Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude:...
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![Page 1: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Looking Southfrom Syene Egypt
Latitude: 24º N
Scorpius
Looking Southfrom Athens Greece
Latitude: 38º N
Scorpius
![Page 2: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Earth Shadow during Lunar Eclipse
Multiple ExposurePhotograph
![Page 3: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Alexandria
Cyrene
Tropic of CancerSyene
![Page 4: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Syene
Alexandria
Earth
7 14/60º
Sunlight
![Page 5: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
North Pole
South Pole
Equator
![Page 6: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
South Pole
Equator
North Pole
![Page 7: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Meridian
North Pole
South Pole
Equator
![Page 8: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
South Pole
Equator
North Pole
Meridian
![Page 9: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
South Celestial Pole
North Celestial Pole
Celestial Sphere
CelestialEquator
![Page 10: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
SCP
NCP
CelestialMeridian
CEq
Declination
![Page 11: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
N
W
E
S
Horizon
ZenithLocal Sky
![Page 12: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
SCP
NCP
CEq
Below theHorizon
N
S
EW
Z
Visible Halfof the Sky
![Page 13: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Horizon
MeasuringLatitude
N
W
E
S
NCPCEq
Zenith
Latitude
![Page 14: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
NS
W
E
Z
NCP
Equator
Z NCP
NS
W
E
40º N Latitude
Z
NCP
North Pole
![Page 15: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Zenith
W
E
S N
NCP
CEq
Never Sets
Above Horizon for 12h
Above Horizon for > 12h
Above Horizonfor < 12h
Never Rises
![Page 16: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
SCP
NCP
CEq
Ecliptic
~23.5º
Obliquity of the Ecliptic
![Page 17: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cancer
Gemini
Taurus AriesPisces
Aquarius
Capricorn
Sagittarius
Scorpius
LibraVirgo
Leo
March 1999: Sun in Pisces
Cancer
Gemini
Taurus Aries Pisces Aquarius
Capricorn
Sagittarius
Scorpius
LibraVirgo
Leo
September 1999: Sun in Virgo
Cancer
Gemini
Taurus Aries Pisces Aquarius
Capricorn
Sagittarius
Scorpius
LibraVirgo
Leo
December 1999: Sun in Sagittarius
Cancer
Gemini
Taurus AriesPisces
Aquarius
Capricorn
Sagittarius
Scorpius
LibraVirgo
Leo
June 1999: Sun in Gemini
![Page 18: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
SCP
NCP
CEq
WinterSolstice
SummerSolstice
Ecliptic
![Page 19: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
SCP
NCP
CEq
WinterSolstice
SummerSolstice
VernalEquinox
AutumnalEquinox
Ecliptic
![Page 20: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
W
E
S N
NCPSummer Solstice
Vernal & AutumnalEquinoxes
Winter Solstice
Z
CEq
![Page 21: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
W
E
S N
NCP
CEq
Summer Solstice
Vernal & AutumnalEquinoxes
Winter Solstice
Z
![Page 22: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
December
March
June
September
![Page 23: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Equinoxes: March 20 & Sept. 22
Northern Spring/Fall
Southern Fall/Spring
![Page 24: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
December 21: Winter Solstice
Northern Winter
Southern Summer
![Page 25: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
June 21: Summer Solstice
Northern Summer
Southern Winter
![Page 26: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
1 KW/m2 1 KW/m2
1 m2 2 m2
![Page 27: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
2000 Dec 21: Winter Solstice
2001 June 21: Summer Solstice
2001 Mar 20: Vernal Equinox
2001 Sept 22: Autumnal Equinox
Winter
Summer
Summer
Winter
Spring
Autumn
Autumn
Spring
![Page 28: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Draco
Ursa Minor
Cepheus
Thuban
Polaris
2000 AD
2700 BC
![Page 29: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
North Ecliptic Pole North Celestial Pole
2000 AD
Rotate EastwardPrecess Westward
North Ecliptic PoleNorth Celestial Pole
15000 AD
Precession of the Equinoxes
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Moon at Perigee Moon at Apogee
![Page 31: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
New Moon Full Moon
Waning Crescent
Last Quarter
Waning Gibbous
Waxing GibbousWaxing Crescent
First Quarter
![Page 32: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Sunset
Sunrise
MidnightMoonset
NoonMoonrise
Moonrise & Moonset at 1st Quarter
![Page 33: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
SunsetMoonrise
MoonriseSunrise
MidnightNoon
Moonrise & Moonset at Full Moon
![Page 34: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Sunset
Sunrise
MidnightMoonrise
NoonMoonset
Moonrise & Moonset at Last Quarter
![Page 35: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Sidereal vs. Synodic Months
NewMoon
T=0d
T=27.3d
(Sidereal)
T=29.5d
(Synodic)
![Page 36: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Penumbra
Sun Earth
Umbra
![Page 37: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Sunlight
Uneclipsed Moon
Penumbral Eclipse
Total Lunar Eclipse
Partial Lunar Eclipse
![Page 38: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Total Lunar Eclipse (Note the ruddy scattered sunlight)
Partial Lunar Eclipse
![Page 39: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
SunlightUmbra
Penumbra
Moon
Earth
![Page 40: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
SCP
NCP
CEqEcliptic
4th
1st
2nd
3rd
Cross-QuarterDays
WinterSolstice
SummerSolstice
VernalEquinox
AutumnalEquinox
![Page 41: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
NoonT=0h
T=23h 56m 04s
(Sidereal Day)
T=24h
(Solar day)
Noon
Not to Scale
Solar & SiderealDays
![Page 42: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
InferiorConjunction
SuperiorConjunction
Earth
![Page 43: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Maximum Eastern Elongation
Maximum WesternElongation
Earth
![Page 44: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
ConjunctionOppositionEarth
![Page 45: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Opposition Conjunction
EasternQuadrature
WesternQuadrature
Earth
![Page 46: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Mars Retrograde Motion in 1994/95
1995 Jan 2
1995 Mar 24 1994 Sept 24
1995 July 4
![Page 47: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Saturn & Jupiter4/1999 - 6/2000
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars 11/1998-10/1999
Venus 6-11/1999Mercury
10-12/1999
![Page 48: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
SCP
NCP
Celestial Sphere(Daily E-W Motion)
Ecliptic Sphere(Annual W-E Motion
23.5º tilt)
Planetary Spheres(Retrograde Motions)
![Page 49: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
LessTime
MoreTime
First Quarter
Last QuarterNot to Scale
![Page 50: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
EarthDeferent
Epicycle
![Page 51: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Earth
Equant
Center
![Page 52: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Saturn
Mars
Jupiter
Sun
MercuryVenus
Earth
Ptolemaic System
![Page 53: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
EarthVenus
Mercury
Sun
Solar System
![Page 54: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
EarthMars
Retrograde Motion
![Page 55: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Venus Maximum Eastern Elongation
1 AU
DVenus46º
VenusD 1 AU sin(46 )
0.719 AU
![Page 56: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
F1 F2
Semimajor Axis
Center
![Page 57: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
T=0d
T=10d
T=0d
T=10d Equal Areas in Equal Times
![Page 58: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Jan 10
Jan 11
Jan 12
Jan 13
Jan 19
Jan 18
Jan 15
Jan 16
![Page 59: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Io
EuropaGanymede
Callisto
![Page 60: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Ptolemaic System
3
3
4
4
2
2
1
1
5
5
6
6
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
Copernican System
![Page 61: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Falling Apple:Changing Speed
(gets faster as it falls)Same Direction
(always falls down)
![Page 62: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Ball Swung around on a String:
Same Speed,(in uniform circular motion)
Changing Direction(swinging around the circle)
![Page 63: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Donut Swung around on a String
Force
Acceleration
![Page 64: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Force = (apple’s mass) (acceleration due to gravity)
Equal and OppositeForce from the Table
Net Force is Zero, No Net Motion
![Page 65: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
M1 M2
d
M1 M2
2d
1 2 1 22 2
1
(2 ) 4
GM M GM MF
d d
1 22
GM MF
d
M1 M2
d/21 2 1 2
2 24
( / 2)
GM M GM MF
d d
![Page 66: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
2M1
M2
d1 2 1 22 2
(2 )2
G M M GM MF
d d
M1 M2
d1 22
GM MF
d
2M1
2M2
d1 2 1 2
2 2
(2 )(2 )4
G M M GM MF
d d
![Page 67: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Parabola Hyperbola
Circle Ellipse
Conic Section Curves
![Page 69: Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649ced5503460f949bad52/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Parabolav = vE
Hyperbolav>vE
EllipsevC<v<vE
Circlev = vC
Ellipse
v<vC
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Columbus, Ohio40º N: 1280 km/h
Arctic Circle66.5º N: 666 km/h
Equator1670 km/h
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6 hours later
Towards Sirius
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Wavelength ()
Speed (c)
Frequency (f) (# waves/second)
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d=1
d=2
d=3
B=1
B=1/9
B=1/4
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Doppler Effect in Sound
High Pitch(short waves)
Low Pitch(long waves)
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T=0s
0 popped16 unpopped
T=35s
8 popped8 unpopped
Half-Life = 35 sec
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Hot GasFaster Average Speeds
Cool GasSlow Average Speeds
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Spectrum
Prism
WhiteLight
Prisms disperse light into its component colors
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ContinuumSource
Continuous Spectrum
Absorption-lineSpectrum
Emission-line Spectrum
Cloud of Hydrogen Gas
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Hydrogen
Helium
Oxygen
Neon
Iron
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ContinuumSource Cloud of
Hydrogen Gas
LampLight
Absorbedby
HydrogenAtomsin theCloud
Lamp emits light at all energies
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n=1 (Ground State)
n=3 (2nd excited state)
n=2 (1st excited state)
n=4n=5
Energy Level Diagram of 1H
Continuum
n=
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n=1 (Ground State)
n=3 (2nd excited state)
n=2 (1st excited state)
n=4n=5
n=3262 52 42
Larger Jump = More Energy = Bluer Wavelength
n=6
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n=1 (Ground State)
n=3 (2nd excited state)
n=2 (1st excited state)
n=4n=5
Photons of all other energies (wavelengths) are ignored and pass on by unabsorbed.
n=2326 25 24n=6
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Spectrum of a Fluorescent Light
Mercury
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Collecting Area
Lens
Retina
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Simple Refracting Telescope
Objective Lens
Secondary Lens (Eyepiece)
Focus
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PrimaryMirrorPrime
Focus
Secondary Mirror
Cassegrain Focus
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238U
206Pb
235U
207Pb
4.5 Billion Years Ago238U
206Pb
235U
207Pb
Today
1 half-life 6.3 half-lives
50% left 1.2% left
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Seismic Station
LowerMantle
Core
UpperMantle
Crust
Seismic Station
SurfaceWaves
P-waves
S wavesP & Swaves
Earthquake!
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Near Side Far Side
Two Faces of the Moon
Maria Impact Basin
CrateredHighlands
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A12 A14
A15A17
A11
A16
L24
L20L16
Apollo and Luna Landing Sites
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Mars
EarthVenus
Mercury
Pluto
Neptune
Uranus
Saturn
Jupiter
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Pluto
Ecliptic
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MolecularHydrogen
MetallicHydrogen
“Ice”
Rock
Jupiter Interior
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MolecularHydrogen Metallic
Hydrogen
“Ice”
Rock
Saturn Interior
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Interiors of Uranus & Neptune
Uranus Neptune
RockyCores
Slushy“Ice”Mantles
MolecularHydrogen
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MetallicHydrogen
Jupiter Saturn
Uranus Neptune
Earth
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S
S
P
P
Star’s spectrum shifts redward
Star’s spectrum shifts blueward