Exploring the effect of Lorentz invariance violation with ...
Lorentz Violation: mechanisms and models
Transcript of Lorentz Violation: mechanisms and models
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Lorentz Violation:
mechanisms and models
Robertus Potting
Physics Department, FCTUniversity of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal, and
CENTRA, Instituto Superior TecnicoUniversity of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
SME2021 Summer School,30 May 2021
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Outline
Models of quantum gravityString Field TheoryLoop Quantum GravitySpacetime foam
Noncommutative field theory
Varying space-time constantsA supergravity-inspired model
Bumblebee and cardinal modelsSymmetry vs. Broken SymmetryThe bumblebeeThe cardinal
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
String theory (1)
String theory:
• Fundamental theory of nature in which basic object isvibrating string
• Vibrational string states correspond to different particles
• can either consider open + closed strings, or only closedstrings
• Massless string spectrum includes graviton
• world sheet reparametrization invariance: 2d conformal fieldtheory
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
String theory (2)
String scattering amplitude:
String amplitude involves sum over all intermediate states:
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
String Field Theory
Action of Witten’s open string field theory (OSFT)
I (Φ) =1
2
∫Φ ⋆ QΦ+
g
3
∫Φ ⋆ Φ ⋆ Φ
Legenda:
• Φ ≡ Φ (xµ(σ), b(σ), c(σ)) is the string field
• ⋆: gauge invariant string field product;
• kinetic operator = open string BRST operator Q;
Gauge invariance:
δΦ = QΛ + gα′[Λ ⋆ Φ−Φ ⋆ Λ]
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
String field Theory (2)
Cubic vertex ”glues” free string propagators:
Perturbation theory around canonical vacuum Φ = 0 yieldsamplitudes of first-quantized string theory.
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
String field Theory (2)
Mode decomposition:
xµ(σ) = xµ0 +
√2
∞∑
n=1
xµn cos(nσ)
• x0: ”center of mass” of string
Can now expand string field in Fourier series of string modes:
|Φ〉 =[φ(x0) + Aµ(x0)α
µ−1 + i Bµ(x0)α
µ−2 + Bµν(x0)α
µ−1α
ν−1 + . . .
]|0〉
• αµ−n: string mode creation operators;
• |0〉 harmonic oscillator vacuum for xn coordinates
• φ: Scalar field (tachyon); Aµ: massless vector field; etc.
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Solutions of String field Theory
Nontrivial static solutions of the SFT equations of motion:
1. ”canonical vacuum” Φ = 0• not local minimum ⇒ unstable• tachyonic mode in spectrum
2. Kostelecky and Samuel (1989): new numerical solution (leveltruncation)
• no physical open string excitations• ”true” stable vacuum
3. Kostelecky and Potting (1996): additional LV solutions
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Interpretation of the solutions
Interpretation in terms of D-branes
1. ”True” vacuum interpreted by Sen (1999) as absence of anyD-brane
• canonical vacuum: space-filling D-25 brane
2. LV solutions presumably correspond to solutions involvinglower-dimensional D-branes
Boundary string field theory
• Alternative method to study D-brane solitons based on singlefield tachyon condensation
• Hashimoto and Murata (2012) numerically found large(infinite?) class of LV soliton solutions in BSFT
• physical interpretation still not clear
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
String field Theory (3)
Cubic string field theory indicates couplings of the typeφTµ1...µnT
µ1...µn .
• φ acts as type of Higgs field;
• φ acquires vacuum expectation value;
• Could imply non-zero vacuum expectation values for thetensor fields Tµ1...µn ;
• Such energetically favorable configurations are Lorentzviolating
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Superstring field theory
Lorentz-violating solutions may occur the same way in the contextof superstring field theory.
• two candidate theories for SUSY SFT;
• String field contains fermionic as well as bosonic sector;
• Both can be expanded in terms of component string fields.
Could expect solutions in which bosonic tensor componentsTµ1...µn acquire v.e.v., leading to effective LV interactions:
LI ⊃ λ
Mkpl
T · ψΓ(i∂)kχ+ h.c.
Γ: γ-matrix structure; Lorentz indices on T , Γ and (i∂)k havebeen suppressed.
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
LQG
Loop Quantum Gravity is an attempt to reconcile standardquantum mechanics and standard general relativity.
• Ashtekar reformulation of GR (1986) admits loop solutions forWheeler-DeWitt eq.
• Loop solutions form basis of nonperturbativebackground-independent theory of quantum gravity
• quantum operators for area and volume have discretespectrum ⇒ spin networks: basis of states of quantumgeometry
• Canonical formulation with anomaly-free Hamiltonian(Thiemann)
• Presumably LQG should have GR as semiclassical limit
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LQG (2)
Physical consequences
• physical picture of space as a consequence of quantization:discrete, ”granular” space
• Planck size constitutes minimum distance
• Black hole entropy from LQG (S = A/4)• specific prediction for spectrum of evaporating BH
• Loop quantum cosmology• prediction of ”Big Bounce”, with observable consequences• cosmological perturbations around FLRW solution: quantum
background• predictions from LQG for primordial power spectrum (sources
of CMB anisotropies)
• possible violations of Lorentz invariance
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
LQG (3)
Lorentz violation in LQG
• Discreteness of geometric operators might result in modifieddispersion relations for high-energy particles:E ≃ p +m2/(2p) ± ξp(p/Mpl)
n. Amelino-Camelia et.al., 1998
• Polymer-like structure of spacetime at microscales may alsolead to photon birefringence Gambini and Pullin, 1998
• Helicity-independent corrections to neutrino propagation. Alfaro
et.al., 1999
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Spacetime foam
”Qualitative” idea: Wheeler, 1955
• As distance/time scales under consideration become smaller,the energy of virtual particles increases;
• According to GR, these virtual particles must curve spacetime
• At the Planck scale, one expects fluctuations to be largeenough to cause departures from smooth spacetime: foamyspacetime
• Without complete theory of quantum gravity, precise effectsnot clear.
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Spacetime foam
Possible effects of spacetime foam:
• Non-deterministic motion of certain particles (i.e., photons)on Planck scale:
• Might expect energy-dependent stochastic fluctuations inparticle speed
• nontrivial Lorentz-violating effects on dispersion relation?
• Recent searches concentrated on looking for variations inmoment of arrival of photons of different energies emitted bya gamma ray burst
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Noncommutative field theory
Noncommutative field theory: application of noncommutativemathematics to the spacetime of quantum field theory in which thecoordinate functions are noncommutative.
Commonly studied version has the ”canonical” commutationrelation:
[xµ, xν ] = θµν
θµν : antisymmetric tensor of dimension −2.
⇒ uncertainty relation for the coordinates similar to theHeisenberg uncertainty relation.
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Noncommutative field theory
• Heisenberg and Hartland Snyder (1947) suggested usingnoncommutative field theory in order to renormalize UVinfinities.
• 1980’s: development of noncommutative geometry by A.Connes and other mathematicians.
• Connes, Douglas and Schwarz (1997): certaincompactifications of M-theory involve NC FT
• Seiberg and Witten (1999): open strings on D-branes inpresence of NS B-field satisfy noncommutative algebra.
• Minwalla et. al. (2000): IR/UV mixing phenomenon:low-energy expansion problematic. Possible solution bysupersymmetry.
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Noncommutative QED
Define Moyal product:
f ⋆ g(x) ≡ exp(12 iθµν∂xµ∂yν )f (x)g(y)
∣∣x=y
.
One can now define noncommutative QED:
L = 12 i ψ ⋆ γ
µ↔
Dµ ψ −mψ ⋆ ψ − 1
4q2Fµν ⋆ F
µν .
where Fµν = ∂µAν − ∂νAµ − i [Aµ, Aν ]⋆, and
Dµψ = ∂µψ − i Aµ ⋆ ψ, with f ⋆↔
Dµ g ≡ f ⋆ Dµg − Dµf ⋆ g .
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Lorentz violation
θµν : fixed background tensor
• transforms under observer Lorentz transformations;
• does not transform under particle Lorentz transformations;
• thus any NC field theory violates Lorentz invariance.
Physical interpretation?
• not obvious how to identify of physical quantities with NCoperators
• possible approach: Seiberg-Witten map. Maps NC field theoryto ordinary field theory. Seiberg, Witten, 1999
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NC field theories and the SME
Seiberg-Witten map yields usual commuting LV field theory withconstant background θµν tensor. Thus
• Any realistic noncommutative fied theory is physicallyequivalent to subset of SME.
• CPT is preserved.
Other features:
• θµν always accompanied by two derivatives ⇒ minimumdimension of LV operators is 5 or 6 (rather than 3 or 4).
• no difficulties with perturbative unitarity provided θµνθµν > 0
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Seiberg-Witten mapSeiberg-Witten map to lowest order:
Aµ = Aµ − 1
2θαβAα(∂βAµ + Fβµ),
ψ = ψ − 1
2θαβAα∂βψ.
This yields the NC QED Lagrangian Carroll et.al., 2001
L =1
2iψγµ
↔
Dµ ψ −mψψ − 1
4FµνF
µν
−1
8iqθαβFαβψγ
µ↔
Dµ ψ +1
4iqθαβFαµψγ
µ↔
Dβ ψ
+1
4mqθαβFαβψψ
−1
2qθαβFαµFβνF
µν +1
8qθαβFαβFµνF
µν .
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Varying space-time constants
Consider the supergravity-inspired Lagrangian with dilaton field A
and axion field B Kostelecky, Lehnert, Perry (2002); Bertolami, Lehnert, R.P., Ribeiro (2004)
Lsg = −1
2
√gR − 1
4
√gMFµνF
µν − 1
4
√gNFµν F
µν
+√g(∂µA∂
µA+ ∂µB∂µB)/4B2 ,
where
M =B(A2 + B2 + 1)
(1 + A2 + B2)2 − 4A2,
N =A(A2 + B2 − 1)
(1 + A2 + B2)2 − 4A2.
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Time-dependent couplings
• This model has been integrated in a cosmological model(Friedman-Robertson-Walker universe) coupled to dust.
• Equations of motion for A and B define their timedevelopment. See example in figure.
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Time-dependent couplings
• Time development of A and B defines time development ofthe effective coupling constants M and N.
• Figure shows relative time variation of electromagneticcoupling.
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Apparent Lorentz violation
Compare SG lagrangian with conventional electrodynamicslagrangian
Lem = − 1
4e2FµνF
µν − θ
16π2Fµν F
µν .
with e2 ≡ 1/M and θ ≡ 4π2N. Eqs. of motion:
1
e2∂µFµν −
2
e3(∂µe)Fµν +
1
4π2(∂µθ)Fµν = 0 .
For spacetime-dependent e and θ, obtain effectiveLorentz-violating lagrangian!
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Masslessness from symmetry or broken symmetry
Gauge Symmetries
Generator of unbroken gauge symmetry ⇒ massless vectorboson
General Relativity
Diffeomorphism invariance ⇒ massless gravitons
Spontaneously Broken Global Symmetry
Spontaneously broken global symmetry ⇒ masslessNambu-Goldstone boson
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
The Nambu-Goldstone theorem
Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model (1961)
L = i ψ /∂ψ +λ
4
((ψψ)(ψψ)− (ψγ5ψ)(ψγ5ψ)
)
invariant under ordinary and chiral phase rotations:
ψ → e iαψ, ψ → ψe−iα
ψ → e iαγ5ψ, ψ → ψe iαγ5 .
Mass term breaks chiral symmetry.But: possibility of chiral condensate 〈ψψ〉:
• Spontaneously breaks chiral symmetry
• Yields effective mass term
• Broken symmetry leads to massless Goldstone boson
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
The Nambu-Goldstone theorem
Bjorken (1963): ”emergent photons”
L = ψ(i /∂ −m)ψ +G
2(ψγµψ)(ψγ
µψ)
• Nonvanishing fermion condensate carrying vacuum currentpossible
• Dynamics can be interpreted in terms of photon in temporalgauge
• Lorentz-violating effects assumed unphysical, can besuppressed by taking G very large
• Lattice simulations suggest that Lorentz-breaking fermioniccondensates can form in large N strongly-coupled latticegauge theories. (Tomboulis ’10, ’11)
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
The Nambu-Goldstone theorem
Nambu (1968): QED in nonlinear gauge
L = −1
4FµνF
µν + ψ(i /∂ −m)ψ − eAµψγµψ
with Aµ subject to the constraint
A2µ = M2
• M 6= 0 implies Lorentz-violating expectation value for Aµ
• No Lorentz-violating physical effects assumed: constraintmerely implies Lorentz-violating choice of gauge
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
(Effective) field theory without gauge invarianceAssume nonderivative potential for vector field: (Kostelecky,Samuel ’89; Krauss,
Tomboulis ’02; Bluhm, Kostelecky PRD’05; Nielsen et.al. ’07)
L = −1
4FµνF
µν − V (AµAµ) + Lmatter (ψ,Aµ)
Here V is a potential that has a local minimum for either timelikeor spacelike Aµ, at which we have the constraint
A2µ = ±M2
Example 1: Mexican hat potentialV (AµA
µ) = −µ2AµAµ + κ(AµA
µ)2
Example 2: Lagrange multiplier potentialV (AµA
µ) = λ(AµAµ ±M2)
Consequence: Aµ acquires vacuum expectation value Aµ
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
photons as Nambu-Goldstone modes
Fluctuations of Aµ around vacuum expectation value:Aµ = Aµ + aµ Lagrangian for fluctuations:
L = −1
4fµν − V (Aµ, aµ)
Goldstone bosons identified by inifitesimal Lorentz transformationson vector vev’s:
aµ = −Θµν(x)Aν
with
Θµν =
0 β1 β2 β3−β1 0 θ3 −θ2−β2 −θ3 0 θ1−β3 θ2 −θ1 0
βi = βie
ik·x , θi = θieik·x
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
photons as Nambu-Goldstone modes
Example: purely timelike vector with only A0 6= 0Three Goldstone bosons:
aµ = −Θµ0 =
0β1β2β3
Every choice of vev corresponds to a different gauge: temporal,axial, ...Three Goldstone bosons can be decomposed in:
• 2 transverse modes: kµǫtransµ = 0
• 1 longitudinal mode: ǫlongµ = kµ − AαaαAαAα
Aµ
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Stability issues
Stability issues
• Hamiltonian analysis Bluhm, Gagne, R.P., Vrublevskis (2008); Carroll et.al. (2009)
shows instabilities can occur when A2µ 6= M2 that involve the
longitudinal mode
• Constraining phase space such that A2µ = M2 can be done
consistently. Resulting model equivalent to electrodynamics infixed gauge Escobar, Martın-Ruiz (2017)
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
photons as Nambu-Goldstone modes
Bumblebee Lagrangian:
• has no gauge invariance
• Lorentz invariance is spontaneously broken
• Masslessness of vector field is direct consequence of Lorentzbreaking (Goldstone boson)
• Maxwell theory is “emergent” phenomenon
• Stability issues for non-Maxwell longitudinal mode
• Can be coupled to gravity → “eather” field
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Spontaneous Lorentz violation: other models (1)
antisymmetric tensor field Bµν Altschul et. al. (2010)
L = − 1
12HλµνH
λµν − V (X1,X2)
• Hλµν = 3∂[λBµν]
• X1 = BµνBµν , X2 =12xǫ
λµντBλµBντ
• V breaks gauge invariance Bµν → Bµν + ∂[µΛν]
• V (X1,X2) has minimum for nonzero X1, X2: spontaneous LV
• Propagating Nambu-Goldstone modes: “phon” modes
• Hamiltonian analysis reveals singular behavior of the DOF onthe vacuum manifold Seifert (2019)
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Spontaneous Lorentz violation: other models (2)
Nonlinear Electrodynamics (Plebanski’s first-order formulation)
L = −Pµν∂[µAν] − V (P ,Q)
• P = 14P
µνPµν , Q = 18ǫ
λµντPλµPντ
• Maxwell theory: V = −P ; Born-Infeld theory corresponds tononlinear V
• Idea: consider V with nontrivial local minima: spontaneousLVAlfaro, Urrutia (2010)
• Gauge invariance maintained → big advantage
• Choices of V exist corresponding to energetically stablesystem with spontaneous LVC. Escobar, RP (2020)
• Hamiltonian analysis yields singular behavior of the DOF onthe vacuum manifold C. Escobar, RP (2020)
• see talk by Carlos Escobar
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Renormalization
Fixed points of Renormalization Group
• Interesting to consider behaviour of theory under (Wilson)renormalization group
• Gaussian fixed point exists that is UV stable in certaindirections of linearized RG flow (Altschul, Kostelecky ’05)
• These relevant directions of RG flow correspond toasymptotically free theory with nonpolynomial interactions,similar to behaviour for scalar fields (Halpern, Huang ’95)
• These potentials exhibit stable nontrivial minima for AµAµ,
implying ”spontaneous bumblebee potential” !
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Cardinal model Kostelecky, R.P., 2005,2009; Carroll et.al. 2009
Consider symmetric 2-tensor h in flat Minkowski space:
L = 12 h
µνKµναβ hαβ + V (hµν , ηµν)
Kµναβ = ηµν∂α∂β + ηαβ∂µ∂ν + (−ηµνηαβ + 12ηµαηνβ + 1
2ηµβηνα)∂2
− 12ηµα∂ν∂β − 1
2ηνα∂µ∂β − 12ηµβ∂ν∂α − 1
2ηνβ∂µ∂α
• V : scalar potential built out of the 4 independent scalarsX1 = hµνηνµ, X2 = (h · η · h · η)µµ,. . .
• kinetic term invariant under hµν → hµν − ∂µΛν − ∂νΛµ;invariance broken by V !
• V acquires minimum for hµν = Hµν : spontaneous breaking ofLorentz symmetry
• Generally all six Lorentz generators are broken; Specialsituation may arise with three or five broken generators
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Linearized “Cardinal” dynamics
At low energy, assume V can be approximated by sum ofdelta-functions that fix the 4 independent scalars: V =
∑4n=1
λn
nXn
Fluctuations around vev: hµν = Hµν + hµν
equation of motion:
Kµναβhαβ = GL(h)µν = 0
cardinal constraints:
hµµ = 0, Hµνhµν = 0, (HηH)µνhµν = 0, (HηHηH)µνhµν = 0
Low-energy dynamics of hµν -fluctuations around vev equal tolinearized general relativity (in axial-type “cardinal” gauge)!
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Counting degrees of freedom
Propagating massless degrees of freedom
• Can be considered Nambu-Goldstone modes of spontanouslybroken Lorentz generators Eµα:
hµν = EµαHαν + EναHµα
• Equations of motion imply masslessness ∂2hµν = 0 andLorenz conditions ∂µhµν = 0
• Number of propagating massless degrees of freedom:6− 4 = 2
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Comparison between bumblebee and cardinal model
Photon Graviton
# # massive modes 1 4
Equivalent gauge condition Temporal / axial Cardinal
Goldstone modes 3 6
# transverse modes 2 2
# longitudinal modes 1 4
Kinetic term Maxwell Einstein-Hilbert
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Cardinal bootstrap Kostelecky, R.P., 2009
bootstrap procedure to nonlinear theory
• Proper theory of gravity should include coupling to theenergy-momentum tensor of gravitons to matter but also tothe energy-momentum tensor of gravitons itself.
• Leads to recursive “bootstrap” procedure, forcing theinclusion of cubic, quartic, ... graviton terms of the kineticterm. Resummation can be shown to lead to theEinstein-Hilbert action. Deser 1970
• Bootstrap procedure applied to the potential leads tointegrability conditions restricting the potential to set of veryparticular expressions.
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Models of quantum gravity Noncommutative field theory Varying space-time constants Bumblebee and cardinal models
Thanks for your attention!