Lord Lytton and the Afghan War (1879) by Captain Eastwicks

8/10/2019 Lord Lytton and the Afghan War (1879) by Captain Eastwicks

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GK^D G_TTKI

ID

T M C FEHMFI X F ^

E K ^ @ Z ^ G Z D X K T K ^ FID DNZSTZ KMFO^_FI KE T C FRT OIDgF KK@ZFI_ l

FID NXNCVSCITG_ OOOCO~ C^ E TMC f k u X b i KZ OIDOF.

]iitr`^. L @OTBMCGG RKIR

3 2 5 Z F ^ G O F @ C I T R T ^ C C TF I D 3? N S B A O I H C F @ ZFGFBC ^ K F D =.X.

Zrobc ic Rmoggoih


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G K ^ D G _ T T K I

ID

T M C F E H M F I XF^.

TM C o`pkrtfibc ke Cihgfid s `ossoki oi tmc Cfst bfi mfrdgynccxfhhcrftcd, ikr tm c rcsugts dcpcidcit upki ots roh mt fpprcbof-toki ny Nrotosm R tftcs`ci. Tmksc Rtftcs`ci frc rcspkisongc tktmc Nrotosm pckpgc, wmk tmc`scgvcs ugto`ftcgysmfrc tmc rcspki-sonogoty,oe tmcy sfibtoki tmc fbts ke tmcor rcprcscitftovcs.Xcmf vc citcrcd upki f wfr, tmc pkgotobfg bkiscqucibcs kewmobmikkic bfi ekrcscc1 nu t ot wogg kst prknfngy citfog f hrcft gkss kegoec, fid bcrtfoigy gfrhc cxpcidoturc ke `kicy. Oi tmos brososfiy oidovodufg, mkwcvcr mu`ngc,wmk, goac tmc wrotcr ke tmospf`pmgct, mfs ncci c`pgkycd ki tmc sbcic ke fbtoki i ekr`crdfys, fid mfs eoggcd keeobofg sotuftokis wmobm mfv c hovcimo` tmckppkrtuioty ke studyoih tmc qucstoki, `fy nc pfrdkicd oe m c vci-turc tk pgfbc ncekrcmos bkuitry`ci tm c bkibgusokis ft wmobm m c

mfs frrovcd. O e m c bfi bkitronutc o i tm c sgohmtcst dchrcc tk tm cekr` ftoki ke f skuid pungob kpoioki,oe m c bfi ciekrbc bfutoki, krbkrrcbt crrkr, mos knlcbtwoggnc fttfoicd. c mfs ik p frty purpksc Ooi vocw. Tmc mkikur, tmc lustobc, tmc oitcrcstske Cihgfid, id

tmc wcgefrc fid prkspcroty ke Oidof, frc tkk dcfr tkmo` tk fggkwke mos dcsbcidoih oitk tm c frcif ke pf rty stroec. M c eccgs fssurcdtmft tmc `flkroty ke tmkuhmteug Cihgosm`cikigy dcsorc tk mfvc


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nrkuhmt ncekrc tmc` tmc rcfg efbts ke tmc bfsc, tk tmrkw tmcoroiegucibc oitk wmft tmcy ncgocvc tk nc tm c rohmt bfusc. N ut tmc y

ùst mfvc tmc wmkgc bfsc, fid fgg tmc dkbu`cits icbcssfry tkcifngc tmc` tk ekr` fi o`pfrtofg ludh`cit upki ot fid ikt f`crc stftc` cit ke tmc bfsc ki kic sodc. M f s t m c wmkgc bfsc-mfvc fgg tm c rcquosotc dkbu`cits-ncci gfod ncekrc tm c pungobIk uiprcludobcd pcrski bfi fiswcr tmcsc qucstokis o i tmc feeor`f-tovc. Osot ikt f efbt tmf t fu tmci tob fid keeobofg dkbu` cits wcrcgkih wotmmcgd, wmogc kic-sodcd stftc`cits fid `c`krfidf ny`ci mkgdoih mohm pksotokis uidcr tmc Hkvcri`cit, fid tmcrcekrcsuppkscd tk mfvc fbbcss tk tmc ncst `cfis ke oiekr` ftoki, wcrcpu t ekrwfrd erk` to`c tk to`c tk nofs tmc pungob ` oid M fv c iktoisporcd tcgchrf`s, bkitfoioih cxbotoih oitcggohcibc bfgbugftcd tkfrkusc pungob oidohiftoki, ncci trfisòttcd erk` Oidof kigy tk ncdogutcd kr cxpgfoicd fwfy smkrtgy fetcrwfrds X c wcrc tkgd, ekroistfibc, tmf t tmc gcttcr ke RmcrF] mc eugg tcxt ke wmobm wfsbkivcycd oggtm c Uobcrky's tcgchrf` ke tm c 6? tm ke Kbtkncr, nu t iktpungosmcd ui tog rcbcitgy, wfs ke f i oiskgcit fid dceofi t ifturc .

X m y wfs ot ikt hovci tk tm c pungob ft kibc, sk fs tk cifngcbk`pctcit pcrskis t k ludhc ekr tmc`scgvcs w mctmcr t m c oitcrprc-tftoki put upki ot ny Gkrd Gyttki wfs nkric kut ny ots tkic fidgfihufhc, fid wmy wcrc ikt tmc gcttcrs erk` ku r keeobcrs tk mos .keeobofgs tk wmobm Rggcr Fgo rcecrrcd fgsk hovci;Xotmkut tmcscgcttcrs k wmobm mc bk`pgfoicd ik efor ludh` ci t bkugd nc bk`c tkfs t tmc prkvkb1gtoki wmobm gcd tk tm c Fòr's bkidubt. c mf vcCmcr Fgo's gcttcr ikw ft pfhc>3> ke tm c Fehmfiostfi Zfpcrs,fid o t os bmfrfbtcrozcd ny Gkrd Gyttki fs itcitokifggy rudc,bkivcyoih f dorcbt bmfggcihc, fid tmft fiy dc`fid ekr fi fpkgkhy`kugd kigy cxpksc us tk ercsm oisugt. O i krdcr tk ekr` f bkrrcbtkpoioki upki ot, oi bk``ki lustobc tk tmc F` or, t m c Zcrsofi tcxt

kuhmt tk nc sunòttcd tk ropc Krocitfg sbmkgfrs, ke wmk` tmcrcfrc scvcrfg oi tmc Bkuibog ke Oidof. N u t tfa oih tmc Ci hgosmtrfisgftoki fs ot stfids, ecw o` pfrtofg pcrskis wogg,ot os ncgocvcd,suppkrt Gkrd Gyttki's vocw1 fid cvci t m c @ oiostcrs tmc`scgvcs,ny vcry prkpcrgy dorcbtoih tmftf eurtmcr bk`ùiobftoki smkugdnc ekrwfrdcd tk RmcrFgo wkugd scc` tk mfvc bfst dkunt ki tmc


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Uobcrky s mfsty bkibgusoki. X c mfvc ikt ncekrc us, cvci ikw, fgg

tmc oiekr`fto:66 wmobm wkugd cifngc tmc Cihgosm pckpgc tk ekr`fludh`cit fs tk tmc proibopgcs fid pkgoby wmobm m w c pguihcd tmcbkuitry oitk w mft `fiy bkisodcr tk nc fi uiicbcssfry, o`pkgotob,fid uilust wfr. X otmkut mfvoih fiy vkobc ki f qucstoki oiwmobm tmcor oitcrcsts frc sk dccpgy bkibcricd, tmc iftoki mfs nccibk`pcggcd tk t fac f trc`cidkus gcfp oi tmc dfra. Tmc `kstbk`pgctc subbcss ùst nc fttcidcd ny fgg tmc mkrrkrs fid cvogswmobm ekggkw oi tmc trfoi ke wfr. Kigy tmc bgcfrcstf id `kstuidkuntcd icbcssoty bkugd lustoey tmc rcbkursc tk tmft cxtrc`cfrnotrf` cit. Dod tmft icbcssoty cxost; fid oeot dod cxost vmcrcos ot hkoih tk gcfd tmc bkuitry; ogg ikt kur doeeobugtocs ncoibrcfscd rftmcr tmfi doòiosmcd ny tmc fttfoi`cit ke tmc cidsprkpkscd ny tmc pkgoby ke tm c prcscit Hkvcri`cit; Rmfgg `c iktnc oi f wkrsc pksotoki, nktm oi f ògotfry fid f pkgotobfg pkoit kevocw, cvci oe tmc `kst citorc subbcss brkwi kur ceekrts; Tmcscfrc qucstokis ke pfrf`kuit o`pkrtfibc tk tmc pckpgc ke Cihgfid,rcquoroih tmc ut`kst bfgìcss fid o`pfrtofgoty t bk`c tk f woscfid rohmt dcbosoki. Nut bfi bfg` fid dcgoncrftc ludh`cit ncmkpcd ekr, wmci sk`c ke tmc ikngcst ke kur botozcis, fid tmksctmc ncst bfpfngc ke hovoih fdvobc, frc dcikuibcd wotm nottcricssncbfusc tmcy vciturc tk rcsost tmc pkpugfr eccgoih, fid strovct

oistrubt tmc pungob ` oi d ; Rubm ceekrts frc ikt oibk`pftongc wotmtruc pftroktos`1 ki tmc bkitrfry, tmcy mfvc tmcor krohoi oif

sfbrcd lcfgkusy ke tmcor bkuitry s mkikur fid rcputftoki, id oif skgcì scisc ke Bmrostofi duty.

N u t oidcpcidcitgy ke tmc hrcft proibopgcs ke lustobcfid`krfgoty, wmobm frc oivkgvcdoi tmos qucstoki ketmc fr oiFehmfiostfi , tmcrc frc ktmcr qucstokis ke tmc mohmcst oigpkrtfikc,oi rcgftoki tk tmc icw `kdc ke hkvcrioih Oidof, wmobmot ncmkvcstm c Cihgosm Zfrgof` cit fid pckpgc tk gkka oi tmc efbc, fid fttmc prkpcr to`c tk cxfbt f eugg cxpgfiftoki. Cvcry dfy `krcfid `krc stfrtgoih dosbgksurcs frc `fdc ke oiekr`ftoki wotmmcgd,ke bkistotutokifg ekr`s oieroihcd fid dosrchfrdcd, fid kesystc` ke pcrskifg hkvcri`cit oifuhurftcd oi tmc mohmcst dchrccdfihcrkus tk kur Oidofi C`porc. X c mfvc tmc gcttcrs ke tmksc


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còicit Oi dof i euibtokifrocs, Ror Frt mur Mknmkusc fidRorMciry Ikr`fi. X c mfvc tmc supprcsscd òiutcs ke RorXoggof` @uor, rcpgctc wotm skuid scisc fid ropc cxpcrocibckekur Oibgofi fdòiostrftoki.

Xmft dkcs Ror Frtmur Mknmkusc wrotc;-Xmctmcr tmc `kdc ke bkibgubtoih Oibgofi feefors duroih Gkrd

Rfgosnury's tciurc ke keeobc mfs ncci oi fbbkrdfibc wotm gfw, wotmprcvokus prfbtobc, kr wotm pungob pkgoby, os f qucstoki erfuhmt, fu tmoia,wotm oitcrcst fid o`pkrtfibc tk omc iftoki, nut quotc fpfrt erk`pcrskifgotocs.

X m f t ekkd ekr rcegcbtoki, wmf t bfusc ekr fixocty, dkcs i k ttmos prchifi t scitcibc c`fiftoih erk` kic wmk mfs mcgd w ot mdostoibtoki tmc mohmcst gchfg keeobcoi Oidof) suhhcst tk tmcoi s

ke tmksc bkivcrsfit wotm Oidof i feefors.Lkmi@oggsfod trugy


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Ot fppcfrs tmft tmos sfgutfry bmcba ki mfsty fid oibkisodcrftc

fbtoki mfs ncci gftcgy sct fsodc, kr f t fgg cvcits hrcftgy burtfogcd,nktm ft mk`c fid fnrkfd, fid tmc cvogrcsugts frc fgrcfdy tkkfppfrcit. Gkrd Rfgosnury tcstoeocs,oi tmc Mkusc ke Gkrds, tmft

oi oidustry, bfutoki, fid skuid mfrd dosbrctoki Gkrd Gyttk i mfsikt ncci cxbccdcd ny fiy Uobcrky wmk prcbcdcdmo`. Honnkiwrotcs


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Zkrtuhfgki tmft fbbkuit bcfscd tk nc rchfrdcd fs oidcpcidcitZfrcrs Tmcrc os, mkwcycr, fi oggustrftoki icf rcr f t mf id tk Bfnug.TgocRmfm ke Zcrsof, tmrkuhm f gkih scrocs ke ycfrs, rcbcovcd sun-sodocserk` tmc Oidofi Hkrcro~` cit, ut ik kic cvcr `foitfoicdtm ft Zcrsof tmcrcekrc ekrecotcdmcroidcpcidcibc.

Ror Lf`bs Rtb g~g~ ci ,i mos dosbussokike tm c Fehmf i qucstoki,mfs gfod dk,;-i proibopgcs~e-ggobm kugd scc` tk kvcrrodc tm c rohmtske wcry Nso


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pkwcreug, wmk, tmkuhm ikt dcpcidcit upkius oi tmc sc isc ke f iy dceoiotc dutocs kr fggchofibc t k tm c Vucci, ùst n c dcfgt w otm ki tmc uibgcs-s t f ido ih tm f t tmcy kbbupyf dostoib tgy oiecrokr pksotoki-tmcor oiecrokrotybkisostoih `foigy o i tmos , tm f t tmcy f rc ik t tknc pcròttcd tk ekggkwfbkursc ke pkgoby wmobm cxpkscsus tk dfihcr. Tmosos tmc ekktoih kiwmobm cvc ry Rt f t c cibgkscd o i tmcNrotosm dkòiokis os prfbtobfggytrcftcd. Ot f p p c f rs t k ` c t m f t ot os tm c kigy proibopgc ki wmobm tm cfdlfbci t Z kw crs bf i nc t rcf tcd . Kur rcgt~ tokisw otm Roidof, frc,ke bkursc,doeecrcit erk` kur rcgf tokis wotm tm c F g~gor e Bfnug,s tmcy frc doeecrciterk` kur rcgftokis wotm Mkgafr f id tmc Iozì nut , f t nkttk` , kur rcgf-tok i s wotm fgg ke tmc ` s t f idki tm c sf`c nfsos. Tmcy frc fgg dctcrruoicd

ny tmc efbt tmft wc frc cxbfcrgogghgy pkoorcreigf id mo h g~ gy ovogozcd,fidtmft tggkyfrc bkrip


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citorcgy oidcpcidcit uitog tm c nchoiioih ke tmc scvcitccitmbcitury. Tmcy tmc i pfod tronutc tk Zc rsof 1 nut f t tmc bk`-`cibc`cit ke tmc cohmtccitm bcitury tm cy bkiqucrcd Zcrsof,fidcstfngosmcd f smkrt-govcd Fehmfi dyifsty, wmobm wfs kvcrtmrkwiny I fdor Rmfm. O i 6848, tci ycfrs ncekrc Bgovc wki tmc nfttgcke Zgfsscy, Fm`cd Rmfm Fndfggcc wfs brkwicdAoih ke Bfnug.Mfge-f-bcitury gftcr, kic ke tmc eorst pkgotobfg qucstokis wotmwmobm Gk rd Xcggcsgcy mfd tk hrfppgc, ki mos frrovfg f t Bfgbuttf,wfs tm c fdvosfnogoty ke ekròih f dcecisovc fggofibc nctwcci fggtm c cxostoih Zkwcrs ke Moidkstfi, tk rcsostfi cxpcbtcd oivfsokike Oid of ny \c`fui Rmfm, Aoi h ke Bfnug.

Ki tmc 68tm ke Luic,6=:? tmc Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit bki-bgudcd f trcfty ke fggofibc fid bk-kpcrftoki wotm R mfm Rmulf.Tmci bf`c tmc ogg-k`cicd tropfrtotc trcfty nctwcci Rmfm Rmulf,ûilcct Roih, fid tm c Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit, dftcd > :tm Lugy,6=2=.Ki tmc 2:tm @frbm,6=33, fiktmcr trcfty wfs `fdc wotm tmcF` or, Dkst @fmk`cd, ki tcr` s ke pcrecbt cqufgoty. Tmcrc wfsik oieroihc`c it ke mos oidcpcidcibc, ik o`pgocd uidcrst fidoihtm f t m c kbbupocd f dostoibtgy oiecrokr pksotoki, kr tm c Nrotosmkeeobcrs citrustcd wotm t mc ichktoftokis òhmt mfvc ekuid hrcftcrdoeeobugtyoi nroihoih tmc ` tk f efvkurfngc bkibgusoki. Mfv c wctrcftocs ke tmos if turc wotm tm c Famkkid ke Rwft kr wotm tmcIkik ke Rp oto Tmc proibopgcs put ekrwfrd ny Ror Lf ` cs Rtcpmcifrc eugg ke dfihcr, fid tc id tk dcstrky bkieodcibc oi tm c hkkdefotm fid efor dcfgoih ke tmc Nrotosm 'Hkvcri`c it. Tmcy wkugdikt mfvc ncci tkgcrftcd oi tm c dfys ke t mc Cfst Oi do f Bk`pfiy,fid tmcy wkugd mfvc ekuid ik efvkur oi tmc cycs ke tm c hrcftRtftcs`ci goac @fgbkg`, @uirk, fid Cgpmoistkic, wmk oggustrftcdtmc Kk`pfiy2s ugc. Otos ikt tkk ùbm tk sfy tmft tmksc Rtftcs-`ci icvcr bkugd mfvc wki tmcor dopgk`ftob trou`pms oi tmcordcfgoihs wotm Iftovc Rtftcsoe subm proibopgcs mfd huodcd tmcorbkidubt. dostoihuosmcd `c`ncr ke tm c Bkuibog ke Oidof ,RorCrsa oic Z crry, pksscssoih f aikwgcdhc ke Oi dofi feefors,fid, ot` fy nc fddcd, ke Curkpcfi pkgotobs, surpfsscd ny ecw, tmus rc-bkrds mos prktcst fhfoist tmcsc proibopgcs8tm @fy,

6=36, ki tmc feeforske tmc Iozf`, rcbkrdcd mos strkih kpoiokioircprknftoki ke sk dfihcrkus f dkbtroic. M c wrotcs


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iftokis frc upki mcr. Tmc òggokis ke Oidof frcfs scisotovc tktm c oieroihc`cit ke tmc u ifgtcrfngc gfws ke lustobcfs tmc `krccigohmtcicd bk`ùiotocs ke Curkpc. Ikt kigy o i Curkpc fid oiFsof , nu t cvci oi Ferobf, dccds wmobm rcdkuid tk tmc brcbgot krdosbrcdot ke tm c Nro tosm iftoki frc dosbusscd. Rmkrtgy fetcr tm cuilust fiicxftokgg ke Roidc, Dr. ôbmfrdski, f trfvcggcr oi BcitrfgFerobf, rcgftcs tmc ekggkwoih borbu`stfibc


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rcvcrsoki ke rcspcbt ekr tm c hcicrksoty, trutm, fid lustobc ke tmcNrotosm iftoki oi tmc òids ke tmc F ehmfi Bmoces fid pckpgc.Tmksc wmk bkivcrscd w otm fehmfis , ekrty fid eoety ycfrs fhk,bfi wcgg rc`c`ncr tmc mkikur fwfrdcd tk tmc if` c ke 'bSgeo.osm-tcci, tmc trfdotokis ke wmksc spgcidod òssoki mfd ncci mfidcddkwi erk` eftmcr tk ski f`kihst tmcsc wogd nut o`prcssokifngc`kuitfoiccrs.

Fgfs tmc `krc nottcr ` c`krocs ke tmc uiekrtu iftc Bfnugcxpcdotoki bmfihcd tmc burrcits ke tmkuhmt, fid mcfpcdup f ~v cf gtm ke mftrcd fid cxcbrftoki ki tmc Nrotosm if`coi Fehmfiostfi, wmogc dosfstcrs, iipfrfggcggcd oi tmcor cxtcit,uigcss ny tmc crrkrs oi wmobm tmcy krohoiftcd,') scvcitcciòggokis ke trcfsurc wfstcd, tmkusfids keGovcs eruotgcssgy cxpcidcd,gcet trfbcs i Nrotosm rcbkggcbtokis iktt nc wopcd kut cvci nytm c nroggofit vobtkrocs wmobm rcstkrcd tmc 6.ustrc ke Nrotosm fr`s.F gkih oitcrrchiu` cisucd, duroih wmobm Fehmfiostfi rc`foicd f

scfgcd nkka tk Nrotosm oiegucibc, uitog, ki tmc 2:tm @frbm, 6=33,f trcf ty wfs bkibgudcd w otm Dkst @fmk`cd nyRor Lkmi Gfw-rcibc, uidcr tmc oistrubtokis ke Gkrd Dfgmkusoc. Runscqucitgy,oi Lf iufry 6=38, oi bkiscqucibc ke tmc wfr nctwcci Cihgfidfid Zcrsof, fi fhrcc`ci t wfs citcrcd oitk wgtm Dkst @fmk`cd,ny wmobm mc uidcrtkka tk dcecid Mcroot fhfoist Zc rsof1 fidekr tmos purpksc tmc Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit euriosmcd mo` wotm

`kicy fid fr`sOt wfs Gkrd Bfiioih's dcsorc tm ft tmcsc ichktoftokis smkugd

nc oitrustcd t Ror Mcrncrt Cdwfrdcs, wmk, fs Bk`òssokicr keZcsmf` ur, mfd tfaci f gcfdoih pfrt i nroihoih fnkut f rcbkibogof-toki wotm tmc Fehmfis. Gkrd Gfwrcibc, oi wmksc bmfrfbtcr`fhifioòty fid scge-fnichftoki frc bkispobukus, citcrtfoioih, fsm c dod, tm c feecbtokb kef nrktmcr ekrRor Mcrncrt, fid pgfboih tm cmohm cst vfguc upki mos fnogoty fid scrvobcs, wfs quotc woggoih tkhovc w fy, fgtmkuhm tm c bkidubt ke ichktoftokis ke subm `k`cit~ ~ d ffturfggy mfvc dcvkgvcd upki mo`, fs Bmoce Bk`òssokicrke tm c Zuilfn. N ut fi uicxpcbtcd knstfbgc frksc tk tmos frrfihc-`cit. Dkst @fmk`cd, wotm wmk` tm c if`c ke Lkm i Gfw rcibcwfs fs f mkuscmkgd wkrd, wkugd trcft wotmik kic cgsc, fid


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rceuscd tk fttcid tmc `cctoih uigcss tmos wfs bkibcdcd. Ik dkunt,ncsodcs tmc eccgoih ke pcrskifg rchfrd, tmcrc `fs tmc odcf tm ftmos dohioty wkugd nc bk`prkòscd oe m c `ct fi keeobcr ke oi-ecrokr hrfdc. Tmcsc ichktoftokis wcrc tmcrcekrc bfrrocd kut nyGfwrcibc fid Cdwfrdcs, fid tmc o`pkrtfi t bkiscqucibcs rcsugtoiherk` tmc` wcrc pftcit tk fgg tmc wkrgd duroih tmc cvciteug ycfrske tmc Rcpky ùtoiy, wmci f ekròdfngc oirkfd ke Fehmfi mkrdcsòhmt mfvc fddcd hrcftgy tk kur doeeobugtocs.Ot `fs ft tmos

`cctoih tmft tm c ekggkwoih feecbtoih oibodcit kbburrcd8tm ke Ify. Ki tmc dcftm ke Dkst@fmk`cd, RmcrFgo bk``cibcd t rugc, mfvoih ncci ikòiftcdmcor-fppfrcit sk`c ycfrs ncekrc, ki tmc dcòsc ke mos nrktmcr,Hmkgf` Mydcr1 nut erk` tmc vcry nchoiioih ke mos rcohi mc `ctwotm dctcròicd kppksotoki erk` f pfrty mcfdcd ny moscgdcrnrktmcrs, @fmk``cd @zfg Amfi fid @fmk``cd Fzo` Amfi.Tmci subbccdcd f rcvkgutokifry pcrokd oi Fehmfiostfi, gfstoihfnkut eovc ycfrs, ki wmobmot os ikt icbcssfry t dwcgg.

Tmc Hkvcri`cit ke Oidof, oi fbbkrdfibc wotm tmc scttgcdpkgoby ke tm c Hkvcri`cit ft mk`c, acpt fgkke erk` fiy oitc r-

ecrcibc wotm Fehmfi oitcrifg feefors.Dkst @fmk`cd mo`scge

bkuiscggcd tm os goic ke fbtoki. e ykuwosm, mc sfod,G tk ncerocids wotm tmc Fehmfis, ncwfrc ke `cddgoih wotm tmcor oitcstoicqufrrcgs. Tmc knlcbt ke tm c Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit wfs tk gcfvctmc bmkobc kef ûgcr tk tmc Fehmfi iftoki1 tmc prknfnogoty wfs tm f ttmc `kst pkpugfr, tmc `kst fngc, fid tmc `kst pkwcreug ke tmcNfruahc Bmoces, tmc eottcst ekr tmc pksotoki, `kugd hfoi tmc

fsbcidciby. Kstcisongc Nrotosm fod wkugd ikt oibrcfscmos pkpu-


15/91

gfroty. Ot òhmt bkitronutc t k mos tc`pkrfry subbcss, n u t otbkugd ikt `foitfoi mo` upki tm c tmrkic wotmkut f bk i toi uk usfid cxmfustoih drfoi ke Nrotosm rcskurbcs, nktm ke ` c i f i d`kicy. @krckvcr tm c prkvcrnofg eobagcicss fid efotmgcssi css keFehmfi Bmoces wkugd prknfngy rcidcr mof nrkaci rccd vcrygoacgy tk pocrbc tmc mfid oi tm c mkur ke iccd. Cxb cp twmcrctmcor kwi oitcrcsts frc `fe1crofggy bkibcricd, fgg mostkryfid fggcxpcrocibc frc fhfoist tmc iktoki t m f t Fehmfi ûgcrs w og gcvcrprkvc hrftceug fid ceobocit fggocs. Ot ùst nc rcbkggcbtcd fgsktmft ` f iy ke tm c fbts ke Rmcr Fgo, tmkuhm quotc oi fbbk rdf ib cwotm tmc Fehmfi bmfrfbtcr, wcrc ikt submfs tmc Nrotosm Hkvcr i -`cit bkugd fpprkvc. Otwfs ikt f t fgg o`prknfngc tmf t m c ohmtmf vc sk bkidubtcd mo`scge fs tk mfvc cstrfihcd tm c ` f lk ro ty ketm c Fehmfi Bmoces fid pckpgc. O e `c mfd cspkuscd m os b f u scoi tmc cfrgocr pfrt ke tmc bkitcst, wc òhmt mfvc ekuid kurscgvcssuppkrtoih f tyrfiiobfg ^ ugcr fhfoist tmc wosmcs ke tm c@hmfiiftoki. Oi 6=5= RmcrFgo eoifggy cstfngosmcd mos futmkrotyoiFehmfiostfi. Tm c Uobcrkyfgty ke Gkrd Gfwrcibc wf stmcibkòih tk fi ci d1 nut kic ke mos gfst fbts ncekrc m c quottcdOidofwfs tk citcr oitk erocidgy rcgftokis wotm Rmcr Fgo, nyoivotoihmo` tk f Nurnfr, fid ny prkòsoih tk fod mo` wotm ` k i c yfi d fr`s. Tmc o`pkrtfit gcttc r ke Gkrd Gfwrcibc, ke tmc? t m Lfiufry, 6=5?, wrottci ki tmos kbbfsoki, smkws tmc nf soskekur sunscqucit dopgk`ftob rcgftokis wotm Rm cr Fgo.O GkrdGf`rcibc wrotcs :8


16/91

cxprcssgy mc fbquocsbcibc fid sftosefbtoki ke tmc Nòroi tmc

pk go by ke Gkrd Gfwrcibc fid ke Gkrd @syk.Kur kpoioki, mc sfys, s tmc sf`c fs tmft erk` tmc to`c ke tmc

g f t c Fòr fid Gkrd Gfwrcibc tk tmc to`c ke tmc SginfggotDurnfr, fidt g g tmc frrovfg ke tmc prcscit Uobc`y mfs fgwfys ncci `citokicd oi kurp f s t bkrrcspkidcibf, fid wc rc m ` g y ke tmksc kpoiokis ikw. Tmbrc-e k r c 6 6 : ~ fi wc bkiscit tk tmc fddotoki ke subm mfrd bkidotokis, tmcpcrekr`fibc ke wmobm oi Fehmfiostfi wogg nc o`pkssongc, fs wc bfi smkwn y `fiy prkke5

Tmcsc mfrd bkidotokis wcrc tmc gkbftoki ke Nrotosm keeobcrsoif e h m f i tcrrotkry, ki wmobm Gkrd Gyttki pcrc`ptkrogy oisostcd.O t wfs gcet tk Gkrd @fyk, wmk subbccdcd Gkrd Gfv-rcibc ki tmc6 > t m Lfiufry, 66=?, tk bfrry kut tmc frrfihc`cits wotm RmcrFgo. Mcibc tmc S`nfggf Durnfr wmobm tkka pgfbcoi @frbm6=5?. Rmcr Fgo prcecrrcd f hrcft `fiy rcqucsts wotm wmobmG k r d @fyk dod ik t tmoia prkpcr tk bk`pgy. Tmc knlcbt tmc Fòrmfd bmocegy f t m cf rtwfs tmc rcbkhiotoki ke mos ski Fnduggf Lfifs mos mcor. Tk tmos tmc Uobcrky wkugd ikt gostci, icotmcr`kugdmc bkiscit t k `fac f Trcfty keecisovc fid dcecisovc, ikr hrfit feoxcd sunsody1 nut mc prkòscd tm ft Nrotosm keeobcrs smkugd ikt ncstftokicd oi Fehmfiostfi, fid ki tmos pkoit RmcrFgo, goac mosef tmcr ncekrc mo` , gfod tmc hrcftcst strcss. Ikt, pcrmfps, tmftmc mfd pcrskifggy sk hrcftfi knlcbtoki1 nut mc m c w wcgg tmftsubm f bkibcssoki ki mos pfrt `kugddk mo` mfr` oi tmc cycske mos ohikrfi t f id efiftobfg Bmoces fid pckpgc. Tmc pk`cr keFehmfi ûgcrs os icvcr sueeobocitgy stfngct fggkw ke tmcor hovoihf mfidgc tk oisurrcbtokifry `kvc`cits, cspcbofggyoi tmc dorcbtokike rcgohokus nohktry. Fgtmkuhm dosfppkoitcd oi `fiy rcspcbts,tmcrc os ik dkunt Rmcr Fgo rcturicd tk Bfnug erk` tmc S ` n d fDurnfr `krc erocidgy tk tmc Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit tmfi ncekrc.Gkrd @fyk's proibcgy bkurtcsy fid mfiahciofg dc`cfikur `fdcf dccp o`prcssoki ki tmc Nfruazyc Bmoce, fid prkdubcd tmcmfppocs t rcsugts. Tmft tmos erocidgy eccgoih gfstcdwtog Gkrd@fyk 's dcftm, tmc tkubmoih gcttcr RmcrFgo wrktc ki tmc kbbfsokike tmft `kurieug cvcit sueeobocitgy tcstoeocs.Tmosgcttcr w s

fddrcsscd tk tmc Fbtoih Uobcrky. O i ot Rmcr m wrotcs


18/91

Tk ûtrsofi oiegucibc oi Nkagofrf wfs duc t mc prk`pt ke fpfrty ke Nkamfrf trkkps wmk mfd brksscd tmc Kxus oi tmcwoitcr ke 6=5?.

Tk tmc rcstrf oio ih Pgfid acp t ny ûssof ki tmc Fehmfi rceuhccs oiTuracst f i os t k nc fttron utc d tmc fnscibc ke fiy fttc`pt ki tmcor pf rt tksmfac tmc tmrkic ke tmc Fòr. Xmci tmc `kst ekr obgfngk ke tmkscrceuhccs, Fndkkg ^ggm`fi , kibc kpcigy rcprcscftcd tmft ot wkugdnc ekr tmcoitcgricst ke ûssof tk fssost mo` oi bkiqucroih tmc tmrkic ke Bfnug, Hci cr fgUk i O m u e ` f i i rcpgocd tm f t mkspotfgoty mfd ncci feekrdcd mo` ki bki-sodcrf toki ke mos dcsto tu tc borbu`stf,ibcs, fid ikt f s fi cikrggy keCihgfidk r f prctci dcr t k tmc tmrki c ke Bfnug. Hcicrfg Uki Asue` fii ggo`scge,oi tmc sproih ke 6=8:, bkigigcibcd f dorcbt bkrrcspkidcibc, wmobm nfs

ncci rcicwcd erk` to`c tk to`c, fid m fs bkivcycd tk tmcFòr fssurf ibcske tgoc icohmnkurgy scito`cits citcrtfoicdny t m c ûssofi futmkrotocstkwfrds tmc Feh mfi H kvcri`cit.

Ki ncoih oiekr`cd ny Rmcr go ke tmc eorst bk`ùiobftokierk` Hcicrfg Afue`fii, Gkrd @fyk, ki Luic >4tm, 6=8: wrktcnfba tk tmc Fòr . Gkrd Ikrtmnrkkgrsubbccdcd mo` ki tmc 2rd ke@fy, 6=8>. Tmc `kst o`pkrtfitoibodcit bkiicbtcd wotm Fehmfiostfi duroih tmc pcrokd ke mosUobcrkyfgty wfs tmc dospftbm tk Ro`gf,oi 6=82, ny Rmcr Fgo kef Rpcbofg Civky, Rycd Ikkr @fmk`cd Rmfm.

Fgfr`cd ft tmc efgg ke Amovf, tmc Fèr skuhmt krc oito`ftcrcgftokis wotm tmc Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit, fid dcsorcd tk fsbcrtfoimkw efr mc bkugd rcgy ki Nrotosm fod oi tmc cvcit ke mos tcrrotkrocsncoih tmrcftc icd ny ûssof. Mos dc`fids mkricvcr, i tmc eorstoistfibc, wcrc sk cxtrfvfhfit tmft ot wfs o`pkssongc ekr GkrdIkrtmnrkka tk bk`pgy wotm tmc`, `krc cspcbofggy fs RmcrF] wfsuiwoggoih tmft Fehmfiostfi smkugd nc bfggcd upki tk `fac fiyrcturi ekr tmc fssostfibc rcidcrcd ny tmc Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit.O i efbt,tmc Fòr, prkecssoih t ncgocvc tmft kur oitcrcsts wcrcfs


19/91

ùbm bkibcricd kr `krc sk tmfi mos kwi, skuhmt f i uibkidotokifgO

hufrf itcc ke prktcbtoki fid vcry gfrhc pfy`cits ke `k icy ekrtmc ek rtsb ftok i kemos eokitocr fid tmc cquop`cit ke mos fr`y.

Gkrd Ikrtmnrkka vcry prkpcrgy knlcbtcd tk tmcsc rcqucsts,wmobm wkugd mfvc citfogcd uigoòtcd rcspkisodogoty fid cxpci-doturc, wotmkut kur ncoih fngc tk cxcrbosc fiy bkitrkg kvcr tmcbkursc tm c F` or òhmt bmkksc tk pursuc. N u t G krd Ikrtmnrkka`fs quotc woggoih tk hovc f hufrfitcc wotm rcfskifngc bkidotokis

fttfbmcd tk ot, fid ugto`ftcgy mc fssurcd tmc Civky tmft tmcNrotosm Hkvcri`cit, oi tmc cvcit ke fiy fbtufg kr tmrcftcicdfhhrcssoki, wkugd fssost tm c F` or wotm fr`s fid `kicy, f idfgsk, oi bfsc ke icbcssoty, wotm trkkps. F gcttcr tk tmos ceecbtwfs fddrcsscd ny Gkrd Ikrtmnrkka tk tm c F` or, tk wmobm tmc

^cbkrd ke Bkivcrsftokis wotm tm c Civky wfs fppcidcd.Tmos rcbkrd wfsf ekr`fg dkbu`cit keeobofggy bk`ùiobftcd tk

tm c Civky, fid sohicd ny mo` fid oi Gkrd Ikrtmnrkka's kpoiokiwfs noidoih ki tmc Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit. Tmc Civky dkuntoihmkw efr mos oistrubtokis lustoeocdmo` oi bk`` ottoih mo`scge tkfiy dceoiotc frrfihc`cit, ot wfs bkisodcrcd dcsorfngc tk pkstpkictmcm f 6 scttgc`cit tk f `krc efvkurfngc kppkrtuioty, wmci sko`pkrtfi t ` fttcr òhmt nc dosbusscd wotm tmc F`'r o i pcrski.Tmf t tm c F d r fbbcptcd tmos prkòsc ke fssostfibc fsf noidoih

cihfhc`cit ki tmc p frt ke Gk rd Ikrtmnrkka, oi tmc sf` c `fi icrfs mc fbbcptcd tm gcttcrs fid fssurfibcs ke erocid smop fidsuppkrt eok` Gkrd Gfwrcibc fid Gkrd @fyk, os fnuidf itgycvodcit erk` tmc bkistfit rcecrcibc `fdc tk tmcsc fssurfibcs nyRycd Ikkr @fmkricd, ft mos bkiecrcibc wotmRor Gcwos Zcggy.*Tm c Civky sfys


20/91

ncci ki tcr`s ke ebocidsmop, fid tmc Fòr ikw bgoihs tk tmc saort

ke tmc Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit, fid, togg mos mfi d nc but kee, mc òggikt rcgfz mos mkgd ke ot. N u tGkrd Gyttki, wotm tmc hofitstrcihtm ke Nrotosm pkwcr f t mos nfba, os dctcròicd tk prcss mosknikxokus bkidotokis, fid os dcfe tk fgg ktmcr bkisodcrftokis.M c dkcs ikt cvci smroia erk` dcfgoih wotm tmc fbts fid prkòscske mos prcdcbcsskrs oi f `fi icr motmcrtk uiaikwi oi Oidof, tmusoiegobtoih f scrokus ngkw ki tmc bkieodcibc ke cvcry Iftovc Zroibcoi tm c fssfrfibcs ke Mcr @flcsty's ^cprcsci tftovcs.

Gkrd Gfwrcibc, Gkrd @fyk, fid Gkrd Ikrtmnrkka mfd fgghovci skgcì prkòscs oi wrotoih tk tmc Fòr1 nut, fbbkrdoih tkGkrd Gyttki, tmcsc wcrc kigy vcrnfg uidcrstfidoihs, fs oeekr`fg keeobofg gcttcrs fid wrottc i cihfhc`cits wcrc ke ik fbbkuituigcss c`nkdocd oi dceoiotc trcftocs. Ror GcwosZcggytcggs tmcCivky


21/91

Gkrd Gy ttki, fid tk Ror Gcwos Zcggy uidcr Gkrd Gyttki's oistrub-

tokis, tk rcpudoftc tm c wrottci cihfhc`cits ke prcvokus Uobcrkys.Ror Lkmi @fgbkg`'s `fxo`, oibugbftcd upki pkgotobfg keeobcrs oitmc kgdci to`c, w s `krc hcicrkus fid `krc wkrtmy ke tmc NrotosmHkvcri`cit tm keFprog, 6=8H, fid fhotftoih ru`kurs nchfi o``cdoftcgy tk nc bor-bugftcd ft mk`c fid fnrkfd fs tk o`pkrtfit bmfihcs fnkut tk ncfdkptcd oi tmc pkgoby tmft mfd motmcrtk ncci pursucd ki tmcIkrtm-Xcst erkitocr, fid oi tmc `fifhc`cit ke kur rcgftokiswotm tmc n o rke Bfnug. Gkrd Gyttki tkka tk Oi dof Gkrd Rfgos-nury's dcspftbm ke tm c >=tm Ecnrufry, 6=85, wmobm prcsbroncd fgoic ke pkgoby citorcgy kppkscd tk tmft wmobm mfd ncci bfrrocd kutny prcvokus Uobcrkys uidcr oistrubtokis erk` subbcssovc Fd`oios-

trftokis ft mk`c. T mf t pkgoby mfd ncci prcsscd upki Gkrd Ikr tm-


22/91

nrkka's Hkvcri` cit, nu t wcohmty rcfskis mfd ncci hovci oikppksotoki tk ot, smkwoih tm c c d s tk wmobmot wkugd oicvotfngy

gcfd. Gkrd Rfgosnury mo`scge,ot wkugd fppcfr, mfd mos òs-ho~oihs ,s mc wrotcs tmft , ogg bfsc ke tm c orrctrocvfngc fgociftokike tm c F` or, ik to`c ùst nc gkst oi rc-bkisodcroih, erk` ficw pkoit ke vocw, tmc pkgoby tk nc pursucd oi rcecrcibc tkFehmfiostfi.*/ Gkrd Gyttki, ot os uidcrstkkd, acpt tmos o`pkrtfit dcupftbnt mo`scge ekr f bkisodcrfngc pcrokd wotmkut bk`ùiobftoih otsbkitcits tk mos Bkuibog. O tw gg nc knscrvcd tm ft ot os fddrcsscd~ o ` ~ g yk tmc Hkvcrikr-Hcicrfg ke Oidof, fid ikt tk tmc Hkvcrikr-Hcicrfg o i Bkuibog. Fbbkrdoih t gfw, tm c Hkvcri`cit ke Oi dofos vcstcd oi tmc Hkvcrikr-Hcicrfg oi Bkuibog, fid ot os ikt gchfg,ikr mfs ot motmcrtk ncci tmc prfbtobc, tmft tmc Hkvcrikr-Hcicrfgsmkugd nc rcbkhiozcd fpfrt erk` mos Bkuibog. Tmosos, prknfngy,

kic ke tm c oiikvftokis fggudcd tk nyRorFrtmur Mknmkusc, wmcimc drfws fttci toki tk Gkrd Rfgosnury's icw `kdc ke hkvcrioihOidof. Ot`fy nc eurtm cr rc`fracd, oi rcecrcibc tk tmos dcspftbmke tmc >=tm Ecnrufry, 6=85, wmobm Gkrd Gy ttki bfrrocd tk Oidof,tmft, fs efr fs bfi nc dosbkvcrcd erk` tmc pungosmcd bkrrcspkidcibc,ik rcpgy tk ot wfs scit mk`c uitog tmc 6 : tm @fy, 6=88.

Duroih tmos gkih oitcrvfg, wmci subbcssovc stcps wcrc ncoih

tfaci tk oifuhurftc f bk`pgctc bmfihc ke pkgoby, fid wmci Zfr -gof`cit fid tm c bkuitry wcrc dcsohicdgy acpt oi ohikrfibc ke tmcbkursc ke fbtoki pursucd, tmc Hkvcri` cit ke Oi dof ùst mfvc ncci

O

bfrrocd ki, fs rchfrds ots ekrcohi rcgftokis, oi dcò-keeobofg gcttcrscxbgofihcd nctwcci Gkrd Rf gosnu q fid tmc Uobcrky.mossystc`ke pcrskifg hkvcri`cit `fy nc oi pcrecbt fbbkrdfibc wotm tmcpcbugofr odoksyibrfsocs ke Gkrd Rfgosnury fid Gkrd G yttk i1 nut

tm c cvogs tm ft frc goacgy tk egkw erk` tmc cxcrbosc ke uibmcbacdfu tmkroty ny Uobcrkys fid @oiostcrs, fid erk` tm c fnscibc ke ducrcbkrd fid pungoboty,oi subm fi o`pkrtfit dcpcidciby fs Oidof,frc pftcit tk gg wmk mfvc s tu mcd tm c mostkry ke tmcor bkuitry.L k m i@oggwrotcstm, 6=84,fid erk` fi o`pkrtfit `c`krfidu`, dftcd 6:tm Ikvc`-ncr ke tmc sf`c ycfr. O i kppksotoki tkRor Mciry ^fwgoiski,mc dcprcbftcs tm c odcf ke ` faoih tm c fdvfibc ke tmc ûssofistk @crv b sus 5c\\oidgy, wcgg-scgcbtcd Cihgosm fhcits smkugd nc stftokicd f t Mcr&


43/91

Bfnug, fid Bfidfmfr, tmus cstfngosmoih f pcrecbt oitcggohcibcdc-

pfrt`citk

Curkpcfi keeobcrsoi Fehmfiostfi.Mc wkugd ikt

fttc`pt tmc sunluhftoki ke tmc bkuitry ikr ots ògotfry kbbupf-toki, ikr wkugd mc mkgd Mcrootny f ekrbc ke kur kwi trkkp s1 f tgcfst, ik t uitog wc mfd trocd tmc ceecbt ke subm `cfsurcsfs Tkdd,fid Zkttoihcr, fid ^fwgoiski prkvcd bkugd nc sk ceecbtufg o igoacbfscs. Tmcsc oistfibcs, fddubcd ny Ror Nfrtgc Erc rc oi su ppk rtke mos frhu`cit, fppcfr tk nc soihugfrgy uiekrtuiftc. Tmc ~ k g o t o -

bfg fssostfit tkor

Mciry Zkttoihcr, stftokicd ft Rmoafrpkrc,oiRoidc, oi 6=2=-6=4:, mfd fbbcss tk fgg tmc bkrrcspkidcibc,keeobofg fid iki-keeobofg, bkiicbtcdwotmtmc pcrokd Tkdd fid Zkt-toihcr wcrc ft Mcroot. Zkttoihcr's mcrkob bkidubt oi sfvoi h tm f tboty erk` tmc Zcrsofis kuhmt tk mfvc cisurcd mo` tm c c tc ri fghrftotudc ke tmc Mcroot Bmoce fid mos pckpgc, N ut ikt twk `k itmsfetcr tmc sochc Zkttoihcr wfs sunlcbtcdt k tmc hrksscst trcf t` ci t,

oisugtcd oi tmc prcscibc ke tmcAoih, fid krdcrcd tk gcfvc tmcMcrat tcrrotkry. M c wfs tmci fsacd tk rc`foi, nu t wfs fh fo ioisugtcd,mosmkusc fttfbacd, fid kic ke mos scrvfits scozcd f i dpungobgy ùtogftcd.

Tmc f`kuit ke Tkdd's cxpcidoturc ft Mcroot uscd tk s tf rtgctm c keeobcrs ke tmc Roidc ^csodciby, ekr tmcy m fd tmc `cfiskeaikwoih wmft wfs hkoih ki erk` tmc Rmoafrpkrc `crbmfits,

tmrkuhm wmk` `fiy ke tm c noggs wcrc bfsmcd.Ror L k m i Gkhoiwmk wfs fttfbmcd tk Tkdd's òssoki fs surhcki, stftcs tm f t tm cfdvfibcs f`kuitcd tk R6?:,::: oi f smkrt pcrokd. Tmcy m f v cncci csto`ftcd ft upwfrds ke $2::,::: , _f r @fmk`cd A m f ircbcovcd$>,3:: f `kitm, fid duroih fgg tmos to`c mc wfs bfrry-oih ki f trcfbmcrkus bkrrcspkidcibc wotm tmc Zcrsof i H kvcrikrke@usmcd, mfpoih ekrots knlcbt tmc cxpugsoki ke tmc oieodcg C ihgosmerk` w f i o s t f i . Lust fs Rugtfi @fmk`cd Amfi t m cnrktmcr ke Dkst @fmkricd, wmk` wc gkfdcd wotm nciceots,rcquotcd us ny nctrfyoih tk tmc Roams kur keeobcrswmkmfd tfaci rceuhc wotm mo` fetcr tmc kutnrcfa f t Zcsmfwur.Eoifggy, @flkr Tkdd, uifngct k sunòt fiy gkihcr tk tmcmu` ogoftoih oisugts ke fi uihrftceug òsbrcfit (tk usc tggkwkrds k Ror Lkmi Gkhoi), wotmdrcw tm c òssoki tk Bfidfmfr.


44/91

Sidcr tmcsc borbu`stfibcs, wmft Ror Nfrtgc Ercrc bfi `cfi,

ny femòih tmf t tmc ` cfsurcs fdkptcd ny Tkdd fid Z k t m h c rprkvcd ceecbtufg, ot os doeeobugt tk uidcrstfid.Ror Mciry^fwgoiski wfs smut up oi Bfidfmfr wotm Ror X`. Iktt'sd o ~ s o k i e tmc Bfnug fr`y. Tmcrc os ik fifgkhy nctwccimospksotoki uidcr tmc woih ke f gfrhc ògotfry ekrbcfid tmft kekeeobcrs stftokicdoi oskgftcd sotuftokis,goa Mcroot fid Nfgam,dcpcidcit upki tmcor oidovodufg oiegucibc, fid tmc prcstohc ke

dostfit Nrotosm pkwcr..- Tmos qucstoki ke stftokioihNrotosm keeobcrsoi Fehmfiostfi `fy

ik t scc` ke hrcft `k`cit tk tmksc uifbqufoitcd wotm tmcFehmfi bmfrfbtcr. T5c Cihgosm òid bfi sbfrbcgy uidcrstfidtmc rcpuhifibc cxmonotcdny Dkst @fmk`cd fid Rmfr Fgo. GkrdRfgosnury,mfvoih ik aikwgcdhc ki tmc sunlcbt, dosòsscd otoi tmcMkusc ke Gkrds wotm tmcrc`fra, Oe f i fggy bkugd ki submf hrkuid cxmonot fiy skrcicss ke eccgoih, bfiikt tmoia mc bfinc f i fggyfnkut wmksc tc`pcr wc iccd trkungc kurscgvcs ùbm.Cycd Ikkr @fmk`cd, Zro` c @oiostcr ke Bfnug, wmk w s`krc o` `cdoftcgy bkibcricd, sfys


45/91

Oo

Cih& `oids. Ror Nfrtgc Erc rc sfys


46/91

Bfidfmfr, Nfgam, fid Bfnug, nut tmcywkugd pusm kur kutpksts

t k tm c Kxus, fid sk`c cvci bkitc`pgftc otm bkì~gibbib~ kstogccxpcdotokis tk tmc dcscrts ke Bcitrfg Fsof. Fsf spcbo`ci ketmc O`pcrofg sbkpc ke subm prklcbts, otogg nc suCbobitt quktce r k ` f rcbcit gcttcr, pungosmcdoi tmc R b k t s ` f ~ o fid trfisecrrcd

. t k tmc krioih Z k s t ke tmc6 t m Kbtkncr, 6=8=. Fetcrfggudoiht k tmc pkssonogoty kef ûssofi fdvfibc ny Zcrsof fid tmcvfggcy ke tmc Fttrcba tk McrFtLL' tmc wrotcr hkcs ki Kur rcbcit prkbccdoihs oi A mcgft tcrrotkrocs.2 Kur rc`kistrfibcs, oi 6=84, ki ncmfge ke fakkn A mfi .4 Tmc trfisòssoki-ke prcscits tk Xfgrmfi.3 Tmc rcsugts ke tmc òssoki ke Rycd Ikkr @fmk`cdoi

6=82.5. @fttcr bkitfoicd o i f rcbcit gcttcr erk` tm c Bk`òssokicr

ke Zcsmfwur tk tm c Nrotosm Fhci t ft Bfnug.8 Tmc Fòr's o`prcssoki tm ft kur pkgoby os kic ke scge-

oitcrcst, orrcspcbtovc ke tmc oitc rcs ts ke Fehmfiostfi.= Kur rceusfg tk sohi f dceoiotc trcfty ke fggofibc oi 6=8 2.Gkrd Gyttki, oi mos gcttcr tk Gkrd Rfgosnury, ke 6 : tm @fy,

6=88 , fggudcs tk kigy ekur ke tmcsc hrocvfibcs-tmc eorst, tm ord,eku rtm, fid cohmtm,-fgg ke wmobm kbburrcd ncekrc mos fbbcssoki tktmc Uobcrkyfgty. Ot os ikt icbcssfry tk dwcgg ki cfbm ke tmcscekur hrocvfibcs, nut o t `fy nc knscrvcd tmft ikt kic ke tmc`feekrdcd fiy lust hrkuid ke bk`pgfoit fhfoist tmc Nrotosm Hkvcri-`cit. m &ubmke tmc ogg eccgoih, tmcrcekrc, `fioecstcd ny Rmc r F goùst nc fttronutcd tk mos kwi `krnod tc`pcrf`ci t. Ror MfrryGu`sdci dcsbroncd mo`, twcity ycfrs fhk, fs f `fi ke vokgcittc`pcr fid brucg dospksotoki," nu t pksscsscd ke oitcggohcibcfid fptotudc ekr nusoicss." Mc os prkic tk ots ke dcprcssoki,bfusoih, ft to`cs, tmc ncgoce oi mos oisfioty. Mos bkidubt, ki tm c

dc ftm ke mos efvkurotc ski, @fmk``cd Fgo, ft tm c nf ttgckeCulnfz, hfvc bkuitcifibc tk tmos ncgoce. O i dcfgoih wotm f ` fike tmos dospksotoki,f Uobcrky, dcsorkus ke prk` ktoih pcfbc, wkugdmfvc ncci sgkw tk tf ac heecibc, fid wkugd mfvc cxcrboscd `krctmfi usufg ekrncfrfibc. T mc dcbosoki wotm rchfrd tk tm c Rcostfinkuidfsy oi 6=8>, ik dkunt cxbotcd f dccp eccgoih ke rc ~ c i t` c i toi tm c òid ke Rmcr Fgo. Tmc knlcbts ke tmc Nrotosm Hkvcri `cit


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33

wcrc wmkggy dosoitcrcstcd. Tmcy dcsorcdt rc`kvc f bfusc kequfrrcg nctwcci Zcrsof fid Fehmfiostfi, fid t fvcrt, oe

pkssongc, tmc bmfibc ke bkggosoki fid ngkkdsmcd.Ik keeobcr ncttcreottcd tk bfrry kut tmcor wosmcs bkugd mfvc ncci scgcbtcd fs Bk`-òssokicr tmfi ôr Ercdcroba Hkgdsòd, nutm wfs tmwfrtcdtmrkuhmkut ny @orzf gg ff so` Amfi, tm c Zcrsofi Bk`òssokicr,wmksc bkidubt feefrdcd sueeobocit hrkuid ekr nrcfaoih up tmcBk`òssoki, fid gcfvoih tmc qucstoki ekr scttgc`cit ft TcmrFi.Tmos wkugd mfvc ncci tmc woscst pgfi, fs, fgtmkuhm tmc dcbosoki ke

tmc Nrotosm Bk`òssokicr wfs pcrecbtgy cquotfngc,ot

hfvc keecibcnktm tk Zcrsof fid tk Rmcr Fgo.Tmc gcss wc oitcrecrc wotm tm coitcrifg feefors fid dosputcs ke Fsoftob ûgcrs tmc ncttcr.

Gkrd Gyttki `facs ik `citoki ke tmc scbkid fggchcd hrocv-fibc- tm c rcbcit prkbccdoihs oi tmc Amcgft tcrrotkrocs.Tmcscoibgudcd tmc kbbupftoki ke Vucttfm , wmobm tm c N` or dcsbroncd tktmc Turaosm Civky fs pgfboihfi fr`cd `fi f t tmc nfba dkkr

ke mos mkusc, fddoih, wmft bfi nc mos `ktovc, cxbcpt mc wfitstk eoid mos wfy oi wmci yku frc fsgccp; * Sidcr fi frtobgc oikur trcfty f o t m tmc Amf i ke Amcgft, wc mfdf pcrecbt rohmt tkkbbupy Vucttfm, fs otos sotuftcd oi Amcgft tcrrotkry. N ut GkrdIkrtmnrkka mfs stftcd tmft ots kbbupftoki dod ikt ekr` pfrt kemosbkitc`pgftcd f rrfihc`ci ts ekr tmc scttgc`cit ke X c g f t feefors.Fs f sohioeobfit stcp oi tmc dorcbtoki ke Gkrd Gyttki's ru`kurcd

pkgoby, bk`noicd wotm tmc tmrcftc icd fdvfibc ke Cfsmòr trkkpstkwfrds Bmotrfg, ft kur oistohftoki, fid tmc kpcioih ke icw rcgf-tokis wotmtm Bmocest k tmc ikrtm ke tmc Kfnug rovcr, ot ifturfggyfgfr`cd tmc Fòr. F t tmos pcrokd, fgsk, prcpfrftokis wcrc ncoih`fdc ki tm c nfias ke tm c Oi dus o i tmc bkggcbtoki ke suppgocsf ~ o d`cfis ke trfispkrt f nrodhc ke nkfts wfs tmrkwi fbrkss tmc rovcrf t Ckksmfghur, fid tmc for wfs eugg ke wfrgogbc ru`kurs. Ik

wkidcr tmc Fòr ncbf`c fixokus fid dostrusteug. Ror Mciry^fwgoiski suhhcsts tmft ot wfs tmc Fòr's bkisbokusicss ke mos

*Tmos ekrbongc cxprcssoki ke tmcmèr uttcrcd tk tmc TuraosmCivky oi t m cbkieodcibc ke p rovftc oitcrbkursc wotmr bkscgohokiost , os strkih c~ od ci bc e moseccgoihs ki tmc sunlcbt ke tmc kbkupftokike Vucttcm. t os rcgftcd oi [email protected] i H c f r y ' ~Xkra, Tm rku hm FsoftobTuracy, Ukg.OO.,pfhc 2>2 fs bk`-ùiobftcd tk mo` ny f Tu raos m pkgotobofi f t B kistf itoikpgc.


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kwi dosgkyfgty wmobm `fd c m o` rchf rd tm c `kvc` cit ki Vucttfmfs f `cifbc. u t up tk tm c to`c ke Gkrd Gyttki's fhhrcssovc`cfsurcs, Rmcr Fgo mfd smkw i ik sy`ptk` ke dosgky fgty tk us. L

f wcfa Rtftc nctwcci twk `ohmty Zkwcrs, mc iftu rfggy ecgt sus-pobokus nktm ke Cih gfid fid ke ^ussof. Ror X oggo f` @uor, wm cicidcfvkuroih tk prcvcit tmc Uobcrky esk` scidoih mos `cifboihgcttcr, `rotcs


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C i h gf i d fid ûssof, rc`fracd mf t, smkugd tmc twk Hkvcri-` c i t s fbt `krc tkhctmcr, oi tmc oitcrcsts ke hcicrfg prkhrcss fid

bovogozftoki, ot òhmt nc tmc `cfis ke strcihtmcioih nktm oi tmcorrcspcbtovc Cfstcri dkòiokis, wmcrc f pkwcreug fitfhkiostobcgc`cit cxostcd oi tmc @ussug`fi pkpugftoki, f `cifbc tk nktmHkvcri `ci ts, fid smkugd f t fiy to`c f gcfdcr ke dfroih bmfrfbtcrfr osc, ùbm wfs tk nc ecfrcd ny subm fi cvcit. Tmcrc os hrcft trutmoi tmos knscrvftoki, fid Gkrd Gyttki wkugd dk `c66 tk ncfrot oi` o i d oi mos dcfgoihs wotm tmc bkitoihcits ke Iftovc Zroibcst

eurtmcr sbmc`cs ke tcrrotkrofg fhhrfidozc`cit. Xc frc f mfideugke ekrcohicrs rugoggh kvcr bkiqucrcd òggokis, fid ot wkugd nc fef tf g crrkr tkerottcr fwfy kur ògotfry strcihtmfid rcskurbcs, krccspcbofggy *kur Curkpcfi trkkps, oi tm c dostfi t rchokis ke Fehmfi-ostfi . Xc bfi icvcr trust tk Oidof fs f scburc nfsc ke kpcrftokisfs wc wkugd trust tk Cihgfid oi tmc cvcit ke fi Curkpcfic`crhciby. Oi fiy struhhgc wotm fi Curkpcfi Zkwcr kur ògo-

t f r y strc ih tm oi Oi dof ùst nc oibrcfscd rftmcr tmf i doòiosmcd.O t w s f vfoi egkurosm ke tru`pcts, wmobm dcbcovcd ik kicfbqu foi tcd wotm tm c tru c stftc ke &fors o i Oidof, tk nroih iftovctrkkps ft f vfst cxpcisc tk Curkpc wotm tm c vocw ke oitoòdftoihûssof.

K i tm c 6: tm ke Kbtkncr fiktmcr ` cctoih wfs mcgd wotmF t t f @fmk` cd A mf i, ft wmobm tmc Uobcrky wfs prcscit.RorGcwos Zcggy , Bkgkicg Nuric , fid Bfptfoi Hrcy fgsk fttcidcd. O twogg nc knscrvcd tmft tmc Ekrcohi Rcbrctfry ke tmc Hkvcri`citwfs fnscit erk` nktm ke tmcsc o`pkrtfit `cctoihs, tmft os t sfy,t m c rcspkisongc mcfd ke tmc keeobc tmrkuhm wwmobm tmc Uobcrky'sbk` ù iobftokis wotm fgg Bmoces fid Zroibcs frc oivfrofngy bki-dubtcd, wfs ikt prcscit ft dosbussokis wmobm mfd fi o`pkrtfitncfroih ki krdcrs tm f t mc wkugd cvcitufggy mfvc tk bfrry kut. Oetmc Ekrcohi Rcbrctfry wfs uifngc tk fttcid tmrkuhm oggicss, kr fiyktmcr bfusc, tmc Sidcr-Rcbrctfry oi tmc Ekrcohi Dcpfrt`citbkugd mfvc fttcidcd. Tmos `fs dkic oi Gkrd Dfgmkusoc's to`c oif soògfr bkitoihciby. Tmus, fgsk oi rchfrd tk tmc feeforskeCmcgf t , t wogg nc rc`c`ncrcd tmft tmc Uobcrky dcputcd mos kwi@ogotf ry Rcbrctfry tk nc tmc ncfrcr ke bkieodcitofg bk`ùiobftokis

Bcitrfg FFsof Zfpcrs, p 43


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tk tmc Amfi, fid tk tmc N rotosm pkgotobfg Keeobcr f t tm f t Bkurt.O itm c dcspftbm ke tm c >2rd ke @frbm, 6=88, oi vkg. ((Ncgkkbmostfi

Zfpcrs, pfrfhrfpm >8, ot os stftcd tm f t ((Bkgkicg Bkggcy bfrrocdkut mos òssoki wotm bfrc fid ludh`cit. Fd òttoih euggy tmcqufgoeobftokis ke Bkgkicg Bkggcy,ot os bgcfr tmft mcw s kigy kicke tm c keeobcrs ke tmc Uobcrky's kwi stfee, fid mfd ik keeobofg krrcspkisongc pksotoki bkiicbtcd wotm tmc Hkvcri`cit ke Oidof,icotmcr mfd Bkgkicg Nu ric fs Zrov ftc Rcbrctfry. Tm c fdvobc fidfssostfibc ke tmcsc keeobcrs oi tmcor prkpcr spmcrc f rc bfgbugf tcd tknc ke hrcft v fguc tk tm c Uobcrky, nut tm f t os ikt skgod hrkuidekr d k w o i h tmc` tk supcrscdc tm c rchugfrgy-fppkoitcd keeobcrs ketm c Hkvcri`cit ke Oidof, wmk fr c tm c rcspkisongc fdvoscrs ke tm cHkvcri` cit, fid f m k pksscss, w mf t keeobcrs ki tm c stfeeke tnc Uobcrky hcicrfggy dk ikt, trfoicd cxpcrocibc oi tmc wkraoihke kur Oid ofi Fdòiostrftoki, fid fr c tmcrcekrc nc ttcr eottcd tkbfrry ku t tmc dcbosokis ke tm c Hkvcri`cit. Kic ke t m c dosfd-vfitfhcs ke tmos orrchugfr prkbccdoih wfs, fs wogg nc rc` fra cd o itm os bfsc, tmft tmcrc os ik keeobofg rcbkrd ke oi st~ ub tok is k BkgkicgBkggcy, ikr fiy ekr`fg rcpkrt erk` mo`. Sidcr tmc kgd systc`ke hkvcri`cit, tmcsc orrchugfrotocs wkugd mfvc ncci fio` fdv crtcdupki ny tmc Mk`c Futmkrotocs. O i bkiicbtoki wotm t mos icw`kdc ke trfisfbtoih nusoicss wc mfvc, oi tmc pungosmcd

Fehmfiostfi Bkrrcspkidcibc, cxtrfbts eok` provftc iktcs fid`c`krfidf put ekrwfrd tk cstfngosm bcrtfoi o`pkrtfit pkoits (tmcdctfogs, ekr oistfibc, ke w mf t pfsscd f t tm c S` nfggf Bkiecrcibc)wmobm mf vc ncci smkwi tk mfvc ncci pksotovcgy oibkrrcbt. O i efbt,oi kic oistfibc, f hcitgc`fi ikt prcscit f t f i oitc rvocw osfggkwcd, ycfrs fetcrwfrds, tk pu t mos kwi oitcrprctftok i ki wmf t

'pfeoscd f t tmc to`c, fid wmft wfs rcfggy rcbkrdcd tmci f i d tmcrc

ny tm c Sidcr-Rcbrctfry oi tm c Ekrcohi Dcpfrt`cit.Ft tmc scbkid `cctoih wotm Fttf @fmkricd, Gkrd Gyttki

tkka kbbfsoki tk cxpgfoi tk mo`, fs mc sfod sunscqucitgy,wotmkut rcscrvc fgg tm ft mc mfdoi mos òi d1 mc mfdik dkunt

tm f t tm c N rotosm Fhcit wkugd bkivcy tmos efotmeuggy tk t m c Fòr.Mkw G krd Gyttki, mkgdoih fs m c dod oi mos mfid tm c `k` citkusossucske pcfbc fid wfr,.bkugd bkibcovc tm f t tm c usc kegfihufhc,


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oidohiftoki oi tmc nrcfst ke tmc F` or, wfs ncbk`oih tmc dohiotyke mos mohm keeobc,ot os doeeobugtt uidcrstfid. Gct us scgcbtec f ke tmc bmkobc cxprcssokogs ke tmos bkibogoftkry cssfhct RmcrFgo


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rcqucst ke tmc Nrotosm fkvcri`cit smkugd nc dcbgoicd.',i tmccid, mkw cvcr, kwoih tk mcgpgcssicss, tmkuhm tmfttm c rcsodcibc ke Nrotosm keeobcrs wkugd ikt ft fggnc fdvcitfhckust k tmc twk Hkvcri`cits, tmc Fòr bkiscitcd, f66d mos Zro`c@oiostcr, Rycd Ikkr @ fmk`cd Rmfm, wfs dcspftbmcd tk Zcsmfg`r,wmcrc mc frrovcd ki tmk >8tm Lfiufry,6=88,oi vcry o nbdtm.Ror Gcwos Zcggy `ct mo` , fid ot `fy nc rc`fracd, wotmkut fiyo`putftoki upki tmft keeobcr, wmk mfs eoggcd `fiy rcspkisongc

sotuftokis wotm brcdot, tm ft mos scgcbtoki ekr tmos duty scc`s tkmf vc ncci uiekrtuiftc. Mos Roidc fitcbcdcits wcrc ikt goacgy tkprcpksscss tmc Fehmfis oi mos efvkur, ikr mos prcvokus bkiicbtokiwotm tmc Zcrsofi @ossoki ft Tcmrhi. M c `fs f wcgg-aikwisup-pkrtcr ke tm c fhhrcssovc pkgoby ke Hcicrfg Lfbkn fid Ror Mciry^fwgoiski. Mosif`c, tkk, mfd ncci prkòicitgy fsskboftcd wotmtm c dcpksotoki ke tmc Huoawfr. ^cw s f icw `fi ki tmc

Zuilfn erkitocr, mfvoih mfd ik dcfgoihs wotm tmc Fehmfis, ikrtm cy w otm mo`. RTmc Fòr mfd ncci oiekr`cd tmf t mc`fs tmcRpcbofg Civky wmk` Gkrd Gyttki mfd nrkuhmt iut wotmmoèrk` Cihgfid, fid oitcidcd tk scid t k Bfnug, fid wmksc òssokitmc F òr mfd dcbgoicd tk rcbcovc.

Tmc prcvokus `cfsurcs ke tmc Uobcrky `crc bigbugutcd tkd f r ` Rmcr Fgo, fid ot wfs vcry prknfngc tmftmc `kugd bkiicbtRor GcwosZcggyoi sk`c wfy wotm tmcsc `cfsurcs. Rycd Ikkr@fmk`cd R mfm mf d suhhcstcd tmc if`c ke Bkgkicg Zkggkba fsBk`òssokicr tk `cct mo`


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tcgchrfpmob bk`ùiobftoki tmrkuhm mos dkòiokis, tk t m c oidos-broòiftc fdòssoki ke Cihgosm` ci, keeobofg fid iki-keeobofg, oitk

Fehmfiostfi, fid tk tmc gkbftoki ke Nrotosm Fhcitsoi Mcrot ,Nfgam, fid ktmcr Fehmfi botocs.Tmcrc wcrc ktmcr skgod fdvfitfhcs ik dkunt,oe kigy e2mbr @ o

bkugd nc nrkuhmt tk fpprcboftc tmc`, fid tm ft mc wkugd6: sk oitm c cid Gk rd Gyttki, gkkgroih f t tmc ` fttcr erk` f purcgy C ihgosmpkoit ke vocw, fppfrcitgy ncgocvcd, fs mc stftcs oi mos tc gphr f~ i etmc >id Fuhust, 6='8= 5tm @frbm,6=88.t os o`pkssongc tk rcfd tmc prkbccdoihske' tmc Bkggebrbibb,

wotmkut pcrbcovoih tmft,'kic soihgc qucstoki wfs uppcr`kst mkòid ke tm c dyoih Civky, bmfrhcd fs mc wfs tk bkivcy omkscito`cits ke tmc Fòr, fid ke tm c Fehmfi Bmocesfid pbkygk.

X my fgg tmos prcssoih, mc sfys, k scid Nrotosm keeobcrs tkFehmfiostfi, wmci yku dcbgfrc tm f t yku mfvc ik wosm tk oitcrecrc

oi tm c oitcr ifg feefors ke Fehmfiostfi Otmfs rkusbd tm b suspobokike tmc Fòr, fid mos suspoboki os bkieor`cd ny tmc frnotrfrybtske ykur Hkvcri` cit, fid m c os ikw bkivoibcd tm f t t k fggkwNrotosm keeobcrs tk rcsodc oi mos bkuitrywogg nc tk rkgoiquocgo moskwi futmkroty, fid tmc gfstoih doshrfbc tmus nrkuhmtki t m kFehmfi pckpgc d g c fttfbmcd tk mos if`c,fid mc woOgskkicrpcrosm tmfi sunòt tk tmos. Tmc Nrotosm iftokios hrbft

pkwcregg, fid tmc Fehmfi pbkpgc bfiikt rcsost otspkwcr, ut tggbpckpgc frc scge-woggcdfid oidcpcidcit, fid pro` tmba m(igkurfnkvc goec. X mft frc Fehmfi mkikur id Fehggfi oidbp iid` gbktk Gkrd G yttk i; Tm c dostfit fid uircfg dfihbr ke u 6tusso1rifdvfibc ki Oidof kvcrgcfps subm òikr bkisodcrftokis. Xggftvoggfhcsnuricd, fid mk`cs dcstrkycd, fid wk`ci fid cPgogdrbi

Fehmfiottfi Zfycrs, p. 6?3


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stfrvcd, id òscry fid mftrcd fid dcspfor skwi nrkfdbfsttmrkuhmkut tmc gfid, oi bk`pfroski wotm odcfg Nrotosm oitcrcsts

of i d tmc sbocitoeob rcbtoeobftoki ke f erk itocr;_cs, tmc Nrotosmiftoki os hrcft fid pkwcreug, fs tmc dyoih Civky sfod, wotm`fracd cfricsticss fid hrfroty, fid tmc Fehmfi pckpgc frcwcfa, fid Gkrd Gyttki bfi nrcfa tmc` fs f rccd, fid trf`pgctmc` uidcr ekkt fs fi cfrtmci popaoi, oe tmcy vciturc tk stfid oi

t m c wfy ke mos O` pc rof g pkgoby. N ut Hkd rcsostctm tmc prkud

fid tmos tc`pcr ke òid, wmctmcr oi oidovodufgs kroi iftokis,`facs tk otscge hrcft rcvcrscs.

Ki tmc dcftm ke Rycd Ikkr @fmk`cd, Gkrd 6,yttki gksti k to`c oi bgksoih tmc Bkiecrcibc, fgtmkuhm mc wfs fwfrctm o f ercsm C ivky wfs ki mos wfy erk` Bfnug, wmk, ot wfsrcpkrtcd, mfd futmkroty tk fbbcpt fgg tmc bkidotokis ke tmc NrotosmHkvcri` cit. Oi stcfd ke cxcrbosoih ekrncfrfibc, fid scozoih ki

cvcry kpcioih wmobm feekrdcd f prkspcbt ke nroihoih fnkutpcfbceug scttgc`cit, Gkrd Gyttki scc`s ki fgg kbbfsokis tk mfvc

Ztfaci tmc cxfbtgy kppksotc bkursc, fid tk mfvc dctcròicd tk butt m c Hkrdofi aikt ke doegobugtocs wotm tmc swkrd.~ t mos brotobfgluibturc, wmci o t wfs cspcbofggy dcsorfngc tm ft sk`c rcprcscitftovcke tmc Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit smkugd nc icfr RmcrNgo tk tfacfdvf itfhc ke fiy prkpotokus `k`cit tk skktggc mos fihry eccgoihs,t k fggfy mos suspobokis, fid tk pgfbc `fttcrs oi fs efvkurfngc fgo hmt fs pkssongc, ikt kigy w otm tmc F` or, nut wotm tm c Bmocesfnkut mos Bkurt, Gkrd Gyttki wotmdrcw tmc Nrotosm Fhcit erk`Bfn~og. O t os doeeobugt tk o`fhoic f `krc ogg-fdvoscd stcp. Oeûssofi oitrohucs wcrc drcfdcd, tmos wfs tk fbt prck osc g~ s tmcywkugd wosm, fod tk tmrkw tmc hf`c citorcgy oitk tmcor mfids.

tdcprovcd tm c

m o rke fgg `krfg suppkrt, rc`kvcd cvcry bmcba,f id, wotm f Bmoce ke mos `kkdy fid suggci dospksotoki, smfrpcicd

mos scisc ke wrkih, fid hfvc mo` fddotokifg hrkuids eurfpprc-mcisoki. O t dosbkurfhcd tm c wcgg-wosmcrs ke tm c Nrotosm Hkvcri-`cit , id gcet tmc` wotmkut f rfggyoih pkoit tk `fac mcfdfhfoist tm c efiftobos` ke tmc fito-Nrotosm pfrty. Tmcy bkugd ikttrus t cfbm ktmcr, nut tmcy bkugd trust Nrotosm Fhcit ke rfia ke

tmcor k ` brccd, wmk wkugd rcpkrt efvkurfngy ki tmcor bkidubt,


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5

fid cisurc tmc` f rcwfrd. Ot wfs oidccd f mkstogc `cfsurc,fid bfgbugftcd tk prkvkac mkstogoty. O t mfd tmc eurtmcr dosfd-

vfitfhc ke gcfvoih tm c Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit o i ohikrfibc ke wmftwfs hkoih ki ft Bfnug. Oitcggohcibc erk` tm f t qufr tcr mcibc-ekrtm kigy rcfbmcd Oidof tmrkuhm qucstokifngc fid uibcrtfoibmfiicgs ke bk`ùiobftoki.

Erk` @frbm 6=88 uitog Lugy6=8= tmcrc fppcfrs t mfvcncci ik bkrrcspkidcibc nctwcci tmc Uobcrky fid Rmcr Feo.Tmci bf`c tm c icws ke tm c frrovfg kef ûssofi @ossoki ft Bfnug,

t m c truc purpksc ke wmobm, Ror M ci ry ^fwgoiski tcggs us,wfs tk bkieor` Rmcr FgoLs mkstogoty tk Cihgfid, fid tk prkvkac

us tk citcr ki fi fr`cd bkiegobt wotm tmc Fehmfis, tmc ncicvkgcitfo` ke ûssof ncoih tk gcfd us ki tk cxmfust kur strcih tm oiwmft smc mkpcd wkugd nc fi cidgcss fid prkeotgcss struhhgc ft OKfnug. Tmos os ` crc bkilcbturc wc aikw gottgc kr iktmoih ketmc rcfg rcgftokis nctwcci RmcrFgo fid tmc ûssofi ]ossoki, kic

ke tmc òsbmocvkus bkiscqucibcs ke tm c wotmdrfwfg ke tm c NrotosmFhcit f t Bfnug. X c aikw tm ft tmc ûssofi @ossoki wfsdctfoicd f `kitm ki sk`c prctcxt ncekrc ot wfs pcròttcd tkprkcccd tmrkuhm Fehmfi tcrrotkry. Tmc Fòr dcbgfrcd mc dod o

ikt, oi tmc eorst oistfibc, oivotc ot. Gkrd Ikrtmnrkka sfys tm f tO

mc trocd tk prcvcit ots hkoih nu t mc hfvc ot pcròssoki tk bk`cki wmci mc mfd ik fgtcriftovc. Ots knlcbt, mc sfod, wfs kigy tk

cxbmfihc bovogotocs. Mc mfd ik dcsorc tk hovc ûssof f rohmt kewfy tmrkuhm mos bkuitry. O t wfs f skurbc, ik dkunt, ke c`nfr-rfss`cit tk mo`, fi d gcd tk tmc pkstpkic`cit ke tm c Nrotosm@ossoki, wmobm ot wogg nc rcbkggcbtcd mc dod ikt rclcbt, nutkigypkstpkicd. Oe, mkwcvcr, ot wfs tmc ncicvkgci t fo` ke ûssoftk oivkgvc us oi wfr wotm tmc Fehmfis, smc subbccdcd.Kic keIfpkgcki's `fxo`s o i wfr wfs icvc r tk dk wmft tmc cic`ywosmcd yku tk dk, ekr tmos rcfski fgkic, tmft mc dcsorcd ot.Gkrd Gyttki scc`s tk mfvc fbtcd ki tm c bkitrfry proibopgc. Tmosûssofi @ossoki ke ekur kr eovc Curkpcfis, fid fecw Bkssfbas,wmobm Gkrd Ncfbkiseocgd fdòts wfs quotc fggkwfngc,ò wmobmwfs wotmdrfwi o``cdoftcgy ki f rcprcscitftoki ncoih `fdc ftRt. Zctcrsnurhm, eoggs Gkrd Gyttki wotm fgfr`, fid os tmc nfsos ke


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t m c vokgcit pkg$' sunscqucitgy pirsucd tkwfrds tmcFòr. cdcspftbmcs fi urhcit tcgchrf`, dftcd tmc >id ke ~ u h u ~ t ,k tmcRcbrctfry ke Rtftc, fiikuiboih mos oitcitoki tk oisost kircbcptoki ke suotfngc Nrotosm @ossoki ft Bfnug, tmft mc dodiktfitobopftc scrokus rcsostfibc, tmft tk rc-cstfngosm tmc prcpkidcrfibcke Nrotosm od m c i b c oi Fehmfiostfi wfs icbcssfryekr tmc sfectykeOidof, tm ft oiegucibc fppfrcitgy, oi tmc Uobcrky_spoioki,ncoihcidfihcrcd ny tmc tc`pkrfry prcscibc ke f ecw ûssofi Keeobcrsf t Bfnug. O e subm wcrc tmc bfsc tmc sfecty ke Oidof ùst oidccdrcst ki f vcry sfidy ekuibgftoki. Gkrd @ctbfgec bcrtfoigy dodsfy tmft wc wcrc sottoih ki f nfrrcg ke huipkwdcroi Oidof, fidicvcr aicw wmci ot wkugd cxpgkdc1 fid fhfoi, tmft ` smkugdwfac up sk`c `krgg`h, fid eoid tmft wc mfd gkst Oidof. NutGkrd @ctbfgec pkoitcd tk dfihcr erk` wotmoi, fid ikt erk`wotmkut. O i rcecrcibc tk tmc prcscit stftcke feefors, tmft còicit

Rtftcs`fi ` fdc fik tmcr stroaoih rc`fra. Dcpcid upki ot, mcsfod, mc surcst wfy tk nroih ûssof dkwi upki kurscgvcs, os ekrus tk brkss tmc Oidus, fid `cddgc wotm tmc bkuitrocs ncykid ot.

Gkrd Gyttk i, ohikroih fgoac tmc gcsskis ke mostkry fid kepfstcxpcrocibc, eoxcs mos cycs ki ûssofi `fbmoiftokis, fid scc`sngoid tk ktmcr bkitoihcibocs.Ot os dcbodcd ny tmc Uobcrky tmftRor Icvoggc Bmf`ncrgfoi smfgg nc dcputcd tk Bfnug, fs NrotosmCivky, fid Ifwfn Hmkgf` Musscoi Amfi os dorcbtcd tk prk-bccd oi fdvfibc wotm f gcttcrt k tmc Fòr. Ki tmc 68tmkeFuhust, Fnduggf Lfi, tmc mcor fppfrcit, docs, fidf dcgfy kbbursncekrc tmc @ossoki bfi bk``cibcots lkur ih . @cfito`c GkrdGyttki tcgchrfpms tk tm c Bk`òssokicr ke Zcsmfwur, tk oiekr` kicke tmc Fòr's proibopfg keeobcrs tmft tmc @ossoki~ r o S i fiy bsc,gcfvc Zcsmfwur fnkut tmc 65tm ke Rcptc`ncr tmftf rceusfgkeercc pfssfhc fid sfec bkiduktw gg nc bkisodcrcd fi fbt ke kpcimkstogoty.'' Ifwfn Hmkgf` Musscoi Amfi rcfbmcd Bfnug kitmc6:tm ke Rcptc`ncr. c wfs wcgg rcbcovcd ki tmc lkuricy, fidmkspotfngy citcrtfoicd ki frrovfg, Ki tmc 6>tm mc mfd fioitcr-vocw wotm tm cFòr fid rcrcpocd mo t k nc vcry ùbm dospgcscd,fid fs sfyoih, Ot os fs oe tmcywcrc bk`c ny ekrbc. Odk ikt

fhrcc tk tmc @ossoki bkòihoi tmos `fiicr. O t s s oetmcywosm


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55

tk doshrfbc `c f` f erocid, fs ncekrc, fid ci tcrtfoi ik ggwogg. O e @ossoki fdvfibc ikw, csostfibc fitobopftcd. Fhfoi,

tmf t tmc F` or oito`ftcd tm ftmc

wkugd scid ekr tm c @ossoki tkbgcfr up ` utuf g òsuidcrctfidoihs, prkvodcd tmcrc wfs ik fttc` pttk ekrbc tmc @ossoki upki mo` wotmkut mos bkiscit n d i h eorsthrfitcd , fbbkrdoih tk usufg bustk`, ktmcrwosc mcwkugd rcsostotL fsbkòih oi subm f `fiicr wkugd nc f sgohmt tk mo`. *' i f gft8crgcttcr, dftcd Bfnug, 6 3 tm rRcptc`ncr, Hmkgf` Musscoi stftcs6st keRcptc`ncr, fid @flkr Bfvfhifro wfs scit ekrwfrd wotm f s` fggcsbkrt oi tmc dorcbtoki keFgo@uslod, tk dc`fid f pfssfhc tmrku hmtm c C my nc r erk` tmc bk``fidfit ke tmc ekrt, E foz @fmkricd,wmk dcbgfrcd tmft, wotmkut krdcrs erk` tmc Fòr, m c bkugd iktfggkw tm c @ossoki tk pfss mos pkst, nu t wmk erk` eorst tk gfst,

@flkr Bfvfhifro wrotcs, ncmfvcd oi f `kst bkurtckus ` fii cr,fid vcry efvkur fngy o`prcsscd nktm Bkgkicg Lciaoi s fid `yscge.@flkr Bfvfhifro fsgbs, Rm fgg `fac fiktmcr fttc `pt tk -

`krrkw `krioih, fid try tk nroih Ef oz @ f m k ~ c d k rcfski, kr`fac mo` eorc upki us ; Ror Icvoggc Bmfrinkremoi dkcs ik t wosmtk pusm `fttcrs tk tmos cxtrcòty, fid rcturis t Zcsmfwur, fidtm c Iossoki os dosskgvcd. M c wrotcs oi mos rcpkrt< f Tm c @ ossokimfd efogcd1 t mfd ncci turicd nfba ft tmc tmrcsmkgdke tmc F` or2sdkòiokis wotm fi feerkit dcgovcrcd ncekrcfgg tmc wkrgd. Tmcfeerkit wfs tm c `krc pkoitcd, fs twk sbokis ke tm c ikngc ef` ogocske Tkia fid Lcypkrc fbbk`pfiocd tm c @ossoki. N u t wmksc bki-dubt gcd up tk tmos feerkit; Xfs ot ikt tmft ke Gkrd Gyttki; Mcaicw wcgg ncekrcmfid tmft tmc @ossoki wkugd ikt ncfggkwcd tk

*p. >42 t >42 p >4:


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tk ncgocvc, fgsk, tmftoe mc wfotcd f smkrt to`c tmft bkiscit wkugdo nc kntfoicd.uhcic Rbmu ygcr sfys lustgy, wotm rcecrcibc tk t m c ACkamfi-

do`s, w m f t fppgocs cqufggyt k tmc Fehmfis


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Fehmfis tmc pcr`ficit dcecibc ke kur cxtrc`c Ikrtmcrierkitocr. Tm crc frc ikt kigy prcscit cvogs, nut tm c sccds keeuturc cvog skwi, tk nroih ekrtm f pgcitoeug mfrvcst ke trkungcmcrcfetcr. gg tmos os dkic, fbbkrdoih tk tmc Uobcrky'srkbg gf`f

toki, oi krdcr tm ft mc Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit `fy eoid tmc ncstscburoty ekr ots Oi dof i erkitocr oi tmc erocidsmop ke f Rtf tc wmkscoidcpcidcibc ot sccas tk bkieor`. O i tm c sf`c strfoi RorIcvoggc Bmf`ncrgfoi wrotcs


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`kst pkwcreug i ft ok is oi tmc wkrgd< Oe tmc ûssofi @oegookiwfsprchifit w o t m dosfstrkus bkggscqubibcs tk Oidof, fs mfsncci R

pcrsostcitgy feeor` cd, nut wmobm rc`fois tk nc prkvcd,wc mfdkigy tk dc`fid ots wotmdrfwfg, fid ûssof wkugd mfvc fbquocsbcd,fs oi e fb t s m c o fbquocsbc. X c bkugd mfvc tmci dc fg twotmRmcr o ft kur gcosurc. Gkrd Gyttki's bkursc ke fbtokimfd ikdkunt bk` pgobftcd tm c qucstoki, fgfr`cd tmc Fòr, fid tmrkwiknstfbgcs oi tmcw y ke erocidgy ichktoftokis. Nut wotm t m cdos-

fppcfrf ibc ke t m c ûssofi @ossoki tmc hrcftcst doeeobugty w k u gdmfvc ncci rc`kvcd. Rmcr go dcbgfrcd tmft ki tmc dcpfrturcke tmc ûssofis mc wkugd rcbcovc tmc Nrotosm @ossoki,id m còhmt m f v c ncc i pcrsufdcd tk `cct tmc Uobcrky ft Zc smfw ur,k rcgscwmcrc, wmcrc nyfi oitcrbmfihc ke erocidgy bkurtcsocs,f s ftS`nfggf oi 6=5?, f ncttcr stf tc ke eccgoih òhmt mfvcnccinrkuhmt fnkut. Nut tk ceecbt tmos, tmc knikxokus bkidotokike

stftokioih Nrotosm keeobcrs oi Fehmfi tcrrotkry ùstmfw ncciwotmdrfw i. Tmos , mkwcvcr, wfs f bfrdoifg pkoiti tmc pkgobykeGkrd Rfgosnuryfid Gkrd Gyttkgg tk nc ekrbcd ki RmcrFgo f t fggmfzfrds, fid ki tmc Fehmfi pckpgc, wmk wcrc `krcfvcrsc t k t m o s`cfsurc tmfi Rmcr go mo`scge. X c eoid, ft pfhc 58 ke @.Ecrrocr's B f r fv f i Lkuricys, . f ifrrftovc ke tmc rosa m crfi f t

Bfidfmfr, tmkuhm uidcr tmc prktcbtoki ke CkmuidogAmfi, f

nrktmcr ke D k s t @ fmk`cd, tmci ûgcr ke tmf t boty.Tmc pckpgcwcrc dyoih ke bmkgcrf. Kic ke tmc Sgc`fs dcbgfrcd t m f twmogc O

Bfidfmfr wfs suggocd ny tmc prcscibc ke fi oieodcg,tmc c i c ` y keHkd fid `fi, tmcrc wkugd nc ik bcssftoki ke tmcor feCbtoki.@. E crroc r 's mkusc wfs ncsochcd ekr tmrcc dfys Ak muidogAmfimo`scge wfs kngohcd tk tfac rceuhc oi tmc botfdcg uitogf r c o i -ekrbc`cit ke trkkps frrovcd fid put fi cid tk tmc oisurrcbtoki.

Tmc sf`c sporot ke efiftobos` stogg cxcrboscs uinkuidcd swfykvcr t m c g f rh c ` flkroty ke tmc Fehmfi pkpugftoki, f i d tm k uh m,ui cr tmc bkcrbovc oiegucibcke f Nrotosm ekrbc, ot `fy nc qu oc sb ci tekr f to`c , fiy efvkurfngc kppkrtuioty wkugd nroih otsdkr`fitcgc`cits oitk dfihcrkus fbtovoty.

K i t m c dofskgutoki ke Ror Icvoggc Bmf`ncrgfoi's@ossoki, GkrdGyttki dorcbtcd tmc fssc`ngfhc k trkkps, wotmf vocw tk cfrgy


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ugtcrokr kpcrftokis. Rmkrtgy fetcrwfrds tmc fiswcr ke tmc Fòr,dftcd 5tm Kbtkncr, tk t mc Uobcrky's gcttcr, bkivcycd ny Ifwfn

Hmkgf` Musscof, wfs rcbcovcd. Tmos fiswcr ke RmcrFgo wfsbkubmcd oi f tkic ke oidohifi t rc`kistrfibc, bk`pgfoioih kegcttcrs trfisòttcd tk tmc Bfnug Keeobofgs ny tmc Bk`òssokicr keZcsmfwur, fibg ke tmc mfrsm fid nrcftmgcss mfstc ke tmc prk-bccdoihs ke Gkrd Gyttki, nut o t wfs icotmcr dceofit ikr oisugtoih.Tmc Uobcrky, mkwcvcr, bkisodcrcd ot fs bkivcyoih f dorcbt bmfg-gcihc, fid wkugd mfvc o``cbgoftcgy bk``cibcd mkstogotocs.

Gkrd Bfiioih's rcgubtfibc tk citcr upki wfrgoac kpcrftokisfhfoist Zcrsof ekr`s f `fracd bkitrfst tk Gkrd Gyttki's prcbopo-tfiby oi murryoih kif bkggosoki wotm tmc F` or. Gk rd Bfiioihwrotcs tk @r. Tcriki R` otm, Fprog >>id,=35


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tmcor gcfdcrs, wmk pksscss gottgc ògotfry bfpfboty. Cfb m fehm fi

eohmts ekr mos kwi mfid, fid tmcy mfvc fgwfys prkvcd tmc`scgvcsbkitc`ptongc cicòcs wmci tmcy mfvc ncci `ct oi tmc kpci pgfms.Tm c Bfnug bftfstrkpmc bfsts f dfra smfdkw kvcr pfs t bf`-

pfohis oi Fehmfiostfi1 kur bkistfit cfsy vobtkrocs duroih ycfrske wfrefrc efdcd kut ke sohmt, fid Fehmfi prkwcss wfs ùbmcxfhhcrftcd. Ror Xoggof` Iktt wrktc


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Oi 6=5=,RorMciry ^fwgoggski drcw fi fgfròih pobturc ke

3:,::: Zcrsofi Rornfz suppkrtcd ny f ûssofi bkguì, fidmoitcd tmft o t òhmt nc subbcsseug, kwoih tk tm c prcvfgcit dos-feecbtoki ke tmc @kmf``cdfi pkpugftoki ke Oidof. O i goa c`fiicr, q~totc cbcitgy, mc nroihs tk iktobc tmc ru`kurcd prklcbt ketm c ûssofi @oiostcr ke X f r tk trfisecr nkdogy fbrkss tmk Hfspofitk Nstcrfnid tmc fr`y ke tm c Bfubfsus ekr fi ftt fba ki McrFtnut oi sunscquc~gt frfhrfpms mc dc`kgosmcs tmos sbmc`c, fs fgg

tm c Ukghf stcf`crs wkugd nc quotc oisueeobocit tk `kvc 8 :,: ::`ci, fid, wotmkut tm c bk-kpcrftoki ke Zcrsof , wmobm bkugd iktnc rcgocd fi, icotmcr bfrrofhc ikr prkvosokis bkugdnc kntfoicd ekrtmc `frbm tmrkuhm Amksfsfi. Oe tmcsc o`pkrtfit cgc`cits ekrtmc subbcss ke i oivfdoih fr`y `kugd ikt nc fvfogfngc oiNmkrfsfi, tmc wfit ke tmc` wkugd nc goacgy tktk nc stogg `krcecgt oi Fehmfiostfi, wmcrc, fs Ror Mciry Gfwrcibc wrktc oi

6=35, f gfrhc fr`y wkugd nc stfrvcd oi f wcca. O ircecrcibc tk or ôbmfrd Tc`pgc's stftc`cit ke Ikmf``cdfidosfeecbtoki oi Oidof, Ror Mciry ^fwgoiski bmfrfbtcrozcs tmc6fihu1ghc uscd fs fgfròst oi tkic, fi d cxfhhcrftcd o i sun-smibc. @fiy pcrskis woggnc oibgoicdt tmoia tmfttmctmrcft-cicd dfihcr ke 3:,::: Zcrsofi Rornfz oi 6=5=, fid ke 8:,:::ûssofis ou 6=8=, `fy wcgg nc bgfsscd oi tmc sf`c bftchkry.

Tmc o``cfsurfngc supcrokroty ke tmc pkwcr ke tmc Nrotosm C`porc,bk`pfrcd wotm tmc pctty doskrhfiozcd aoihdk` ke Bfnug, os ncykiddosputc. Xmci tmc scfski pcròts ke f rcicwfg ke wfrgoac kpcrf-tokis, oe tmc Fehmfis mfvc i kt prcvokusgy sunòttcd, f t `krc krgcss bkst ke goec fid `kicy, fbbkrdoih tk borbu`stfibcs,ot os bgcfrtmft wc bfi kvcrrui, fid, oe wc bmkksc, sunluhftc tmc bkuitry.Nut, fs tmc Duac ke Xcggoihtki sfodoi rcecrcibc tk tmc bf`-pfohi ke 6=2?,

''

kur (goeeobugtocs ògg bk``cibc wmcrc kur ògotfrysubbcsscs cid. Tmc o`pkrtfi t qucstoki tm ci froscs, X m f t dk wcoitcid tk dk Mfs tmc Hkvcri`cit fiy eoxcd pkgoby, kr os otdgoetoih fgkih, tmc brcfturc ke borbu`stfibcs, tk eoid otscge, f tikvcry dostfit pcrokd, sfddgcd wotm rcspkisonogotocs pkgotobfg fideoifibofg, wmobm, f t tmc kutsct, icvcr citcrcd oitk ots bfgbugftoki,

fid wmobmfy prkvc dosfstrkus tk tmc wcgefrcfid p r k s p o t y ke


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k u r m d o f i C` porc Gkrd Xcggcsgcy fgwfys spkac bkitc`ptu-kusgy ke tmc ekggy ke kbbupyoihf gfid ke rkbas, sfids, dcscrts,obc, f i d sikw. O s tmos wmft Gkrd Ncfbkiseocgd fid Gkrd Gyttkimfvc oi bkitc`pgftoki Gkrd Gyttki stftcs oi os osZkbgf`ftokitmft wotm tm c Rordfrs fid pckpgc ke Fehmfiostfi tmos Hkvcri-` c i t mfs stogg ik qufrrcg, fid dcsorcs ikic. Tmcy frc fnskgvcde r k ` fgg rcspkisonogoty erk` tm c rcbcit fbts ke tmcFòr, fid fstmcy mfvc hovci ik keecibc, sk tmc Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit, w o 5 m ht k rcspcbt tmcor oidcpcidcibc, wogg ikt woggoihgy oilurc kr oitcrecrcw o t mtmc`. Hcicrfg ^kncrts's fiikuibc`cit tmft tm c dostrobtskbbupocd ny mos trkkps frc msibcekrtm tk nc bkisodcrcd Nrotosmtc r ro tk ry os sbfrbcgy oi fbbkrdfibc wotm tmc Zrkbgf`ftoki ke tmcUobcrky1 nut mkw efr tmos fppfrcit pgcdhc ke fiicxftoki bk`òtstmc Hkvcri`cit rc`fois tk nc scci. RmcrFgo mfs egcd erk`B f n u g , wmctmcr, goac Dkst @ fmk`cd, tk fppcfr fhfoi upki tmcsbc i c , to`c wogg smkw. Gkrd Ikrtmnrkka's Hkvcri`cit tcggs usoi tm cor dcspftbm ke >=tm Lfiu fry,6=85, mcrc bfi nc ik qucs-toki tm f t tm c pkwcr ke Fòr Rmcr Fgo Amfi mfs ncci bkiskgodftcdtmrkuhmkut Fehmfiostfi oif `fiicr uiaikwi soibc tmc dfys keD k s t @fmk`cd. Ikwmcrc mfs oitrohuc kr rcncggoki ncci fngc tk` f a c mcfd oi tmc Fòr's dkòiokis.

O t wfs ekrcscci ny tmksc fbqufoitcd wotm Fehmfi pkgotobs tm ftkur fdvfibc oitk Fehmfiostfi wkugd smfttcr tmc Hkvcri`cit. Kurknlcbt wfs t mfvc f strkih f id e'rocidgy Ntftcroupki kur Ikrtm-X c s tc r i erkitocr. Tmc eorst rcsugt ke kur prcscit pkgoby os tk vcfacifid dosoitchrftc tmc bkmcsoki, wmobm, ekr tmc gfst tci ycfrs, mfd nccifssuòih f `krc pcr` fici t ekr`, fid tk gct gknsc tmc cgc`cits kedoskrdcr, wmobm mfvc sk hcicrfggy prcvfogcdoi Fehmfiostfi. Ncsodcsnrc faoi h up tmcor Hkvcri`cit, wc mfvc `fdc tmc Fehmfis kurcicòcs Fs gkih fs tmcy ncgocvcd tmft wc mfd ik oitcitoki kefi icxoi h fiy tcrrotkry ncykid tmc pfsscs, tmcy wkugd mfvc ecgt krcec r ke ûssof tm fi ke kurscgvcs. Kur fdvfibc tk Vucttfm fgfr`cdt m c ` , fid kur prcscit prkbccdoihs woggmfvc bkieor`cd tmc` oi tmcvocw tmftot os kur dctcròiftoki cvcitufggy tk kbbupy tmcor bkuitry.Tmos os ikt f hkkd ekuidftoki ekr f sfec erkitocr. X c dcsorc tkr o sc p nfrrocr fhfoist ûssofi oitrohucs. Tmcrc bkugd ikt mfvc


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ncci ncttcr nfrrocr tmf i fehmfi lcfgkusy ke oitcrecrcibc fidgkvc ke oidcpcidcibc fgg tmksc eccgoihs fr c ikw cigostcd fhfoistus, fid ki tmc sodc ke ^ussof. X c `fy nuogd ekrt=rcsscs t hrcftbkst, nut uigcss wc mkgd tmc bkuitry oi strc ih tm, wotm f mkstogcpkpugftoki, kur pksts wkugdnc fgwfys oi dfihcr, fid uscgcss ekrtmc purpkscekr wmobm wc prkecss tk fdvfibc tmc`. Fid tk wmftpkoit frc wc tk fdvfibc rcbcit wrotcr oq tmcVufrtcrgy cvocwcvodcitgy `fstcr ke tmc sunlcbt, sactbmcs kut wmft wc `fy mfvc

tk dk


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s scb urc 'nfsc ke ògotf ry kpcrftokis fs wc bkugdwosm, ot os` ub m `k rc ~ c b u r c mfi Turacstfi tk tmc ûssofis fid fgg tmcrcskurbc s ke tm c Nrotosm C` porc frc icfrcr fid `krc cfsogy fvfog-fn gc ki t m c nf ia s ke tmc Oid us tmfi tmc rcskurbcs ke ûssof kitmc nfias ke tm c Kxus. @r. Rbmuygcr tcggs us tmf t tmc rcvciucske Bci trfg F sof frc oisueeobocit tk ` cct tm c cxpciscs ke fdòios-trftoki, `krc fid `krc tfxcs frc dc`fidcd, fid soibc tmckbbupftoki ke tmc bkuitry ny tm c Nussofis,tmc bkidotoki ke tmcpkpugftoki m f s ikt kigy ikt hrkwi ncttcr, nut ki tm c bkitrfry oscvcry dfy hcttoih wkrsc fid wkrsc.

Xc `fy put fsodc fiy prkspcbt ke prcsci t dfihcr erk` ûssof,n u t ot os sfod `c ùst prkvodc ekr tmc euturc .X c ùst bkivcrt fmfp mfzfr d oi tk f sbocitoeob erkitocr.Sitog gftcgy tmos sk-bfggcdmfp mfz fr d erki tocr wfs bkisodcrcd tmc ncst fdfp tcd ekr kur scburotyn y tm c m oh mc st ògotfry futmkrotocs. F t tmc prcscit `k`cit,otosncgocvcd tmft tmcprcpkidcrfibc ke ` ogotfry futmkroty os fhfois tfi fdvfibc ke erkitocr, cvci ki purcgy strftchobfg hrkuids. Fd-òttoih, mkwcvcr, tmft tmcrc `fy nc f qucstoki ki tmos pkoit, fstm crc f rc dkun tgcss if`cs ke hrcft wcohmt ki cotmcr sodc, tmcrcbf i nc i k qucstoki ke tmc pkgotobfg fid eoifibofg dosfdvfi tfhcst m f t ùst rcsugt erk` f eurtmcr cxtcisoki ke kur'Oidofi tcrrotkrocs.Tmcsc dosfdvfitfhcs,wogg,ke bkursc, prkvc ke hrcftcr kr gcss `fh-iotudc , fbbkrdoih tk tmc eoifg frrfihc`cits fdc ny Mcr @flcsty'sHkvcri`cit ekr tmc scttgc`cit ke Fehmòstfi. e wc frc`kdcrftc oi kur dc`fids, fid ekrncfroih oi kur mkur ke trou`pm,w `fy yct goòt kur rcspkisonogotocs, fid spfrc Oidoff eoifibofgnurdc i smc os ogg eottcd tk suppkrt.Oe,ki tmc bkitrfry, tmc cfsysubbcss wmobm mfs motmcrtk fttcidcd kur fr`s ncbk`csfsi f rc f id f dcgusoki tk gcfd us ki tk tmc pcr`ficitkbbupftoki ke Fehmfi tcrrotkry, fid tk dorcbt oitcrvcitoki oitmc eftmk`gcss huge ke F ehmfi pkgotobs,tmc woscst Rtftcs`fi` fy nc ft efugt oi rohmtgy csto`ftoiheuturc doeeobugtocs.Zrkòicit f`kih tmcsc doeeobugtocs os tmc cstfngosm`cit kesftosefktkry rcgftokis wotm tmc oidcpcidcit F ehmfi troncsoimfnotoih tmc kuitfoi rfihcs nctwcci kur prcscit nkrdcr,

id t m c bku itry kwoih fggchofibc tk tmc F` or ke Fehmcsostfi.


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Tmcsc troncs mfvc cilkycd tmcor oidcpcidcibc ekr muidrcds keycfrs strkih oi tmcor `kui tfoi efsticsscs, oiurcd t fr`s erk`

tmcor ykutm upwfrds, tmcor mf id fhfoist cvcry `fi, fid cvcry`fi's mfid fhfoist tmc`, tmcy bgoih wotm tcifboty tk tmcorrcpungobfi oistotutokis, fid mfvc icvcr nkwcd tmcor icbas tk fiyscttgcd hkvcri` cit. Tmcy wcrc tmkri oi tmc sodc ke tmc @khugC`pcrkrs, fid ki scvcrfg kbbfsokis oiegobtcd ccvcrc dcecfts kifròcs scit fhfoist tmc`.

O i f iohmt fttfba, ekr wmobm tmc Fehmfis mfvc fgwfyf ncci

ef`kus, tmc Cuskezycs aoggcd Nor Nfg, kic ke Fancr's efvkurotcHcicrfgs, fid dcstrkycd ` f iy tmkusfids ke mos trkkps. @r.Cgpmoistkic wrotcs< Tmcywcrc icvcr `krc ekròdfngc tmfi oitm c rcohi ke Furuihzcnc tmcy rcsostcd rcpcftcd fttfbas erk` tmcAoihs ke Zcrsof fid Bfnug, fi d rctfoi tmcor tu rnugcit oidcpcidcibcuidoòiosmcd tk tmc prcscit dfy. X m ci ûulcct Roih pusmcdmos dkòiokis ncykid tmc Oid us , tmcsc troncs bfrrocdki fi oitcr-

icboic wfr wotm tmc Roams, wmk vfoigy strkvc tk bkcrbc tmc`, nynuogdoih ekrts, fid puiosmoih tmc` wotm Drfbkiofi scvcroty.Hcicrfg Fvotfnogc, Hkvcrikr ke Zcsmfwur, dfrcd ikt gcfyc mosbfpotfg, cxbcpt fbbk`pfiocd ny f gfrhc ekrbc. Ki tmc fiicxftokike tmc Z ui l fn tm c bkuitry feegobtcd wotm tmos bmrkiob stf tc ke dos-krdcr pfsscd uidcr kur rugc, fid cvcr soibc o t mfs ncci tm c cidcf-vkur ke tmc Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit tk pgfbc kur rcgftokis wotm tmcsc

nkrdcr troncs ki f ncttcr ekktoih . Zrkhrcss oi tmos wkra ke bkibogof-toki fid o`prkvc`ci t mfs ncci icbcssfrogy sgkw tmc mfnots kebciturocs frc ikt kvcrbk`c o i ecw ycfrs, fid tmc fdòiostrftovccxohcibocs ke f vfst C`porc frc sk vfrokus fid cxtcisovc tmftfttcitoki bkugd ikt nc bkibcitrftcd ki kic bkricr ke kur tcrrotkrocs,sk fs tk prkdubc vcry rfpod ceecbts. N u t fgg fbqufoitcd wotm tmcsunlcbt woggfdòt tmf t vcry tfihongc rcsugts mfd ncci prkdubcd,tm c bmoce doeeobugtocs mfd ncci kvcrbk`c, fid hrcftcr rcsugts wkugdmfvc ekggkwcd. Ikw, mkw cvcr,wc frc tk bk``cibc fercsm ki ficw bkursc ke fbtoki, wc frc tk tfac fgg tmc pfsscs oitk kur kwimfids, fid accp dkwi ny ekrbc ke fr` s tcis ke tmkusfids ke tmcscwfrgoac fid oidcpcidcit `kuitfoiccrs. X otm tmos knlcbt wc frct pgfbc oskgftcd pksts oi cxpkscd pksotokis, wmcrc tmcywoggmfvc


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cikuhm. tk dk tk t f a c bfrc ke tmc`scgvcs, fid woggcxcrbosc gottgckrik oiegucibc kvcr tm c `kuitfoi efsticsscs ki cvcry sodc ke tmc` ,erk` wmcibc tmc prcdftkry troncs wogg mfvc tmc kppkrtuioty keossuoih-ekrtm tk pguidcr bkivkys wmobm ùs t nc bkitoiufggy pfssoihtk fid erk tk suppgy tm c hfrroskis.

X mog c tmcsc troncs wcrc oi erkit ke us, wc bkugd fgwfys `ccttmc` ft fi fdvfitfhc, wmci tmcy vciturcd oitk tmc pgfois. Xc

hcicrfggy mf d to`cgy iktobc ke tmcor fpprkfbm, fid bkugd bkggcbtf

s d b o c i t ekrbc tk prcbgudctmc bmfibc ke fi y uitkwfrd fbbodcit1

nut wotm fi o``ciscgy cxtcidcd frcf ke kpcrftokis, ot wogg nc`krc doeeobugt tk usc tmc sf`c prcbfutokis, fid tk prkvodc fhfoistfgg bkitoihcibocs. Fgtmkuhm tmcy kwicd ik fggchofibct k tmcFòr ke Bfnug, fid sct mos futmkroty f t dceofibc wmcicvcr o tsuotcd tmcor purpksc, pguidcroih tmc nfhhfhc ke Dkst @fmk`cdfid Rmcr F g o fs tmcy pguidcrcd tm c prkpcrty ke cvcry kic wmktrcspfsscd ki tmc or bkieoics wmcicvcr tmcy sfw fi kpcioih, stogg

tmc rugc rs ke Fehmfiostfi mfd f -bcr tfoi f`kuit ke oiegucibc,wmobm wmci cxcrtcdoi efvkur ke pcfbc fid krdcr wfs iktwotmkut ots vfguc. i rcidcroih tmc Fehmfis mkstogc tk uswcfdd fiktmcr dosturnoih cgc`cit tk tmc tfsa ke bkibogoftoih tmctroncs fid pfboeyoih tmc erkitocr, fid fgsk fiktmcr cgc`cit kedosbkitcit wotm kur rugc, wmobm `fy prkvc bkitfhokus ft`k`cit wmci wc frc gcfst prcpfrcd wotm `cfis ke rcprcssoki.

g m c i ftovc fr`y, rckrhfiozcd soibc tmc ùtoiy, bkitfois wotmoiots rfias f gfrhcr prkpkrtoki ke @kmf``cdfi skgdocrs, `fiy ketmc` cigostcd erk` tm c troncs ki tmc erkitocr. X mci stftokicdf`kihst tmcor kwi iftovc moggsfid c`pgkycd. tk bkcrbc tggcor kwibkuitry`ci, tm c gkyfgty ke tmcsc trkkpswoggnc put tk f tcst tkwmobmoi ots eugg cxtcit ot mfs ikt motmcrtk ncci sunlcbtcd, fidwmobm os ikt wotmkut dfihcr. Twcity ycfrs fhkwc pfsscdtmrkuhm f trc`cidkus krdcfg, fid tmrkuhm Hkd s `crby c`crhcderk` ot trou`pmfitgy. X m f t mfs mfppcicd `fy mfppci fhfoi, O eft tm f t pcrokd gfrhc nkdocs ke kur trkkps mfd ncci stftokicd o iekrts fid hfrroskis efr dostfit ncykid tmc pfsscs oi Fehmfiostfi,ot ` fy nc gcet tk fiy rcfskifngc pcrski tk dctcròic wmctmcr kurdoeobugtocs wkugdikt mfvc ncci hrcftgy oibrcfscd.


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X mogc tmcrc os dfihcr oi tmos rcspcbt, ki tmc ktmcr mfi d scrvobcoi Fehmfiostfi w gg fgwfys nc uipkpugfr wotm iftovcs ke Moidkstfi

ke fgg bfstcs fid bgfsscs. Tmc Roams fid H kkramfs wogg vocw wotmoivctcrftc dosgoac fiy prkgkihcd rcsodcibc ft subm f dostfibc erk`tmcor mk`cs, wmobm oivkgvcs scpfrftoki erk` tmcor wovcs fidefògocs,oi fi uibkihciofg bgo` ftc wmcrc fgg tmc icbcssfrocs kegoec frc sk cxpcisovc. Tmc Hkkrgbmfs frc cspcbofggy scisotovc oirchfrd tk scpfrftoki eok` tmcor efògocs. Oe tmc scrvobc oiFehmfiostfi os dostfstceug tk iftovc trkkps, ùbm `krc sk ùst ot

prkvc tk tmc iu`crkus bgfss ke bf`p ekggkwcrs sk csscitofg oiOidof tk tmc wcgg-ncoih fid ceeobociby ke fi fr`y oi tmc eocgd.Tmc sueecroihs ke tmcsc pkkr brcfturcs oi kur gfst fdvfibc tk Bfnugfid oi tmc dosfstrkus rctrc ft wcrc drc.~deug, id oe ru`kur spcfastrugy, tm c mcfvocst nurdci mfs fgsk efggci upki tmc` oi tm c prcscitbf`pfohi.

Fgg tmcsc bfuscs ke euturc c`nfrrfss` cit fid doeeobugty

bkiicbtcd wotm fi fdvfoobc ke erkitocr frc kvcrgkkacd ny`fiy pcrskis wmk mfvc icotmcr tmc to`c ikr tmc kppkrtuiotytk study tmos o`pkrtfit qucstoki. Oi tmc gfpsc ke ycfrstmc gcsskis ke tmc ekr`cr wfr oi Fehmfiostfi mfvc ncciekrhkttci ny tmc pckpgc ke goihgf id , nu t ots nficeug ceecbts mfvcgcet f dccp o`prcssoki ki tmc òids ke tmc pckpgc keOidof Tmos o`prcssoki os ikt goacgy tk nf ceefbcd, kr tk bkidubc

tk tmcor bkitcit`cit, wmci, fbbkrdoih tk tmc dcbosoki ke Mcr@flcsty's Hkvcri`cit, tmcy f rc bfggcd upki tk pfy fddotokifgtfxcs oi krdcr tk dcerfy tm c cxpciscs ke tmc prcscit wfr. F t tm cto`c Gkrd Bfiioih wfs gcfvoih Oidof, ^ fl f Doigrur ^^K wrktc f`c`krfidu` ekr mo` , eugg ke suhhcstovc rc`fras, erk` f iftovcpkoit ke vocw, fs tk tmc pkgoby tmc Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit smkugdpursuc tkwfrds ots iftovc sunlcbts. Mc sfys


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bustk`s, fid wotm vfrokus aoids ke stf`p dutocs fid tfxcs, fg`kstfgg bgfsscs f rc vcry ùbm ncwogdcrcd erk` ncoih mfrfsscd oi fggtm c krdoifry kbbupftokis ke tmcor govcs. Ny tmos `cfis tmc pckpgcmfvc ekrhkttci tm c hkkdicss ke tm c Nrotosm Hkvcri`cit, tm c gkvcwmobm tmcy kibc citcrtfoicd ekrot, fid mfvc nchui tk prcecr tmctyrf iiy ke Iftovc Zroibcs. M c hkcs ki tk bk`pgfoi ke tmcoibk`c tfx, tmc gobcisc tfx, fid tm c mcfvocr sfgt tfx,fs cspcbofggyknikxokus tk tmc pckpgc, fid fddoih tk bfuscs ke ekr`cr dosbkitcit.

Fgg tmksc fbqufoitcd wotm Oid of frc fwfrc tm ft oibrcfscd tfxftokincbk`n `krc fid `krc dfihcrkus tk tmc trfiquoggoty ke tmcbkuitry. Rcvcrfg ke tmc dostoihuosmcd Rtftcs`ci wmk mfvc eoggcdtm c mohm keeobc ke Uobcrky mfvc nrkuhmt tmos sunlcbt, ke gf tc ycfrs,tk tmc iktobc ke tm c Mk`c Futmkrotocs oi ekrbongc gfihufhc. Kwoiht tmc rcburrcibc ke efòics, tmc dcprcboftoki ke sogvcr, tm c hcicrfgdcprcssoki ke trfdc, fid ktmcr bfuscs, Oidof, ft tmcc prcscit

`k`cit, os gcss fngc tmfi cvcr tk suppkrt fddotokggfgeoifibofgnur-dcis, fid tm c bkst ke fi uiicbcssfry wfr os ikt goacgy tk rcidbrtmc` `krc pfgftfngc tk iftovc kpoioki. X mft wkugd citfogf vcrygohmt prcssurc ki Cihgfid òhmt prkvc ke scrokus k`citoi Oidof.

krd Rfgosnury mfs mo`scge s tf tcd


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wfr os nrkuhmt tk bkibgusoki. t os tk nc mkpcd tmft tmc sfi-huoic cxpcbtftokis ke tmc Hkvcri`cit `fy nc rcfgozcd, nut tmkscwmk rcbkggcbt tmc cxpcidoturc oiburrcd oi tmc gfst wfr oi Fehmfi-ostfi `fy nc pcròttcd tk cxprcss f dkunt upki tmos votfg pkoio.

Erk` tmc pungosmcd Zfrgof`citfry pfpcrs, ot fppcfrcd tmcrcwcrc tci òggokis ke fbbuùgftcd surpgus oi tmc vfrokus trcfsurocske Oidof, wmci tmc wfr oi 6=2? nchfi. Ik t kigy wfs tmos citorcgycxpcidcd ny tmc cid ke tmc ycfr 6=46 , nutf gkfi ke eovc òggokisnfd tk nc rfoscd ft fi uiusufggy mohm rftc ke oitcrcst. Ror ^kncrtZccg stftcd oi Zfrgof`cit, ki tm c >2rd Lu ic , 6=4>, tm ft tmcrc mfdncci f surpgus rcvciuc, lust ncekrc tmc bk``cibc`cit ke tmc wfr,ke òggokifid f mfge, wmobm, oi 6=4:-46, wfs bkivcrtcd oitk fdceobot ke $>,2>4,::: . O i mos gcttcr tk Gkrd Fncrdcci, keRcp-tc`ncr 6=46 Ror Mciry Xoggkba stftcd tm f t sk scvcrcgy wcrc tmceoifibcs ke Bfgbuttf prcsscd, tm ft f stkppfhc ke pfy`cit ft EkrtXoggof`wfs ft kic to`c bkitc`pgftcd ny tmc Ruprc`c Bkuibog.

Ki tmc 5 tm Fprog, 6=4>, tmc Bkurt ke Dorcbtkrs nrkuhmt tktmc iktobcke tmc Zrcsodcit ke tmc Nkfrd ke Bkitrkg, tmft tmcHkvcri`cit ke Oidofmfd oito`ftcd tmcor oitcitoki k dosbki-toiuc tmcor rcòttfibcs ekr tmc suppgy ke tm cMk`c Trcfsury, ny`cfis ke fdvfibcs upki hkkds mypktmcbftcd tk tmc Bkurt. TmcGkbfg Hkvcri`cit mfvc ncci bk`pcggcd tk fdkpt tmos bkursc ny

tmcor eoifibofg doeeobugtocs, wmobgg mfvc ncci wmkggy bfuscd ny tmcxpcisovc kpcrftokis oi wmobm tmcy mfvc ncci cihfhcd ncykid tmcOidus.

Tmc tktfg ògotfry cxpcidoturc ke Oidof, duroih tmc eovc ycfrscidoih wotm6=28-2=,f`kuitcd tk f gottgc `krc tmfi tmorty-cohmtòggokis stcrgoih1 oi tmc ekggkwoih eovc ycfrs ot cxbccdcd ekrty-cohmt òggokis. t wfs feeor`cd, ki hkkd futmkroty, tgoft icfrgyf

òggoki stcrgoih f f s cxpcidcd ki bf`cgs fgkic-8:,::: ke tmcscfio`fgs wcrc rcpkrtcd tk mfvc pcrosmcd duroih tmc bf`pfohi.Tm c gkss ke mkrscs fgsk wff vcry p f t . @flkr Ckuhm stftbs tm f toi kic dfy ot wfs rcquo~otck smkkt eoety-tmrcc mkrscs. X f i tkekrfhc ekr tmc bfttgb,id wfit ke prkvosokisekr tmb trkkpsfidekggkwcrs, b m ~ r f b t d z b dmc ekr`cr fdvfibb oitk Fehg~fiostfi. Otoswcgg grfkwi tm ft oi `fiy pfr ts ke tmk bkuitry tmc pkpugftoki


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otscge os bkistfitgy oi f stf tc ke scò-stfrvftoki. Tmcrc osikrcfski tk ncgocvc tmft tmc prkdubtovcicss ke Fehmfiostfimfsoibrcfscd ke g f tc ycfrs, nut, ki tm c bkitrfry, tmft o t mfs doòiosmcd.X m f t ùst, tmcrcekrc, nc tmc doeeobugty fid cxpcisc ke prkburoihsuppgocs ekr `ci fid bfttgc duroih f gkih bf`pfohi; Nrotosmcicrhy, fid f gfvosm cxpcibgoturc ke `kicy ògg, ik dkunt, kvcr-bk`c tmcsc doeeobugtocs1 nut fgg tmos ògg bkitronutc tk swcgg tmc bkstke tmc wfr, f id gcfd tk eurtmcr c`nfrrfss`cits.

Ror Lf`cs Kutrf` `rotcs, oi mos rkuhm iktcs, ki >?tm Fprog,=2?


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fr`ocs ikw c`pgkycd cxbccds tmksc scit ekrwfrd ki tmc ekr`croivfsoki ke Fehmfiostfi, sk`c odcf ` fy nc ekr`cd ke tmc cxpcido-turc goacgy tk nc oggburrcd. O i krdcr tk rcdubc tmos cxpcidoturctktmc gkwcst pkoit, Gkrd Gyttki mfs ikt smruia erk` tm c rosa kedciudoih Oidof ke ots hfrroskis, rcskrtoih tk tm c qucstokifngccxpcdocit ke ncoih oidcntcd tk Iftovc Zroibcs ekr bkitoihcits ketrkkps tk eogg tmcor pgfbcs. Gkrd Dfgmkusoc, oi mos `oiutc ke > = tmEcnrufry, 66=35 knscrvcd


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oih ke kur Ikrtm-X cstcri erkitocr, v o b m mfvc ncci ekrf scrocske

ycfrs rcbk``cidcd ny tmc mohmcst ògotfry futmkrotocs, mfvc ik tncci cxcbutcd. T mc bk`pgctoki ke kur rfog`fy bk` ùiobftoki tkZcsmfwur, tm c bkistrubtoki ke nrodhcs fbrkss tmc Oidus, tm ccrcbtoki ke ekrt2bftokisoi suotfngc pksotokis, mfvc fgg ncci bki-stfi tgy ncekrc tmc H kvcri` cit, fid kigy dcgfycd erk` eoifibofgbkisodcrftokis. Tmcsc wkras rcgftc kigy tk tm c erkitocr ut mkw

O `fiy uidcrtfaoihs ke tmc mohmcst utogoty tmrkuhmkut Oi dof fr c

kngohcd tk nc oidceoiotcgy pkstpkicd erk` tmc sf`c bfusc; Fgrcfdy,ft tm c vcry kutsct ke tm c prcscit wfr, tmc gkbfg Hkvcri` cits mfvcncci bk`pcggcd tk ossuc rcskgutokis suspcidoih tmc cxcbutoki kefgg pungob wkras fid hrfits ke `kicy uitog tmc stftc ke tmceoifibcs woggpcròt ke sfibtoki ncoih fbbkrdcd.

Tk usc tmc wkrds ke Gkrd Rfidmurst, o t bfi ikt nc tkk ketcircpcftcd tm f t tm c kbbupftoki ke Fehmfiostfi, ki fbbkui t ke tm c

m f i b o f g doeeobugty, os mmc stkppfhc ke prkhrcssoi Oidof.' ' Mcr@flcsty's Hkvcri` cit, ot os nut efor tk bkibgudc, mfvc fi cqufgoitcrcst wotm prcvokus Hkvcri`citsoi tm c wcgefrc fid prkspcrotyke Oidof, fid oi ui dc rtfaoih tmc hrfvc rcspkisonogoty ke f i fdvfibcoitk Fehmfiostfi, tmcy ùst ncgocvc tm ft subm f stcp os o`pcrf-tovcgy icbcssfry ekr tm c sfecty ke kur Cfstcri dkòiokis. N ut tm cybfiikt nc ngoid tk tm c o`pkvcrosmcd stftc ke Oidof, ikr tk tm c

pkgotobfg rosas tknc oiburrcd ny fiy fttc`pt tk o`pksc fddotokifgtfxftoki. Tmcy ùst tmcrcekrc dcsorc, fs ùbm fs tm c strkihcstkppkici ts ke tmcor prcsci t pkgoby, tk rcdubc tk òioù` tm cnurdci fnkut tk nc tmrkwi ki tmc Oidofi eoifibcs. t os bgcfrtmf t, mkwcvcr bkstgy tm c cxpcidoturc oiburrcdoi tmc fdvfibc oitkFehmfiostfi , tmc pcr`ficit kbbupftoki ke tmc bkuitry wo citfogf ef r mcfvocr prcssurc upki tm c rcvciucs ke Oidofmksc rcvciucs,fbbkrdoih tk Ror Lk mi Rtrfbmcy, pksscssoih ik tru c surpgus kvcrcxpcidoturc tk bkvcr tm c `fiy bkitoihcibocs tk wmobm f hrcftbkuitry os cxpkscd. X mf t, tmci, os tm c bkursc tk nc pursu cd ;X m f t os tm c skgutoki ke tm c prcscit doeeobugt bkiluibturc ke feefors,wmobm os goacgy tk nc fttcidcd wotm tmc ecwcst pkgotobfg rcspkiso-nogotocs, fid tmc s`fggcst prknfngc euturc cxpcidoturc

t ù st nc fd` ottcd tmft tm c d%bugtocs tk nc sur`kuitcd f rc


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vcry hrcft, fid dcpcid tk f bcrtfoi cxtcit upki bkitoihcibocs ikttk nc ekrcscci. Tm c nchoiioih ke stroec os fs wmci kic gc ttctmkut wftcr, tmc cid os ketci ncykid kur kwi bkitrkg. Tmc e o s ttmoih tk nc fbmocvcd os tk nroih tm c wfr tk f i mkikurfngc bki-bgusoki. Tmc nroggofit subbcss tmft mfs fttcidcd tmc kpcrftokisfOrcfdy uidcrtfaci ncfr f`pgc woticss tk t mc hfggfitry fidcidurfibc ke kur trkkps, fid t tmc prk`ptotudc, smS, fid ludh-`cit ke tmc hcicrfgs oi bk``fid. X mf tcv cr kur fròcs ` fy mc

bfggcd upki tk pcrekr`, o t os quotc bcrtfoi tmcy w ogg dk tmcor du tywotm tm c sf`c vfgkur fid ceeobociby wmobm tmc y mfvc fgwfyssmkwi oi fgg prcvokus bf`pfohis i cvcry qufrtcr ke tmc hgknc.Zcfbc, tmcrcekrc, wogg nc scburcd, cotmcrny fi cfrgy sunòssoki ketm c Fehmfi gcfdcrs, kr, fetcr f smkrt dcgfy, fs skki fs tm c scfskipcròts ke wfrgoac `kvc`cits. Mkstogotocs ncoih cidcd, fi d kurpkwcr voidobftcd, tmc hrfid ecfturc ke kur pkgoby smkugd nc

`kdcrftoki oi kur dc`fids.Gkrd Gyttki mfs prkbgfo`cd tk tm c wkrgd tm f t w otm tm c

Rordfrs fid pckpgc ke Fehmfiostfi t mc Nrotosm Hivcri` cit mfsik qufrrcg, fid dcsorcs ik ic1 fid tmf t o t wogg rcspcbt tmcoroidcpcidcibc. Gct us fbt up tk tmos dcbgfrftoki ny oisostoihupki iktmoih tm ft wogg wkuid tmc iftokifg eccgoih, fid tm us tci dtk accp fgovc f sporot ke nottcricss, fi d skw tm c sccds ke eutu rc

dosscisoki. @cfiwmogc, ikw os tm c to`c tk pgfbc kur rcgftokiswotm ûssof, oi rchfrd tk tmcsc bkuitrocs, upki f pcr` fici t fiddceoiotc ekktoih. X c mfvc motmcrtk icvcr hkic tk tm c rkkt ke tmoshrcft qucstoki wotm ûssof, wc mfvc dcfgt wotm tmoihs ki t mcsurefbc oi f vfhuc uidcbodcd `fiicr. @r. Rbmuygcr, wmk, t`fy nc knscrvcd, os pcrmfps ikt wmkggy o`pfrtofg, nut wmksckpoioki icvcrtmcgcss bfrrocs wcohmt, wrotcs


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citorcgy rcpudoftcd ny @r. &dstkic o i m o s o`pkrtfi t spccbmke>2rd Fprog, 6=82. ûssof tmci gct ot nc uidcrstkkd tmft, oeCihgfid mfd prcscrvcd mcr erccdk` ke fbtoki, ûssof mfd dkictmc sf`c. Fhfoi, @r. Rbmuygcr wrotcs, cv odci tgy spcfaoiherk`

ûssofi pkoit ke vocw


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mfvc ncci hovci fs tk tmc ekggy ke fdvfiboih kur erkitocr, otscc`s fi uidkuntcd efbt tmft ik kppksotc kpoioki cvcr wfs

cxprcsscd ny fiy ke tmc fngc Hkvcrikrs-Hcicrfg wmk mfvc mcgdswfy oi Oidof up tk tmc frrovfg ke Gkrd Gyttki, ny fiy Bk`-`f idcr-oi-Bmoce oi Oidof , ny fiy Gocutcif it-Hkvcrikr ke tmcZuilfn, tm c k3b cr tmrkuhm wmk`, uitog6=85, fgg Bfnug feeforsuscd tk nc trfisfbtcd, kr ny fiy `c`ncr ke tmc Ruprc`c Bkuibog,ncekrc wmobmdg o`pkrtfit qucstokis feecbtoih tmc Oidofi C`porcbk`c. /&Ofiy keeobcrsoi tmcsc pksotokis mfvc gcet ki rcbkrd tmc

strkihcst pkssongc knlcbtokis tk f ekrwfrd `kvc`cit cxbcpt fs fikpcrf toki ke wfr. O i rcecrcibc tk tmc kbbupftoki ke fiy pkstncykid tmc Cmyncr, Hcicrfg Mf`gcy wrotcs


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fid k tmcr bkisodcrftokis @ e g s fgg tmc bkidotokis iccdcd tk rcidcr

o t tmc `kst cgohongc pksotoki wc bkugd kbbupy bfi kigy nc dctcr-òicd ny bk`pctcit prkecssokifg fdHscrs ki tmc spkt. Oe ikttmcrc bkugd dkuntgcss nc ekuid oi ots voboioty sk`c ktmcr gkbfgotywmcrc f gfrhc citrcibmcd bf`p bkugd nc ekr`cd wmobm mcgd oistrcihtm wkugd scburc fgg tm c rcquorcd knlcbts dcecisovc fidkeecisovc. Kur eorst duty smkugdnc tk bk`pgctc tmc bk`ùiobf-

tokis wotm kur nfsc oibgudoih tm c rfogrkfd tk Dfdur fid f nrodhcfbrkss tmc Oi dus f t Ruaaur wotm pksts oi suppkrt ke fdcquftcstrcihtm fgkih tmc goic tk tmc rcfr.

~ m c s c kras csscitofg ki ògotfry hrkuids wkugd nc mohmgynciceobofg fgsk bk``crbofggy. Kur dkòiftoki ke tmc Nkgfifidtmc k tmcr pfsscs icfr f t mfid fid kur icbcssfrogy krc oito`ftcbkiicbtoki wotm tmc bkuitrocs ncykid ny rcidcroih trfeeob`krcscburc fi d ny hufrfitccoih erccdk` erk` vcxftokus o`pksts fidrcstrobtokis wkugd hovc f hrcft o`pugsc tk trfdc. F`kihsttmc `cfsurcs tk nc tfaci ki tmc bcssftoki ke mkstogotocs fid tmcrcicwfg ke rcgftokis wotm tmc ûgcr ke Fehmfiostfi tmcrc smkugdnc fi frrfihc`cit ekr pgfboih Nrotosm bk``crbofg oitcrcst= ki f

prkpcr ekktoih fid ekr prktcbtoih tmc` fhfoist fiy mkstogc tiroeeskr o` `kdcrftc trfisot dutocs. O i tmc fnscibc ke keeobofg oiekr-`ftoki ot os doeeobugt tk dctcròic mkwefr tmc Hkvcri`cit osbk` òttcd tk fiicxftoki ny tmr rcpkrtcd fiikuibc`cit ke Hcicrfg^kncrts tm f t tm c oimfnotfits ke tmc Amkst fid Mmuru` Ufggcyswcrc mcibcekrwfrd tk bkisodcr tmc`scgvcs Nrotosm sunlcbts. Tmcscrfods upki kutgyoih dostrobts ke tmcF`Xs aoihdk` wmobm mfvc

ncci t mc bfusc ke f i o``cisc f`kuit ke mu`fi sueecroihwotmkut cxcrbosoih fiy pcrbcptongc oiegucibc ki tmc `foi purpkscketmc wfr frc tk nc gf`citcd. Tmc fiicxftoki ke tmos tcrrotkrywmobmos ikt goacgy tk prkdubc sueeobocit rcvciuc tk pfy tmc bkst kefdòiostrf toki fid os bcrtfoi tk rcquorc fddotokifg trkkps tk prktcbttm f t pkrtoki ke tmc pkpugftoki wmobm os pcfbceuggy dospkscd vkugdprkvc f skurbc ke euturc trkungc fid oibrcfscd cxpcidoturc. t

wkugd nc wcgg tmft tmc Nrotosm hfrroskis smkugd nc wotmdrf`


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Fehmfi tcrrotkry. Kur knlcbt smkugd nc tk bkibgudc f trcf ty wotmwmftcvcr ^ ug cr tm c Fehmfi iftoki ` fy scgcbt, wotmkut oitcrecrcibcwotm tmc oitchroty ke tmcor dkòiokis kr wotm tmcor oidcpcidcibc.X c smkugd ncwfrc ke scttoih up f ikòicc ke kur kwi, nu t gcfvctm c bmkobc tk tm c Fehmfis tmc`scgvcs. O i krdcr tk feekrd tmc` fbkivoiboih prkke ke kur dcsorc tk `foitfoi tmcor oidcpcidcibc, wcsmkugd ` fa c tm c bkibcssoki tk tmcor prcludobcs ke wotmdrfwoihkur dc`fid ekr tmc rcsodcibc ke Nrotosm Keeobcrs f t Bfnug, fid oiktmcr Fehmfi botocs. X c smkugd nc bkitcit wotm f @kmf` `cdfiCivky ke rf ia fid oiegucibc f t Bfnug. Mos sfgfry smkugd ncoibrcfscd f id mos cstfngosm`cit pgfbcd ki f ùbm `krc goncrfgsbfgc tmf i mfs motmcrtk ncci tmc prfbtobc. Rcgcbtcd I ftovc Fhci tske oitcggohcibc òhmt fgsk nc stftokicd f t Mcr& Nfgam, kr oi fiyktmcr Fehmfi tkwis wmobm òhmt fppcfr dcsorfngc.

o O t wfs f bfrdoifg `fxo` ke tm c pkgoby ke tmc Icp fu g Hkvcri-`cit ekr ` fiy ycfrs tk accp t mc scbrcts ke tmc or kwi efsticsscsuispocd oi tk ny us, fid f hrcft lcfgkusy ke Curkpcfis stogg cxostsoi tmf t bkuitry i Nur` fm, fgsk, fid cvci oi C fsm ` or, tmcrcosfi uidcrburrcit ke dosgoact tmc prcscibc ke Nrotosm keeobcrs. X m ysmkugd wc tm ci oisost ki tmc bk`pgofibc ke tm c Fehmf is wotmfbkidotoki wmobm ot os bgcfrossk rc uhifit tk tmc eccgoihs fid prc-ludobcs ke tmc Bmoces fid pckpgc; Tmc to`c ` fy bk`c, fid oi tm coitcrcsts ke mu`fioty fid bovogozftoki fgg wogg dcsorc tk mfstciotwmci tmc Fehmfis tmc`scgvcs `fy nc woggoih tk wfovc t mc knlcb-toki ki wmobmtmcy mfvc motmcrtk sk strkihgy oisostcd, fid wmcitmos wogd efiftobfg pckpgc wogg nc nrkuhmt uidcr tmc f`cgokrftoihoiegucibcs wmobm Nrotosm rugc cxcrboscs ki tmc pkpugftoki ke Oidof.@ubm mfs ncci dkic wotmoi tm c gfst mfge-bcitury, nut tmcr c os stoggsueeobocit wkra tk tf x tk tm c ut`kst Nrotosm cicrhocs, fi d tk sftoseyNrotosm f`notoki, wotmkut fddoih `krc tcrrotkry tk ku r fgrcfdykvcrhrkwi Cfstcri C`porc. Ot rc`fois tk rcbfpotugftc t mc pkoitswmobm ot m f s ncci skuhmtt cstfngosm oi tm c ekrchkoih pfhcs.

6st. Tmft tmc scttgcd pkgoby keekr`br Fdòiostrftokis, bk`-pkscd ke nk tm pf rtocs oi tm c Rtftc, oi rchfrd tk tmc dcecibc ke tgocIkrtm-Xcstbri erkitocr ke Oidof, mfs ncci, wotmkut sueobobitbfusc, dcpfr tbd eok ny Gkrd Gyttki, fbtoih uidcr oistrubtokis ketmc prcscit[] iostry.


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>id. '-Tmft tmc dfihcr fpprcmcid

Lord Lytton and the Afghan War (1879) by Captain Eastwicks

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Transcript of Lord Lytton and the Afghan War (1879) by Captain Eastwicks