Lorentz Invariance, Strings and High -Energy Gamma Ray ...planckscale/lectures/3... · Lorentz...
Transcript of Lorentz Invariance, Strings and High -Energy Gamma Ray ...planckscale/lectures/3... · Lorentz...
Lorentz Invariance, Strings Lorentz Invariance, Strings
and and
HighHigh--Energy Gamma Ray Energy Gamma Ray
Astronomy Astronomy
Nick E. Nick E. MavromatosMavromatos
KingKing’’s College Londons College London
Physics DepartmentPhysics Department
MRT�MRT�--CTCT--
20062006--035863035863
XXV MAX BORN SYMPOSIUM, The Planck Scale,XXV MAX BORN SYMPOSIUM, The Planck Scale,
WROCLAW ITP (POLAND), 29 June WROCLAW ITP (POLAND), 29 June –– 3 July 20093 July 2009
22XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Effective Field Theory Approach to Quantum GravityEffective Field Theory Approach to Quantum Gravity
A.V. A.V. KosteleckyKostelecky and collaborators, other rich literature in the subject, Burgesand collaborators, other rich literature in the subject, Burgess,s,
MyersMyers--PospelovPospelov, , UrrutiaUrrutia, , :: SudarskySudarsky,,::
Represent effective Quantum Gravity (QG) effects as Lorentz and/Represent effective Quantum Gravity (QG) effects as Lorentz and/or CPTVor CPTV
higherhigher--dimension nondimension non--renormalizablerenormalizable operators in a flat spaceoperators in a flat space--time local time local
effective effective LagrangianLagrangian (Standard(Standard--Model Extension (SME) )Model Extension (SME) )
No idea what the order of their (No idea what the order of their (dimensionfuldimensionful) coefficients is) coefficients is::unless unless
Microscopic models become availableMicroscopic models become available::..
Nevertheless obtain interesting limits experimentally on such efNevertheless obtain interesting limits experimentally on such effectsfects::
````reaching or exceeding Planck Scale sensitivityreaching or exceeding Planck Scale sensitivity’’’’ (whatever that means (whatever that means
in EFT context)in EFT context)::
SME Tests:SME Tests: Mainly from atomic Physics experiments, but also particle/nucleMainly from atomic Physics experiments, but also particle/nuclear ar
physics systems, such as neutral physics systems, such as neutral kaonskaons ((KTeVKTeV, , φφ--factories), factories),
hydorgenhydorgen/anti/anti--hydrogen hydrogen spectroscopiesspectroscopies ::
33XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
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STANDARD MODEL EXTENSIONSTANDARD MODEL EXTENSION
44XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
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STANDARD MODEL EXTENSIONSTANDARD MODEL EXTENSION
KTeV: aX, aY < 10-21 GeV
Φ-factories: a0 < 10-18 GeVSidereal variations
H-Masers: bZ < 10-31 GeV
55XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
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STANDARD MODEL EXTENSIONSTANDARD MODEL EXTENSION
KTeV: aX, aY < 10-21 GeV
Φ-factories: a0 < 10-18 GeVSidereal variations
H-Masers: bZ < 10-31 GeV
66XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
OUTLINEOUTLINE –– PARTPART II
HighHigh--Energy Gamma Ray Astrophysics as a probe for New PhysicsEnergy Gamma Ray Astrophysics as a probe for New Physics
The MAGIC and Fermi resultsThe MAGIC and Fermi results:: nonnon--simultaneous arrival of highsimultaneous arrival of high--energy photons from celestial objects: more energetic photons arenergy photons from celestial objects: more energetic photons arrive rive laterlater;; (Non(?)) Observation by H.E.S.S. ;;
Possible Interpretations: Possible Interpretations:
(i)(i) AstroAstro--Physics at source:Physics at source: hadronic mechanisms orsynchrotron radiation + inverse Compton scattering producedelays at emission: Non conclusive :
(ii) Exotic Interpretation(ii) Exotic Interpretation: : Quantum Gravity (QG) propagation Quantum Gravity (QG) propagation effects (?): effects (?): QG as a medium with refractive index, Modified QG as a medium with refractive index, Modified Dispersion Relations for matter probes with Linear QG scale Dispersion Relations for matter probes with Linear QG scale suppression (LMDRsuppression (LMDR)
Check on other tests on (LMDR) modified dispersion relations:Electrons: Synchrotron Radiation from Crab Nebula Electrons: Synchrotron Radiation from Crab Nebula
Photons: Birefringence constraints for LMDR Photons: Birefringence constraints for LMDR
N.E.M 0903.0318
77XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
OUTLINEOUTLINE –– PARTPART IIII
Stringy Models of Space Time Foam (SMSTF) : NonNon--universal universal action of ``gravity foamaction of ``gravity foam’’’’ on matter probes: on matter probes:
Electrons (and in general charged particles): foam transparent,
Photons (and neutral particles) feel the foam medium effects
String Uncertainties, (Induced, String Uncertainties, (Induced, FinslerFinsler--type) Nontype) Non--commutative commutative geometry atgeometry at string scales:string scales: a uniquely stringy effect ?a uniquely stringy effect ?
Beyond EFT?Beyond EFT?
::. Compatible with other tests constraining LMDR . Compatible with other tests constraining LMDR
Other consequences of the SMSTF:Other consequences of the SMSTF: CPT Violation (ill(ill--definition) definition) due to due to decoherence and unique effects (?) in and unique effects (?) in entangled states of of meson factories meson factories
Outlook:Outlook: NEED TO CONFIRM MAGIC effect by H.E.S.S. and other experiments, much more statistics needed (, much more statistics needed (GRBGRB’’ss;;))
further tests using High-Energy Neutrino astrophysics
N.E.M 0906.2712
88XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
OUTLINEOUTLINE –– PARTPART IIII
Stringy Models of Space Time Foam (SMSTF) : NonNon--universal universal action of ``gravity foamaction of ``gravity foam’’’’ on matter probes: on matter probes:
Electrons (and in general charged particles): foam transparent,
Photons (and neutral particles) feel the foam medium effects
Sub-luminal Refractive index in vacuo, No Birefringence
String Uncertainties, (Induced, String Uncertainties, (Induced, FinslerFinsler--type) Nontype) Non--commutative commutative geometry atgeometry at string scales:string scales: a uniquely stringy effect ?a uniquely stringy effect ?
Beyond EFT? Beyond EFT? Time Delays of Astrophysical photonsTime Delays of Astrophysical photons::
::. Compatible with other tests constraining LMDR . Compatible with other tests constraining LMDR
Other consequences of the SMSTF:Other consequences of the SMSTF: CPT Violation (ill(ill--definition) definition) due to due to decoherence and unique effects (?) in and unique effects (?) in entangled states of of meson factories meson factories
Outlook:Outlook: NEED TO CONFIRM MAGIC effect by H.E.S.S. and other experiments, much more statistics needed (, much more statistics needed (GRBGRB’’ss;;))
further tests using High-Energy Neutrino astrophysics
N.E.M 0906.2712
99XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
OUTLINEOUTLINE –– PARTPART IIII
Stringy Models of Space Time Foam (SMSTF) : NonNon--universal universal action of ``gravity foamaction of ``gravity foam’’’’ on matter probes: on matter probes:
Electrons (and in general charged particles): foam transparent,
Photons (and neutral particles) feel the foam medium effects
Sub-luminal Refractive index in vacuo, No Birefringence
String Uncertainties, (Induced, String Uncertainties, (Induced, FinslerFinsler--type) Nontype) Non--commutative commutative geometry atgeometry at string scales:string scales: a uniquely stringy effect ?a uniquely stringy effect ?
Beyond EFT?Beyond EFT?
::. Compatible with other tests constraining LMDR . Compatible with other tests constraining LMDR
Other consequences of the SMSTF:Other consequences of the SMSTF: CPT Violation (ill(ill--definition) definition) due to due to decoherence and unique effects (?) in and unique effects (?) in entangled states of of meson factories meson factories
Outlook:Outlook: NEED TO CONFIRM MAGIC effect by H.E.S.S. and other experiments, much more statistics needed (, much more statistics needed (GRBGRB’’ss;;))
further tests using High-Energy Neutrino astrophysics
N.E.M 0906.2712
1010XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
MultiMulti--messenger observations of the Cosmosmessenger observations of the Cosmos
cosmic
accelerator
photons: Absorbed by dust & radiation field (CMB)
gammas ( z < 1 )
Us
neutrinos
neutrinos: Difficult to detect
⇒⇒⇒⇒ Three “astronomies” possible...
protons E>1019 eV ( 10 Mpc )
protons E<1019 eV
protons/nuclei: Deviated by magnetic fields,
Absorbed by radiation field (GZK)
DeNaurois 2008
1111XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
VHE Experimental World TodayVHE Experimental World Today
STACEE
CACTUS
MILAGRO
TIBET ARRAY
ARGO-YBJ
PACT
GRAPES
TACTIC
MAGIC
HESS
CANGAROO
TIBETMILAGRO
STACEE
TACTIC
Canary Islands
M. MARTINEZ
1212XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
The MAGIC Collaboration The MAGIC Collaboration
((MMajor ajor AAtmospheric tmospheric GGammaamma--ray ray IImagingmaging
CCherenkov Telescope )herenkov Telescope )
Observation of
Flares from AGN
Mk 501
Red-shift: z=0.034
1313XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
The MAGIC ``EffectThe MAGIC ``Effect’’’’
1414XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
SSC as explanation of the MAGIC EffectSSC as explanation of the MAGIC Effect
Classical SSC modelClassical SSC model: emission region moves along the jet with : emission region moves along the jet with
constant constant Lorentz factorsLorentz factors . In other AGN (e.g.; Crab Nebula), such . In other AGN (e.g.; Crab Nebula), such
factors are of order factors are of order 10 10 –– 2020 . However, to account for the . However, to account for the 4 4 ±± 1 1
minute delay minute delay observed observed in in MAGICMAGIC requires requires Lorentz factors four Lorentz factors four
orders of magnitude higher.orders of magnitude higher.
Modify SSC model :Modify SSC model : (i)(i) assume gradual acceleration of assume gradual acceleration of
relativistic electrons inside blob relativistic electrons inside blob (SSC I) (SSC I)
(ii)(ii) assume the assume the blob capturedblob captured in in inner inner part of the jet during its part of the jet during its
acceleration phase acceleration phase (SSC II)(SSC II) : : lowerlower--energy energy part of flare close to part of flare close to
basebase of the jet, lower Lorentz factor, of the jet, lower Lorentz factor, higherhigher--energenergy at y at larger larger
distancesdistances from jet base, higher Lorentz factor.from jet base, higher Lorentz factor.
TimeTime--delay in SSC II inversely proportional to delay in SSC II inversely proportional to γγ--ray ray EnergiesEnergies
SITUATION NON CONCLUSIVE:SITUATION NON CONCLUSIVE: DOES FLARE PHYSICS DEPEND ON DOES FLARE PHYSICS DEPEND ON
INDIVIDUAL FLARES INDIVIDUAL FLARES (SSC I)(SSC I) ? MATTER OF LUCK TO HAVE OBSERVED BLOB ? MATTER OF LUCK TO HAVE OBSERVED BLOB
IN ITS ACCELERATION PHASE IN Mk501 IN ITS ACCELERATION PHASE IN Mk501 (SSC II)(SSC II) ? ?
1515XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
- electron accelerators:
synchrotron: e B -> e gamma
+ inverse Compton: e gamma -> gamma e
e- (TeV) Synchrotronγ (eV-keV)
γ (TeV) Inverse Comptonγ (eV)
B
leptonic acceleration
AGN High Energy Gamma Rays AGN High Energy Gamma Rays
log(E)lo
g(e
nerg
ydensity)
eV keV MeV GeV TeV
Sy IC
1616XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
AGN HE AGN HE γγ: : HadronicHadronic accelerationacceleration
Alternative models for explaining high energy Gamma Rays from Alternative models for explaining high energy Gamma Rays from
AGN involve AGN involve hadronichadronic acceleration: acceleration: ππ00 →→ γγγγ
1717XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
E2
dN
/dE
ln(E)
Stars
radio infrared visible light X-rays VHE γ-rays
CMB
Dust
CosmicElectron
AcceleratorsB↑Ee↓
Synchrotron Radiation Inverse Compton
rad
e
e UdE
d�×
2BdE
d�
e
e× B↑Ee↓
Cosmic Proton
Accelerators
density
Matter×
p
p
dE
d�
π0→γγSynchrotron Radiation of
Secondary Electrons
Electron or Electron or HadronHadron Accelerator?Accelerator?
DeNaurois 2008
1818XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
VHE Experimental World TodayVHE Experimental World Today
STACEE
CACTUS
MILAGRO
TIBET ARRAY
ARGO-YBJ
PACT
GRAPES
TACTIC
MAGIC
HESS
CANGAROO
TIBETMILAGRO
STACEE
TACTIC
Canary Islands
M. MARTINEZ
1919XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
H.E.S.S. (non) Observations of timeH.E.S.S. (non) Observations of time--lagslags
H.E.S.S. Telescopes array (Namibia) H.E.S.S. Telescopes array (Namibia)
1ST TELESCOPE (2002)
No appreciableNo appreciable
TimeTime--Lag claimed forLag claimed for
Photons fromPhotons from
AGN PKS 2155AGN PKS 2155--304304
At redAt red--shifts z=0.116shifts z=0.116
PRL 101,170402 (2008)
2020XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
FERMI/GLAST ObservationsFERMI/GLAST Observations
Highest energy EmissionHighest energy Emission:
4.5 s time-lag between E > 100 MeV
and E < 100 KeV
Time-Lag (Delay) Measured for
high-energy Photons of 13 GeV:
∆t = 16.5 s
(Image courtesy NASA/Swift/Stefan (Image courtesy NASA/Swift/Stefan
ImmlerImmler) )
2121XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
FERMI/GLAST ObservationsFERMI/GLAST Observations
Highest energy EmissionHighest energy Emission:
4.5 s time-lag between E > 100 MeV
and E < 100 KeV
Time-Lag (Delay) Measured for
high-energy Photons of 13 GeV:
∆t = 16.5 s Z = 4.2 Z = 4.2 ±± 0.30.3
2222XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
New fundamental Physics InterpretationNew fundamental Physics Interpretation
Quantum Gravity as a Quantum Gravity as a
dispersive medium (spacedispersive medium (space--
time foam) , modified time foam) , modified
dispersion relations dispersion relations (MDR)(MDR) for for
matter, radiationmatter, radiation
Phenomenological Models of MDRPhenomenological Models of MDR
GonzalezGonzalez--MestresMestres, , AmelinoAmelino--CameliaCamelia, Ellis, NM, , Ellis, NM, NanopoulosNanopoulos, , SarkarSarkar
Stochastically fluctuating space time Stochastically fluctuating space time backgroundsbackgrounds
Ford, Yu , Ford, Yu , SarbenSarben SarkarSarkar, NM, NM::
String & String & BraneBrane--inspired Modelsinspired Models
Ellis, NM, Ellis, NM, NanopoulosNanopoulos, , SzaboSzabo, ,
Sakharov, Sakharov, FarakosFarakos, , MitsouMitsou, , ::
Loop Quantum Gravity (?)Loop Quantum Gravity (?)
GambiniGambini, , PullinPullin, , UrrutiaUrrutia, , ::
Deformed Special Relativity Models Deformed Special Relativity Models (unclear if there is a consistent quantum (unclear if there is a consistent quantum version)version)
AmelinoAmelino--CameliaCamelia, , MagueijoMagueijo, ,
SmolinSmolin, Kowalski, Kowalski-- GlikmanGlikman ::
Complex refractive indexComplex refractive index
2323XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
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QuantumQuantum--Gravity Induced Modified Dispersion for PhotonsGravity Induced Modified Dispersion for Photons
Modified dispersion due to QG induced spaceModified dispersion due to QG induced space--time (metric) time (metric)
distortions (c=1 units):distortions (c=1 units):
2424XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
MAGIC QG scale Bounds (individual photon study, reproduction of MAGIC QG scale Bounds (individual photon study, reproduction of flare peak) flare peak)
LinearLinear QuadraticQuadratic
95% CL95% CL
2525XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
n=1n=1
Ellis, NM, Nanopoulos
2626XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
1
2
+0.19
-0.19
0.43
Ellis, NEM, Ellis, NEM, NanopoulosNanopoulos, PLBB674:83, PLBB674:83--86,200986,2009.
2727XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
MDR for other matter probes MDR for other matter probes Massive Probes (e.g. electrons):
Constraints from Crab Nebula via Synchrotron RadiationJacobson, Jacobson, LiberattiLiberatti, Mattingly, , Mattingly,
Ellis, NM, SakharovEllis, NM, SakharovElectron moving in magnetic field H
emits discrete frequency spectrum
with a maximum at critical frequency:
R=orbit radius, c(ωc)=photon group velocity, v(E)=electron group velocity
δ(E) = angle for forward radiation pattern
Experimental measurement of ωc (Crab Nebula) yields
For MQG = MQG1 (MAGIC)~ 1018 GeV that α > 1.74
2828XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
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MDR for other matter probes MDR for other matter probes Massive Probes (e.g. electrons):
Constraints from Crab Nebula via Synchrotron RadiationJacobson, Jacobson, LiberattiLiberatti, Mattingly, , Mattingly,
Ellis, NM, SakharovEllis, NM, SakharovElectron moving in magnetic field H
emits discrete frequency spectrum
with a maximum at critical frequency:
R=orbit radius, c(ωc)=photon group velocity, v(E)=electron group velocity
δ(E) = angle for forward radiation pattern
Experimental measurement of ωc (Crab Nebula) yields
For MQG = MQG1 (MAGIC)~ 1018 GeV that α > 1.74
2929XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
MDR for other matter probes MDR for other matter probes Massive Probes (e.g. electrons):
Constraints from Crab Nebula via Synchrotron RadiationJacobson, Jacobson, LiberattiLiberatti, Mattingly, , Mattingly,
Ellis, NM, SakharovEllis, NM, SakharovElectron moving in magnetic field H
emits discrete frequency spectrum
with a maximum at critical frequency:
R=orbit radius, c(ωc)=photon group velocity, v(E)=electron group velocity
δ(E) = angle for forward radiation pattern
Experimental measurement of ωc (Crab Nebula) yields
For MQG = MQG1 (MAGIC)~ 1018 GeV that α > 1.74
3030XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
MDR for other matter probes MDR for other matter probes Massive Probes (e.g. electrons):
Constraints from Crab Nebula via Synchrotron RadiationJacobson, Jacobson, LiberatiLiberati, Mattingly, , Mattingly,
Ellis, NM, SakharovEllis, NM, SakharovElectron moving in magnetic field H
emits discrete frequency spectrum
with a maximum at critical frequency:
R=orbit radius, c(ωc)=photon group velocity, v(E)=electron group velocity
δ(E) = angle for forward radiation pattern
Experimental measurement of ωc (Crab Nebula) yields
For MQG = MQG1 (MAGIC)~ 1018 GeV that α > 1.74
WHAT ABOUT
PHOTONS & THE
MAGIC RESULT?
3131XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
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Birefringence Constraints on photons MDRBirefringence Constraints on photons MDR
If MDR for probes stem from Local Effective If MDR for probes stem from Local Effective LagrangiansLagrangians (LEL):(LEL):
MaccioneMaccione et al., arXive0707.2673et al., arXive0707.2673
Photons Photons :: Electrons:Electrons:
± signs indicate left/right movers and for
Circularly polarized photons imply rotation
of linear polarization angle (BIREFRINGENCE).
Difference in polarization angle
over cosmological distance d:
UV radiation from Galaxies: For
From GRB polarization
MyersMyers--
PospelovPospelov
QEDQED
3232XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Birefringence Constraints on photons MDRBirefringence Constraints on photons MDR
If MDR for probes stem from Local Effective If MDR for probes stem from Local Effective LagrangiansLagrangians (LEL):(LEL):
MaccioneMaccione et al., arXive0707.2673et al., arXive0707.2673
Photons Photons :: Electrons:Electrons:
± signs indicate left/right movers and for
Circularly polarized photons imply rotation
of linear polarization angle (BIREFRINGENCE).
Difference in polarization angle
over cosmological distance d:
UV radiation from Galaxies: For
From GRB polarization MAGIC EFFECT
due to QG ruled out ?
MyersMyers--
PospelovPospelov
QEDQED
3333XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Birefringence Constraints on photons MDRBirefringence Constraints on photons MDR
If MDR for probes stem from Local Effective If MDR for probes stem from Local Effective LagrangiansLagrangians (LEL):(LEL):
MaccioneMaccione et al., arXive0707.2673et al., arXive0707.2673
Photons Photons :: Electrons:Electrons:
± signs indicate left/right movers and for
Circularly polarized photons imply rotation
of linear polarization angle (BIREFRINGENCE).
Difference in polarization angle
over cosmological distance d:
UV radiation from Galaxies: For
From GRB polarization MAGIC EFFECT
due to QG ruled out ?
MyersMyers--
PospelovPospelov
QEDQED
3434XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
UltraUltra--highhigh--energy photonsenergy photonsGalaverniGalaverni & & SiglSigl
Severe constraints on LIVSevere constraints on LIV
Parameters from Parameters from absenceabsence of:of:
(i) Observations on UHE photons,(i) Observations on UHE photons,
which would evade pair productionwhich would evade pair production
due to threshold modifications if due to threshold modifications if
MDR hold:MDR hold:
X
(ii) Photon Decay(ii) Photon Decay
Allowed,Allowed,
above above
threshold threshold
if MDRif MDR
3535XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
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Avoid MDR but still have Time Delays?Avoid MDR but still have Time Delays?
If MDR for probes stem from Local Effective If MDR for probes stem from Local Effective LagrangiansLagrangians (LEL):(LEL):
MaccioneMaccione et al., arXive0707.2673et al., arXive0707.2673
Photons Photons :: Electrons:Electrons:
± signs indicate left/right movers and for
Circularly polarized photons imply rotation
of linear polarization angle (BIREFRINGENCE).
Difference in polarization angle
over cosmological distance d:
UV radiation from Galaxies: For
From GRB polarization MAGIC EFFECT
due to QG ruled out ?
MyersMyers--
PospelovPospelov
QEDQED
3636XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
(1) Time Delays (1) Time Delays
proportional to Eproportional to E
(2) Stable Photons(2) Stable Photons
(3) No birefringence(3) No birefringence
(4) Beyond EFT(4) Beyond EFT
3737XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
STRING/DSTRING/D--BRANE BASICSBRANE BASICS
String theory
type p-brane types allowed
HeteroticHeterotic Strings admit no Strings admit no pp--branesbranes
3838XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
STRING/DSTRING/D--BRANE BASICSBRANE BASICS
String theory
type p-brane types allowed
HeteroticHeterotic Strings admit no Strings admit no pp--branesbranes
3939XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
STRING/DSTRING/D--BRANE BASICSBRANE BASICS
String theory
type p-brane types allowed
HeteroticHeterotic Strings admit no Strings admit no pp--branesbranes
CompactifyCompactify toto
3 + 1 Large Dim3 + 1 Large Dim
4040XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
STRING/DSTRING/D--BRANE BASICSBRANE BASICS
String theory
type p-brane types allowed
HeteroticHeterotic Strings admit no Strings admit no pp--branesbranes
CompactifyCompactify toto
3 + 1 Large Dim3 + 1 Large Dim
Wrap up alongWrap up along
Three cyclesThree cycles
(``D(``D--particlesparticles’’’’))
4141XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
A Stringy (type IA) Model of Space A Stringy (type IA) Model of Space --Time FoamTime Foam
Open strings on D3-brane world represent
electrically neutralelectrically neutral matter or radiation,
interacting via splitting/capture with D-particles
(electric charge conservation) (electric charge conservation) ..
DD--particle foam medium particle foam medium transparent transparent to (charged)to (charged)
Electrons no modified dispersion for themElectrons no modified dispersion for them
Ellis, NM, Ellis, NM, WestmuckettWestmuckett
Photons or electrically neutral probes
feel the effects of D-particle foam
Modified Dispersion for themModified Dispersion for them::..
Orientifold planes, stacks of D8 branes
4242XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
A Stringy (type IA) Model of Space A Stringy (type IA) Model of Space --Time FoamTime Foam
Open strings on D3-brane world represent
electrically neutralelectrically neutral matter or radiation,
interacting via splitting/capture with D-particles
(electric charge conservation) (electric charge conservation) ..
DD--particle foam medium particle foam medium transparent transparent to (charged)to (charged)
Electrons no modified dispersion for themElectrons no modified dispersion for them
Ellis, NM, Ellis, NM, WestmuckettWestmuckett
Photons or electrically neutral probes
feel the effects of D-particle foam
Modified Dispersion for themModified Dispersion for them::..
NONNON--UNIVERSAL ACTION OF UNIVERSAL ACTION OF
DD--PARTICLE FOAM ON MATTER PARTICLE FOAM ON MATTER
& RADIATION& RADIATION
Orientifold planes, stacks of D8 branes
4343XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
A Stringy (type IA) Model of Space A Stringy (type IA) Model of Space --Time FoamTime Foam
Open strings on D3-brane world represent
electrically neutralelectrically neutral matter or radiation,
interacting via splitting/capture with D-particles
(electric charge conservation) (electric charge conservation) ..
DD--particle foam medium particle foam medium transparent transparent to (charged)to (charged)
Electrons no modified dispersion for themElectrons no modified dispersion for them
Ellis, NM, Ellis, NM, WestmuckettWestmuckett
Photons or electrically neutral probes
feel the effects of D-particle foam
Modified Dispersion for themModified Dispersion for them::..
NONNON--UNIVERSAL ACTION OF UNIVERSAL ACTION OF
DD--PARTICLE FOAM ON MATTER PARTICLE FOAM ON MATTER
& RADIATION& RADIATION
Orientifold planes, stacks of D8 branes
4444XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Stringy Uncertainties & the Capture ProcessStringy Uncertainties & the Capture Process
During Capture:During Capture: intermediate
String stretchingstretching between
D-particle and D3-brane is
Created. It acquires N internalN internal
OscillatorOscillator excitations &
Grows in size & oscillatesGrows in size & oscillates from
Zero to a maximum length by
absorbing incident photonincident photon
Energy pp0 0 ::
Minimise right-hand-size w.r.t. L.
End of intermediate string on D3-brane
Moves with speed of light in vacuo c=1
Hence TIME DELAYTIME DELAY (causality)(causality) during
Capture: DELAY IS INDEPENDENT OF
PHOTON POLARIZATION, HENCE
NO BIREFRINGENCENO BIREFRINGENCE:.
Ellis, NM, Ellis, NM, NanopoulosNanopoulos arXiv:0804.3566arXiv:0804.3566
4545XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Stringy Uncertainties & the MAGIC EffectStringy Uncertainties & the MAGIC Effect
DD--foam: transparent to electronsfoam: transparent to electrons
DD--foam captures photons & refoam captures photons & re--emits thememits them
Time Delay (Causal) in Time Delay (Causal) in each each Capture: Capture:
Independent of photon polarization Independent of photon polarization (no Birefringence(no Birefringence))
Total DelayTotal Delay from emission of photonsfrom emission of photons
till observation over till observation over a distance Da distance D (assume n(assume n* * defectsdefects
per string length): per string length):
REPRODUCE 4REPRODUCE 4±±1 MINUTE DELAY OF MAGIC from Mk501 (1 MINUTE DELAY OF MAGIC from Mk501 (redshiftredshift z=0.034)z=0.034)
For For n* n* =O(1) & M=O(1) & Mss ~ 10~ 101818 GeVGeV, consistently with Crab Nebula & other , consistently with Crab Nebula & other
Astrophysical constraints on modified dispersion relationsAstrophysical constraints on modified dispersion relations::::
Effectively modifiedEffectively modified
Dispersion relationDispersion relation
for photons due to for photons due to
induced metricinduced metric
distortion Gdistortion G0i 0i ~ p~ p00
4646XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Stringy Uncertainties & the MAGIC EffectStringy Uncertainties & the MAGIC Effect
DD--foam: transparent to electronsfoam: transparent to electrons
DD--foam captures photons & refoam captures photons & re--emits thememits them
Time Delay (Causal) in Time Delay (Causal) in each each Capture: Capture:
Independent of photon polarization Independent of photon polarization (no Birefringence(no Birefringence))
Total DelayTotal Delay from emission of photonsfrom emission of photons
till observation over till observation over a distance Da distance D (assume n(assume n* * defectsdefects
per string length): per string length):
REPRODUCE 4REPRODUCE 4±±1 MINUTE DELAY OF MAGIC from Mk501 (1 MINUTE DELAY OF MAGIC from Mk501 (redshiftredshift z=0.034)z=0.034)
For For n* n* =O(1) & M=O(1) & Mss ~ 10~ 101818 GeVGeV, consistently with Crab Nebula & other , consistently with Crab Nebula & other
Astrophysical constraints on modified dispersion relationsAstrophysical constraints on modified dispersion relations::::
Effectively modifiedEffectively modified
Dispersion relationDispersion relation
for photons due to for photons due to
induced metricinduced metric
distortion Gdistortion G0i 0i ~ p~ p00
COMPATIBLE WITH STRI�G U�CERTAI�TY COMPATIBLE WITH STRI�G U�CERTAI�TY
PRI�CIPLES:PRI�CIPLES:
∆∆t t ∆∆x x ≥≥ αα’’ , , ∆∆p p ∆∆x x ≥≥ 1 + 1 + αα’’ ((∆∆p )p )22 + + ……
((αα’’ = = ReggeRegge slope = Square of minimum string length scale)slope = Square of minimum string length scale)
4747XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Induced (Induced (FinslerFinsler--type) Nontype) Non--CommutativityCommutativity
DD--particle recoilparticle recoil σσ--model deformationmodel deformation
Written as worldWritten as world--sheet sheet
Bulk operatorBulk operator
(Stokes theorem)(Stokes theorem)
Open strings in ``electricOpen strings in ``electric’’’’ field background , provided here by recoil velocity field background , provided here by recoil velocity uuii
Statistically averaged << ui >> over
D-particle populations, might lead to
Uniform `electric field’ backgrounds
NEM, arXive:0906.2712
4848XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Induced (Induced (FinslerFinsler--type) Nontype) Non--CommutativityCommutativity (N.C.) (N.C.)
NEM, arXive:0906.2712Mixed Mixed BoundaryBoundary ConditionsConditions
Neumann Dirichlet
WorldWorld--sheet 1sheet 1stst quantization leads to N.C. (induced by recoil here)quantization leads to N.C. (induced by recoil here)
Seiberg-Witten
Seiberg, Susskind, Toumbas
But of But of FinslerFinsler typetype
(i.e. momentum dependent)(i.e. momentum dependent)
4949XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
NonNon--commutative effective field theories & CPTcommutative effective field theories & CPT
CPT invariant SME type field theory (Q.E.D. ) CPT invariant SME type field theory (Q.E.D. ) -- only only even number of indices appear in effective noneven number of indices appear in effective non--renormalisablerenormalisable terms.terms. (Carroll et al. hep(Carroll et al. hep--th/0105082)th/0105082)
5050XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Induced (Induced (FinslerFinsler) Space) Space--Time MetricTime Metric
WorldWorld--Sheet Propagator in the presence of recoil backgroundSheet Propagator in the presence of recoil background
Implies Implies FinslerFinsler--type targettype target--space metricspace metric
and effective string couplingand effective string coupling
5151XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Induced (Induced (FinslerFinsler) Space) Space--Time MetricTime Metric
WorldWorld--Sheet Propagator in the presence of recoil backgroundSheet Propagator in the presence of recoil background
Implies Implies FinslerFinsler--type targettype target--space metricspace metric
and effective string couplingand effective string coupling
5252XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Stringy Uncertainties & the MAGIC EffectStringy Uncertainties & the MAGIC Effect
DD--foam: transparent to electronsfoam: transparent to electrons
DD--foam captures photons & refoam captures photons & re--emits thememits them
Time Delay (Causal) in Time Delay (Causal) in each each Capture: Capture:
Independent of photon polarization Independent of photon polarization (no Birefringence(no Birefringence))
Total DelayTotal Delay from emission of photonsfrom emission of photons
till observation over till observation over a distance Da distance D (assume n(assume n* * defectsdefects
per string length): per string length):
REPRODUCE 4REPRODUCE 4±±1 MINUTE DELAY OF MAGIC from Mk501 (1 MINUTE DELAY OF MAGIC from Mk501 (redshiftredshift z=0.034)z=0.034)
For For n* n* =O(1) & M=O(1) & Mss ~ 10~ 101818 GeVGeV, consistently with Crab Nebula & other , consistently with Crab Nebula & other
Astrophysical constraints on modified dispersion relationsAstrophysical constraints on modified dispersion relations::::
Effectively modifiedEffectively modified
Dispersion relationDispersion relation
for photons due to for photons due to
induced metricinduced metric
distortion Gdistortion G0i 0i ~ p~ p00
COMPATIBLE WITH STRI�G U�CERTAI�TY COMPATIBLE WITH STRI�G U�CERTAI�TY
PRI�CIPLES:PRI�CIPLES:
∆∆t t ∆∆x x ≥≥ αα’’ , , ∆∆p p ∆∆x x ≥≥ 1 + 1 + αα’’ ((∆∆p )p )22 + + ……
((αα’’ = = ReggeRegge slope = Square of minimum string length scale)slope = Square of minimum string length scale)
5353XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
CPT may be Violated in DCPT may be Violated in D--particle particle
Foam models but only through Foam models but only through
TargetTarget--space effective space effective
(low(low--energy) energy) DecoherenceDecoherence, ,
induced by quantum fluctuations induced by quantum fluctuations
of recoil velocity, and hence of recoil velocity, and hence
of induced metric and N.C.of induced metric and N.C.
DecoherenceDecoherence--inducedinduced
IllIll--defined (Effective)defined (Effective)
CPT Operator (Wald 1979) CPT Operator (Wald 1979)
10-35 m
5454XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
String theory
type p-brane types allowed
CompactifyCompactify toto
3 + 1 Large Dim3 + 1 Large Dim
Wrap up alongWrap up along
Three cyclesThree cycles
(``D(``D--particlesparticles’’’’))
Type IIB String Model of DType IIB String Model of D--particle Foamparticle FoamT.LiT.Li, NM, , NM, NanopoulosNanopoulos, D. , D. XieXie
5555XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Type IIB String Model of DType IIB String Model of D--particle Foamparticle FoamT.LiT.Li, NM, , NM, NanopoulosNanopoulos, D. , D. XieXie
D7 Brane compactified
D3−branes wrapped up along 3 cycles(‘‘D−particles’’)
BULK
Consider FourConsider Four--point point VenezianoVeneziano
Amplitude for scattering of two open Amplitude for scattering of two open
string states to two open string string states to two open string
states in the Dstates in the D--particle/D3particle/D3--branes branes
backgroundsbackgrounds
Antoniadis, Benakli, Laugier
5656XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Type IIB String Model of DType IIB String Model of D--particle Foamparticle Foam
T.LiT.Li, NM, , NM, NanopoulosNanopoulos, D. , D. XieXie
Couplings of ND Couplings of ND stringsStretchedstringsStretched
between D3 and D7 between D3 and D7 branesbranes
(Capture process)(Capture process)
DD--Foam:Foam: Uniform Distribution Uniform Distribution
of Dof D--particles in space with particles in space with
VVA3A3 = their average 3D= their average 3D--volumevolume,,
RR’’ = radius of forth space dim= radius of forth space dim
transverse to D3 transverse to D3 branesbranes..
Avoid tachyon condensationAvoid tachyon condensation::
D3 D3 branesbranes have widths 1.55 have widths 1.55 sl
5757XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
CAUSAL TIME DELAYS CAUSAL TIME DELAYS
First approx: ignoreFirst approx: ignore
DD--particle recoilparticle recoil
5858XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Mandelstam variables
5959XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Time delays arise by consideringTime delays arise by considering
Backward scattering u=0.Backward scattering u=0.
Seiberg,Susskind
Toumbas
6060XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Time delays arise by consideringTime delays arise by considering
Backward scattering u=0.Backward scattering u=0.
For For masslessmassless particles particles
u + t + s =0u + t + s =0
6161XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Time delays arise by consideringTime delays arise by considering
Backward scattering u=0.Backward scattering u=0.
For For masslessmassless particles particles
u + t + s =0u + t + s =0
IndependentIndependent
of photon polarizationof photon polarization
NO BIREFRINGENCENO BIREFRINGENCE
6262XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
OTHER PARTICLES OTHER PARTICLES
Backward scattering u=0 impliesBackward scattering u=0 implies
JUST POLE TERMSJUST POLE TERMS::
NO TIME DELAY AT LEADING ORDER in NO TIME DELAY AT LEADING ORDER in ηη
6363XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
At order At order ηη, there are time delays, there are time delays::
6464XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
At order At order ηη, there are time delays, there are time delays::
6565XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
At order At order ηη, there are time delays, there are time delays::
6666XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
At order At order ηη, there are time delays, there are time delays::
6767XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
INCLUDE DINCLUDE D--PARTICLE RECOILPARTICLE RECOIL
Inclusion of DInclusion of D--particle recoil, leads to an particle recoil, leads to an
effective ``electriceffective ``electric’’’’ field background,field background,
Affects Time delays as follows:Affects Time delays as follows:
But also replaces string couplingBut also replaces string coupling
And thus string scattering amplitudes And thus string scattering amplitudes
6868XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
INCLUDE DINCLUDE D--PARTICLE RECOILPARTICLE RECOIL
Inclusion of DInclusion of D--particle recoil, leads to an particle recoil, leads to an
effective ``electriceffective ``electric’’’’ field background,field background,
Affects Time delays as follows:Affects Time delays as follows:
But also replaces string couplingBut also replaces string coupling
And thus string scattering amplitudes And thus string scattering amplitudes
Thus DThus D--particle/string scattering particle/string scattering
suppressed suppressed for relativistic situations for relativistic situations
where Dwhere D--particle recoil velocity approaches 1, particle recoil velocity approaches 1,
i.e. momentum transfer approaches Mi.e. momentum transfer approaches Mss//ggss
Important for discriminatingImportant for discriminating
Low (Low (TeVTeV) from High) from High--string string
scale Phenomenology via scale Phenomenology via
such Dsuch D--foam models, foam models,
using UHE cosmic photonsusing UHE cosmic photons
6969XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Conclusions so farConclusions so far;;
MAGIC, FERMI MAGIC, FERMI ;; (?) observations indicate that high energy (?) observations indicate that high energy photons arrive later than lowerphotons arrive later than lower--energy onesenergy ones;; H.E.S.S . compatibleH.E.S.S . compatible
Source Effect or Propagation in Quantum Gravity Medium? Source Effect or Propagation in Quantum Gravity Medium?
There is a (unique?) string model of DThere is a (unique?) string model of D--particle spaceparticle space--time foam time foam reproducing the effect, using reproducing the effect, using time delays proportional to photon time delays proportional to photon energyenergy (or MDR with linear QG scale suppression), consistent with (or MDR with linear QG scale suppression), consistent with all other tests of Lorentz invariance.all other tests of Lorentz invariance. No birefringence, No birefringence,
ΕΕffectffect Beyond Local EFT! (stringy uncertainties, intermediate string)Beyond Local EFT! (stringy uncertainties, intermediate string)
Very important:Very important: Improve on statistics Improve on statistics ;; Find other flares, Find other flares, GRBsGRBsand check the energy dependence of photon arrival times: and check the energy dependence of photon arrival times: Very Very High Energy High Energy γγ--ray Astronomy very exciting prospects for the ray Astronomy very exciting prospects for the near futurenear future::
Also Also high energy Neutrino Astrophysicshigh energy Neutrino Astrophysics may provide may provide complementary test of such fundamentally new physicscomplementary test of such fundamentally new physics;;
7070XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Conclusions so farConclusions so far;;
MAGIC, FERMI MAGIC, FERMI ;; (?) observations indicate that high energy (?) observations indicate that high energy photons arrive later than lowerphotons arrive later than lower--energy onesenergy ones;; H.E.S.S . compatibleH.E.S.S . compatible
Source Effect or Propagation in Quantum Gravity Medium? Source Effect or Propagation in Quantum Gravity Medium?
There is a (unique?) string model of DThere is a (unique?) string model of D--particle spaceparticle space--time foam time foam reproducing the effect, using reproducing the effect, using time delays proportional to photon time delays proportional to photon energyenergy (or MDR with linear QG scale suppression), consistent with (or MDR with linear QG scale suppression), consistent with all other tests of Lorentz invariance.all other tests of Lorentz invariance. No birefringence, No birefringence,
ΕΕffectffect Beyond Local EFT! (stringy uncertainties, intermediate string)Beyond Local EFT! (stringy uncertainties, intermediate string)
Very important:Very important: Improve on statistics Improve on statistics ;; Find other flares, Find other flares, GRBsGRBsand check the energy dependence of photon arrival times: and check the energy dependence of photon arrival times: Very Very High Energy High Energy γγ--ray Astronomy very exciting prospects for the ray Astronomy very exciting prospects for the near futurenear future::
Also Also high energy Neutrino Astrophysicshigh energy Neutrino Astrophysics may provide may provide complementary test of such fundamentally new physicscomplementary test of such fundamentally new physics;;
7171XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
7272XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Other Consequences of DOther Consequences of D--particle Foamparticle Foam
LowLow--energy CPT Violation & energy CPT Violation & DecoherenceDecoherencefrom stochastic fluctuations of Dfrom stochastic fluctuations of D--particle defects: particle defects: Capture/reCapture/re--emission process for neutral probes implies emission process for neutral probes implies recoil of Drecoil of D--particle defect, particle defect, momentummomentum--directiondirection--dependent induced metricsdependent induced metrics GG0i 0i ~ ~ ∆∆kkii ~ ~ kkii ~ p~ p00
(Logarithmic Conformal Field Theory of (Logarithmic Conformal Field Theory of recoil/capture on worldrecoil/capture on world--sheet of string model) sheet of string model)
Kogan,NM,Wheater,SzaboKogan,NM,Wheater,Szabo, Ellis, , Ellis, NanopoulosNanopoulos
CPT Operator CPT Operator illill--defineddefined, , unique unique consequences in consequences in modifications of EPRmodifications of EPR correlations of entangled correlations of entangled states of neutral mesons in meson factories (states of neutral mesons in meson factories (ΦΦ--, B, B--factories) factories) BernabeuBernabeu, NM, , NM, Papavassiliou,NebotPapavassiliou,Nebot, Alvarez, , Alvarez, SarbenSarben SarkarSarkar
Estimates of such DEstimates of such D--particle foam effects in neutral mesons complicated particle foam effects in neutral mesons complicated
due to strong QCD effects present in such composite neutral partdue to strong QCD effects present in such composite neutral particles icles
7373XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Other Consequences of DOther Consequences of D--particle Foamparticle Foam
LowLow--energy CPT Violation & energy CPT Violation & DecoherenceDecoherencefrom stochastic fluctuations of Dfrom stochastic fluctuations of D--particle defects: particle defects: Capture/reCapture/re--emission process for neutral probes implies emission process for neutral probes implies recoil of Drecoil of D--particle defect, particle defect, momentummomentum--directiondirection--dependent induced metricsdependent induced metrics GG0i 0i ~ ~ ∆∆kkii ~ ~ kkii ~ p~ p00
(Logarithmic Conformal Field Theory of (Logarithmic Conformal Field Theory of recoil/capture on worldrecoil/capture on world--sheet of string model) sheet of string model)
Kogan,NM,Wheater,SzaboKogan,NM,Wheater,Szabo, Ellis, , Ellis, NanopoulosNanopoulos
CPT Operator CPT Operator illill--defineddefined, , unique unique consequences in consequences in modifications of EPRmodifications of EPR correlations of entangled correlations of entangled states of neutral mesons in meson factories (states of neutral mesons in meson factories (ΦΦ--, B, B--factories) factories) BernabeuBernabeu, NM, , NM, Papavassiliou,NebotPapavassiliou,Nebot, Alvarez, , Alvarez, SarbenSarben SarkarSarkar
Estimates of such DEstimates of such D--particle foam effects in neutral mesons complicated particle foam effects in neutral mesons complicated
due to strong QCD effects present in such composite neutral partdue to strong QCD effects present in such composite neutral particles icles
7474XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Other Consequences of DOther Consequences of D--particle Foamparticle Foam
LowLow--energy CPT Violation & energy CPT Violation & DecoherenceDecoherencefrom stochastic fluctuations of Dfrom stochastic fluctuations of D--particle defects: particle defects: Capture/reCapture/re--emission process for neutral probes implies emission process for neutral probes implies recoil of Drecoil of D--particle defect, particle defect, momentummomentum--directiondirection--dependent induced metricsdependent induced metrics GG0i 0i ~ ~ ∆∆kkii ~ ~ kkii ~ p~ p00
(Logarithmic Conformal Field Theory of (Logarithmic Conformal Field Theory of recoil/capture on worldrecoil/capture on world--sheet of string model) sheet of string model)
Kogan,NM,Wheater,SzaboKogan,NM,Wheater,Szabo, Ellis, , Ellis, NanopoulosNanopoulos
CPT Operator CPT Operator illill--defineddefined, , unique unique consequences in consequences in modifications of EPRmodifications of EPR correlations of entangled correlations of entangled states of neutral mesons in meson factories (states of neutral mesons in meson factories (ΦΦ--, B, B--factories) factories) BernabeuBernabeu, NM, , NM, Papavassiliou,NebotPapavassiliou,Nebot, Alvarez, , Alvarez, SarbenSarben SarkarSarkar
Estimates of such DEstimates of such D--particle foam effects in neutral mesons complicated particle foam effects in neutral mesons complicated
due to strong QCD effects present in such composite neutral partdue to strong QCD effects present in such composite neutral particles icles
7575XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
Other Consequences of DOther Consequences of D--particle Foamparticle Foam
If CPT Operator If CPT Operator wellwell--defined as operatordefined as operator, even if CPT , even if CPT
is broken in the Hamiltonianis broken in the Hamiltonian:: (e.g. Lorentz violating (e.g. Lorentz violating
models)models)
ΦΦKSKL KSKL
7676XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
EPR Modifications & DEPR Modifications & D--particle Foamparticle Foam
If CPT Operator If CPT Operator illill--defineddefined, , unique unique consequences in consequences in
modifications of EPRmodifications of EPR correlations of entangled correlations of entangled
states of neutral mesons in meson factories (states of neutral mesons in meson factories (ΦΦ--, B, B--
factories) factories) BernabeuBernabeu, NM, , NM, Papavassiliou,NebotPapavassiliou,Nebot, Alvarez, , Alvarez, SarbenSarben SarkarSarkar
Induced metric due to capture/recoil, stochastic fluctuations, Induced metric due to capture/recoil, stochastic fluctuations, DecoherenceDecoherence
ΦΦKSKL KSKL
IF CPT ILLIF CPT ILL--DEFINED DEFINED
(e.g. D(e.g. D--particle Foam)particle Foam)
KSKL
7777XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
EPR Modifications & DEPR Modifications & D--particle Foamparticle Foam
CPT Operator CPT Operator illill--defineddefined, , unique unique consequences in consequences in
modifications of EPRmodifications of EPR correlations of entangled correlations of entangled
states of neutral mesons in meson factories (states of neutral mesons in meson factories (ΦΦ--, B, B--
factories) factories) BernabeuBernabeu, NM, , NM, Papavassiliou,NebotPapavassiliou,Nebot, Alvarez, , Alvarez, SarbenSarben SarkarSarkar
Induced metric due to capture/recoil, stochastic fluctuations, Induced metric due to capture/recoil, stochastic fluctuations, DecoherenceDecoherence
Estimates of such DEstimates of such D--particle foam effects in neutral mesons complicated particle foam effects in neutral mesons complicated
due to strong QCD effects present in such composite neutral partdue to strong QCD effects present in such composite neutral particles icles
ΦΦKSKL KSKL
KKSSKKSS , ,
KKLLKKLL
KKSSKKSS , ,
KKLLKKLL
KSKL
IF CPT ILLIF CPT ILL--DEFINED (e.g. flavour DEFINED (e.g. flavour
violating (FV) Dviolating (FV) D--particle Foam)particle Foam)
7878XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
If QCD effects, subIf QCD effects, sub--structure in neutral mesons ignored, and Dstructure in neutral mesons ignored, and D--foam actsfoam acts
as if they were as if they were structurelessstructureless particles, then for particles, then for MMQG QG ~ 10~ 101818 GeVGeV (MAGIC) (MAGIC)
the estimate for the estimate for ωω: : | | ωω | | ~ 10~ 10--4 4 ||ζζ|, for 1 > |, for 1 > ||ζζ| > 10| > 10--22 (natural)(natural)
Not far from sensitivity of upgraded meson factories ( e.g. DAFNNot far from sensitivity of upgraded meson factories ( e.g. DAFNE2)E2)
ΦΦ KSKL
KKSSKKSS , ,
KKLLKKLL
KKSSKKSS , ,
KKLLKKLL
IF CPT ILLIF CPT ILL--DEFINED (e.g. flavour DEFINED (e.g. flavour
violating (FV) Dviolating (FV) D--particle Foam)particle Foam)
KSKL
Neutral mesons Neutral mesons nono longer longer indistinguishableindistinguishable particles, particles,
initial entangled stateinitial entangled state: :
7979XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
If QCD effects, subIf QCD effects, sub--structure in neutral mesons ignored, and Dstructure in neutral mesons ignored, and D--foam actsfoam acts
as if they were as if they were structurelessstructureless particles, then for particles, then for MMQG QG ~ 10~ 101818 GeVGeV (MAGIC) (MAGIC)
the estimate for the estimate for ωω: : | | ωω | | ~ 10~ 10--4 4 ||ζζ|, for 1 > |, for 1 > ||ζζ| > 10| > 10--22 (natural)(natural)
Not far from sensitivity of upgraded meson factories ( e.g. DAFNNot far from sensitivity of upgraded meson factories ( e.g. DAFNE2)E2)
ΦΦ KSKL
KKSSKKSS , ,
KKLLKKLL
KKSSKKSS , ,
KKLLKKLL
IF CPT ILLIF CPT ILL--DEFINED DEFINED
(e.g. FV D(e.g. FV D--particle Foam)particle Foam)
KSKL
Neutral mesons Neutral mesons nono longer longer indistinguishableindistinguishable particles, particles,
initial entangled stateinitial entangled state: :
8080XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
If QCD effects, subIf QCD effects, sub--structure in neutral mesons ignored, and Dstructure in neutral mesons ignored, and D--foam actsfoam acts
as if they were as if they were structurelessstructureless particles, then for particles, then for MMQG QG ~ 10~ 101818 GeVGeV (MAGIC) (MAGIC)
the estimate for the estimate for ωω: : | | ωω | | ~ 10~ 10--4 4 ||ζζ|, for 1 > |, for 1 > ||ζζ| > 10| > 10--22 (natural)(natural)
Not far from sensitivity of upgraded meson factories ( e.g. DAFNNot far from sensitivity of upgraded meson factories ( e.g. DAFNE2)E2)
ΦΦ KSKL
KKSSKKSS , ,
KKLLKKLL
KKSSKKSS , ,
KKLLKKLL
IF CPT ILLIF CPT ILL--DEFINED DEFINED
(e.g. FV D(e.g. FV D--particle Foam)particle Foam)
KSKL
Neutral mesons Neutral mesons nono longer longer indistinguishableindistinguishable particles, particles,
initial entangled stateinitial entangled state: :
8181XXV Max Born Symposium XXV Max Born Symposium
Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009Wroclaw ITP (Poland) 2009 N.E. MavromatosN.E. Mavromatos
If QCD effects, subIf QCD effects, sub--structure in neutral mesons ignored, and Dstructure in neutral mesons ignored, and D--foam actsfoam acts
as if they were as if they were structurelessstructureless particles, then for particles, then for MMQG QG ~ 10~ 101818 GeVGeV (MAGIC) (MAGIC)
the estimate for the estimate for ωω: : | | ωω | | ~ 10~ 10--4 4 ||ζζ|, for 1 > |, for 1 > ||ζζ| > 10| > 10--22 (natural)(natural)
Not far from sensitivity of upgraded meson factories ( e.g. DAFNNot far from sensitivity of upgraded meson factories ( e.g. DAFNE2)E2)
ΦΦ KSKL
KKSSKKSS , ,
KKLLKKLL
KKSSKKSS , ,
KKLLKKLL
IF CPT ILLIF CPT ILL--DEFINED DEFINED
(e.g. FV D(e.g. FV D--particle Foam)particle Foam)
KSKL
Neutral mesons Neutral mesons nono longer longer indistinguishableindistinguishable particles, particles,
initial entangled stateinitial entangled state: :