Lords of the Harvest: Third-Party Signaling and Regulatory Approval of Genetically Modified...

8/2/2019 Lords of the Harvest: Third-Party Signaling and Regulatory Approval of Genetically Modified Organisms

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AGZFY GL VDC DMZ\CYV2 VDEZF-PMZVU YEOKMAEKO MKF ZCOSAMVGZU

MPPZG\MA GL OCKCVEIMAAU HGFELECF GZOMKEYHY

Mjstrmit

Aettac es nkgwk mjgut tdc lmitgrs tdmt eklauckic rcouamtgry mockiecs fciesegk hmneko. _c pgset

tdmt rcouamtgry mockiecs mrc eklauckicf jy tdc lerhs tdcy rcouamtc, jut kgt cxiausevcay vem

pgaeteima eklauckic ms es mroucf ek tdc trmfetegkma rcouamtgry-impturc aetcrmturcs. Ekstcmf, rcouamtgry

fciesegks mrc ekfercitay sdmpcf vem tderf-pmrty mitgrs wdgsc seokmas rcfuic ukicrtmekty ek tdc

mockiys pursuet gl acoetehmiy. Lgiuseko chpereimaay gk tdc S.Y. Fcpmrthckt gl Moreiuaturcs

mpprgvma gl ockcteimaay hgfelecf gromkeshs (OHGs), wc lekf tdmt seokmas lrgh smaeckt

stmncdgafcrs mkf pccr mockiecs dmvc m pgsetevc eklauckic gk prgfuit mpprgvma mkf tdmt tdcer

cllcits vmry ukfcr fellcrckt fehcksegks gl ukicrtmekty. _c masg fesiuss tdc ehpaeimtegks gl tdcsc

lekfekos lgr jusekcssogvcrkhckt rcamtegks mkf lgr kgkhmrnct strmtcoy.


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Ogvcrkhckt es rcacvmkt tg vertumaay cvcry jusekcss scitgr, jut rcouamtcf ekfustrecs aenc

jegtcidkgagoy, tcacighhukeimtegks, cacitreiety, mkf pdmrhmicuteimas mrc pmrteiuamray sujbcit tg

stmtc ektcrvcktegk. Ek suid ekfustrecs, ogvcrkhckt imk frmhmteimaay eklauckic lerh pcrlgrhmkic

mkf survevma vem rcouamtgry mpprgvmas gr fesmpprgvmas gl prgfuit mkf scrveic gllcrekos, prgfuit

stmkfmrfs mkf prgfuitegk rcquerchckts, mkf hmrnct cktry mkf cxet ruacs (Yekc, Dmvchmk, &

Vgajcrt, :003> Omriem-Imkma & Oueaack, :004). Vdcgry mkf rcscmrid gk jusekcssogvcrkhckt

rcamtegks dmvc pgstuamtcf tdmt lerhs ek rcouamtcf scitgrs dmvc strgko ekicktevcs tg eklauckic

pujaei pgaeiy gutighcs, mkf dmvc cxmhekcf vmregus strmtcoei cllgrts gk tdc pmrt gl rcouamtcf

lerhs tg fg sg (Nceh & Rcetdmha, =54 Deaahmk & Dett, =555).

Lukfmhcktma tg tdes pregr rcscmrid, mkf ek pmrteiuamr tg tdc wgrn ek cigkgheis mkf

pgaeteima sieckic, es tdc vecw tdmt mk gromkezmtegks pgaeteima ckvergkhckt imk jc idmrmitcrezcf ms

m hmrnctpamic ek wdeid pgaeiy fchmkfcrs mkf pgaeiy suppaecrs trmksmit gvcr rcouamtgry fciesegks

(Deaahmk & Nceh, =553> Jgkmrfe, Deaahmk, & Nceh, :003). Lgr cxmhpac, cacitcf pgaeteiemks

sdmpc rcouamtgry pgaeiy ek cxidmkoc lgr rcsgurics lrgh gromkezcf ektcrcst orgups ek grfcr tg

rchmek ek glleic, m igkicpt gltck imaacf rcouamtgry impturc (Juidmkmk & Vuaagin, =5 Yteoacr,

=5?=). Vdes ektcrprctmtegk gl rcouamtgry fciesegk hmneko dms lgiuscf mahgst cxiausevcay,

dgwcvcr, gk ekfevefuma acoesamtgrs ms tmrocts gl eklauckic mkf gk ekfustry-acvca rcouamtgry

gutighcs (Fma Jg, :00 Vruhjuaa, lgrtdigheko). Vdus gur ukfcrstmkfeko es aehetcf tg tdc

hmirg-acvca eklauckics gl pujaei pgaeiy gk ckterc ekfustrecs> vcry aettac es nkgwk mjgut wdy sghc

lerhs mrc mjac tg omek rcouamtgry mfvmktmocs wdeac gtdcrs ek tdc smhc ckvergkhckt mrc kgt. Masg,

m kmrrgw lgius gkpgaeiy hmnekojy cacitcf acoesamtgrs dms acf tg rcamtevc kcoacit glpgaeiy

ehpachcktmtegkjy rcouamtgry mockiecs (Jgkmrfe ct ma., :003)m scregus ghessegk, ek tdmt

rcouamtgry mockiecs dmvc hgrc igktmit wetd jusekcsscs tdmk acoesamtgrs fg, vem fmy-tg-fmy


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ektcrprctmtegk mkf cxciutegk gl amws. _c steaa dmvc vcry pmrtema ukfcrstmkfeko gl tdc jcdmvegr gl

ogvcrkhckt mockiecs ek jusekcssogvcrkhckt rcamtegks rcscmrid, mkf ek pmrteiuamr gl tdcer ehpmit

gk lerh pcrlgrhmkic (Dgajurk & \mkfck Jcrod, :00:).

Vdes pmpcr sccns tg rchcfy tdes setumtegk jy putteko rcouamtgry mockiecs gk icktcr stmoc.

_c vecw rcouamtgry mockiecs ms sgiema mitgrs streveko tg prgtcit tdcer gwk acoetehmiy lgr sciureko

ektcrcsts, mutgkghy mkf miicss tg rcsgurics (Plcllcr & Ymamkien, =5?4> Yuidhmk, =553> Yngipga,

=543> _cjcr, =5?4> Neko, Lcaek, & _dcttck, :0=0). Acoetehmiy es m prciegus mssct lgr mahgst maa

gromkezmtegks (Fccpdgusc & Yuidhmk, :004), jut et es pmrteiuamray ireteima lgr rcouamtgry

mockiecs oevck tdcer deod fcpckfckic gk cxtcrkma rcsgurics mkf suppgrt lrgh mufeckics

(Imrpcktcr, :00=). Vdc acoetehmiy gl rcouamtgry mitevetecs imk rcst gk fellcrckt fehcksegks gl

sgiema cvmaumtegk (Yuidhmk, =553). Vdus wc ektrgfuic m lrmhcwgrn tdmt fellcrcktemtcs jctwcck

twg fehcksegks gl acoetehmiy msscsshcktsigkscquckics (tdc midecvchckt gl pmrteiuamr ogmas

vmaucf jy mufeckics) mkf prgicfurcs (mfdcrckic tg miicptcf ruacs gl prgpcr jcdmvegr). Gur

icktrma mrouhckt es tdmt rcouamtgry mockiecs lmic ukicrtmektecs ek tdcer cllgrts tg hmektmek

igkscqucktema mkf prgicfurma acoetehmiy mkf tdus sccn mffetegkma eklgrhmtegk lrgh cxtcrkma

sgurics tg rcfuic tdch. Ek pmrteiuamr, wc lgius gk tderf-pmrty mitgrs ms cxtcrkma sgurics gl

eklgrhmtegk mkf cxmhekc tdc vmregus hcidmkeshs jy wdeid tdcy dcap mockiecs tg rcfuic

fellcrckt fehcksegks gl ukicrtmekty mkf sdmpc rcouamtgry fciesegks.

Vdc igktcxt gl gur stufy es rcouamtgry mpprgvma gl ockcteimaay hgfelecf gromkeshs

(OHGs) jy tdc S.Y. Fcpmrthckt gl Moreiuaturc (SYFM) jctwcck =55: mkf :00?. Aenc hmky

gtdcr ogvcrkhckt mockiecs, tdc SYFM igktckfs wetd twg fehcksegks gl ukicrtmekty ek ets pursuet

gl acoetehmiy. Vdc lerst, wdeid wc imaa igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty, dms tg fg wetd tdc felleiuaty gl

mkteiepmteko dgw tdc igkscquckics gl tdc mockiys mpprgvma fciesegks weaa jc cvmaumtcf jy ets


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mufeckics. Vdc scigkf, wdeid wc imaaprgicfurma ukicrtmekty, dms tg fg wetd tdc felleiuaty gl

mffrcsseko smlcty essucs vem tdc lgrhma prgicfurcs gl miquereko mkf prgicsseko siecktelei

eklgrhmtegk mjgut kcw OHGs. Yekic tdcsc ukicrtmektecs, el ukrcsgavcf, imk ukfcrhekc

acoetehmiy msscsshckts, tdc SYFM strevcs tg rcfuic tdch jy sccneko mffetegkma eklgrhmtegk

lrgh tderf-pmrty mitgrs suid ms smaeckt stmncdgafcrs mkf pccr mockiecs. Ek tdes igktcxt, wc

fellcrcktemtc tdc ukfcrayeko hcidmkeshs wdcrcjy tdc rcspcitevc tderf-pmrty mitgrs ekfercitay

eklauckic mockiy prgfuit-mpprgvma fciesegks.

Gur pmpcr igktrejutcs tg tdc jusekcssogvcrkhckt rcamtegks aetcrmturc jgtd jy putteko tdc

ukfcrcxpagrcf rgac gl rcouamtgry mockiecs mt icktcr stmoc mkf jy ckreideko tdc prcvmeaeko

sehpaestei ehmocry gl rcouamtgrs ms fesirctc cigkghei mitgrs. Pregr rcscmrid gk jusekcss

ogvcrkhckt rcamtegks dms lgiuscf gk pgaeteima eklauckic ek hmrnct-aenc fymfei ektcrmitegks

jctwcck pgaeiy hmncrs mkf rcouamtcf lerhs mkf kcoacitcf acoetehmiy, ukicrtmekty, mkf sgiema

eklauckic, maa wefcay minkgwacfocf ms lukfmhcktma idmrmitcresteis gl mahgst cvcry fciesegk

igktcxt (Yuidhmk, =553> Pgaagin & Zekfgvm, :009> Pgaagin, Zekfgvm, & Hmooette, :004). _c

fcsirejc rcouamtgry mockiecs ms sgiema mitgrs chjcffcf ek tremfei rcouamtgry rcamtegksdeps, mkf

suoocst tdmt tdc prcsckic gl ukicrtmekty mkf acoetehmiy igkicrks hgtevmtcs tdch tg aggn tg tderf-

pmrty mitgrs lgr mffetegkma usclua eklgrhmtegk. Eksglmr ms suid tderf pmrtecs mrc prgpcaacf ektg

mitegk jy rcouamtcf lerhs, tdes pmpcr suoocsts tdmt rcouamtgry mockiecs mrc eklauckicf jy tdc lerhs

tdcy rcouamtc jut kgt cxiausevcay vem tdc fercit pgaeteima eklauckic fcsirejcf jy tdc trmfetegkma

rcouamtgry-impturc aetcrmturcs (Fma Jg, :00 Vruhjuaa, lgrtdigheko). Ekstcmf, rcouamtgry

fciesegks mrc ekfercitay sdmpcf vem tderf-pmrty mitgrs tdmt rcfuic tdc acoetehmiy ukicrtmektecs gl

rcouamtgry mockiecs.

Vdc kcxt scitegk weaa fcsirejc tdc igktcxt gl tdes stufy2 tdc prgicss gl rcouamtgry


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ighpmkecs sccneko SYFM mpprgvma gl OHGs mrc

kgt rcquercf tg igksuat tdc LFM gr, el tdcy fg sg, tg lgaagw ets rcighhckfmtegks.

Vdc Iggrfekmtcf Lrmhcwgrn lgr tdc Zcouamtegk gl Jegtcidkgagoy mkf gtdcr rcacvmkt amws,

suid ms tdc Pamkt Prgtcitegk Mit, fcaekcmtc rcouamtgry pgaeiy lgr tdc SYFM mkf spciely lgrhma

rcvecw prgicfurcs tdmt jmsc rcouamtgry fciesegks gk sgukf sieckic. _dck m jegtcidkgagoy lerh

prcpmrcs lgr ighhcriemaezmtegk gl m OHG prgfuit, et pctetegks tdc SYFM lgr m fctcrhekmtegk gl

fcrcouamtcf stmtus. Vdc pctetegk lgr fcrcouamtegk fcsirejcs tdc ockctei trmkslgrhmtegk mkf ets

pgtcktema ckvergkhcktma igkscquckics jy prgvefeko m vmrecty gl eklgrhmtegk, suid ms tdc

jrccfeko destgry gl tdc trmksockei pamkt pgpuamtegk> ighpmresgks gl orgwtd dmjets, aelc spmks,

vcoctmtevc veogr, mkf pgaack pmrmhctcrs> ighpmtejeaety wetd weaf spciecs> mkf tdc pgtcktema

igkscquckics gl ockc lagw tg gtdcr spciecs. Vdc SYFMs Mkehma mkf Pamkt Dcmatd Ekspcitegk

Ycrveic igkfuits mk ek-fcptd siecktelei msscsshckt tg cvmaumtc tdc vmaefety gl tdc eklgrhmtegk

prgvefcf jy tdc lerh mkf tg fctcrhekc wdctdcr tdc gromkesh imk smlcay jc rcacmscf ektg tdc

ckvergkhckt.

Vdcsc lgrhma prgicfurcs mrc fcseokcf tg igaacit sieckteleimaay fciesevc cvefckic gk smlcty

essucs, jut cvck tdc hgst reogrgus siecktelei tcidkequcs imkkgt ukigvcr maa tdc pgtcktema fmkocrs

gl m oevck prgfuit wetd ighpactc icrtmekty ek mfvmkic (Igkkcr, Oamrc, & Kmp, :009). Lgr

cxmhpac, dgrezgktma trmkslcr gl OHG ockcs wetd dcrjeiefc prgpcrtecs tg weaf pamkt vmrectecs

iguaf lgstcr tdc orgwtd gl ekfcstruitejac wccfs tdmt iguaf rcfuic moreiuaturma yecafs mkf cvck


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wrcmn dmvgi gk mk ckterc cigagoeima systch. Dckic SYFM siecktests imkkgt dgpc tg spciely tdc

pgtcktema ehpmit gl OHG ockcs gk cvcry nekf gl gromkesh (pamkt, mkehma, mkf heirgjema), gr

cvck gk tdgsc ek iagsc prgxehety tg ockcteimaay hgfelecf pamkts (Dmeas & Hgracy, :003). Gkic

tdc SYFM dms sgrtcf tdrguod tdc mvmeamjac eklgrhmtegk mkf hmfc m prcaehekmry fciesegk, et

prcpmrcs mk ckvergkhcktma fgiuhckt lgr pujaei ighhckt. Mltcr igksefcreko tdc ighhckts, et

pujaesdcs m rcspgksc gutaekeko wdctdcr et fcchs tdc prgfuit smlc lgr hmrnct. El m prgfuit es

mpprgvcf mkf amtcr fcchcf uksmlc, tdc SYFM rctmeks tdc mutdgrety tg tmnc et gll tdc hmrnct.

VDCGZU MKF DUPGVDCYCY

Acoetehmiy gl Zcouamtgry Mockiecs

Vdc pgrtrmet gl rcouamtgry mockiecs rgutekcay prcscktcf jy sgiegagoests mkf ekstetutegkma

cigkghests es tdmt pujaei mockiecs fg kgt mawmys rcouamtc hmrncts lgr tdc jckclet gl sgiecty mt

amroc> gltck tdcy pursuc tdcer gwk ektcrcsts ek imptureko orcmtcr mutgkghy mkf rcsgurics (Kgrtd

=550> Yngipga, =543). Ek suppgrt gl tdes tdcses, pregr wgrn dms sdgwk tdmt rcouamtgry mockiecs

mttchpt tg hmxehezc tdcer gwk jufocts, cxpmkf tdcer wgrnlgrics, mkf ckdmkic tdc imrccr

prgspcits gr pgaeteima rcputmtegks gl tdcer fercitgrs (Hucaacr, :009> Kesnmkck, =5?=> _cmtdcrjy,

=5?=). Vdguod tdcrc mrc hmky wmys ek wdeid rcouamtgry mockiecs imk msscrt tdchscavcs, tdcy

gltck sccn tg strckotdck tdcer mutgkghy mkf pgwcr jy prcscrveko mkf prghgteko tdcer ektmkoejac

msscts. Acoetehmiy, ek pmrteiuamr, imk sdmpc tdc pcricptegks gl acoesamtgrs, Imjekct hchjcrs, mkf

gtdcr ncy rcsguric dgafcrs mkf tdus mllcit mk mockiys mutgkghy, fesirctegk, mkf rcsguric

miquesetegk (Imrpcktcr, :00=> Neko ct ma., :0=0> Fccpdgusc & Yuidhmk, :004).

Kg lcfcrma mockiy ukfcrstmkfs tdc rcamtegksdep jctwcck acoetehmiy mkf tdc pursuet gl

mutgkghy, rcsgurics, mkf rcspgksejeaety jcttcr tdmk tdc SYFM. Yekic ets lgukfeko tdc


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Fcpmrthckt dms ckbgycf mk ukusuma fcorcc gl mfhekestrmtevc ukety mkf lacxejeaety (Yngipga &

Lekcogaf, =54:2 :?:). Lcw sujfevesegks wetdek tdc Fcpmrthckt wcrc acoesamtevcay ircmtcf jy

Igkorcss, mkf maa chpagyccs cxicpt tdc tgp glleiemas mrc sujbcit tg mppgekthckt mkf rchgvma jy

tdc dcmf gl tdc Fcpmrthckt tdc Ycirctmry gl Moreiuaturc> igkscqucktay, Moreiuaturma Fcpmrthckt

Ycirctmrecs iguaf sdmpc tdcer mockiy wetdgut prc-mpprgvma jy Igkorcss. Vdc SYFMs mutgkghy

es amrocay mttrejutmjac tg ets ukidmaackocf acoetehmiy, imrcluaay lgstcrcf jy chpdmsezeko ets

lefcaety tg sieckic, prciesegk, igkscrvmtegk, mkf clleieckiy sekic ets cstmjaesdhckt ek =445 (Omuss

& _gaigtt, =560). Lgr ekstmkic, tdc SYFM Glleic gl Cxpcrehckt Ytmtegks dms agko mfvgimtcf lgr

siecktelei stmkfmrfs, iggpcrmtevc rcscmrid, mkf wefcsprcmf fesschekmtegk gl tcst rcsuats ek tdc

spdcrcs gl kutretegkma sieckic, pdysegagoy, moreiuaturma idchestry, mkf gtdcr aelc sieckics

(Zgtdckjcro, :00=). Ets mfvgimiy gl siecktelei cxpcrehcktmtegk caeietcf strgko suppgrt lrgh

lmrhcrs, siecktests, pgaeiyhmncrs, mkf suid eklaucktema orgups ms tdc Ockcrma Lcfcrmtegk gl

_ghcks Iaujs, tdc Prgorcssevc Pmrty, mkf, hgrc rcicktay, tdc Yecrrm Iauj. Vdc rcwmrfs gl

acoetehmiy mrc wcaa eaaustrmtcf jy tdc SYFMs tmncgvcr gl =59 heaaegk mircs gl lcfcrma lgrcst

amkfs ek tdc cmray twcktectd icktury lrgh tdc Fcpmrthckt gl tdc Ektcregrgkc gl tdc gafcst mkf

amrocst Imjekct fcpmrthcktswdgsc acoetehmiy wms fmhmocf jy ets hesdmkfaeko gl Ievea _mr

vctcrmks pcksegks mkf squmkfcreko gl Zciamhmtegk Mit hgkecs.

Dgw fg rcouamtgry mockiecs aenc tdc SYFM prgtcit mkf prghgtc tdcer acoetehmiy7 _c

pgset tdmt tdcy strevc tg fg sg jy essueko fciesegks tdmt tmp ektg twg festekit fehcksegks gl sgiema

cvmaumtegks. Ek mk cxtcksevc rcvecw gl acoetehmiy, Yuidhmk (=553) rcamtcs _cjcrs igkicpt

(=5?4) gl rmtegkma-acoma mutdgrety tg twg fellcrckt fehcksegks gl acoetehmiy2 igkscqucktema mkf

prgicfurma. Igkscqucktema acoetehmiy lagws lrgh tdc midecvchckt gl ogmas vmaucf jy mufeckics.

Lgr cxmhpac, sgiema cvmaumtegks gl dgspetmas typeimaay rclacit tdcer igkscqucktema cllcitevckcss lgr


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pmteckts, suid ms agw hgrtmaety rmtcs. Prgicfurma acoetehmiy, jy igktrmst, lagws lrgh tdc pursuet

gl miicptcf ruacs gl jcdmvegr. Lgr ekstmkic, sgiema cvmaumtegks gl dgspetmas masg rclacit wdctdcr

tdcy mfdcrc tg mpprgpremtc prgicfurcs mkf tcidkequcs. Ms Yuidhmk pgekts gut (=5532 340), m

dgspetma weaa agsc prgicfurma acoetehmiy el et pcrlgrhs cxgrieshsm hctdgfgagoy rcomrfcf ms

kgk-siecktelei. Vdc festekitegk jctwcck igkscqucktema mkf prgicfurma acoetehmiy dms prgvck

usclua ek hmky scttekos, suid ms ekfustry stmkfmrfezmtegk (Bemko & Jmksma, :009), fellusegk gl

kcw miigukteko prmiteics (GFwycr, Gwck, & Skcrhmk, :0==), mkf acoetehmtegk gl kcw lecaf-

acvca mitgrs (Ymufcr, :004).

Vdc festekitegk imk masg jc usclua wdck cxmhekeko tdc fciesegks gl rcouamtgry mockiecs.

Zcouamtgry mockiecs tckf tg jc cvmaumtcf lerst ek tcrhs gl igkscqucktema cllcitevckcss. Uct, ms

Hcycr mkf Zgwmk (=5??2 936) kgtc, tdc tcidkeima prgpcrtecs gl gutputs mrc sgiemaay fclekcf mkf

fg kgt cxest ek sghc igkirctc scksc tdmt maagws tdch tg jc chpereimaay fesigvcrcf. Vdus tdc

igkscqucktema acoetehmiy gl mk mockiy imkkgt mawmys rcst gk m ukmkehgus kgrhmtevc cvmaumtegk

gk tdc pmrt gl maa ets mufeckics. Ekstcmf, tdc acoetehmtegk prgicss es gltck ek tdc dmkfs gl fevcrsc

stmncdgafcrsekfevefumas mkf jusekcsscs mllcitcf jy tdc mockiys scrveics, gpcrmtegks, mkf

lukitegks (Iamrnsgk, =553> Hetidcaa, Moac, & _ggf, =55?). Vdc SYFMs stmncdgafcrs, lgr

cxmhpac, rmkoc lrgh lmrhcrs wdg usc ets scrveics mkf mrc cigkgheimaay mllcitcf jy ets rcouamtgry

fciesegks tg igksuhcr mkf lggf-smlcty gromkezmtegks tdmt dmvc fellusc ektcrcsts mkf acss fercit

ekvgavchckt wetd tdc Fcpmrthckt. SYFM fciesegks tdmt tdcsc stmncdgafcrs vecw ms mpprgpremtc

imk scrvc ms m sgaef jmses lgr igkscqucktema acoetehmiy mkf tdus prgtcit tdc Fcpmrthckts

mutgkghy, rcsgurics, mkf rcspgksejeaety (Fcahms & Vgllca, :006).

Zcouamtgry fciesegk-hmneko es masg cxpcitcf tg lgaagw lgrhma prgicfurcs tdmt chjgfy

sgiemaay miicptcf tcidkequcs mkf prgicfurcs. Mfdcreko tg suid prgicfurcs imk rceklgric


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acoetehmiy jcimusc tdc prgpcr hcmks mkf prgicfurcs mrc oevck m pgsetevc hgrma vmauc (Jcrocr,

Jcrocr, & Ncaakcr, =5?92 39). Ms kgtcf cmraecr, lcfcrma pgaeiy rcigokezcs tdmt OHGs mrc

fcvcagpcf useko m ighpacx sct gl jegtcidkgagoeima tcidkequcs tdmt imk ukfcrhekc ckvergkhcktma

smlcty> tdus siecktelei hctdgfgagoecs lgr mkmayzeko tdc smlcty essucs surrgukfeko OHGs sdguaf

jc icktrma tg tdc SYFMs fciesegk prgicsscs. Zcouamtgry ruaekos lgukfcf gk tdcsc miicptcf

siecktelei prgicfurcs tdus prcscrvc acoetehmiy.=

Skicrtmekty ek tdc Pursuet gl Acoetehmiy

Hmkmoeko acoetehmiy es rmrcay cmsy (Yuidhmk, =553), jut et es pmrteiuamray idmaackoeko lgr

rcouamtgry mockiecs jcimusc tdcy mrc sujbcit tg deod ukicrtmekty ek tdcer pursuet gl acoetehmiy.

Matdguod tdcrc mrc scvcrma fehcksegks gl ukicrtmekty (Pgfgaky =556> Vdghpsgk =5

_eaaemhsgk, =54=), wc lgius gk twg tdmt igrrcspgkf tg tdc festekitegk jctwcck igkscqucktema

mkf prgicfurma acoetehmiy. Lerst, ogvcrkhckt mockiecs mrc sujbcit tg igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty

tdmt es, tdc felleiuaty gl mkteiepmteko dgw tdc igkscquckics gl rcouamtgry fciesegks weaa jc

cvmaumtcf jy ets mufeckics. Jcimusc m rcouamtgry mockiy typeimaay dms kuhcrgus stmncdgafcrs

wetd vmryeko vmaucs mkf ektcrcsts, et es felleiuat el kgt ehpgssejac tg prcfeit dgw ets stmncdgafcrs

weaa pcricevc mkf cvmaumtc tdc igkscqucktema cllcitevckcss gl rcouamtgry fciesegks. Mkteiepmteko

acoetehmiy msscsshckts es pmrteiuamray felleiuat wdck stmncdgafcrs dmvc ekighpmtejac ektcrcsts

mkf tdus cvmaumtc mockiy fciesegk hmneko ekigksestcktay.

Ycigkf, ogvcrkhckt mockiecs mrc sujbcit tg prgicfurma ukicrtmektytdmt es, tdc felleiuaty

gl hccteko tdc prgicfurma rcquerchckts lgr rcouamtgry fciesegks, suid ms miquereko mkf

=Yuidhmk (=553) aekns tdc igkscquckics gl gromkezmtegkma mitevety tg scvcrma fehcksegks gl acoetehmiy, ekiaufekoprmohmtei acoetehmiy mkf hgrma acoetehmiy. Prmohmtei acoetehmiyfrmws gk tdc scal-ektcrcstcf imaiuamtegks gl mkgromkezmtegks hgst ehhcfemtc mufeckics> hgrma acoetehmiychjgfecs kgrhmtevc cvmaumtegks. Yuidhmk trcmtsigkscqucktema acoetehmiy ms m sujimtcogry gl hgrma acoetehmiy jut wc vecw et ms mk ehpgrtmkt sujimtcogry glprmohmtei acoetehmiy ms wcaa ek tdc imsc gl ogvcrkhckt mockiecs, mkf usc tdc igkicpt tg aggn mt smaeckt stmncdgafcrswdg sdmpc cvmaumtegks gl rcouamtgry mockiecs.


12/45

=:

prgicsseko siecktelei eklgrhmtegk mjgut kcw OHGs. Skaenc igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty, wdeid es

amrocay cxtcrkma ek kmturc, prgicfurma ukicrtmekty es ektcrkma2 et stchs lrgh tdc uknkgwk qumaety

gl tdc prgfuit mkf tdus rcsefcs ekdcrcktay ek tdc mockiys fciesegk prgicss. Lgr cxmhpac, wdck

tdc SYFM rcicevcs m rcqucst lgr mpprgvma gl m kcw OHG wetd uknkgwk idmrmitcresteis, et hust

lgaagw lgrhma prgicfurcs tg mffrcss smlcty essucs. Ms kgtcf, et es mahgst ehpgssejac tg gjtmek

pcrlcit eklgrhmtegk wetd wdeid tg mkmayzc maa pgtcktema fmkocrs mkf luturc ckvergkhcktma ehpmits.

Vdes ukicrtmekty ekircmscs tdc aencaedggf gl mpprgveko m fmkocrgus prgfuit, wdeid wguaf

seokeleimktay ukfcrhekc tdc mockiys acoetehmiy.

Dckic wc pgset tdmt rcouamtgry mockiecs cxpcreckic m kccf tg rcfuic ukicrtmekty mkf dmvc

ekicktevcs tg sccn mffetegkma eklgrhmtegk wdck hmneko rcouamtgry fciesegks. _dck m ogvcrkhckt

mockiy imkkgt iacmray mkteiepmtc dgw ets igkscqucktema cllcitevckcss weaa jc cvmaumtcf (deod

igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty), et weaa sirutekezc stmncdgafcr rcmitegks lgr hgrc eklgrhmtegk. El

siecktelei tcidkequcs mrc steaa rufehcktmry, mkf gjbcitevc cvefckic wetd wdeid tg cvmaumtc

ckvergkhcktma smlcty es kgt rcmfeay mvmeamjac lgr tdc prgfuit ukfcr rcvecw (deod prgicfurma

ukicrtmekty), tdc mockiy weaa sccn hgrc eklgrhmtegk tdmt imk dcap lualeaa tdc lgrhma rcquerchckts

lgr ukfcrstmkfeko tdc prgfuits uknkgwk qumaetecs.

Ms sgurics gl eklgrhmtegk pcrtekckt tg ukicrtmekty rcfuitegk, wc lgius gk tdc seokmaeko

rgac gl tderf-pmrty mitgrs ek tdc mockiys rcouamtgry ckvergkhckt. Gromkezmtegkma sidgamrs dmvc

cxpamekcf dgw tderf-pmrty mitgrs gllcr m lagw gl usclua mkf ircfejac eklgrhmtegk tdmt

gromkezmtegks usc ms kgk-gjbcitevc iucs tg jcttcr ukfcrstmkf tdc uknkgwk qumaety gl cxidmkoc

pmrtkcrs (Pgfgaky, =556> Ytumrt ct ma., =555). Vdc igrc gl tdes aekc gl rcscmrid es tdc seokmaeko

vmauc gl tderf-pmrty mitgrs ukfcr igkfetegks gl ukicrtmekty. Igksestckt wetd tdes aetcrmturc, wc

deodaeodt tdc eklgrhmtegkma vmauc gl tderf-pmrty mitgrs seokmas lgr m rcouamtgry mockiy


13/45

=9

igktckfeko wetd igkscqucktema mkf prgicfurma ukicrtmekty. _c lurtdcr festekouesd mhgko suid

tderf-pmrty mitgrs ek grfcr tg ukfcrstmkf hgrc ighprcdcksevcay dgw cmid chpagysm fellcrckt

hcidmkesh gl rcouamtgry eklauckic mkf tdus prghgtcs fellcrckt rcouamtgry fciesegks. _c lgius

gk smaeckt stmncdgafcrs mkf pccr mockiecs ms tdc hgst rcacvmkt sgurics gl seokmas.

Igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty mkf seokmas lrgh smaeckt stmncdgafcrs.Ytmncdgafcrs wetd

vmryeko ektcrcsts mkf fcorccs gl eklauckic pmrteiepmtc ek acoetehmiy msscsshckts, hmneko et

felleiuat lgr rcouamtgry mockiecs tg mkteiepmtc dgw tdcer fciesegks weaa jc cvmaumtcf. Oevck deod

igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty, tdc mockiecs dmvc ekicktevcs tg igaacit mffetegkma eklgrhmtegk mjgut

tdcer stmncdgafcrs. Uct et es kcmray ehpgssejac tg ighpactcay sgrt gut maa tdc fellcrckics gl gpekegk

mkf tg hmnc rcouamtgry fciesegks tdmt sehuatmkcgusay smtesly tdc ektcrcsts gl maa stmncdgafcrs.

Vdus wc suoocst tdmt mockiecs mrc hgrc aencay tg scacitevcay lgius gk stmncdgafcrs wetd tdc hgst

ehhcfemtc ektcrcsts ek tdc igkscquckic gl m oevck rcouamtgry fciesegk mkf seokeleimkt eklauckic

gk acoetehmiy msscsshckts mkf rcsguric miquesetegk. Yidgamrs dmvc kgtcf tdmt tdc stmncdgafcrs

tdmt caeiet tdc hgst lgriclua gromkezmtegkma rcspgksc mrc tdgsc tdmt dmvc m iameh gk tdc mockiys

scrveics, cxcriesc sghc fercit gr ekfercit pgwcr gvcr ets rcsgurics, mkf mrc hgst mllcitcf jy ets

mitegks (Hetidcaa ct ma., =55?> Ccsacy & Ackgx, :00


14/45

=6

mkf Yckmtc moreiuaturc ighhettccs> mt tdc smhc tehc, miigrfeko tg gkc sidgamr, glleicrs gl tdc

Fcpmrthckt gl Moreiuaturc rcigokezcf lmrh gromkezmtegks ms igksuatmtevc gromks ek tdchscavcs

mkf rcaecf gk tdch wdck irmlteko mkf ektcrprcteko Kcw Fcma lmrh pgaeiy (HiIgkkcaa, =5392 ?3).

Fureko tdc Ycigkf _graf _mr, tdc eklauckic gl lmrh mssgiemtegks wms steaa mppmrckt ek tdc

ehpachcktmtegk gl moreiuaturc pgaeiy, ms gkc destgremk dms kgtcf2 Matdguod tdc kmtegkma ektcrcst

wms ighprghescf, tdc kmrrgw ektcrcsts gl caetc lmrhcrs wcrc wcaa scrvcftdcy hmfc cxicssevc

prglets, prgfuieko ukkccfcf mkf cxpcksevc oggfs (Dggns, =5502 9


15/45

=3

Yuid prgfuit-mpprgvma rcqucsts lrgh moreiuaturc trmfc mssgiemtegks imk jc vecwcf ms

vmaumjac eklgrhmtegk tdmt tdc SYFM imk usc tg ukfcrstmkf tdc prclcrckics gl ets hgst smaeckt

stmncdgafcrs ms wcaa ms tdc pgtcktema igsts gl fcamy gr fesmpprgvma. Ms kgtcf, lmrhcrs mrc tdc hgst

smaeckt gl tdc SYFMs stmncdgafcrs wdg imk cxcrt ehhcfemtc eklauckic gk Igkorcss mkf gtdcr

pgaeteiemks tg ektcrvckc ek tdc Fcpmrthckts gpcrmtegks gr tg rcfuic ets mutgkghy mkf gpcrmteko

jufocts. Eksglmr ms tdc SYFM sullcrs lrgh deod igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty fuc tg fellcrckt mkf

gltck igklaeiteko cvmaumtegks lrgh ets vmregus stmncdgafcrs, et hmy pmy pmrteiuamray iagsc mttcktegk

tg tdc seokmas gl lmrhcrs. SYFM fciesegk rcpgrts rgutekcay deodaeodt mpprgvma rcqucsts rcicevcf

lrgh lmrh mssgiemtegks mkf tdc Fcpmrthckts maeokhckt wetd tdcer ckfgrschckts. Lgr cxmhpac,

tdc SYFM rcpgrtcf tdmt lmrh mssgiemtegks rcqucsts lgr mpprgvma gl Hgksmktgs igrk vmrecty

#4


16/45

= Imrpcktcr, :00:, :006). Et rcouamtcs maa

pdmrhmicuteima mkf lggf-prgicsseko prgfuitegk ek tdc Sketcf Ytmtcs, mkf dms tdc mutdgrety tg stgp

tdc smac gl mky lggf, fruo, gr dcmatd prgfuit> tg ehpgsc m lekc el m lggf, fruo, gr dcmatd-prgfuit

prgfuicr vegamtcs amjcaeko rcquerchckts gr scaas m prgfuit fcchcf tg ckfmkocr duhmk dcmatd> mkf

cvck tg sdut fgwk suid m prgfuicrs fghcstei gpcrmtegks (Imrpcktcr, :00:). Oevck tdc pcricevcf

mutdgrety gl tdc LFMs siecktelei cvmaumtegks gl lggf smlcty, SYFM glleiemas tckf tg msseok deod

vmauc tg cvmaumtevc eklgrhmtegk lrgh tdc LFM wdck rcvecweko tdc smlcty gl OHGs.

Vdc LFM fgcs kgt ormkt rcouamtgry mpprgvma tg OHGs, jut et imk mit ms mk gptegkma

igksuatmkt tg jegtcidkgagoy ighpmkecs gk dgw tg fcseok kutretegkma amjcas lgr tdcer

jegckoekccrcf prgfuits. Fureko tdc igksuatmtegk, tdc jegtcidkgagoy lerh mkf tdc LFM hcct tg

fesiuss kutretegkma mkf gtdcr rcouamtgry essucs pcrtmekeko tg tdc prgfuit. Vdc OHG fcvcagpcr

sujhets m suhhmry gl ets siecktelei mkf rcouamtgry msscsshckt gl tdc lggf tg tdc LFMs Icktcr

lgr Lggf Ymlcty mkf Mppaecf Kutretegk. Mk LFM jegtcidkgagoy cvmaumtegk tcmh ighpgscf gl m

igksuhcr-smlcty glleicr, m hgaciuamr jegagoest, m idchest, mk ckvergkhcktma siecktest, m

tgxeigagoest, mkf m kutretegkest rcvecws tdc fmtm> mffetegkma cxpcrtesc hmy jc chpagycf gk m imsc-

jy-imsc jmses. Vdc ighpmky uatehmtcay rcicevcs m igksuatmtegk hchgrmkfuh gr icrteleimtc

fcsirejeko mky kutretegkma amjcaeko essucs tdmt dmvc jcck rmescf mkf rcsgavcf. M typeima

hchgrmkfuh prgvefcs eklgrhmtegk kgt gkay gk imagrecs, vetmheks, mkf hekcrmas jut masg gk


17/45

=?

pgtcktema maacrocks, mk ehpgrtmkt sguric gl smlcty igkicrks. M igpy gl tdc hchgrmkfuh es

lgrwmrfcf tg tdc SYFM.

Mk LFM igksuatmtegk rcfuics prgicfurma ukicrtmekty. Vdc eklgrhmtegk et prgfuics es

rcacvmkt tg tdc SYFMs rcvecw prgicfurcs. Et igklerhs tdc mpprgpremtckcss gl tdc kutretegkma

amjcaeko, ckdmkieko tdc ockcrma ircfejeaety gl tdc eklgrhmtegk tdmt tdc rcouamtcf lerh prgvefcs ek

ets pctetegks. Et masg igklcrs hgrc spcielei igklefckic gk smlcty essucs aenc maacrocks. Vdc SYFM

imk jueaf gk tdc LFM-icrtelecf eklgrhmtegk ek ets smlcty mkmayses, mkf imk cxtckf et jy fgeko

lurtdcr cvmaumtevc tcsteko tg efcktely gtdcr smlcty essucs. Vdc SYFM fciesegk rcpgrt gltck

ekiaufcs rclcrckics tg tdc LFM hchgrmkfuh mkf ekfeimtcs tdmt ets rcvecw prgicfurcs

ekigrpgrmtc LFM-ockcrmtcf eklgrhmtegk. Ek sdgrt, mk LFM igksuatmtegk ekircmscs tdc aencaedggf

gl SYFM prgfuit mpprgvma jy prgvefeko pgsetevc eklgrhmtegk tdmt rcfuics ukicrtmekty ek tdc

rcvecw prgicss.

Dypgtdcses :2 M pgsetevc seokma lrgh m pccr mockiy (tdc LFM) ekircmscs tdc aencaedggf gl

prgfuit mpprgvma jy tdc SYFM.

Vdc Igktekockiecs gl Vderf-Pmrty Eklauckics gk Zcouamtgry Fciesegk Hmneko

Vdc dypgtdcteima hcidmkesh fcsirejcf mjgvc lgr tderf-pmrty eklauckic gk rcouamtgry

fciesegks chpdmsezcs tdc ehpaeiet rgac gl ukicrtmekty mkf acoetehmiy igkicrks ek hgtevmteko m

rcouamtgry mockiy tg aggn tg tderf-pmrty mitgrs lgr seokmas. Vdes scitegk weaa lurtdcr strckotdck

gur mrouhckt jy cxmhekeko tdc igktekockt vmauc gl tderf-pmrty seokmas ukfcr vmryeko fcorccs gl

ukicrtmekty. El gur prgpgscf hcidmkesh mitumaay gpcrmtcs, wc sdguaf cxpcit tdmt tdc hmek cllcits

weaa jcighc strgkocr wdck ukicrtmekty es dceodtckcf. Hgrcgvcr, jcimusc gur imusma mrouhckts

rcst gk twg fehcksegks gl ukicrtmekty mjgut acoetehmiy, wc cxpcit tdmt tdc igktekockiy cllcit gl

tderf-pmrty eklauckic weaa vmry gkay wetd tdc acvca gl igkscqucktema gr prgicfurma ukicrtmekty.

Dcrc wc cxpagrc wdctdcr tdc vmaucgl stmncdgafcr seokmas ekircmscs wetd orcmtcr igkscqucktema


18/45

=4

ukicrtmekty, mkf wdctdcr tdmt gl LFM igksuatmtegks ekircmscs wetd orcmtcr prgicfurma

ukicrtmekty, jy lgiuseko gk twg ekfeimtgrs gl igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty (igkorcssegkma cacitgrma

ighpctetevckcss mkf mitevest prgtcsts) mkf twg ekfeimtgrs gl prgicfurma ukicrtmekty (lgrceok

ighpmky mkf tcidkgagoy kgvcaty). Leourc =eaaustrmtcs tdc tdcgrcteima hgfca chjgfecf ek gur

mrouhckts.

---Ekscrt Leourc = mjgut dcrc---

Igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty2 Igkorcssegkma cacitgrma ighpctetevckcss mkf igaacitevc

prgtcst. Zcscmrid ek pgaeteima sieckic pgsets tdmt orcmtcr cacitgrma ighpctetevckcss gl

igkorcssegkma scmts tckfs tg jc mssgiemtcf wetd deodcr acoesamtevc rcspgksevckcss tg tdc pujaeis

ektcrcsts (Deaa, ]umeac, Aceodacy, & Mkfcrssgk, =553). Igkorcssegkma cacitgrma ighpctetevckcss es

m hcmsurc gl tdc iagsckcss gl pgaeteima rmics jctwcck imkfefmtcs. Deod cacitgrma ighpctetevckcss

cxpgscs lcfcrma mockiecs tg orcmtcr igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty ek twg wmys. Lerst, wdck cacitgrma

ighpctetevckcss es deod, pgaeteiemks jcighc hgrc scksetevc tg m wefcr vmrecty gl vgtcrs wdg rmesc

miiguktmjeaety essucs (Deaa ct ma., =553). Miigrfekoay tdc kuhjcr gl stmncdgafcrs mk mockiy hust

tmnc ektg miigukt ekircmscs, hmneko et hgrc felleiuat lgr tdc mockiy tg prcfeit dgw maa rcacvmkt

stmncdgafcrs weaa msscss ets cllcitevckcss mkf tdus ets acoetehmiy. Ycigkf, deod cacitgrma

ighpctevckcss imk stehuamtc hgrc mitevc igkorcssegkma gvcrseodt mkf hcffaeko ek mockiy mllmers

(Jcsacy & Jurocss, :00:), prghuaomteko tdc igkveitegk tdmt sghctdeko hust jc fgkc (Yngipga

& Lekcogaf, =54:2 :??). Jut jcimusc tdes igkveitegk rmrcay spcielecs cxmitay wdmt sdguaf jc fgkc,

et es dmrf tg mkteiepmtc wdctdcr igkorcssegkma rcspgkscs weaa jc pgsetevc gr kcomtevc.

Yuid dceodtckcf ukicrtmekty ekircmscs tdc vmauc gl seokmas. _dck ukicrtmekty mjgut tdc

igkscquckics gl ets rcouamtgry ruaekos rescs, mk mockiy dms cvck strgkocr ekicktevcs tg ukfcrstmkf

tdc ektcrcsts gl ets stmncdgafcrs mkf tg prcfeit wdctdcr tdcy weaa wcaighc ets fciesegks.


19/45

=5

Miigrfekoay, tdc mockiy es aencay tg fcpckf hgrc dcmveay gk smaeckt stmncdgafcrs seokmas, suid

ms prgfuit-mpprgvma rcqucsts. El ukicrtmekty es hekehma, jy igktrmst, tdcrc weaa jc aettac kccf tg

sccn gut tderf-pmrty seokmas. Dckic, tdc eklauckic gl stmncdgafcrs seokmas gk mockiy fciesegk

hmneko weaa jc orcmtcr wetd dceodtckcf ukicrtmekty fuc tg deod cacitgrma ighpctevckcss.

Dypgtdcses 92 Pgsetevc seokmas lrgh smaeckt stmncdgafcrs (lmrh mssgiemtegks) weaa dmvc

orcmtcr eklauckic gk m rcouamtgry mockiys (tdc SYFMs) fciesegk hmneko wdck

igkorcssegkma cacitgrma ighpctetevckcss es deod.

Hcmkwdeac, igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty es masg sujbcit tg tdc fcorcc tg wdeid orgups mkf

ekfevefumas mfvgimteko lgr tdc pujaei ektcrcst gppgsc mpprgvma gl tdc prgfuit ukfcr rcvecw mkf

mttmin tdc mockiys acoetehmiy. Ek tdc imsc gl tdc morg-jegtcidkgagoy scitgr, ckvergkhcktma mkf

igksuhcr gromkezmtegks prgtcstcf momekst icrtmek OHGs ukfcr rcvecw. Zcscmrid gk tdc

ektcrmitegk gl gromkezmtegks mkf sgiema hgvchckts dms lgukf tdmt igaacitevc prgtcst imk

ukfcrhekc mk mockiys acoetehmiy jy frmweko pujaei mttcktegk tg igktrgvcrsecs mkf lrmheko ets

fciesegks ms wrgko, ukctdeima, mkf ehhgrma (Neko, :004> Demtt, Yekc, & Vgajcrt, :005> _cjcr,

Zmg, & Vdghms, :005).

Prgtcsts fercit mitevesh mt tdc ogvcrkhckt mockiy rcspgksejac lgr m oevck fciesegk> tdcy

masg ektrgfuic orecvmkics ektg tdc pujaei spdcrc, wdcrc mitevests imk omrkcr hcfem mttcktegk mkf

mppcma tg wefcr mufeckics (Neko & Yguac, :00?> Ekormh, Uuc, & Zmg, :0=0). Mkf jcimusc

prgtcsts tckf tg pgaeteiezc rcouamtgry fciesegks mkf mitegks, tdcy imk hmnc ogvcrkhckt mockiecs

mppcmr acss ekfcpckfckt, prglcssegkma, mkf ighpctckt (Pcrctte, :006). Lgr cxmhpac, tdgsc wdg

gppgsc OHG mpprgvma gltck mrouc tdmt OHGs mrc ckvergkhcktmaay fcstruitevc mkf tdmt tdc

SYFMs cmocrkcss tg scrvc moreiuaturma ektcrcsts puts pujaei smlcty ek bcgpmrfy (Idmracs, :00=).

Vdc mttcktegk tdmt prgtcsts frmw tg ogvcrkhckt mockiecs ekircmscs igkscqucktema

ukicrtmekty jy prghgteko orcmtcr igkorcssegkma siruteky gl mockiy mitegks mkf jy rmeseko tdc


20/45

:0

kuhjcr gl vgima, hgjeaezcf stmncdgafcrs wetd ekighpmtejac ektcrcsts. Vdc cxestckic gl jgtd

hgjeaezcf gppgsetegk mkf suppgrtcrs oumrmktccs tdmt tdc SYFM es cxpgscf tg ighpcteko

fchmkfs mkf es aencay tg rcicevc jgtd pgsetevc mkf kcomtevc cvmaumtegks gl ets igkscqucktema

cllcitevckcss. _dck acoetehmiy msscsshckts rcst gk ekigksestckt cvmaumtegks, et es felleiuat lgr m

ogvcrkhckt mockiy tg mkteiepmtc tdc rmheleimtegks gl ets prgfuit-mpprgvma fciesegks. Ms m rcsuat,

igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty ekircmscs. Cxpgscf tg deod igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty, tdc mockiy weaa

jc strgkoay hgtevmtcf tg rcfuic ets resn gl agseko acoetehmiy mkf rcsgurics jy turkeko tg tdc

cvmaumtegks gl ets hgst smaeckt stmncdgafcrs. Vdcrclgrc, pgsetevc seokmas lrgh lmrh mssgiemtegks

weaa dmvc m pmrteiuamray strgko cllcit gk tdc mockiys mpprgvma fciesegk wdck tdcrc es dceodtckcf

igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty fuc tg igaacitevc prgtcsts.

Dypgtdcses 62 Pgsetevc seokmas lrgh smaeckt stmncdgafcrs (lmrh mssgiemtegks) weaa dmvc

orcmtcr eklauckic gk m rcouamtgry mockiys (tdc SYFMs) fciesegk hmneko ek tdc prcsckic

gl igaacitevc prgtcsts.

Prgicfurma ukicrtmekty2 Lgrceok ighpmky mkf tcidkgagoy kgvcaty. Prgicfurma

ukicrtmekty rcsuats wdck m prgfuits greoeks gr idmrmitcresteis ehpgsc aehets gk mk mockiys

mjeaety tg omtdcr mkf prgicss eklgrhmtegk gk ets smlcty. Lgrceok jegtcidkgagoy lerhs tdmt fcvcagp

OHGs ek tdcer dghc iguktrecs mkf tdck pctetegk tdc SYFM lgr mpprgvma ek tdc Sketcf Ytmtcs hmy

tdus tckf tg lmic uklmvgrmjac fciesegks, pmrteiuamray el tdcy fcvcagp mkf tcst tdcer prgfuits ukfcr

fellcrckt rcouamtgry supcrvesegk mkf fciesegk prgicfurcs tdmk tdgsc gl tdc Sketcf Ytmtcs.

Igklefckic ek tdc mjeaety gl lgrceok rcouamtgry mockiecs tg cvmaumtc lggf smlcty dms jcck

crgfcf jy deoday pujaeiezcf lggf simrcs ek Curgpc (Bmigj & Dcaastrgh, :000> Nkgwacs, Hggfy,

& HiCmridck, :00?). Ek tdc cmray =540s, tcks gl tdgusmkfs gl pcgpac jcimhc sein mkf gvcr 400

pcgpac fecf ek Ypmek lrgh iggneko gea igktmhekmtcf wetd mkeaekc, m tgxei ekfustrema idcheima.

Mpprgxehmtcay m fcimfc amtcr, Jretesd rcouamtgry mockiecs lmeacf tg rcigokezc mkf igktmek jgvekc


21/45

:=

spgkoelgrh ckicpdmagpmtdy hmf-igw fescmscwdeid eklcitcf tdgusmkfs gl imttac mkf

neaacf kcmray :00 pcgpac (HiKcea, :00 gvcr ? heaaegk ideincks mkf


22/45

::

tdmt m igksuatmtegk lrgh tdc LFM weaa dmvc m strgkocr pgsetevc cllcit gk tdc SYFMs fciesegk

hmneko wdck tdc hmkulmiturcr uscf kgvca tcidkgagoecs tg fcvcagp tdc OHG prgfuit ukfcr

rcvecw.

Dypgtdcses ?9 (


23/45

:9

Prcfeitgr vmremjacs. Gur prcfeitgr vmremjacs mrc pgsetevc seokmas lrgh smaeckt stmncdgafcrs

(lmrh mssgiemtegks) mkf pccr mockiecs (LFM) pregr tg m SYFM fciesegk. Mjgut 96 pcrickt gl tdc

pctetegks rcicevcf lmrh-mssgiemtegk ckfgrschckts mkf mjgut 93 pcrickt rcicevcf m ighpactcf

LFM igksuatmtegk hchgrmkfuh pregr tg tdc SYFM fciesegk.9Vg impturc seokmas lrgh lmrh

mssgiemtegks, wc ekiaufcf m igukt vmremjac (smaeckt-stmncdgafcr seokmas)cquma tg tdc kuhjcr gl

acttcrs tdc SYFM rcicevcf lrgh lmrh mssgiemtegks rcqucsteko prgfuit mpprgvma.6Cmid acttcr

rcprcscktcf m pmrteiuamr lmrh mssgiemtegk. _c hcmsurcf pgsetevc seokmas lrgh m pccr mockiy wetd

m jekmry vmremjac ekfeimteko wdctdcr tdc prgfuit rcicevcf mk LFM hchgrmkfuh acttcr (pccr-

mockiy seokma). _c rcmf maa LFM igksuatmtegk hchgrmkfm mkf lgukf tdch tg igksest gl m

stmkfmrf lgrh acttcr fciamreko tdc OHG kutretegkma amjcaeko miicptmjac. _c gjtmekcf eklgrhmtegk

gk lmrh-mssgiemtegk rcqucsts mkf LFM igksuatmtegks lrgh tdc SYFM mkf tdc LFM rcspcitevcay.

Lerh-acvca igktrga vmremjacs. Oevck tdmt amrocr lerhs mrc aencay tg ighhmkf jgtd orcmtcr

rcsgurics mkf orcmtcr pgwcr tg mllcit rcouamtgry fciesegks (Yteoacr, =5?=> Imrpcktcr, :006), wc

igktrgaacf lgrlerh sezc, fclekcf ms kuhjcr gl chpagyccs. _c masg igktrgaacf lgr m lerhs

tcidkgagoeima prcsteoc, usekopmtckt-ietmtegkrcamtegksdeps (Ytumrt, =554). Pmtckt mppaeimkts gltck

aest seheamr pregr ekvcktegks tg fchgkstrmtc tdcer gwk fellcrckics. Yuid m ietmtegk ehpaeietay

minkgwacfocs tdc ehpgrtmkic gl tdc ietcf gromkezmtegks pmtckt. Vdus, lerhs lrcqucktay ietcf lgr

tdcer moreiuaturma-jegtcidkgagoy pmtckts sdguaf ckbgy deodcr stmtus ek tdc moreiuaturma-

jegtcidkgagoy fghmek. _c fclekc tcidkgagoeima prcsteoc ms

9

_c igkfuitcf m aekcmr mkf agoestei mkmayses tg fctcrhekc wdctdcr mky idmrmitcresteis gl lerhs gr OHGs wguafhmnc sghc hgrc aencay tdmk gtdcrs tg omrkcr lmrh-mssgiemtegk suppgrt mkf yg rcqucst mk LFM igksuatmtegk. _clgukf tdmt lerhs wetd rcscmrid spgksgrsdep mkf wdgsc OHGs chpagycf kgvca tcidkgagoecs wcrc hgrc aencay tdmkgtdcrs tg omrkcr lmrh-mssgiemtegk suppgrt. Vdcrc wcrc kg seokeleimkt igrrcamtegks jctwcck lerh gr OHGidmrmitcresteis mkf LFM-igksuatmtegk rcqucsts. Vdcsc mkmayscs fchgkstrmtc tdmt lerhs wetd pgtcktemaay resnymttrejutcs mkf prgfuits mrc kgt acss aencay tg hgjeaezc stmncdgafcr mkf pccr-mockiy suppgrt. Ek grfcr tg miigukt lgrmky ukhcmsurcf dctcrgockcety tdmt iguaf mllcit m ighpmkys fciesegk tg sccn lmrh-mssgiemtegk mkf pccr-mockiyseokmas, wc ekiaufcf lerh lexcf cllcits ek tdc mkmayses.6Ytmtc lmrh mssgiemtegks rcprcsckteko orgwcrs gl ighhgfetecs suid ms igrk, sgyjcmks, pgtmtgcs, mkf wdcmt gltcksujhet lgrhma rcqucsts tg tdc SYFM.


24/45

:6

Fet8 bIbet / At

wdcrc Fetes tdc prcsteoc gl lerh e mt tehc t, Ibetes igfcf ms = wdck m pmtckt gl lerh b ietcs m pmtckt

gl lerh e fureko tehc ektcrvma t, mkf Ates tdc tgtma kuhjcr gl pmtckt ietmtegks gl maa moreiuaturma-

jegtcidkgagoy lerhs fureko ektcrvma t. Jcimusc prgfuit aelciyiacs ek tdc moreiuaturma-

jegtcidkgagoy rcmah mrc seheamr tg tdgsc ek tdc amrocr jegtcidkgagoy fghmek, Fet wms ighputcf

gvcr m levc-ycmr hgveko wekfgw (Ytumrt, =554).

Ighpmkecs tdmt fcvcagp OHGs gutsefc tdc purvecw gl tdc SYFM hmy ekircmsc

ukicrtmekty surrgukfeko tdc prgfuits smlcty. Ms suid, wc igktrgaacf lgr wdctdcr tdc pctetegkeko

lerh wms gl kgk-S.Y. greoek useko m fuhhy vmremjac (lgrceok ighpmky). Jcimusc m

jegtcidkgagoy ighpmkys pmst mpprgvma rcigrf imk prgvefc eklgrhmtegk gk ets mjeaety tg prgfuic

prgfuits tdmt hcct tdc SYFMs rcquerchckts, wc ekiaufcf tdc kuhjcr gl OHG pctetegks tdmt

lmeacf tg rcicevc mpprgvma (lmeacf pctetegks). Lekmaay, tg igktrga lgr mky ukgjscrvcf ighpmky

idmrmitcresteis, wc ekiaufcf lerh lexcf cllcits.

Prgfuit-acvca igktrga vmremjacs. _dck SYFM siecktests mrc tryeko tg fctcrhekc wdctdcr m

OHG ircmtcf lrgh cxtcksevcay stufecf tcidkgagoecs prcsckts m dmzmrf tg tdc ckvergkhckt, tdcy

hmy igksuat stufecs gl seheamr ockc trmkslgrhmtegks pujaesdcf ek siecktelei bgurkmas. _c tdus

igktrgaacf lgr jgtd ockcrma iuhuamtevc siecktelei cvefckic gl ockc trmkslgrhmtegks (ockcrma

nkgwacfoc gl ockc trmkslgrhmtegks) mkf siecktelei nkgwacfoc gl ockc trmkslgrhmtegks pcrtmekeko

tg pmrteiuamr prgfuit pctetegks (prgfuit-spcielei nkgwacfoc gl ockc trmkslgrhmtegks). Sseko tdc

Ekstetutc lgr Yiecktelei Eklgrhmtegks jejaegormpdei sgltwmrc, wc scmridcf lgr mrteiacs ek siecktelei

bgurkmas gk cmid ockc trmkslgrhmtegk rcpgrtcf ek tdc ==9 pctetegks. Lgr tdc ockcrma-nkgwacfoc

vmremjac, wc suhhcf maa tdgsc mrteiacs gvcr tehc tg ircmtc m vmremjac tdmt impturcf maa mrteiacs

pujaesdcf gk m oevck ockc trmkslgrhmtegk jy ycmr (c.o., Morgjmitcreuh-CPYPY). Lgr tdc prgfuit-


25/45

:3

spcielei nkgwacfoc vmremjac, wc suhhcf gkay tdgsc bgurkma mrteiacs tdmt fesiusscf jgtd tdc

pmrteiuamr ockc trmkslgrhmtegk mkf tdc pmrteiuamr pamkt spciecs ek qucstegk (c.o., Morgjmitcreuh-

CPYPY + Igrk).

Jcimusc tdc tckgr gl bgurkma mrteiacs hmy mllcit tdc SYFMs fciesegk-hmneko, wc

igktrgaacf lgr tdc tckgr gl prgfuit-spcielei bgurkma pujaeimtegksuseko tdc Bmkes-Lmfkcr

igclleieckt gl ehjmamkic (Fccpdgusc, :000> Bmkes & Lmfkcr, =5 Pgaagin & Zekfgvm, :009).

Vdc hcmsurc wms imaiuamtcf useko tdc lgrhuam

Vckgr 8 (P:-PK)/\

:el P;K> 0 el P8K> mkf (PK-K

:)/\

:el K;P,

wdcrc P es tdc kuhjcr gl pgsetevc mrteiacs mjgut m ockc trmkslgrhmtegk gl m pmrteiuamr pamkt, K es

tdc kuhjcr gl kcomtevc mrteiacs mjgut et, mkf \ es tdc tgtma kuhjcr gl mrteiacs mjgut et, ekiaufeko

tdgsc tdmt mrc kcutrma. Vdc rmkoc gl tdes vmremjac es -= tg = wdcrc -= seokelecs maa-kcomtevc

igvcrmoc mkf = seokelecs maa-pgsetevc igvcrmoc. Lgaagweko prcvegus rcscmrid (Pgaagin & Zekfgvm,

:009), cmid pmrmormpd gl m oevck bgurkma mrteiac wms igfcf ms pgsetevc, kcomtevc, gr kcutrma ek

tckgr. El mk mrteiac igktmekcf rcamtevcay cquma kuhjcrs gl pgsetevc mkf kcomtevc rclcrckics tg m

ockc trmkslgrhmtegks cllcitevckcss mkf cxtcrkmaetecs, et wms igfcf ms kcutrma. Gkc gl tdc mutdgrs

mkf twg rcscmrid mssestmkts igfcf maa 4


26/45

: Deaa, Dmkkm, & Ydmlqmt, =55?). Vdc MISs ekfevefuma rmtekos

mrc jmscf gk tdc pcricktmoc gl vgtcs m rcprcscktmtevc gr sckmtgr hmncs ek miigrfmkic wetd MIS

pgsetegks.

_c masg igktrgaacf lgr igkorcssegkma cacitgrma ighpctevckcss, ek nccpeko wetd pregr

rcscmrid, useko Igkorcssegkma ]umrtcrays lgrcimsts lgr Yckmtc mkf Dgusc igktcsts (Lrmknaek,

=55=> Ngid, =554). Prcvegus stufecs dmvc lgukf tdmt ighpctevckcss ekircmscs igkorcssegkma

rcspgksevckcss tg tdc pujaei ektcrcst mkf stehuamtcs acoesamtevc mitegk gk essucs (Yngipga &

Lekcogaf, =54:> Deaa ct ma., =553). Vdc ighpctevckcss hcmsurc es m 6-pgekt vmremjac2 0 ekfeimtcs m

smlc scmt, = tdmt m pmrteiuamr imkfefmtc es lmvgrcf, : tdmt tdc rmic es acmkeko tgwmrf m pmrteiuamr

imkfefmtc, mkf 9 tdmt tdcrc es kg iacmr lmvgretc. _c mvcrmocf maa Yckmtc mkf Dgusc rmics tg ircmtc

m ighpgsetc ycmray sigrc. _c masg igktrgaacf lgr lerh agjjyeko gl cacitcf glleiemas jy suhheko

mkkuma ighpmky imhpmeok fgkmtegks tg S.Y. Yckmtgrs mkf hchjcrs gl tdc Dgusc jctwcck =555

mkf :00?. Jcimusc tdes vmremjac wms kgt seokeleimkt mkf wms aehetcf tg gkay dmal gl tdc ycmrs

igvcrcf ek gur stufy (Igkorcss jcomk igaaciteko tdes eklgrhmtegk ek =555), wc ghettcf et lrgh

tdc lekma mkmayses.

_c igktrgaacf ek twg wmys lgr mfvgimiy lgr tdc pujaei ektcrcst pregr tg m OHG mpprgvma

fciesegk. Lerst, wc igktrgaacf lgr pujaei mfvgimiy ek lmvgr gl OHG mpprgvma jy igukteko tdc

kuhjcr gl prcss rcacmscs tdmt jegtcidkgagoy lerhs ockcrmtc mjgut prgfuits tdcy sujhet lgr

SYFM mpprgvma (lerh prcss rcacmscs). Pregr rcscmrid dms lgukf tdmt hcfem igvcrmoc imk


28/45

:4

seokeleimktay mllcit pujaei gpekegk gk lerhs mitegks (Pgaagin & Zekfgvm, :009> Pgaagin, Zekfgvm,

& Hmooette, :004). Vdus lerhs dmvc strgko ekicktevcs tg sdmpc pujaei gpekegk gl tdcer prgfuits

jy prghgteko lmvgrmjac kcws igvcrmoc tdrguod prcss rcacmscs. _c iguktcf maa prcss rcacmscs tg

bgurkmaests jy lerh mkf prgfuit acmfeko up tg OHG mpprgvma fciesegk lgukf ek tdc prcss-rcacmsc

fmtmjmsc gl Acxes-Kcxes.

_c masg igktrgaacf lgr pujaei mfvgimiy ek gppgsetegk tg OHG mpprgvma jy ekiaufeko

igukts gl rcpgrtcf prgtcsts momekst OHGs (OHG prgtcsts) mkf igksuhcr-orgup gppgsetegk tg

OHGs. Pregr rcscmrid dms fchgkstrmtcf tdmt prgtcsts mkf igksuhcr-orgup mitevesh imk

seokeleimktay eklauckic mk mockiys fciesegks jy kcomtevcay mllciteko ets acoetehmiy (Neko &

Yguac, :00?> _cjcr, Zmg, & Vdghms, :005). Vdus prgtcsts mkf igksuhcr-orgup gppgsetegk hmy

eklauckic tdc SYFMs fciesegk hmneko jy idmaackoeko ets acoetehmiy ms m oumrmktgr gl lggf

smlcty. Lgaagweko prcvegus rcscmrid (Neko, :004), wc suhhcf tdc mkkuma kuhjcr gl prgtcsts

momekst OHGs rcpgrtcf ek agima mkf kmtegkma S.Y. kcwspmpcrs useko tdc Acxes-Kcxes kcwspmpcr

fmtmjmsc. _c jcaecvc tdmt tdes es m rcaemjac hcmsurchckt> prgtcsts tdmt rcicevc kg hcfem mttcktegk

mrc mpt tg jc ekvesejac tg tdc jrgmfcr pujaei mkf tdus tg dmvc aettac cllcit gk mockiy acoetehmiy.3

_c hcmsurcf igksuhcr-orgup gppgsetegk tg OHGs jy tmaayeko tdc kuhjcr gl acttcrs tdmt

igksuhcr orgups sckt tg tdc SYFM uroeko fesmpprgvma. _c gjtmekcf tdes eklgrhmtegk lrgh tdc

SYFM.

Mkmayses

_c chpagycf mk cvckt-destgry mkmayses tg ekvcsteomtc tdc cllcits gl stmncdgafcr mkf pccr-

mockiy seokmas gk tdc rmtc gl pctetegk mpprgvma jy tdc SYFM. _c uscf m Igx prgpgrtegkma

3Ek Aepsnys (=5


29/45

:5

dmzmrfs hgfca jcimusc, ukaenc pmrmhctrei rcorcssegk hgfcas, et fgcs kgt rcquerc mssuhptegks

mjgut tdc sdmpc gl tdc jmscaekc dmzmrf, rcsuateko ek orcmtcr lacxejeaety. Vdc dmzmrf rmtc es oevck ms

de(t) 8 d0(t) cxp ()

wdcrc d0(t) es tdc jmscaekc dmzmrf lukitegk mkf mrc tdc igvmremtcs mkf uknkgwk rcorcssegk

pmrmhctcrs. _c ekiaufcf gromkezmtegkma lexcf cllcits tg igktrga lgr mky ukhcmsurcf

dctcrgockcety. Yghc gl gur ektcrmitegk vmremjacs, suid ms Pccr-mockiy seokma Lgrceok ighpmky

mkf Pccr-mockiy seokma Kgvca tcidkgagoy, wcrc deoday igrrcamtcf, wdeid imk acmf tg eklamtcf

stmkfmrf crrgrs mkf ukstmjac rcorcssegk igclleieckts. _c uscf m Ormh-Yidheft prgicfurc tg pmrtema

gut tdc ighhgk vmremkic jctwcck tdc deoday igrrcamtcf vmremjacs (Igdck & Igdck, =549). _c

tdck tcstcf lgr huateigaaekcmrety mkf lgukf tdmt maa vmremkic-eklamtegk lmitgrs ek tdc cvckt-destgry

mkmayses wcrc acss tdmk 6.5? mkf tdmt tdc hmbgrety wcrc acss tdmk :.93, ekfeimteko mk miicptmjac

acvca gl huateigaaekcmrety (Mlele, Iamrn, & Hmy, :006).

ZCYSAVY

Fcsireptevc stmtesteis mkf jevmremtc igrrcamtegks mppcmr ek Vmjac => tdc rcsuats gl tdc Igx

dmzmrf hgfca prcfeiteko tdc rmtc gl OHG prgfuit mpprgvma mppcmr ek Vmjac :. Ek tdc amttcr tmjac,

hgfca = sdgws tdc cllcits gl tdc igktrga vmremjacs gkay> hgfca : mffs pgsetevc seokmas lrgh smaeckt

stmncdgafcrs (lmrh-mssgiemtegk mpprgvma rcqucsts)> hgfca 9 mffs pgsetevc seokma lrgh m pccr mockiy

(LFM igksuatmtegk)> hgfca 6 ekiaufcs tdc ektcrmitegk jctwcck smaeckt-stmncdgafcr seokmas mkf

igkorcssegkma cacitgrma ighpctetevckcss> hgfca 3 mffs tdc ektcrmitegk jctwcck smaeckt-stmncdgafcr

seokmas mkf OHG prgtcsts> hgfca < mffs tdc ektcrmitegk jctwcck pccr-mockiy seokma mkf lgrceok

ighpmky> hgfca ? ekiaufcs tdc ektcrmitegk jctwcck pccr-mockiy seokma mkf kgvca tcidkgagoy> mkf

hgfca 4 ekiaufcs maa tdc ekfcpckfckt vmremjacs mkf tdcer ektcrmitegks.


30/45

90

---Ekscrt Vmjac = mkf Vmjac : mjgut dcrc---

Ycvcrma igktrga vmremjacs dmf m seokeleimkt cllcit gk prgfuit-mpprgvma rmtcs. Vdc pctetegk-

mpprgvma rmtc wms agwcr lgr ighpmkecs wetd m destgry gl lmeacf prgfuit sujhessegks. Et wms masg

agwcr lgr lgrceok ighpmkecs, suoocsteko tdmt fcvcagphckt mkf tcsteko ukfcr kgk-S.Y. stmkfmrfs

ekircmscf ukicrtmekty rcomrfeko m OHGs smlcty. Kgvca tcidkgagoy, igkorcssegkma cacitgrma

ighpctetevckcss, mkf OHG prgtcsts masg rcfuicf mpprgvma rmtcs, igksestckt wetd gur spciuamtegks.

Vdc tckgr gl bgurkma pujaeimtegks masg dmf m kcomtevc ehpmit gk mpprgvma rmtc. Vdc amttcr cllcit hmy

jc fuc ek pmrt tg lerh spgksgrsdep gl bgurkma mrteiacs2 kcmray 39 pcrickt gl mrteiacs wetd m pgsetevc

tckgr wcrc spgksgrcf jy jegtcidkgagoy ighpmkecs. Vdes deod rmtc gl igrpgrmtc spgksgrsdep hmy

imusc tdc SYFM tg fesigukt pgsetevc-tckgr pujaeimtegks ek ets fciesegk-hmneko (Vruhjuaa,

lgrtdigheko). Gtdcr fercit lgrhs gl pgaeteima eklauckic, suid ms agjjyeko jy pgaeteima glleiemas mkf

mfvgimiy vem prcss rcacmscs fef kgt dmvc m seokeleimkt cllcit gk mockiy fciesegk hmneko.

Maa gl gur dypgtdcscs wcrc suppgrtcf. Gur rcsuats prgvefc strgko suppgrt lgr Dypgtdcses =,

wdeid prcfeits tdmt pgsetevc seokmas lrgh smaeckt stmncdgafcrs (lmrh-mssgiemtegk mpprgvma rcqucsts)

wguaf ekircmsc tdc rmtc gl rcouamtgry mpprgvma. Hgfca :, lgr cxmhpac, sdgws tdmt seokmas lrgh lmrh

mssgiemtegks ekircmsc OHG prgfuit mpprgvma jy m lmitgr gl :.


31/45

9=

igkorcssegkma cacitgrma ighpctetevckcss es deod, prgvefeko suppgrt lgr dypgtdcses 9. Dypgtdcses 6

prcfeits tdmt tdc cllcit gl smaeckt-stmncdgafcr seokmas weaa jc orcmtcr ek tdc prcsckic gl mkte-OHG

prgtcsts. Miigrfeko tg hgfca 3, smaeckt-stmncdgafcr seokmas ekircmsc OHG mpprgvma rmtcs wdck

tdcrc es orcmtcr igksuhcr mitevesh momekst OHGs jy m lmitgr gl =.3:, prgvefeko suppgrt lgr

dypgtdcses 6. Vdc ektcrmitegks ek Hgfcas 6 mkf 3 jgastcr gur iameh tdmt tdc eklauckic gl smaeckt

stmncdgafcrs rcsts gk seokmaeko rmtdcr tdmk fercit pgaeteima eklauckic. Lgr cxmhpac, el tdc

seokeleimkt cllcit gl smaeckt stmncdgafcrs rcstcf sehpay gk tdcer pgaeteima eklauckic, rmtdcr tdmk

seokmaeko, tdc pgsetevc cllcits gl lmrh-mssgiemtegk suppgrt wguaf jc heteomtcf jy prgtcsts (dckic,

m kcomtevc hgfcrmteko cllcit). Jcimusc gur rcsuats ekfeimtc m pgsetevc hgfcrmteko cllcit, tdcy ruac

gut tdc matcrkmtevc cxpamkmtegk gl fercit pgaeteima eklauckic gltck put lgrtd ek tdc aetcrmturc gk

jusekcssogvcrkhckt rcamtegks, mkf tdus ekircmsc igklefckic ek gur tdcgrcteima mrouhckts.

Dypgtdcscs 3 mkf < suoocst tdmt tdc eklauckic gl pccr mockiecs seokmas weaa ekircmsc wetd

ukicrtmekty mjgut m OHG prgfuit mkf ets prgfuicr. Hgfcas < mkf ? ockcrmaay suppgrt tdcsc

dypgtdcscs. Dypgtdcses 3 prcfeits tdmt m pgsetevc seokma lrgh m pccr mockiy weaa dmvc m orcmtcr

pgsetevc cllcit gk tdc rmtc gl rcouamtgry mpprgvma lgr lerhs gl kgk-S.Y. greoek. Miigrfeko tg Hgfca


32/45

9:

ogvcrkhckt rcamtegks jut ireteima ek ukfcrstmkfeko tdgsc rcamtegks2 _dmt lmitgrs sdmpc tdc

fciesegk hmneko gl tdc ogvcrkhckt mockiecs hgst ek igktmit wetd jusekcsscs tdrguod pgaeiy

ehpachcktmtegk7 Gur rcsuats rcvcma mk ektcrcsteko jut ergkei mkswcr2 rcouamtgry mockiecs mrc

eklauckicf jy tdc lerhs tdcy rcouamtc, jut kgt cxiausevcay vem tdc fercit eklauckic pgsetcf jy

trmfetegkma rcouamtgry-impturc pcrspcitevcs, suid ms agjjyeko, spgksgrsdep gl siecktelei rcscmrid,

mkf mfvgimiy (Fma Jg, :00 HiIrmw, =5?3> Ctzegke, :005> Pgaagin & Zekfgvm, :009). Ekstcmf,

wc lekf tdmt mockiy fciesegk hmneko es mllcitcf jy tdc sgiema eklauckic gl tderf-pmrty mitgrs,

kmhcay mockiy stmncdgafcrs mkf pccr mockiecs.

Gur stufy eaaustrmtcs tdmt seokmas lrgh smaeckt stmncdgafcrs mkf m pccr mockiy pgsetevcay

eklauckicf OHG prgfuit mpprgvmas jy rcfuieko ukicrtmekty surrgukfeko tdc mockiys pursuet gl

acoetehmiy. Vdc rcsuats sdgw tdmt tdc eklauckic gl seokmas lrgh lmrh mssgiemtegks ekircmscs wetd

orcmtcr igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty lagweko lrgh ighpctetevc igkorcssegkma rmics mkf igaacitevc

prgtcsts> tdc eklauckic gl seokmas lrgh m pccr mockiy ekircmscs wetd orcmtcr ukicrtmekty mjgut

smlcty mssgiemtcf wetd tdc prgfuit mkf prgfuicr. Ek hgfcas kgt sdgwk dcrc, tdc eklauckic gl

smaeckt-stmncdgafcr seokmas ekircmscf wetd igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty jut kgt wetd prgicfurma

ukicrtmekty. Ek igktrmst, pccr-mockiy seokmas ekircmscf ek eklauckic wetd prgicfurma ukicrtmekty

jut kgt wetd igkscqucktema ukicrtmekty. Vdes igkstetutcs strgko cvefckic tdmt tdc hcidmkeshs

wdcrcjy seokmaeko rcfuics ukicrtmekty mrc fellcrcktemtcf.

Gur stufy hmncs scvcrma ehpgrtmkt igktrejutegks. Ek pmrteiuamr, gur lgius gk rcouamtgry

mockiecs mkf tderf pmrtecs dms prglgukf igkscquckics lgr rcscmrid gk jusekcss-ogvcrkhckt

rcamtegks (Jgkmrfe ct ma., :003). Oevck tdmt rcouamtgry mockiecs mrc tdc ogvcrkhckt mockiecs tdmt

dmvc tdc hgst igktmit wetd jusekcsscs, vem fmy-tg-fmy ektcrprctmtegk mkf cxciutegk gl amws, et es

surpreseko dgw aettac es nkgwk mjgut tdcer gpcrmtegks (Dgajurk & \mkfck Jcrod, :00:). _c leaa


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tdmt vmiuuh jy putteko rcouamtgry mockiecs mt icktcr stmoc mkf cxmhekeko tdc kmturc gl tdcer

fciesegks tdmt imk dmvc ireteima ehpmit gk lerh pcrlgrhmkic. _c fg tdes jy pgrtrmyeko rcouamtgry

mockiecs kgt hcrcay ms fesirctc cigkghei cktetecs jut ms sgiema mitgrs streveko tg hmektmek

acoetehmiy mkf hmxehezc mutgkghy (Yngipga, =543> _dcttck, :00 Neko ct ma., :0=0). Vdes es

mk ehpgrtmkt ekseodt jcimusc trmfetegkma rcscmrid ek cigkgheis mkf pgaeteima sieckic gltck vecws

jusekcssogvcrkhckt rcamtegks ms msgiema cxidmkocs ek m hmrnctpamic wdcrc pgaeiy fchmkfcrs

mkf suppaecrs trmksmit gvcr rcouamtgry fciesegks (Deaahmk & Nceh, =553> Jgkmrfe ct ma., :003).

Vdes igkvcktegkma mpprgmid, majcet ekseodtlua, eokgrcs tdc ehpgrtmkt rgacs gl acoetehmiy,

ukicrtmekty, mkf sgiema eklauckic ek rcouamtgry fciesegk hmneko. Gur lekfekos suppgrt tdc

msscrtegk tdmt tdc prcsckic gl ukicrtmekty, ek igkbukitegk wetd mkxecty mjgut acoetehmiy,

hgtevmtcs rcouamtgry mockiecs tg aggn tg tderf-pmrty mitgrs lgr mffetegkma eklgrhmtegk. Vdus tdes

stufy ckreidcs tdc prcvmeaeko ehmocry gl rcouamtgrs ms cigkghei mitgrs mkf suoocsts tdmt luturc

jusekcssogvcrkhckt rcamtegks aetcrmturc wguaf jckclet lrgh m hgrc kumkicf mpprgmid tdmt ogcs

jcygkf msgiema cxidmkocs jctwcck rcouamtgrs mkf tdgsc tdcy rcouamtc.

Gur lekfekos ektrgfuic kcw ekseodts ektg tdc seokmaeko aetcrmturc jy sdgweko dgw

rcouamtgry mockiecs usc sgiema eklgrhmtegk lrgh tderf pmrtecs ms seokmas tg hmkmoc ukicrtmekty

mkf acoetehmiy. Yidgamrs gl strmtcoy mkf gromkezmtegk dmvc tmnck orcmt ektcrcst ek dgw lerhs usc

ehpaeiet lgrhs gl eklauckic, ekiaufeko tdc lcmturcs gl tgp-hmkmocrs pcrsgkma destgrecs (c.o.,

Rdmko & _ecrschm, :005) mkf gromkezmtegkma struiturcs mkf pgaeiecs (c.o., Rmbmi & _cstpdma,

:006), ms seokmas tg mllcit cxtcrkma mufeckics rcspgkscs mkf sdmpc hmrnct gutighcs. Jut aettac es

nkgwk mjgut fellcrckt seokmas lrgh vmregus tderf-pmrty mitgrs, sekic pregr wgrn dms tckfcf tg

trcmt cxtcrkma mufeckics ms ukfellcrcktemtcf sgurics gl ireteima rcsgurics, sgiema suppgrt, mkf

acoetehmiy (Jmuh & Gaevcr, =55:> Ytumrt ct ma., =555). _c cxtckf prcvegus rcscmrid jy


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efcktelyeko eklaucktema tderf-pmrty mitgrs mkf sdgweko dgw cmid chpagys vmregus hcidmkeshs gl

eklauckic. Ekquery gl tdes nekf maagws us tg cxmhekc wdctdcr, mkf ukfcr wdmt igkfetegks, seokmas

lrgh fellcrckt tderf pmrtecs acmfs tg fellcrcktema rcouamtgry fciesegks.

Vdes pmpcr masg igktrejutcs tg tdc strmtcoei hmkmochckt aetcrmturc jy suoocsteko dgw

lerhs ek deoday rcouamtcf ckvergkhckts imk pursuc pgaeteima gr kgkhmrnct strmtcoecs tg eklauckic

rcouamtgry fciesegk hmneko (Ydmllcr & Deaahmk, :000). Pregr rcscmrid igktrejutcf tg gur

igkicptuma ukfcrstmkfeko gl tdc ehpgrtmkic gl ogvcrkhckt pgaeiy tg lerh pcrlgrhmkic mkf gl tdc

ieriuhstmkics ek wdeid lerhs wguaf ckomoc ek pgaeteima strmtcoecs (Fgjjek & Fgwf, =55?>

Deaahmk & Dett, =555). Lgr cxmhpac, sidgamrs cxpagrcf dgw lerhs rcmitcf tg vmremtegk ek tdcer

pgaeteima ckvergkhckts (c.o., Dckesz & Fcaegs, :00=> Neko & Ydmvcr, :00=), jut vcry lcw dmvc

chpereimaay cxmhekcf dgw lerhs imk eklauckic rcouamtgry fciesegk hmneko (Deaahmk & Nceh,

=553). _c lekf tdmt rcouamtgry mockiecs prcgiiupmtegk wetd acoetehmiy ircmtcs igkfetegks ek

wdeid lerhs imk eklauckic rcouamtgry fciesegk hmneko jy imptureko tderf-pmrty mitgrsek tdes

imsc, smaeckt stmncdgafcrs mkf pccr mockiecs. Jy fcsirejeko tdc hcidmkeshs wdcrcjy ighpmkecs

imk ekfercitay eklauckic rcouamtgry gutighcs, wc gllcr m reidcr ukfcrstmkfeko gl kgkhmrnct

strmtcoy mkf pcrlgrhmkic.

Lekmaay, gur stufy iacmray dms seokeleimkt ehpaeimtegks lgr lerhs ek rcouamtcf ekfustrecs.

Vdc moreiuaturma-jegtcidkgagoy lerhs ek gur stufy tdmt omekcf cxtcrkma suppgrt lrgh lmrh

mssgiemtegks rcicevcf mpprgvma fciesegks mjgut =


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rcouamtcf fghmeks, suid ms tdc pujaei-uteaety, gea-mkf-oms, mkf pdmrhmicuteima scitgrs (Imrpcktcr,

:00=> Yekc ct ma., :003). Ek suid scitgrs, lerhs weaa dmvc mt tdcer fespgsma kgt bust fercit tggas aenc

agjjyeko mkf cxpcrt tcstehgky, jut masg ekfercit tggas suid ms igkkcitegks tg ehpgrtmkt tderf-

pmrtecs. Et weaa jc mk ehpgrtmkt fercitegk lgr luturc rcscmrid mkf prmiteic tg ekvcsteomtc tdc

rcamtegksdeps mhgko tdcsc tmiteis mkf tg festekouesd tdcer rcamtevc ehpgrtmkic.


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Lords of the Harvest: Third-Party Signaling and Regulatory Approval of Genetically Modified...

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