Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a...
Transcript of Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a...
![Page 1: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain,
Smarter Animal
![Page 3: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
It Takes a Village to Raise a
Quokka
![Page 4: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
How Children Learn
• Like Scientists
• Analyzing Statistics
• Doing Experiments
![Page 6: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Blicket Detector
Some blocks are blickets. Blickets make the
blicket detector light up and play music.
![Page 7: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
24-Month-Old Statistics
![Page 8: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Waismeyer, Meltzoff, &
Gopnik
Developmental Science
(2014)
![Page 9: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Which objects are blickets?
Is D a blicket? Is E a blicket? Is F a blicket?
Lucas et al.. 2014
![Page 10: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What if you also saw these
events?
![Page 11: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
“Or“ Training
“And” Training
Test
![Page 13: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Imitation, statistics and
pedagogy
Buchsbaum , Gopnik, Griffiths & Shafto,
2009
![Page 15: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Current Study - Overview
• What parts of causal action sequences
do children choose to imitate?
• Do they imitate different portions of
sequences when given different
statistical evidence about their
effectiveness?
![Page 16: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Experiment 1
• Children 3-5 years old (median 4.3 years)
• Two musical toys
• 6 possible actions on each toy
• Combinations of 3 actions are demonstrated– Some cause the toy to play music, some don’t
• Which of the actions will children imitate?
Pull Handle Squish Squeeze Bulb Shake Pull Ring Flip it over
Pet Stretch Roll Knock Squish Shake
![Page 17: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Evidence Patterns
“ABC”
Condition
“BC”
Condition
“C” Condition
ABC+ ABC+ ABC+
DEC ADC ADC+
ABC+ DBC+ DBC+
EDC AEC AEC+
ABC+ EBC+ EBC+
![Page 18: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
BC Condition
![Page 19: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Le Gare: Play as Experiment
![Page 21: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
EXPERIMENT 1 EXPERIMENT 2
“ALL BEADS” “SOME BEADS” “ALL BEADS “SOME BEADS”
OR OR
Glued pair Separable pair Glued pair
Demonstration
phase
(All pairs activated the toy)
Free play
(60 seconds)
Cook, Goodman and Schulz, 2011
![Page 22: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Children’s Exploratory Play
Do children recognize when evidence is
confounded?
Do children play more when evidence is
confounded?
Schulz & Bonawitz, 2007
![Page 23: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Novel Toy• Four interesting properties
squeaker
light music
mirror
Bonawitz, Shafto, Gweon, Katz,
Chang, & Schulz, 2009
![Page 24: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Understanding Other Minds:
Repacholi and Gopnik
![Page 25: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Understanding other minds;
• Statistics - Kushnir, Wellman & Xu
![Page 26: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Imagination: Imaginary
Companions
![Page 29: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Marjorie Taylor: Imaginary
Companions and the Children
Who Create Them
![Page 30: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Monkey’s Birthday• Two within-subject phases
– Counterfactual phase
– Pretense phase
• 52 preschool age children
– 26 four year olds
– 26 three year olds
• “Birthday machine”
for Monkey’s birthday
![Page 31: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Counterfactual Phase
• Introduced to “birthday machine” and two objects
– Plays happy birthday when “zando” is on top
– Does nothing when “not a zando” is on top
• Asked counterfactuals
– “if this one was not a zando
what would happen if we put
it on the machine?”
– “if this one was a zando,
what would happen if we put
it on the machine?”
![Page 32: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Counterfactuals
![Page 33: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Pretense Phase• Confederate needs to borrow real machine and
objects
• Introduce box + two wood blocks for pretend
• How do we pretend to make the machine go?
– What do we pretend when
we put each block on the
machine?
– Reverse roles of blocks and
repeat
![Page 34: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Pretense
![Page 35: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
It Takes a Village
![Page 36: Longer Childhood, Bigger Brain, · 4/9/2014 · Smarter Animal. It Takes a Village to Raise a Quokka. How Children Learn •Like Scientists •Analyzing Statistics •Doing Experiments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071218/605192041028136a51430b30/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Collaborators and Support• Clark Glymour
• Tom Griffiths
• Noah Goodman
• Caren Walker
• Chris Lucas
• Elizabeth Seiver
• Sophie Bridgers
• NSF
• The James S. McDonnell Foundation Causal Learning Collaborative