Looking back and looking forward…
Transcript of Looking back and looking forward…
Looking back and looking forward…Achievements, challenges and lessons for Denmark
Joe Papineschi, Director
Eunomia Research & Consulting
19th September 2019
Topics
• Eunomia
• Nordic Council of Ministers project
• Conclusions for Denmark
About Eunomia
Other
Non-Governmental OrganisationsNational Government
Private Sector
Supranational Government
Local Government
5%
12%
23%
42%
17%
1%
Bristol Based
Global Reach
Nordic Council of Ministers Project Team
Nordic Recycling
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Denmark
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Norway
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50% Target 2020
65% Target 2035
Nordic Waste Generation
Danish Policy History
Danish Policy History
Evolution of Residual Waste Taxes
Recycling in Danmark
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RO (2014 / Method 4)CY (2014 / Method 2)
SK (2015 / Method 4)
MT (2013 / Method 1)
HR (2015 / Method 2)
PL (2015 / Method 2)
EL (2015 / Method 2)
LV (2015 / Method 4)
BG (2015 / Method 4)
ES (2014 / Method 4)
PT (2015 / Method 2)
EE (2015 / Method 2)
FI (2014 / Method 4)
SI (2015 / Method 4)IT (2012 / Method 2)HU (2015 / Method 2)
UK (2015 / Method 3)
IE (2014 / Method 1)
LT (2015 / Method 2)
CZ (2015 / Method 2)
NL (2015 / Method 2)
LU (2014 / Method 2)
DK (2014 / Method 1)
BE (2015 / Method 3)
FR (2011 / Method 2)
SE (2015 / Method 2)
DE (2014 / Method 4)
AT (2014 / Method 2)
Member States consulted as part of Phase 1 Member States not consulted as part of Phase 1 Baseline Member State recycling rate 50% target
Measurement methods…
Calculation Method
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Denmark Method 1 - - 51.70% 51.90% 52.70%
Finland Method 4 32.60% 34.80% 33.30% 32.50% 32.60%
Sweden Method 2 62.00% - 62.20% - 61.40%
New EU Challenges for Denmark
• Mandatory recycling targets for municipal waste:
• 55% by 2025; 60%by 2030; 65% by 2035
• 75% recycling of packaging waste by 2030
All under new measurement method
• Separate collection of Bio-waste by 2024
• EPR reform
• Full coverage of ‘necessary costs’
• ‘Modulation’ of EPR fees
• Addressing ‘free riders’ (including e-commerce)
• Single Use Plastics Directive
• Includes bans, targets and EPR for plastic packaging in litter
Conclusions for the future of Danish resource management
Global Temperature rise: Risks and impacts
Climate Scenarios
Source: Climate Analytics
Renewables or Efficiency?
Source: IRENA
GHG Impacts of Resource Management
-23.000 -18.000 -13.000 -8.000 -3.000 2.000
Paper / card
Plastic
Glass
Textiles
Steel
Aluminium
Garden (composting)
Food waste (AD)
WEEE
Others
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Plastic
Glass
Textiles
Steel
Aluminium
Garden (composting)
Food waste (AD)
WEEE
Others
Landfill
Incineration CHP
Incineration
Emissions, kg CO2 equivalent per tonne of waste managed
RESIDUAL WASTE TREATMENT
RECYCLING & COMPOSTING
AVOIDED PRODUCTION (WASTE PREVENTION, REUSE)
Resource Efficiency and Climate Change
Source: Green Alliance
Cumulative impact of high recycling rates
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Recycling Rate
Cumulative impact of high recycling rates
• Start with 100 ‘original’ cans
• Collect 70% for recycling
• Recycling yield 95%
• Repeat…
Cumulative impact of high recycling rates
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Recycling Rate
67 recycled
cans
Recycle 100 cans
to get…
Cumulative impact of high recycling rates
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Recycling Rate
47 recycled
cans
Recycle 67 cans
to get…
Cumulative impact of high recycling rates
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33 recycled
cans
Recycle 47 cans
to get…
Cumulative impact of high recycling rates
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23 recycled
cans
Recycle 33 cans
to get…
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16 recycled
cans
Recycle 23 cans
to get…
Cumulative impact of high recycling rates
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11 recycled
cans
Recycle 16 cans
to get…
Cumulative impact of high recycling rates
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Cumulative impact of high recycling rates
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Cumulative impact of high recycling rates
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222 total
recycled
cans
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Lower recycling rate, fewer new cans
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Higher recycling rate, more new cans
Cumulative impact of high recycling rates
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Very high recycling rate, a lot more cans
Resource Efficiency: Greenhouse Gas Impacts
-23.000 -18.000 -13.000 -8.000 -3.000 2.000
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Plastic
Glass
Textiles
Steel
Aluminium
Garden (composting)
Food waste (AD)
WEEE
Others
Paper / card
Plastic
Glass
Textiles
Steel
Aluminium
Garden (composting)
Food waste (AD)
WEEE
Others
Landfill
Incineration CHP
Incineration
Emissions, kg CO2 equivalent per tonne of waste managed
RESIDUAL WASTE TREATMENT
RECYCLING & COMPOSTING
AVOIDED PRODUCTION (WASTE PREVENTION, REUSE)
Impacts of Microplastics
• Ingestion by benthic invertebrates
• Lugworms, mussels, oysters
• Reduced feeding and weight loss in lug worms
• Oysters produce fewer and less healthy offspring
• Ingestion by fish
• Microplastics found in 37% of fish examined in the English
Channel
Recycling: New Measurement Method
• Waste Framework Directive Recital 46• …The calculation of the recycling targets should be based on the weight of
municipal waste which enters recycling. As a general rule, the actual measurement of the weight of municipal waste counted as recycled should be at the point where municipal waste enters the recycling operation…. Losses of materials which occur before the waste enters the recycling operation, for instance due to sorting or other preliminary operations, should not be included in the waste amounts reported as recycled
• Waste Framework Directive Artilce 11a (1) (c)• …the weight of the municipal waste recycled shall be calculated as the weight
of waste which, having undergone all necessary checking, sorting and other preliminary operations to remove waste materials that are not targeted by the subsequent reprocessing and to ensure high-quality recycling, enters the recycling operation whereby waste materials are actually reprocessed into products, materials or substances
CP
Plastic separated by polymer that does not undergo further processing before entering pelletisation, extrusion, or moulding operations;
Plastic flakes that do not undergo further processing before their use in a final product.
Is WTE ‘too cheap’ in Denmark?
Mandatory Targets for Municipalities
Consistent or Minimum Collection Standards
EPR Fee Modulation: French Bonus/Malus
EPR Fee Modulation: Italian 4-level System
Recycling Rate Trajectory – Germany and Wales
GHG Emissions Savings (t CO2e )
Material Recycling Rates Required
Last words…
• Big challenges for Denmark…
• But also huge opportunities
• Getting EPR right
• Leveraging emerging technologies
• Making most of existing situation
• Role as provider of super-efficient WTE
• Taking DRS to next level
• Building on tradition of public infrastructure
• Make the right decisions – based on the
evidence!
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