Looking back after 20 years - psmfc.org
Transcript of Looking back after 20 years - psmfc.org
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Exxon Valdez Oil Spill:Long Term persistence and
and Long term effects
Dr. Stanley “Jeep” RiceAuke Bay LaboratoryAlaska Fisheries Science Center
Juneau, AK [email protected]
1989
Looking back after 20 years
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Comparisons & Lessons Learned
Exxon Valdez - 1989 Deepwater Horizon 2010
Bottom Line:What did we learn with EV that informs DWH spill?
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Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
1989
Review by Stanley D. Rice
When will the spill be over?
For Alaskans, the oil spill is NOT over!
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The Spill will be over when:
Review by Stanley D. Rice
1. No more litigation
2. No more oil
3. No more Effects
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The Spill will be over when:
Review by Stanley D. Rice
1. No more litigation
2. No more oil
3. No more Effects
Right Now- 0 for 3
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The Spill will be over when:
Review by Stanley D. Rice
“No more litigation”
2 or 3 law suits settled,
• 1991 natural resource settlement
• 1995 civil case 3. Reopener clause-
pending
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PWS Exxon ValdezOil spill
GOM Deepwater HorizonOil spill
First: quick comparison of both spill events
Second: 5 big wows from the Exxon Valdez spill
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PWS Exxon ValdezOil spill
GOM Deepwater HorizonOil spill
First: Quick comparison of both spill events
No two spill events are the same
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PWS Exxon ValdezOil spill
GOM Deepwater HorizonOil spill
First: Quick comparison of both spill events
No two spill events are the same
Event scale
11 M Gal Volume of oil 250 M Gal3 day first land fall 40 day
Viscous Oil chemistry Light thinNO Dispersants 1 M GalNO Burning YesNO Skimming Yes
3 Politics 85
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PWS Exxon ValdezOil spill
GOM Deepwater HorizonOil spill
First: Quick comparison of both spill events
No two spill events are the same
$1 B settlement ? Most studied spill, ever ?
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Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: 1989
Review by Stanley D. Rice
Spill Event
Long Term persistence
Long term Effects
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Bligh Reef
ColumbiaGlacier
IceBergs
ValdezArm
Exxon Valdez –
Goes off course
Grounds out on Bligh Reef
8 of 11 Cargo Tanks
are “torn open”
Good Friday- 1989
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Highest priority- liter remaining cargo off
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NOAA HAZMAT Trajectory Model
March 24, 1989 Day One
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
53 particles/sq mile53 to 13 particles/sq mile13 to 3 particles/sq mile3 to 1 particles/sq mile
Legend
Each particle represents ~1,100 gallons of oil (twenty 55 gallon drums)
J.A. Galt et al. 1991
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NOAA HAZMAT Trajectory Model
March 25, 1989 Day Two
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
53 particles/sq mile53 to 13 particles/sq mile13 to 3 particles/sq mile3 to 1 particles/sq mile
Legend
Each particle represents ~1,100 gallons of oil (twenty 55 gallon drums)
J.A. Galt et al. 1991
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NOAA HAZMAT Trajectory Model
March 26, 1989 Day Three
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
53 particles/sq mile53 to 13 particles/sq mile13 to 3 particles/sq mile3 to 1 particles/sq mile
Legend
Each particle represents ~1,100 gallons of oil (twenty 55 gallon drums)
J.A. Galt et al. 1991
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NOAA HAZMAT Trajectory Model
March 27, 1989 Day Four
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
53 particles/sq mile53 to 13 particles/sq mile13 to 3 particles/sq mile3 to 1 particles/sq mile
Legend
Each particle represents ~1,100 gallons of oil (twenty 55 gallon drums)
J.A. Galt et al. 1991
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NOAA HAZMAT Trajectory Model
March 28, 1989 Day Five
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
53 particles/sq mile53 to 13 particles/sq mile13 to 3 particles/sq mile3 to 1 particles/sq mile
Legend
Each particle represents ~1,100 gallons of oil (twenty 55 gallon drums)
J.A. Galt et al. 1991
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NOAA HAZMAT Trajectory Model
March 29, 1989 Day Six
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
53 particles/sq mile53 to 13 particles/sq mile13 to 3 particles/sq mile3 to 1 particles/sq mile
Legend
Each particle represents ~1,100 gallons of oil (twenty 55 gallon drums)
J.A. Galt et al. 1991
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NOAA HAZMAT Trajectory Model
March 30, 1989 Day Six
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
53 particles/sq mile53 to 13 particles/sq mile13 to 3 particles/sq mile3 to 1 particles/sq mile
Legend
Each particle represents ~1,100 gallons of oil (twenty 55 gallon drums)
J.A. Galt et al. 1991
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Prince William SoundValdez
Spill Zone After thefirst week
11 Milliongallons
70 Knot winds day 3
150 Km
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Acute wildlife loss estimates included:
4000 Sea Otters 500,000 Birds
Predictable effects
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Short Answer: Lots
Second: UN- EXPECTED5 big wows from the Exxon Valdez spill
Long Term Effects, persistence
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1. Long term effects
Killer Whale Story(Short term exposure)
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Long Lived
Low reproductive rates
Organized along Matri-lines > discrete pods
Two types:Residents- fish eatingTransients- Marine Mammal eating
Killer Whale biology
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Individuals photo-Identifiedsince 1984
Killer Whale biology
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Two pods photographed in oil slicksAB and AT1 pods
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PWS Orca Survival After theExxon Valdez Oil SpillResidents / Transients
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
Year
Num
ber o
f Wha
les
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
AB (fish)
AT1 (mm)
Matkin 2006
Resident
Transient
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2. Embryos are sensitive- PPB!
Pink Salmon embryos -
1989, plus 4 more years
Surprising, Perplexing
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75% PWS salmon spawn IT
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Approximate 1989 conditions
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1992-2000:Lab Tests prove that exposed embryos to low doses will affect Adult returns
Design:
-Long term exposures (Months)- Low ppb exposures -Released tagged Fry- Assess when Adults return
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Pink Salmon Eggs
Incubation in Oiled Rocks
Control0 g/kg
Extreme5.22 g/kg
oiled-rockcolumns
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Adult Returns Reduced 20% at 5 PPB
Control 5.2 19.40
0.5
1
1.5
**
% survivalof
returningadults
Exposure to Eggs (ppB PAH)
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Adult returns Reduced(Eggs exposed in 18 ppB)
1993 BY 1995 BY0
10
Returning adults per 1000 eggs
ControlExposed
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Pink Salmon Summary
ADFG- 4 year effect in Streams
ABL- Changed toxicity paradigm
Toxicity from ppM to ppB exposures
Fewer Adults return
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3. Oil persists -
How much?Where?
1999
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91 sites- 53 sites with oil- 38 sites without oil
(9000 pits, 1 summer)
Persistence?
2001 Survey: Yes!
PWS
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Diggers Working in Boulder Field
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80,000 L estimated
2001 Subsurface Oil > Surface
Light sheen Oil drops
Heavy
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Vertical Distribution of Intertidal Subsurface Oil 2001
3 % 23 %40 %
23 % 11 %
80K L
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Summary of Oil Persistence
More oil than expected
Lots in the lower intertidal zone
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4. Lingering oil impacts-Sea Otter Recovery for 20 yrs
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Sea Otter Population Trends 1993-2003
Year
Popu
latio
n si
ze
0
50
100
150
200
2000
2500
3000
198
9
199
3
199
4
199
5
199
7
19
96
1998
199
9
2000
2001
2002
2003
Western Prince William Sound
Northern Knight Island
Pre-spill
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Sea Otter Population Trends 1993-2003
Year
Popu
latio
n si
ze
0
50
100
150
200
2000
2500
3000
198
9
199
3
199
4
199
5
199
7
19
96
1998
199
9
2000
2001
2002
2003
Western Prince William Sound
Northern Knight Island
Pre-spill
Herring Bay
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Recovery was Incomplete by Late 1990s
Photo courtesy of R. Davis
Was it food? Was it oil?
Both feed in the lower intertidal
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BothNeed to eat
A lot(winter)
Photo courtesy of R. Davis
25 %Body WtPer day
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HOW Many IT pits?
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Time Depth Recorder Implantsto Estimate Extent of Intertidal
Foraging
T im e (h rs )0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2
Dep
th (m
)
-8 0
-6 0
-4 0
-2 0
0
2 0
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Shallow dives for Mothers with pups
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Forage dive depth distributions12 females and 4 males PWS 2003-2005
Depth (5 m bins)
int. <5
5-10
10-1
515
-20
20-2
525
-30
30-3
535
-40
40-4
545
-50
50-5
555
-60
60-6
565
-70
70-7
575
-80
80-8
585
-90
90-9
5>9
5
Freq
uenc
y %
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
mean female mean males
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How many intertidal pits do they dig?
at N Knight Island
• 65 Otters dig about 200,000 pits / yr• 4 million pits over 20 years
2003-2005 data, n=16
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Pacific Herring of PWS continue to struggle in 2007
5. Watch out for the ecosystem surprises!
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PWS Herring
Short Term Impacts- yes- 1989 yr class missing
but did Not affect population
89
spill
herr
ing
popu
lati
on
Long Term Impacts- Huge crash; related to oil?
93
crash
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1993:Was it Oil?
Indirect Oil ? Possible? (no where else in AK has there been a crash)
Direct Oil? = No
Big Problem- Recovery continues to be poor
89
spill
herr
ing
popu
lati
on
93
crash
89
spill
herr
ing
popu
lati
on
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Lack of Recovery- Why?
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