul.
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27Responses to the Problem of Graffiti
Increasing the Difficulty of Offending
7. Vandal-proofing graffiti-prone locations. G dsc b hwd by vdl-pg vulbl sucs vulbl s, pcss h vlvs dyg sucxus. A-g cvgs d sucs k sucs sy cl, dcul w , bh. Th sx py yps:
P-lk pducs such s plyuh-bsd cgs ss g d sy cl. Ths subl sl, cc, d bckwk.Sls cc pvbsp.
Wsh- cgskw s sccl cgs wx slc pplcs wlls buldgs. Wh h ws ppld, hs cgs bk dw, llwg g bwshd .
Txud sucs cv gs g, s hybscu lgbly. Such sucs pcully dcul ds dw p. Such sucs clud dplygvd sucs d ugh sucs such s xpsd ck,ugh c, d dpld slss sl, lk h usd
Ld lph ksks. Dk clul sucs k g lss vsbl, hus dg
ds. Dk sucs dcul k up, lhughlgh p c b usd. Clul busy sucs, such sdvss h sds buss, dlc g.20 Flckd spd wll sucs ls sk g.
N-sld sucs, such s p-gll s scuy scsh h sld pls, y dlc g.
Esly cld ls y b slld hghly vulbls. Ths clud vus-l pls glzdcc ls whch g wshs ; wd glss hc b cld wh scps; plys l v glss;plsc ls, whch k s clg; d sgs whsucs ss k ps d spy p.
S hs pducs y pducxc us cs .
Ths cgs us b ppld; hsuc dsslvs wh g s cld.
Ths sucs hd k, bu dcul cl.
Ths wshbl wlls usd lg Ld ss.
Th lv, plycbsucs bc hzy.
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28 Graffiti
S hs sus ps sclcss by kg s lk lk wzs. Accss cls wh bddgppcs y b b l slds.
S ls c b cvly pcd g.G-p sucs c b plcd wh sdd-szd,xpsv ls. Ths clud sp, plcblglss plycb pls bus shls, d plcblplycb cvg sgs.
8. Controlling access to graffiti-prone locations. Cllgccss g-p lcs physclly bs ds vulbl s. Ms ccss cl clud:
G hds bu wy sgs
Ml bls sg pls, whch wk lk squl bls bd ds
Wlls, cs, lckd llys, bs, chss, d ls,ss suppld by bbd w
Rcssd wlls
Ds hy pls, clbg vs
Rz w jggd l wppd ud sg pls.
I s css, sgs hv b vd u ch vdls,whl bus sps d h quly vdlzd gs hv blcd.
Evl dsg l ccss g sucs cbs b cpd plg d csuc, bu yls b dpd xsg sucus. A xpl cvvl dsg s h cssd wlls h Wshg,D.C., sys; subwy wlls physclly spd hpublc.
Plc scuy pls, guds d dgs y suppl ccss
cl. Accss sdl ccl pps y bscd hs wh sd ply dc cds,whl vs ccss y b clld hugh y phs.
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29Responses to the Problem of Graffiti
Much lk vl dsg, sul dsg ducs hppuy g. Th bsc ls, sg, s d,d lcks s ss cvly dscugs plds lg. I Hg Kg, ld l scks cugs ppl quckly v hugh ss bh cks xp, hus dscugg lg. I Wshg,D.C., h subwy sys glly clss dgh wkdysd swh l wkds, hus lg ppus vdls. Sc g ks plc l gh, lghus ducs ppus vdls s wh h
ypclly w h ds plys d h d wss h s.
9. Focusing on chronic offenders. Appchs h cusexclusiely c cl ds hv hd ll c h u g.21 Apphdg d pscug gds s dcul. G s uly pd plc, s dcul cch ds h c, d y b pssbl d wsss gbl vdc g ss. I dd,plc hv cpg ps, d scs gs ds wk, cssg cuy svc d s.
S g ds plc; sll gup ypclly ccus lg p ll ss. Es h cus chcds shw ps. Chc ds c b ddhugh g vsgs. Sc ds d plch g, hs uqu chcscs, lk sgu, dd cds gs c b lkd sgl d. Sggs pcc h gs bks k phgphs dcu h s; hs y b usd s vdc lkds g cds.
S plc cduc suvllc kw ds d/ hgh-sk h sps, cllb wh schls dc ds, d chc ds, pcully hs pb. Plcy us xsv llgc dbss cd bu g c, lcs, d ds. Such dbss yclud phgphs vd g, ug shs ds,d ps g lcs.
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30 Graffiti
Responses With Limited Effectiveness
Nuus spss hv b cpd s clg. Ms hv b cully vlud, d hus ukw cvss. Ay sps c b cv cssh dculs dg d ducs h wds . Myspss, hwv, qu dcul c.
10. Controlling graffiti tools. A ub jusdcs hvd cl h ls usd g. Bs d h cshv bd h sl lg, wd-ppd ks. I dd,
bs spy p sls s hv b wdly usd cys. S jusdcs qu ss b lcsd d l spy p sls, d qu buys ush h dddss. I s jusdcs, juvl pssss spy p lg, dlbl ks whu supvs s sd.
Es hv b d duc shplg spy p byplcg sck wy xs d vg p dsplys.Isd, sck s sd bhd cus, ss lckd dsply css. S jusdcs qu ss plcks ull vw clks. Idusy s hv ls b
d gul g ls. Spy vlvs c b dd, dscd-us cps ld, s h ds c chg cps.S jusdcs cug pp dspsl cc pgls s h g ds c ccss h.
Whl h hv b vlus s h l gls, cg lcl dcs h d s c b dcul.Alhugh scs pssss suppls y pvd ddl c l, g ds lypphdd. I y ggg gups, ps cs h gsuppls, kg dcul b h vdc h yb cssy cvc.
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31Responses to the Problem of Graffiti
11. Channeling behavior into more acceptable activities. A l -g s hv vlvd dsgg pcul s lcs s lg plcs g. G wlls bds bd hugh cbus bussss. Whlss y hv hv pg p pcp, p such pjcs s cbud.
Slly, s jusdcs hv cssd uls cv upg pv h cuys ppc. Ths uls lcd wh g hs psd pbl. G dspp spc h wk such uls, bu h sucs c
b pcd wh -g cg. Muls d wlls shwcsss wk d y duc cvs vdlz. Slvs dv ds hv cludd clsss pgs d ds, s whch vlv cc pldg pduc uh g. Ths s y b cv ducg h u g spcc lcs.
12. Providing alternative activities and services. A vy pgs hv b dvlpd ddss h ds gds wh bd, usupvsd uplyd. Ths
pgs clud g, jb g, cuslg, ug,d ly svcs. My hs pgs cus buldgpd d sl-s. S hlp yuh lv ggs. Ohspvd lv cvs, such s sps.
13. Involving youth in developing programs. Yuh vlvd -g s cs h ss wshp.I Dk, yuh w vlvd slcg h dsg dcls buss d bus pls. Ocls h ls gg lv clc slvg, d hly wh yuh
ddss hsly d pv cuc wh hs wh dscd. A-g pss publcy cpgs dsgd hugh sud cps, d p pssu s usd dscug g.
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32 Graffiti
S -g pgs vlv ducg yuh bu hhs d css g. Th yuh-gd ssg hg s ucl s cvyd hugh subwy d bus pss, dlvs d d ccls. Sps gus y ds hssg dd pcy .
I s css, g ds c uls wh -g ssgs, gv publc lks, cusl h ds, dgz g clups.
14. Expanding applicable laws. A wd vy lws hv b
pssd cs d cus css h Ud Ss, pvdgplc d pscus wh ddl ls chg d pushds. I s css, xsg dcs sus hv bppld w wys, cludg cg cvl spssg lws;pplyg usc b, whch c c ggs cl upg; lblg ggs s ucpd sscs, pusucl cspcy chgs; pplyg cvl jucs qugds sy wy c s; cg -lgdcs; d pplyg scs h hc dspss scs gg bs. I dd, y jusdcs
uly us cl sch, lcus sch, ppydsuc, vdls, d cl spss sus dcs chgg g ds.
15. Holding parents accountable. I s cus, s d duc ps cgzg sgs gdg. Ps hld ccubl juvl dscs, d y b scd wh s, clup css d vjl lu cl supvs h chld. Sucudjuvl dvs pgs y vlv ps g
cds psd ds.16. Increasing sanctions for offenders. Acss h UdSs, jusdcs hv csd h scs gs gds. S scs gd spcclly juvls.F xpl, Cl suspds ds h wd dv'slcss y; ds c d cuy svc duc h susps .
Chcg hs hd such b sc 1980.
G ds pchgbl cps, llwg h cb hck d h ls. Wd cps h cps v cls spysch spclly dsbl.
Nug (1998) dscbs gwll Wshg, D.Cs LyPk; Cld (1991) s h pg
Suhp, Egld, gg.
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33Responses to the Problem of Graffiti
My jusdcs us g clup cuy svc vd djudc, s cd pb, s p dsps sc. S cus hv sv juscvs whch c--c vc-d cclccus, cc s sgd, d ds py su.
I s jusdcs, suds suspdd xplld schl g ss. A lg ub jusdcs hvvlvd cus g g cds susly, syscllypsg s, cuy svc d v jl chcds.
17. Applying new technologies. A wd g w -gchlgs hv b sd, usd xsvly vlud.S y b cv spcc sgs ud c cds.
Nw -g chlgs clud h llwg:
Lsg dvcs psd chc g lcs. Thdvcs dc suds such s spyg p cs, lgplc ss.
M dcs cbd wh spkl syss. Cls
usd hs chlgy Og Cuy, Cl, buds bk spkl hds.
Lss g vl.
Sc dvlpg puchsg w chlgs y b qucsly s jusdcs, such spss shuld b cullyvlud s. Nw chlgs spd g wll lklycu bc vlbl.
18. Establishing juvenile curfews. Juvl cuws hv b
wdly dpd h Ud Ss ddss vy juvlc. F h s p, cus ds c vd dc,d plc gcs us vs subsl u c cuws. Whl cuws y hv s bs vywly dd sus, h cbu g duc ulkly b subsl.
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34 Graffiti
19. Warning offenders. My jusdcs w g dsbu h css bg pphdd. Sydy ud h wgs d csqucs d wk, d d glsd cs g.22 Ms wgs dd csh pcp sk dc d pphs. Ods,hwv, d cculy pcv h sks pphs ly lw. S wgs l csd scs gss. I ds d blv h sk pphs shgh, hy ulkly b ccd bu h pls dg. Wgs dcd chc ds y b
cv h gl wgs.
I s ld suds bhg (Mull l. 2000; Ws1996), psg sgs wg scs, cg psv ssgspplg lus, cvygul ssgsPls d w hs wllssuld dcl g.
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35Appendix
Summary of Responses to Graffiti
Th bl blw suzs h spss g, hchs by whch hy dd wk, h cdsud whch hy ugh wk bs, d s cs yu shuldcsd b plg pcul sps. I s ccl hyu l spss lcl ccuscs, d h yu c jusych sps bsd lbl lyss. I s css, cvsgy wll vlv plg svl d spss. Lwc spss l sld cv ducg slvg h pbl.
ResponseNo.
PageNo.
Response How It Works Works Best If Considerations
Reducing Rewards to Offenders
1 20 Dcg g pdlyd uly
Ps pdvl
lcs gullyd
Rqus c dsucss shuld b pcl; c vlvplys, plc, czs,hls, d h s
2 22 Rvgg pdly
Rducs gs vsbl, hushwg ds'bjcv hvgg b wdly s
vl s vy quckd css
Rvl y b xpsv,dcul d/ ccv (.g.,
vcs, s wll s ds,y b scd)
Increasing the Risk ofDetection
3 24 Icsgulbsv g-plcs
Icss sk dc
g ccus lw-vsbly plcs
Es pv lghg,duc shubby d pvsgh ls s cv h s sld lg
pds
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36 Graffiti
ResponseNo.
PageNo.
Response How It Works Works Best If Considerations
4 25 Icsg lbsv g-plcs
Icss sk dc; c dvsgs
h hgh-sk hsps
C us udcv psl,h plys d lccs; sly vlbl; c busd s syss
5 26 Icsg lccscuy
Icss sk dc
ds gglg s such ss ls
C b cs-cv; c dvsgs
6 26 Cducg publcycpgs
Icss sk dc s wdlydssd, d sk dc css
My cbu csdg ps d xdd c
Increasing the Difficulty ofOffending
7 27 Vdl-pg g-plcs
Icss dculy pplyg g (yls dcs g
vsbly, ducgvs); shds clvl
h chcg lcs
C b xpsv dcvly; ds ychg h hds gs;y sul d chllgds; s sus,such s usg gvd, sld hvly xud wlls,
hws upplg gsucs, c b vy cv;y b usghly
8 28 Cllg ccss g-plcs
Mks dcul ccss
vdlz pps
ppy psc supp dsgchgs
My b xpsv, buvy cv; y bs bcpd csucd plg dsgs; scv bhv s lsguld, such s pcplxs s ss
9 29 Fcusg
chcds
Icss sk
dc plcg ds
h s sll gup
chc ds
Rqus d dc
d llw-up
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37Appendix
ResponseNo.
PageNo.
Response How It Works Works Best If Considerations
Responses with Limited Effectieness
10 30 Cllg g ls
Mks dcul ds g p ks
ds slydd d chscply
Dcul c; dsc sk ls lswh; ls sly ccssd, spd,d hdd
11 31 Chlg bhv ccpblcvs
Idd pvdcv uls
ds sclly vd
G bds d wlls cb plcd hghly vsbllcs; hy pp cll vdls; hy y c h g gup
12 31 Pvdg lvcvs dsvcs
Idd ggd pvdsupvs yuh
.ds jblss,bd, usupvsd
Dcul dy d vlvchc ds; pgsy b xpsv
13 31 Ivlvg yuh dvlpg
pgs
Idd ggd pvdsupvs yuh
ds hghly vsd hg lsyl
Ll d c chc ds
14 32 Expdg pplcbl lws
Icss h push dds
lws g pculpbls
C b -csug;ds blv hy wg cugh, s hy d' wybu push
15 32 Hldg psccubl
Ivlvs ps cllg dsbhv
.ds juvls Ods c hdbhv ps; psy hv ll cl
16 32 Icsg scs ds
Rss h skssscd whg
cbd whvsgv
c cvs
Bcus pphs ds s lw, yhv ll d c;scs shuld b ppldsysclly; qus
cllb wh pscusd judgs; c css s,cuy svc, lss dvs lcs
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38 Graffiti
ResponseNo.
PageNo.
Response How It Works Works Best If Considerations
17 33 Applyg w chlgs
Rducs vs,dlcs dvsds, cssdc
h chlgy s hpbl
My b xpsv d qusubsl dp xp
18 33 Esblshg juvl cuws
Icss h sk dc cds
g ypcllyccus l gh dds juvls
Dcul c
19 34 Wg ds
Idd cs dc
dc s csdd csqucs upls
Apphs dss lw; wgs dcsqucs y bcv
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39Endnotes
Endnotes10 Csl (1982); Sl-Hw d Kllg (1990).20 Cld (1991).30 Wls (1988).40 Ly d Cybsky (1974); Kl (1995).50 Cld (1991).60 Gz (1993); Fll (1995).70 Gz (1993).80 Wls (1987).90 S Dg Plc Dp (2000).10 Clk (1978); Cld (1991).11 Wls (1987).12 Bdgp Plc Dp (1999).13 S Dg Plc Dp (2000).14 Sps d Sc (2000).15 Wls (1988).16 Governing(1994).17 Nug (1998).18 Py (1988); Tlly (1998).
19 Py (1988).20 Esl d Wls (1991).21 Gz (1993).22 Wls (1988).
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41References
References
By, J. (1990). Zp! Yuv B Tggd! Time, Sp. 10, p. 43.
Bdgp Plc Dp (1999).Problem-Solving PartnershipGrant Progress Report to the Office of Community Oriented
Policing Serices (Augus). Bdgp (Cccu):Bdgp Plc Dp.
Buld, F. (1988). O Nw Yk Wlls, h Fdg G.New York Times, My 6, p. B1.
Csl, C. (1982). Subway Graffiti in New York. Ld: MIT
Pss.Chh, D. (1994).Dealing With VandalismA Guide to
the Control of Vandalism. Ld: Csuc IdusyRsch d I Assc.
Chul Vs Plc Dp (1999). City of Chula Vista RecentGraffiti Trends. Chul Vs (Cl): Chul Vs PlcDp.
Clk, R. (d.) (1978). Tackling Vandalism. H Oc RschSudy, N. 47. Ld: H Mjsys Sy Oc.
Cld, F. (1991). Vandalism and Graffiti: The State of the Art.Ld: Clhus Gulbk Fud.
Ch, S. (1973). Ppy Dsuc: Mvs d Mgs.I C. Wd (d.), Vandalism. Ld: Th Achcul Pss.
Esl, P., d P. Wls (1991).Preenting Crime on Transport:Rail, Buses, Taxis, Planes. Cb: Ausl Isu Clgy.
Fll, J. (1995). Ub G: C, Cl d Rssc.
Youth and Society 27(1):7389.Gz, M. (1993). Th Wg Ou Wlls: Fdg
Slus Thugh Dsgushg G A F GVdls. Uniersity of Michigan Journal of Law Reform26(3):633708.
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42 Graffiti
Governing(1994). G. Augus, p. 42.
Kdy, D. (1997). Pullg Lvs: Chc Ods, Hgh-C Sgs d Thy Pv. ValparaisoUniersity Law Reiew 31:449483.
Kdy, D., A. Bg d A. Phl (1997). (U)Kw Uvs:Mppg Ggs d Gg Vlc Bs. I D. Wsbudd T. McEw (ds.), Crime Mapping and Crime Preention.Msy (Nw Yk): Cl Jusc Pss.
Kl, M. (1995). The American Street Gang. Nw Yk: Oxd
Uvsy Pss.Ly, D., d R. Cybsky (1974). Ub G As Tl
Mks.Annals of the Association of American Geographers64:491501.
Mull, M., J. M, A. Dgg, d D. Tgs (2000).Th Ecvss Cgcy-Spcc d Cgcy-Nspcc Pps Cllg Bh G.
Journal of Applied Behaior Analysis 33(1):8992.
Nug, H. (1998). Gg G.Addressing Community Gang
Problems: A Practical Guide. Wshg, D.C.: Buu Jusc Asssc.
O, A., K. Mly d D. Schss (2000). Cckg Dw Ggs Wh GIS. I N. L Vg d J. Wll (ds.),Successful Crime Mapping Case Studies, Vl. 2. Wshg,D.C.: Plc Excuv Rsch Fu.
Py, B. (1988). Vd Cs d Bus Vdls.Journal ofSecurity Administration 11:4451.
Sps, R., d M. Sc (2000). Tackling Crime and Other
Public-Safety Problems: Case Studies in Problem-Solving.Wshg, D.C.: U.S. Dp Jusc, Oc Cuy Od Plcg Svcs.
S Dg Plc Dp (2000). Md-Cy G Pjc.Subss h H Glds Awd Excllc Pbl-Od Plcg.
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43References
Sc, D. (1989). G Wpu.FBI Law EnforcementBulletin (Dcb):1014.
Sl-Hw, M., d G. Kllg (1990). Subwy G NwYk Cy: Gg Up vs. Mg I d Clg I.Security Journal1(3):131136.
Tlly, N. (1998). Evlug h Ecvss CCTVSchs. I C. Ns, J. M d G. Asg (ds.),Sureillance, Closed Circuit Teleision and Social Control.Bkld (V): Ashg Publshg C.
Ws, S. (1996). A Pp Plus Dlyd CgcyPcdu Rducg Bh G.Journal of AppliedBehaior Analysis 29(1):121124.
Wls, P. (1988). Pvg Vdls d G.Journal ofSecurity Administration 11(2):2835.
________(1987). Rsch B N. 6: G d Vdls Publc Tsp. Tds d Issus. Cb: AuslIsu Clgy.
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45About the Author
About the Author
Deborah Lamm Weisel
Dbh L Wsl s sss sch pss dh dc plc sch h Dp PlclScc d Publc Ads Nh Cl SUvsy. H pl cluds sch plc spss c pbls such s ggs, s dugs d g, s wll scuy plcg, sy d scuy publc husg, dp vcz bugly d bby. H wk hsb publshd Justice Quarterly, Public Management, hNIJ
Journal, d hAmerican Journal of Police. Sh hlds dc plcl scc/publc plcy lyss h Uvsy Ills Chcg.
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47Other Problem-Oriented Guides for Police
Other Problem-Oriented Guides for Police
Problem-Specific Guides series:1. Assaults in and Around Bars. Mchl S. Sc. 2001.
ISBN: 1-932582-00-22. Street Prostitution. Mchl S. Sc. 2001. ISBN: 1-932582-01-03. Speeding in Residential Areas. Mchl S. Sc. 2001.
ISBN: 1-932582-02-94. Drug Dealing in Privately Owned Apartment Complexes. R
Sps. 2001. ISBN: 1-932582-03-75. False Burglar Alarms. R Sps. 2001. ISBN: 1-932582-04-5
6. Disorderly Youth in Public Places. Mchl S. Sc. 2001.ISBN: 1-932582-05-37. Loud Car Stereos. Mchl S. Sc. 2001. ISBN: 1-932582-06-18. Robbery at Automated Teller Machines. Mchl S. Sc. 2001.
ISBN: 1-932582-07-X9. Graffiti. Dbh L Wsl. 2002. ISBN: 1-932582-08-810. Thefts of and From Cars in Parking Facilities. Rld V. Clk. 2002.
ISBN: 1-932582-09-611. Shoplifting. Rld V. Clk. 2002. ISBN: 1-932582-10-X12. Bullying in Schools. R Sps. 2002. ISBN: 1-932582-11-8
13. Panhandling. Mchl S. Sc. 2002. ISBN: 1-932582-12-614. Rave Parties. Mchl S. Sc. 2002. ISBN: 1-932582-13-415. Burglary of Retail Establishments. Rld V. Clk. 2002.
ISBN: 1-932582-14-216. Clandestine Drug Labs. Mchl S. Sc. 2002.
ISBN: 1-932582-15-017. Acquaintance Rape of College Students. R Sps. 2002.
ISBN: 1-932582-16-918. Burglary of Single-Family Houses. Dbh L Wsl. 2002.
ISBN: 1-932582-17-719. Misuse and Abuse of 911. R Sps. 2002.
ISBN: 1-932582-18-520. Financial Crimes Against the Elderly.
Klly Ddl Jhs. 2003. ISBN: 1-932582-22-321. Check and Card Fraud. G R. Nw. 2003.
ISBN: 1-932582-27-4
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48 Graffiti
22. Stalking. Th Nl C Vcs C. 2004.ISBN: 1-932582-30-4
23. Gun Violence Among Serious Young Offenders. AhyA. Bg. 2004. ISBN: 1-932582-31-2
24. Prescription Fraud. Jul Wll d Ncy G. L Vg.2004. ISBN: 1-932582-33-9
25. Identity Theft. G R. Nw. 2004.ISBN: 1-932582-35-3
26. Crimes Against Tourists. Rld W. Gls d Kh J.Pk. 2004. ISBN: 1-932582-36-3
27. Underage Drinking. Klly Ddl Jhs. 2004.ISBN: 1-932582-39-8
28. Street Racing. Kh J. Pk d Rld W. Gls. 2004.ISBN: 1-932582-42-8
29. Cruising. Kh J. Pk d Rld W. Gls. 2004.ISBN: 1-932582-43-6
30. Disorder at Budget Motels. K Schl. 2005.ISBN: 1-932582-41-X
31. Drug Dealing in Open-Air Markets. Alx Hcps dMk Hugh. 2005. ISBN: 1-932582-45-2
32. Bomb Threats in Schools.G R. Nw. 2005.ISBN: 1-932582-46-0
33. Illicit Sexual Activity in Public Places. Klly Ddl Jhs.2005. ISBN: 1-932582-47-9
34. Robbery of Taxi Drivers. Mh J. Sh. 2005.ISBN: 1-932582-50-9
35. School Vandalism and Break-Ins. Klly Ddl Jhs. 2005.ISBN: 1-9325802-51-7
36. Drunk Driving. Mchl S. Sc, N J. Es, Lus B.Acc, d Jl B. Pl. 2006. ISBN: 1-932582-57-6
37. Juvenile Runaways. Klly Ddl. 2006. ISBN: 1932582-56-838. The Exploitation of Trafficked Women. G R.Nw. 2006. ISBN: 1-932582-59-2
39. Student Party Riots. T D. Mds d Jh E. Eck.2006. ISBN: 1-932582-60-6
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49Other Problem-Oriented Guides for Police
40. People with Mental Illness. Gy Cd. 2006.ISBN: 1-932582-63-0
41. Child Pornography on the Internet. Rchd Wly dSph Sllb. 2006. ISBN: 1-932582-65-7
42. Witness Intimidation. Klly Ddl. 2006.ISBN: 1-932582-67-3
43. Burglary at Single-Family House Construction Sites.Rchl Bb d Rb Ss. 2006.ISBN: 1-932582-00-2
44. Disorder at Day Laborer Sites. Rb Gu. 2007.ISBN: 1-932582-72-X
45. Domestic Violence. R Sps. 2007.ISBN: 1-932582-74-6
46. Thefts of and from Cars on Residential Streets andDriveways. Tdd Ks. 2007. ISBN: 1-932582-76-2
47. Drive-By Shootings. Klly Ddl. 2007.ISBN: 1-932582-77-0
48. Bank Robbery. Dbh L Wsl. 2007.ISBN: 1-932582-78-9
49. Robbery of Convenience Stores. Alc Alz dD Yk. 2007. ISBN: 1-932582-79-7
50. Traffic Congestion Around Schools.Ncy G. L Vg. 2007. ISBN: 1-932582-82-7
51. Pedestrian Injuries and Fatalities.Jus A. H dJh E. Eck. 2007. ISBN: 1-932582-83-5
52. Bicycle Theft. Sh D. Jhs, Ad Sdb,d Ad Thp. 2008. ISBN: 1-932582-87-8
53. Abandoned Vehicles. Mchl G. Mxld. 2008.ISBN: 1-932582-88-6
54. Spectator Violence in Stadiums. T D. Mds dJh E. Eck. 2008. ISBN: 1-932582-89-4
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50 Graffiti
Response Guides series:
1. The Benefits and Consequences of Police Crackdowns.Mchl S. Sc. 2003. ISBN: 1-932582-24-X
2. Closing Streets and Alleys to Reduce Crime: ShouldYou Go Down This Road? Rld V. Clk. 2004.ISBN: 1-932582-41-X
3. Shifting and Sharing Responsibility for Public SafetyProblems. Mchl S. Sc d H Glds. 2005.ISBN: 1-932582-55-X
4. Video Surveillance of Public Places. Jy Rcl. 2006ISBN: 1-932582-58-4
5. Crime Prevention Publicity Campaigns.Eul Bh. 2006 ISBN: 1-932582-66-5
6. Sting Operations. G R. Nw wh sssc Klly Sc. 2007. ISBN: 1-932582-84-3
7. Asset Forfeiture.Jh L. Wll. 2008ISBN: 1-932582-90-8
Problem-Solving Tools series:
1. Assessing Responses to Problems: An IntroductoryGuide for Police Problem-Solvers.Jh E. Eck. 2002.ISBN: 1-932582-19-3
2. Researching a Problem. Rld V. Clk d Phylls A.Schulz. 2005. ISBN: 1-932582-48-7
3. Using Offender Interviews to Inform Police Problem-Solving. Sc H. Dck. 2005. ISBN: 1-932582-49-5
4. Analyzing Repeat Victimization. Dbh L Wsl.2005. ISBN: 1-932582-54-1
5. Partnering with Businesses to Address Public SafetyProblems. Sh Chd. 2006. ISBN: 1-932582-62-2
6. Understanding Risky Facilities. Rld V. Clk d Jh E.Eck. 2007. ISBN: 1-932582-75-4
7. Implementing Responses to Problems. Rck Bw dMchl S. Sc. 2007. ISBN: 1-932582-80-0
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51Other Problem-Oriented Guides for Police
8. Using Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design inProblem-Solving. D Zh. 2007.ISBN: 1-932582-81-9
9. Enhancing the Problem-Solving Capacity of Crime AnalysisUnits. Mhw B. Wh. 2008.ISBN: 1-932582-85-1
Special Publications:
Crime Analysis for Problem Solvers in 60 Small Steps,Rld V. Clk d Jh Eck, 2005.ISBN:1-932582-52-5
Policing Terrorism: An Executive's Guide,G R. Nw d Rld V. Clk, 2008
Upcoming Problem-Oriented Guides for Police
Pbl-Spcc GudsChld Abus d Nglc h HTs EcpsS RbbySl Gds Mks
Ths Cs d BsAggssv DvgTh Scp Ml
Pbl-Slvg TlsDsplc
Rsps GudsAssgg Plc Ocs SchlsDlg wh C d Dsd Ub Pks
Spcl PublcsEcv Plcg d C Pv: A Pbl-OdGud Mys, Cy Mgs, d Cuy Excvs
Illgc Alyss d Pbl-Slvg
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52 Graffiti
F bu hProblem-Oriented Guides for Policess d h COPS Oc publcs, cll h COPS OcRsps C 800.421.6770, v -l [email protected], vs COPS Ol www.cps.usdj.gv.
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Got a Problem? Weve got answers!
Lg h C Pbl-Od Plcg wbs www.ppc.g wlh hlp yu dl cvly wh c d dsd yu cuy,cludg:
Wb-hcd vss ll culy vlbl Guds
Icv g xcss
Ol ccss sch d plc pccs
Ol pbl lyss dul.
Dsgd plc d hs wh wk wh h ddsscuy pbls, www.ppc.g s g suc pbl-d plcg.
Suppd by h Oc Cuy Od PlcgSvcs, U.S. Dp Jusc.
Center for Problem-Oriented Policing
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For More Information:
U.S. Dp JuscOc Cuy Od Plcg Svcs1100 V Avu, N.W.
Wshg, D.C. 20530
T b dls COPS pgs, cll hCOPS Oc Rsps C 800.421.6770
Vs COPS l www.cps.usdj.gv
Updd My 2009
07042448ISBN:1-932582-08-8
Ths pbl-d gud plc ddsss cv spss h pbl gh wd g kgs, chgs, dpgs h dc publc pv ppy. I c dcds,g hs bc xsv pbl, spdg h lgscs h lcls. Ths gud pvds lw c wh ss quss csd wh lyzg h lcl gpbl d vws spss h pbl bsd vluvsch d plc pcc.