Long Span and High-rise Steel Construction
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Transcript of Long Span and High-rise Steel Construction
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2007-4-24
Long Span and High-riseSteel Construction
C&S SEMINARC&S SEMINAR
20th April 200720th April 2007
ii--Connect room, 1st storeyConnect room, 1st storey SurbanaSurbanaOne, 168One, 168 Jalan Bukit MerahJalan Bukit Merah
SingaporeSingapore
J Y RichardJ Y Richard LiewLiew
Ph.D, P.Eng (Ph.D, P.Eng (SSporepore),), CEngCEng,, MIStructEMIStructE,,
Associate ProfessorAssociate Professor
Director, Hazard, Risk and MitigationDirector, Hazard, Risk and Mitigation ProgrammeProgrammeDepartment of Civil EngineeringDepartment of Civil EngineeringNational University of SingaporeNational University of Singapore
Email:Email:cveljycveljy@@nusnus..eduedu..sgsg
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Quality Steel is a high quality, dimensionally accurate material
Efficiency/speed Steel components are pre-fabricated in efficientfactory processes, and installed rapidly on site minimisingthe use of site labour
Light Weight Steel has a higher strength-to-weight ratio; lessrequirement on foundation.
Aesthetics Attractive appearance; long span floor beam system up to 20free span
Minimum waste Steel construction is not wasteful in production, andall waste can be recycled
Recycling Steel can be recycled and reused at the end of life. 50% ofcurrent steel use is from a recycled source
Re-use Steel components can be dismantled and re-used
Sustainable andSustainable and BuildableBuildable SteelSteelConstructionConstruction
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Buildability of Large VolumeSpace Frame Structures
1.1. SingleSingle integrated elements or system
2. Simplifiedjoint design to facilitate
construction3. Speed of Construction
Minimise temporary works/ low-level working
Maximise off-site fabrication
Exploit high strength products to reduce weight
Minimise applied fire protection
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Integrated Roof Systems
Integrated metal roof on steel trusses
Metal roof on steel trusses or beams
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- Before LiftingBefore Lifting
SingaporeSingapore ChangiChangiInternational Airport Hangar 5International Airport Hangar 5
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Main Trusses (92m) are rigidly weldedSecondary trusses are bolted.
SIA Hangar 5
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SingaporeSingapore ChangiChangiInternational Airport Hangar 5International Airport Hangar 5
--85 m x72m Single Integrated Roof System85 m x72m Single Integrated Roof System
11
21 J
A
~27.0 M
0.0
M
Power
Pack
HydraulicHoses
StrandJack
Temporary
Walkways &
Working
Platforms
Lattice
Column
Minimise temporary works/ low-level working
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-After LiftingAfter LiftingSingaporeSingapore ChangiChangiInternational Airport Hangar 5International Airport Hangar 5
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Sports Complex Roof
- Curved arches
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1mm 2mm
38.59m
(0, 0)
(16m, 27.67m)
(10m, 15.67m) (22m, 15.3m)
38.65m
13m
60 Degree
60 Degree
9.5m Overhang Cantilever
8m OverhangCantilever
2mm
10ton Chain Block to control &
adjust the level & displacement
Temporary
Erection Plate
7.5m
2m
6m 31KN(CG)
15.8KN
3.9KN3.9KN
10 ton x 12m webbing slings
Temporary Tower
Support 2mx2m
Temporary Tower
Support 2mx2m
3mm
Need 2 cranes for erection3-Segment constructionNeed Temporary Supports
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Lateral stability during installation
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TheThe WhampoaWhampoa FootbridgeFootbridge use of tubular sectionsuse of tubular sections
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60m
TheThe WhampoaWhampoa FootbridgeFootbridge
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PROPOSED WHAMPOA FOOTBRIDGE
TTJ/ER/PROP-03
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Erectioncompleted inthe morning
Lift footbridge to bargePull the bridgto the otherend
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Suntec City Convention Center(120m x 160m)
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FabricationFabrication
done on thedone on thefloor slabfloor slab
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Keppel Distribution Park
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Keppel Distribution Park
Six warehouses: 120m x 90m each
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Building services or part of the roof cladding can be pre-installed on the ground before lifting
P bl d
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Bolted JointsAvoid site welding
Pre-assembledspace frames
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Preinstalled on the ground using ball-jointed space frame system
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Lifting of steel roof
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Economy of Steel Joints
Rigid joints cost more thannominally pinned joints
Joints that require a large amount
of stiffening are more expensive Connections which require specialjigs to fabricate will be relatively
expensive. Site welded joints cost more thanfield bolted joints.
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Rigid joints with many stiffeners
Congested node Overlapping Joint
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f &
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In-line production based on
Computerized NumericallyControlled machinery.
Prefabrication &
Accuracy
Sea Front
Access
CNC Pipe Profile Cutting MachineCNC Pipe Profile Cutting MachineFCAW WeldingFCAW Welding
CNC Hole Drilling/ PunchingCNC Hole Drilling/ PunchingCNC Drilling/Cutting LineCNC Drilling/Cutting Line
CNC Plate Profile Cutting MachineCNC Plate Profile Cutting Machine
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CNC Pipe Profiling
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fire safety designfire safety design
Realistic FireRealistic Fire
Modeling,Modeling,
CFD, Parametric fire, etcHeat TransferHeat Transfer
AnalysisAnalysisFEM
StructuralStructural
ResponseResponse
CalculationCalculationNLFEA
Fire engineering of large spanFire engineering of large spanstructuresstructures
Liew, J Y R, Tang, L K and Choo, Y S (2002), Advanced analysis for performance-based design of steel structures exposed to fires,J of Structural Engineering,
ASCE, USA, 128(12), 1584-1593
Fire Detection/Alarm
Fire suppression
egra at on o stee
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egra at on o steestrength and stiffness
0 300 600 900 1200
100
80
60
40
20
% of normal value
Temperature (C)
Effective yield strength
(at 2% strain)
SS
Elastic modulus
SS
Strength and stiffness
reductions very similar
for S235, S275, S355
structural steels and
hot-rolled reinforcingbars. (SS)
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Minimise passive fire protection
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Fire protection is not required!
i i i i d
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Fire protection is not required!
MAJOR STEEL BUILDING
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MAJOR STEEL BUILDING
PROJETS IN SINGAPORE
Name No. of Storey Weight (tons) Yr Completed
OUB Centre 67* 11,000 1986
Treasury Building 52 15,000 1986
Ocean Tower 30 5,800 1991
John Hancock Tower 26 2,350 1992
Hitachi Tower 37 6,000 1992
The Concourse 42 8,000 1992
UOB Plaza 66* 10,000 1992
Republic Plaza 66* 8,217 1995
*Tallest in Singapore, 280m
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Name No. of Storey Weight (tons) Yr Complete
STEEL BUILDING PROJETS IN SINGAPORE
(Cont)
UE Square 18 2,000 1996
Suntec City NA 27,000 1996
Bank of China 37 3,000 1997Singapore Post Centre 14 7,000 1999
Springleaves Tower 37 4,200 2000
Cuppage Centre 10 3,000 2000
Capital Tower 52 9,600 2000One Raffles Link 8 3,000 2000
ParkView Square 30 8000 2002
ORQ 50 8,000 2006
B ild bilit f M lti t St l
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Buildability of Multi-storey Steel
Building
Standardization - repetition of grids, sizes ofcomponents and connection details
SSimplicity - simple building constructionsystems and installation details.Speed of Construction
Exploit long span advantage
Reduce no. of floor joints. Integrate building services Adopt composite construction
Typical commercial building
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Typical commercial buildingLong Span Construction reduce floor joint
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Integration of building services
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Composite TrussComposite Truss
Suntec City
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Suntec City
Composite Truss System
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Composite Truss System
>25m
OUB Building
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OUB Building
Hybrid
system of
steel
frames with
concretecore
20m
950
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Shallow floor systemsShallow floor systems
A wide flat plate iswelded to theunderside of H-section.
The wide plate supports
the precast concrete slab
reducing the overall
thickness of the floor.
Advantages of shallow floor
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Advantages of shallow floorsystems
Shallow floor depth reduces the overallheight of the building Flexibility of service layout
One-hour fire resistancebecause major parts of thesteel section is encased inconcrete.
Longer periods can beachieved by protecting theexposed bottom flange
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Deep metal deckingDeep metal decking
Deep metal deck permits the use of in-situ concreteacting compositely with the metal deck. This reduces the dead load of the floor and removes
the need to manoeuvre heavy precast sections intoplace.
M t l d kiM t l d ki
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Metal deckingMetal decking
Steelwork ready to receive
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Steelwork ready to receivedecking
Pl i t l d kiPl i t l d ki
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Placing metal deckingPlacing metal decking
D ki i lDecking in place
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Decking in placeDecking in place
P mping conc etePumping concrete
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Pumping concretePumping concrete
Compa ison of compositeComparison of composite
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Comparison of compositeComparison of composite
flooring systemsflooring systems
Building ABeam +
slab
depth
Overall floor
zone
Building
height
Floor slab
dead load
Total steel
weight per
floor area
STRUCTURAL FORM mm mm m KN/m2 Kg/m2
Composite beams & composite slab 435 800 14.0
2.8 51.7
2.7 42.2
2.0 38.9
13.4
Slimflor with deep metal deck (propped
deck, unpropped beam)295 650 13.4
3.0 43.4Slimflor with pre-cast slab 237 550 13.0
Slimflor with deep metaldeck
(unpropped)305 650
Composite beams with web openings 725 1050 15.0
2.0 46.6
2.0 50.2
Cellular beams with composite slab 775 1100 15.2
Summary on Composite Floor
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Summary on Composite FloorSystem
Large column free spaces often require
deep beams
Service integration reduces overall depth
Shallow floor systems combine floor and
slab in the same vertical space reducing
the overall structural depth.
Composite ColumnsComposite Columns
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pp
Tube used as permanent form work
2 1 1 Advantages ofAdvantages of CFSTsCFSTs
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Circular
Square and rectangular
+>
2OR
`
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`
Concrete filled Tubular Column
Applications oApplications ofCFTsCFTs
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Slim column sizeSlim column size
No fire protectionNo fire protection
Internal steel core can resist the serviceInternal steel core can resist the service
load during fire.load during fire.
Steel Core CFT (SCSteel Core CFT (SC--CFT)CFT)
Flat slabconstruction
-- Concrete Filled ColumnsConcrete Filled Columns
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Tube-in-tube
composite
columnsPunching shear connector
(encased in slabs, protected from fire)
Concrete Filled ColumnsConcrete Filled Columns
(HSCF)(HSCF)Ultra high strength
concrete; 200MPa
Normal concrete,
35 MPa
Latest Innovation
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Column Free
Space
Project Capital Tower
ArchitecturalConsultant
RSP Architects, Planners &Engineers (Pte) Ltd
Structural Consultant Maunsell Consultants(Singapore) Ptd Ltd
Main Contractor Parsons Brinckerhoff
Consultant Pte Ltd
Client CapitaLand CommercialLimited
Construction cost US$152.0 million
Construction Period 29 months
Gross Floor Area 95,5545 m2
Buildability Scores 81
52-storey officebuilding with six
levels of basementcar park
Buildability Features
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Standardised grids, beam spans andsymmetrical layout about central axis
Autoclimb Slip Form
ConstructionSequenceConstructionSequence
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Construction SequenceConstruction Sequence
f ll d l
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Concrete filled Column
Composite column
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Composite column
Finplate connection
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Finplate connection
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Through-plate connection
Reverse channel- and T-section
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connections
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Typical Steel
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Typical SteelResidential
Building
Integrated Dr Wall Panel
Top Track
S l S d
Joints &
fasteners
finished with
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Integrated Dry Wall PanelSteel StudAcoustic Insulation
(if required)
2 layers 15mm
Plasterboard on
both sides
Fasteners on firstlayer @ 400mmcentres
Bottom Track
Lafarge JointCompound
Fasteners
10mm-15mmfrom edge ofsheet
Fasteners @
200mm centres
max staggered onedges
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ConclusionsConclusions
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ConclusionsConclusions Use reusable steel frame and percast concrete to
reduce site labor, increase productivity and qualityfor sustainable construction.
Use composite design for long span beam, compact
floor, smaller column size, and better fire and
structural resistance.
Numerous projects provide illustration of the
benefits of buildable design using composite
construction. Successful implementation requires close
collaboration and information sharing between
various parties