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Long before Arizona became part of the United States, it was home to numerous Native American groups. Some of these farming and hunter-gatherer cultures lived along the Santa Cruz and San Pedro Rivers - and throughout the Sonoran Desert - for several centuries before the arrival of Anglos into what is now Southern Arizona. The written history of Arizona began when the Spaniards sent exploration parties northward from Mexico. 1 This exploration focused on the three "Gs": God, Gold and Glory.

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Early stories told of seven wondrous cities of great wealth that were thought to be located north of what is now present day Mexico. This possibility lured the Spanish into the region north of what is now Mexico.

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(map c.1536) (map c.1536) He reached Florida in 1528, then rafted across the Gulf of Mexico and was shipwrecked off the Texas coast. With three other survivors, he journeyed overland for hundreds of miles. Their wandering led them through west Texas, then into the New Mexico and Arizona area.

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In 1536, they turned south and arrived in what is now Mexico where they told their story to Spaniards there. This expedition was likely the first time Europeans saw bison. Also, their stories about meeting the Pueblo Indians of todays Arizona and New Mexico regions gave rise to the legend of the Seven Cities of Cibola~seven cities of gold. But, were they just stories?

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In 1539, De Niza was a missionary explorer who headed an expedition planned by Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza. He traveled north at least into SE Arizona and perhaps into New Mexico. Although the truth isnt certain, it seems as de Niza arrived at a hill overlooking what was supposed to be the smallest of the Seven Cities, he became fearful for his life since hed heard that Esteban, a companion, had been killed when he ventured into the golden city. So, de Niza returned to Viceroy Mendoza with fantastic stories of grandeur, even though he never truly saw it.* *Some suspect he mayve seen the sparkle of quartz in the buildings from the distance and believed it was gold or maybe he saw a pueblo blanketed with the golden hues of a southwestern sunset. Who was Mendoza?

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He was the first viceroy of New Spain (153550). His wise and compassionate rule earned him the nickname the good viceroy because he: 1. improved living conditions of the native people, 2. fostered religion, 3. encouraged education, 4. settled/prevented numerous revolts 5. pushed exploration far north of New Spain in search of the seven Cities of Cibola, adding to Spains territory All of these brought prosperity to New Spain. Back

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Probably duped by native stories, de Niza enthusiastically, but inaccurately, described fabulous riches of the Seven Cities of Cibola. (Where was this? Many believe he was talking about Zuni or Hopi land along the modern Arizona- New Mexico border.) The stories proved to be only tales when Francisco Vsquez de CoronadoCoronado led his soldiers there in1540. Fray Marcos de Niza was dismissed as a guide and sent back to Mexico in absolute disgrace.

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In 1540, he explored present- day Arizona and New Mexico areas Searched for the fabled seven cities of gold, Cibola

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His team made the first purposeful European exploration of the Southwest and claimed it all for Spain. Members of his party were the first Europeans to view the Grand Canyon.

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The nonexistent gold was never found, but many new lands were explored, mapped, and claimed for Spain. Coronado, with Marcos de Niza, set out with 336 Spaniards, 1,000 Native Americans, 1,500 horses, mules, and countless slaves, cattle, and sheep. He returned a failure, with about 100 men.

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In his quest for gold, which present-day states did Coronado travel through ? Where did his journey begin? What did they gain? This map shows the explorations of Francisco Vsquez de Coronado in the American Southwest. In his search for the legendary seven cities of Cibola, he found only poor pueblo Indians in what is now Arizona and New Mexico.

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Eager to convert the natives to their Catholic religion, Franciscan priests from Spain, the first Europeans to live in Arizona, tried to establish missions in the northern regions of present day Arizona, near the Hopi. They were unsuccessful. These Native Americans didnt cooperate with the newcomers.

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Father Eusebio Kino, a Jesuit priest, gained the trust and respect of the Pima. He founded 22 missions, several in what is now southern Arizona. He selected sites near existing native settlements and earned their cooperation to develop the new missions. The Spanish Empire, later expelled, or removed, the Jesuits in 1767.

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SAN XAVIER~ WHITE DOVE OF THE DESERT TUMACCORI

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Some Spanish missionaries were not well received. The Indians feared losing their land and being forced to adopt the Spanish culture. The Pima or Tohono Oodham eventually rebelled.

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The Oodham groups were forced to give up much of their power and land due to treaties allowing mining and herding as the Spaniards and Mexicans eventually outnumbered Native Americans. This caused a major battle. The Pima Rebellion at Tumacori mission was brutal, causing the Spanish to leave. The mission was greatly damaged.

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http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=82F57506 -B5BE-4B30-A062-22F86432557D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

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With increasing hostilities between the Pima / Oodham cultures, plus the aggressive Apache*, the Spanish began building presidios, or forts, for shelter from the attacks. Tubac Presidio, established by the Spanish, became the first European community in Arizona. Tubac 1752 Apache info Skip ahead

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The Apache were nomadic hunters and fierce warriors. They traveled in bands, attacking both native peoples and colonists--- raiding peaceful peoples for food and slaves.

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Fierce fighters and masters of survival in the wilderness, they were feared by other inhabitants of the Southwest Pueblo Indians, Spanish, and Mexicans. Return to text

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http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=82F57506-B5BE-4B30- A062-22F86432557D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

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In spite of the challenges from the Native Americans, mining, ranching, and missions prospered in what became the future Arizona regions.

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http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=82F57506-B5BE- 4B30-A062-22F86432557D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=82F57506-B5BE- 4B30-A062-22F86432557D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US Scroll down to Conflict in the Southwest

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http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=82F57506-B5BE-4B30-A062- 22F86432557D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US Scroll down to Relations with Native American

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While the colonist were establishing their independence in the east, New Spain thrived in the southwest from about 1790-1821. Missions and presidios were built and relations were better between the Spanish and Native Americans. Consequently, more Spanish people were drawn to New Spain. New Spain spread its reach during this successful time.

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1. http://azgovernor.gov/kids/AZ_History.asp http://azgovernor.gov/kids/AZ_History.asp 2. http://www.azgovernor.gov/kids/documents/chronology.pdf (Timeline) http://www.azgovernor.gov/kids/documents/chronology.pdf 3. http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/us/A0856705.html http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/us/A0856705.html 4. http://www.shgresources.com/az/history/ http://www.shgresources.com/az/history/ 5. http://www.facts-about.org.uk/history-us-state-arizona.htm http://www.facts-about.org.uk/history-us-state-arizona.htm 6. http://emayzine.com/lectures/APACHE.html http://emayzine.com/lectures/APACHE.html 7. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetI d=F7E646E8-6CE5-4DC6-914C-094453D93EEF http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetI d=F7E646E8-6CE5-4DC6-914C-094453D93EEF