This compilation was prepared by the Homeland Security Digital Library, Naval Postgraduate School, Center for Homeland Defense and Security.

Lone Wolf Terrorism – A Brief Bibliography

Compiled by Greta E. Marlatt

Updated September 2013

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CONTENTS

LONE WOLF TERRORISM – A BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

ARTICLES 3

BOOKS 7

REPORTS 10

HEARINGS 13

THESES 13

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ARTICLES

Andrews, John. "Case Study: The Lone Wolf Killer." The Counter Terrorist (August-September, 2009): 6-10. http://www.thecounterterroristmag.com/pdf/augsep09.andrews.lonewolfkiller.pdf.

Bailey, Julius H. "Fearing Hate Reexamining the Media Coverage of the Christian Identity Movement." Journal for the Study of Radicalism 4, no. 1 (2010): 55-73. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_for_the_study_of_radicalism/v004/4.1.bailey.html.

Bakker, Edwin and Beatrice de Graaf. "Preventing Lone Wolf Terrorism: Some CT Approaches Addressed." Perspectives on Terrorism 5, no. 5-6 (December, 2011): 43-50.

Barnes, Beau D. "Confronting the One-Man Wolf Pack: Adapting Law Enforcement and Prosecution Responses to the Threat of Lone Wolf Terrorism." Boston University Law Review 92, (2012):

1614-1662. http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume92n4/documents/BARNES.pdf.

Bates, Rodger A. "Dancing with Wolves: Today's Lone Wolf Terrorists." Journal of Public and Professional Sociology 4, no. 1 (2012): 1-15. http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jpps/vol4/iss1/1.

Borum, Randy. “Informing Lone-Offender Investigations.” Criminology & Public Policy 12, no. 1 (February 2013): 103-112.

Borum, Randy, Robert Fein, and Bryan Vossekuil. "A Dimensional Approach to Analyzing Lone Offender Terrorism." Aggression and Violent Behavior 17, no. 5 (October 2012): 389-396.

———. "A Dimensional Approach to Analyzing Lone Offender Terrorism." Aggression and Violent Behavior 17, no. 5 (October 2012): 389-396.

Brynielsson, Joel, Andreas Horndahl, Fredrik Johansson, Lisa Kaati, Christian Mårtenson and Pontus Svenson. "Harvesting and Analysis of Weak Signals for Detecting Lone Wolf Terrorists." Security

Informatics 2, no. 11 (2013) http://www.security-informatics.com/content/pdf/2190-8532-2-11.pdf

Caroline Joan Picart. "Documenting, Dissecting, and Decrying Terrorism and Anti-Terrorism." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 9, no. 4 (2006): 693-707.

Carter, Jeremy G. and David L. Carter. "Law Enforcement Intelligence: Implications for Self-Radicalized Terrorism." Police Practice and Research: An International Journal 13, no. 2 (2012): 138-154.

Chase, Alston. "Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber." Atlantic Monthly 285, no. 6 (June 2000): 41-65. http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2000/06/chase.htm.

Chermak, Steven M., Joshua D. Freilich, and Joseph Simone. "Surveying American State Police Agencies about Lone Wolves, Far-Right Criminality, and Far-Right and Islamic Jihadist Criminal Collaboration." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33, no. 11 (2010): 1019-1041.

Dishman, Chris. “The Leaderless Nexus: When Crime and Terror Converge.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 28, no. 3 (2005): 237-252.

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Feldman, Matthew. “Comparative Lone Wolf Terrorism: Toward a Heuristic Definition.” Democracy and Security 9, no. 3 (2013): 270-286.

Gajewski, Karen Ann. "Worth Noting." The Humanist 71, no. 2 (March/April 2011): 48.

Gibbs, Nancy. "The Fort Hood Killer: Terrified... Or Terrorist?" Time Magazine (November 11, 2009). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1938698,00.html

Gill, Paul and Emily Corner. "Disaggregating Terrorist Offenders: Implications for Research and Practice." Criminology & Public Policy 12, no. 1 (February 2013): 93-101.

Griffin, Roger. "Shattering Crystals: The Role of 'Dream Time' in Extreme Right-Wing Political Violence." Terrorism & Political Violence 15, no. 1 (Spring 2003): 57-95.

———. "Shattering Crystals: The Role of 'Dream Time' in Extreme Right-Wing Political Violence." Terrorism and Political Violence 15, no. 1 (Spring 2003): 57-95.

Gruenewald, Jeff, Steven Chermak, and Joshua D. Freilich. “Distinguishing “Loner” Attacks from Other Domestic Extremist Violence.” Criminology & Public Policy 12, no. 1 (February 2013): 65-91.

Guilmartin, Eugenia K. "Essay: The Lone Wolf and His Pack: Friends and Colleagues are Our Best Pointers to an Extremist." Armed Forces Journal (February 2010). http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2010/02/4445592/.

Hill, Chris. "Active Shooter Lessons Learned from the 2011 Norway Attack." The Guardian Antiterrorism Journal 13, no. 3 (Fall 2011): 25-30. http://www.jcs.mil/content/files/2011-12/120811093454_FALL2011_public_ver1.pdf.

Humphrys, Elizabeth. "Your 'Terrorist', Our "Lone Wolves': Utøya in the Shadow of 9/11." Journal of

International Relations Research no. 1 (2012): 72-80. http://journalofinternationalrelationsresearch.com/#/archive/4570829675.

Jackson, Paul. “the License to Hate: Peder Jensen’s Fascist Rhetoric in Anders Breivik’s Manifesto 2083: A European Declaration of Independence.” Democracy and Security 9, no. 3 (2013): 247-269.

Josh Adams and Vincent J. Roscigno. "White Supremacists, Oppositional Culture and the World Wide Web." Social Forces 84, no. 2 (2005): 759-778.

Kaplan, Jeffrey. "Leaderless Resistance." Terrorism and Political Violence 9, no. 3 (1997): 80-95.

Kolesnikova, Lina. "The Rise of the Lone Wolf Attacker." Crisis Response Journal 8, no. 2 (2012): 34-35.

Kruglanski, Arie W. and Shira Fishman. "Psychological Factors in Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Individual, Group and Organizational Levels of Analysis." Social Issues and Policy Review 3, (2009): 1-44. http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~hannahk/Terrorism_files/PsychologicalFactors.pdf.

LaFree, Gary. “Lone-Offender Terrorists.” Criminology & Public Policy 12, no. 1 (February 2013): 59-62.

Leuschner, Vincenz. "Exzessive Individuelle Gewalt. "School Shootings" Und "Lone Wolf Terrorism" Als Soziale Phänomene." Berliner Journal Für Soziologie 23, no. 1 (March 2013): 27-49. [in German]

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Lindauer, Lance. "Rational Choice Theory, Grounded Theory, and their Applicability to Terrorism." Heinz Journal 9, no. 2 (2012): 1-12. http://journal.heinz.cmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Final-Rational-Choice.pdf.

Lockey, David J. "The Shootings in Oslo and Utøya Island July 22, 2011: Lessons for the International EMS Community." Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 20, no. 4 (2012): 1-3. http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1757-7241-20-4.pdf.

Madhani, Aamer. "Obama: 'Lone Wolf' Attack is Biggest Concern." National Journal (August 16, 2011).

Madrid, Ruben. "Recognizing Lone Wolf Terrorism." On Guard (August 2012): 4. http://www.163rw.ang.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-120803-060.pdf.

Malkki, Leena. "Understanding Lone Wolf Terrorism: Global Patterns, Motivations and Prevention." Terrorism and Political Violence 24, no. 5 (November 2012): 853-854.

McCauley, Clark, Sophia Moskalenko and Benjamin Van Son. “Characteristics of Lone-Wolf Violent Offenders: A Comparison of Assassins and School Attackers.” Perspectives on Terrorism 7, no. 1 (2013) http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/240/html

Michael, George. "Anders Behring Breivik: A New Breed of Lone Wolf Terrorist?" Journal of Counterterrorism & Homeland Security International 18, no. 1 (Spring 2012): 14-16.

Michael, George. "Leaderless Resistance: The New Face of Terrorism." Defence Studies 12, no. 2 (2012): 257-282.

Monahan, John. “The Individual Risk Assessment of Terrorism.” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 18, no. 2 (May 2012): 167-205.

Moskalenko, Sophia and Clark McCauley. "The Psychology of Lone-Wolf Terrorism." Counselling Psychology Quarterly 24, no. 2 (June 2011): 115-126.

Nijboer, Matthijs. "A Review of Lone Wolf Terrorism: The Need for a Different Approach." Social Cosmos 3, no. 1 (March 2012): 33-39. http://socialcosmos.library.uu.nl/index.php/sc/article/view/43.

Pantucci, Raffaello. "Britian Jails "Lone Wolf" Terrorist Isa Ibrahim." Terrorism Monitor 7, no. 23 (July 30, 2009): 3. http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/TM_007_66.pdf.

———. "What Have We Learned About Lone Wolves from Anders Behring Breivik?" Perspectives on Terrorism 5, no. 5-6 (2011): 27-42. http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/what-we-have-learned.

Phillips, Peter J. "Lone Wolf Terrorism." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 17, no. 1 (2011): 1-29.

———. “The Lone Wolf Terrorist: Sprees of Violence.” Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 18, no. 3 (December 2012): 1-11.

Phillips, Peter J. and G. Pohl. "Economic Profiling of the Lone Wolf Terrorist: Can Economics Provide Behavioral Investigative Advice?" Journal of Applied Security Research 7, no. 2 (2012): 151-177.

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Simon, Jeffrey D. “Unique Dangers Posed by Lone-Wolf Terrorists.” DOMPREP Journal 9, no. 3 (March 2013): 18-19.

Smith, Brent. "A Look at Terrorist Behavior: How they Prepare, Where they Strike." NIJ Journal no. 260 (July 2008): 2-6. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/222900.pdf.

Spaaij, Ramón. "The Enigma of Lone Wolf Terrorism: An Assessment." Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 33, no. 9 (September 2010): 854-870.

Spencer, Robert. "Jihad Comes to Germany." Human Events 67, no. 10 (March 14, 2011): 19.

Steward, Scott. "Oslo, Norway: Lessons Learned from a Successful 'Lone-Wolf' Attack." PoliceOne (August 2011). http://www.policeone.com/terrorism/articles/4146174-Oslo-Norway-Lessonslearned-from-a-successful-lone-wolf-attack/.

Steyn, Mark. "In Search of 'Why.'" National Review 64, no. 15 (August 13, 2012): 52.

Stroud, Joe. “the Importance of Music to Anders Behring Breivik.” Journal of Terrorism Research 4, no. 1 (2013) http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/620

Victoroff, Jeff. "The Mind of the Terrorist A Review and Critique of Psychological Approaches." Journal of Conflict Resolution 49, no. 1 (February 2005): 3-42. http://www.surrey.ac.uk/politics/research/researchareasofstaff/isppsummeracademy/instructors%20/The%20Terrost%20mind.pdf

Weimann, Gabriel. "Lone Wolves in Cyberspace." Journal of Terrorism Research 3, no. 2 (2012). http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/405/431.

Weinstein, Adam. "Russian Phoenix: The Collective Security Treaty Organization." The Whitehead

Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 8, no. 1 (January 2007): 167-180. http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.nps.edu/docview/59778962?accountid=12702.

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BOOKS

Boaz, Clair Kreger. White Supremacy Groups. San Digeo: Greenhaven Press, 2003. 80p.

Contents: White Supremacy groups use terrorist attacks to recruit new members / Brad Knickerbocker – What supremacy is a leaderless movement / Howard L. Bushart, John R. Craig, and Myra Barnes -- The Internet is changing the face of the white supremacist movement / Les Back -- Racist video games target youth on the Internet / Anti-Defamation League -- More women are joining the white supremacist movement / Jim Nesbitt -- White power music is an effective recruiting tool / Adam Cohen -- The making of a white

supremacist / T.J. Leyden, interviewed by Intelligence report -- Lone wolf terrorists are more dangerous than organized white supremacist groups / Katherine Seligman -- White supremacy groups are expanding their international ties / David E. Kaplan, Lucian Kim, and Douglas Pasternak -- White nationalists must organize in order to protect European Americans / European-American Unity and Rights Organization -- The white race must be preserved / Bishop Alma White -- White people are the creators of all worthwhile culture and civilization / Matthew Hale.

Bringuel, Andrew J. Terrorism Research and Analysis Project: (TRAP): A Collection of Research Ideas Thoughts, and Perspectives. Washington, DC: Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation,

2011. Contents: v. 1. Radical Islam’s Manipulation of the media – Actors analysis & capability of knowledge – Incorporating contextual sensitivity and meta-cognition into intelligence and law enforcement training -- Spotting and assessing potential confidential human sources using the group analysis protocol (GAP) -- Terrorism and counterfeiting : a synopsis of critical issues and research opportunities -- Behavioral clues to deception in counter-terrorism situations : critique and prospectus -- The role of emotion in predicting violence -- Animal and environmental rights extremists and crime : setting forth a research agenda -- The false allure of torture -- What is lone wolf terrorism? : A research note -- Right-wing extremism and military service -- Making bullets dance : drugs and "small players" in small wars.

Brynielsson, Joel, Andreas Horndahl, Fredrik Johanasson, Lisa Kaati, Christian Mårtenson and Pontus Svenson. "Analysis of Weak Signals for Detecting Lone Wolf Terrorists" in 2012 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference, 22-24 August, 2012. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society, 2012: 197-204.

Cooper, Abraham. "From Big Lies to the Lone Wolf: How Social Networking Incubates and Multiplies Online Hate and Terrorism*." In The Changing Forms of Incitement to Terror and Violence: The Need for a New International Response., edited by Baker, Alan. 21-33. Jerusalem, Israel: Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 2012. http://jcpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/INCITEMENT_TO_TERROR_4.pdf.

Davis, Danny W. The Phinehas Priesthood: Violent Vanguard of the Christian Identity Movement.

Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2010. Content: Introduction – The Christian Identity or Scriptural Israel Identity movement and its world view -- Leaderless resistance and the "lone wolf" strategy -- The modern Phinehas Priesthood, fact or fiction? -- Phinehas Priests? or not? : the anti-abortion warriors -- Eric Rudolph -- Clayton Lee Waagner, James Charles Kopp and Paul Ross Evans -- Conclusion

Guillemin, Jeanne. American Anthrax: Fear, Crime, and the Investigation of the Nation’s Deadliest Bioterror Attack. New York: Times Books. 309p. Contents: Prologue: the bioterrorism threat – The diagnosis – The crime – New York – “We have this anthrax” –The postal victims – Threat perceptions – Lone Wolf – Laws, regulations and rules – Gone awry – To War – The strong desire for justice – Living proof – Odd man out – Conclusion.

Hesterman, Jennifer L. The Terrorist-Criminal Nexus: An Alliance of International Drug Cartels, Organized Crime, and Terror Groups. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2013.

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Jenkins, Brian Michael. Stray Dogs and Virtual Armies: Radicalization and Recruitment to Jihadist Terrorism in the United States since 9/11. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2011. http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2011/RAND_OP343.pdf.

———. Would-be Warriors: Incidents of Jihadist Terrorist Radicalization in the United States since September 11, 2001. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2010. http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2010/RAND_OP292.pdf.

Likar, Lawrence E. "Nihilistic Terrorists: Fanatical Cells, Lone Wolves, and Hybrid Groups." In Eco-Warriors, Nihilistic Terrorists, and the Environment, 107-136. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2011.

Kaati, Lisa and Pontus Svenson. “Analysis of Competing Hypothesis for Investigating Lone Wolf Terrorists.” in Proceedings of the 2011 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference (EISIC 2011). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society, 2011, p. 295–299

Michael, George. Lone Wolf Terror and the Rise of Leaderless Resistance. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2012. 254p.

Contents: The Evolution of strategy, war, and conflict -- Leaderless resistance and the extreme right -- Eco-extremism and the radical animal liberation movement -- The strategic implications of the new world order -- The Wiki revolution and the new people power -- Weapons of mass destruction and leaderless resistance -- The global Islamic resistance movement -- Conclusion: toward a fifth generation of warfare?

Olson, Dean T. Tactical Counterterrorism: The Law Enforcement Manual of Terrorism Prevention. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 2012.

Pantziarka, Pan. Lone Wolf: True Stories of Spree Killers. London: Virgin, 2002.

Patten, Meredith L. and Amanda S. Twilliger. “The Solo Crusader: Theodore Kaczynski and Timothy McVeigh.” p. 37-57 In A New Understanding of Terrorism Case Studies, Trajectories and Lessons

Learned, edited by Haberfeld, M.R. and Agostino Von Hassell. New York: Springer, 2009.

Phillips, Peter J. In Pursuit of the Lone Wolf Terrorist: Investigation Economics and New Horizons for the Economic Analysis of Terrorism. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2013. 207p.

Pinkerton, Jaye. Handbook of Lone-Wolf Terrorism and Fighters. Delhi: University Publications, 2012.

Contents: Chapter 1 -- Introduction to Lone-Wolf Fighter; Chapter 2 -- Lone Wolves in Asia; Chapter 3 -- Lone Wolves in Europe; Chapter 4 -- Lone Wolves in the United States.

Sheehan, Michael A. Crush the Cell: How to Defeat Terrorism without Terrorizing Ourselves. New York: Crown Publishers, 2008.

Shetfall, Mordecai G. Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze. New York, NY: NAL Caliber, 2005.

Simi, Pete, Andrew J. Bringuel, Steven M. Chermak, Joshua D. Freilich, Gary Lafree, and Lynn Maskel. "What is Lone Wolf Terrorism?: A Research Note." Chap. 311, In Terrorism Research and Analysis

Project : (TRAP) : A Collection of Research Ideas, Thoughts, and Perspectives, edited by Bringuel, Andrew J. Washington, DC: Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2011.

Simon, Jeffrey D. "Technology and Lone Operator Terrorism: Prospects for a Fifth Wave of Global Terrorism." In Terrorism, Identity and Legacy: The Four Waves Theory and Political Violence, edited by Rosenfeld, Jean E., 44-65. New York, NY: Routledge, 2011.

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Simon, Jeffrey D. Lone Wolf Terrorism: Understanding the Growing Threat. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 2013. 320p. Contents: The growing threat of lone wolf terrorism -- Who are the lone wolves? -- Why lone wolves are so dangerous -- Where are the women? -- Lone wolf assassins -- Strategies for dealing with lone wolf terrorism -- Uncovering the lessons learned -- A look toward the future -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Defining lone wolf terrorism.

Spaaij, Ramón F. J. Understanding Lone Wolf Terrorism: Global Patterns, Motivations and Prevention. New York: Springer, 2012. 119p.

Stern, Jessica. Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill. New York: Ecco, 2003. 368p. Contents: Pt 1. Grievances that give rise to holy war. Alienation; Humiliation; Demographics; History; Territory -- pt. 2. Holy war organizations. Inspirational leaders and their followers; Lone-wolf avengers;

Commanders and their cadres; The ultimate organization: networks, franchises, and freelancers; Conclusion, policy recommendations.

Vittori, Jodi. Terrorist Financing and Resourcing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Contents: Terrorism cannot live on idealism alone -- Terrorist groups’ resourcing menu -- The evolution of terrorism financing -- The multi-nationals of terrorism -- State sponsored groups -- Medium autonomy groups: franchises and bundled support -- Lone wolf groups -- All the rest: shell states, state sponsoring groups, and transnational corporation groups.

Vollers, Maryanne. Lone Wolf: Eric Rudolph: Murder, Myth, and the Pursuit of an American Outlaw. New York: HarperCollins, 2006.

Williams, Clive. "Case Study - the Puzzling Case (from a Western Perspective) of Lone Terrorist Faheen Khalid Lodhi." In The Faces of Terrorism: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Canter, David, 63-74. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

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REPORTS

Anti-Defamation League. Criminal Proceedings: A Timeline of U.S. Terror Cases, 2011. http://www.adl.org/terrorism/Criminal_Proceedings.pdf.

Artiga, Vic. "Lone Wolf Terrorism: What We Need to Know and What We Need to Do." http://www.takresponse.com/index/homeland-security/lone-wolf_terrorism.html.

Bakker, Edwin and Beatrice De Graaf. Lone Wolves: How to Prevent this Phenomenon? Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, 2010. https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/16557.

Beltgens, Maurits and Serguei Batsanov. "Lone Wolf CBRNE Capabilities: Lessons from Norway." CBRNE Resource Network (August, 2011). http://news.cbrnresourcenetwork.com/newsDetail.cfm?id=63 OR http://www.cbrne-terrorism-newsletter.com/resources/2011%20-%20Lone%20Wolves'%20CBRNe%20Capabilities.pdf.

Berntzen, Lars Erik and Sveinung Sandberg. The Collective Nature of Lone Wolf Terrorism: Anders Behring Breivik and the Anti-Islamic social Movement. [DRAFT] Aalborg University, Denmark, 2012. http://www.hum.aau.dk/~ulla/Nordic_Populism/Berntzen_Sept_2012_Bergen.pdf

Bjelopera, Jerome P. American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat. R41416. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2011. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=692921.

———. Domestic Terrorist Threat: Background and Issues for Congress. R42536. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Office, 2013. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=730658.

Borum, Randy. "Moving Away from a Lone-Wolf Mindset." Extermis Project (November, 2012). http://extremisproject.org/2012/11/moving-away-from-a-lone-wolf-mindset/

Brynielsson, Joel, Andreas Horndahl, Fredrik Johansson, Lisa Kaati, Christian Martenson, and Pontus Svenson. "Analysis of Weak Signals for Detecting Lone Wolf Terrorists."IEEE - European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference (EISIC), 22-24 August 2012, 2012.

Carafano, James Jay. After Oslo: Lessons for the United States. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation,

2011. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/07/after-oslo-attacks-lessons-for-the-united-states.

Danish Security and Intelligence Service. The Threat from Solo Terrorism and Lone Wolf Terrorism.

Soborg, Denmark: Center for Terroranalyse, Danish Security and Intelligence Service, 2011. https://www.pet.dk/~/media/Engelsk/the_threat_from_solo_terrorism_and_lone_wolf_terrorism_-_engelsk_version_pdf.ashx

Department of Defense. Independent Review Panel Related to Fort Hood. Protecting the Force: Lessons from Fort Hood. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense, 2010. http://www.defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/DOD-ProtectingTheForce-Web_Security_HR_13Jan10.pdf.

Downing, Michael P. and Matt A. Mayer. Preventing the Next “Lone Wolf” Terrorist Attack Requires Stronger Federal-State-Local Capabilities. Backgrounder no. 2818. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation, 2013. http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2013/pdf/bg2818.pdf

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Gable, Gerry and Paul Johnson. Lone Wolves: Myth or Reality? http://www.lonewolfproject.org.uk/resources/LW-complete-final.pdf.

Gruen, M. and A. Kuilan. "Lone-Wolf Shooters Motivated by Al Qaidist Ideology." NEFA Foundation Target America Series (2011). http://nefafoundation.org/file/Lone%20Wolf%20Shooters%20-%20final%20jdl%20(3).pdf.

Hendel, Yoaz. The Lone Terrorist. Bar-Ilan University, Israel: Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 2009. http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/docs/perspectives86.pdf.

"HSDL Featured Topic: Lone Wolf Terrorism." https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=721556.

Instituut voor Veiligheids- en Crisismanagement. Lone Wolf Terrorism, 2007. http://www.transnationalterrorism.eu/tekst/publications/Lone-Wolf%20Terrorism.pdf

Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. The Lone Terrorist Attacks Still Continue in Jerusalem and in Other Areas. They are Caused by a Combination of Factors, Including Incitement, Supportive Public Atmosphere, Economic Frustrating Political Circumstances; Difficulties, However, they are Probably not Orchestrated by the Terrorist Organizations. Israel: The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, 2009. http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/data/pdf/PDF_09_142_2.pdf

International Association of Chiefs of Police. Lone Terrorists. Alexandria, VA: IACP, 2012. http://www.theiacp.org/portals/0/pdfs/IACP-COT_LoneTerrorists__FINALAug12.pdf.

Kaati, Lisa and Pontus Svenson. "Analysis of Competing Hypothesis for Investigating Lone Wolf

Terrorist." 2011 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference, IEEE, 12-14 September, 2011.

Lieberman, Joseph I. and Susan M. Collins. A Ticking Time Bomb: Counterterrorism Lessons from the

U.S. Government’s Failure to Prevent the Fort Hood Attack. Washington, DC: Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, 2011. http://www.hsgac.senate.gov//imo/media/doc/Fort_Hood/FortHoodReport.pdf

Marret, Jean-Luc and Emmanuel Clavaud. Oslo Terrorist Attacks: Analysis, Consequences and Lessons Learned. Paris: Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique (FRS), 2011. http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu/transatlantic-topics/Articles/homeland-security/TSP4_Oslo_08.2011.pdf.

Neset, Siri Merethe, Daniel Heradstveit and G. Matthew Bonham. The Lone Wolf behind the Norwegian Tragedy: The Ideological Foundations of Anders Behring Breivik. Paper presented at the International Society of Political Psychology, Annual Convention, July 2012. http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gmbonham/The_Lone_Wolf.pdf

Pantucci, Raffaello. A Typology of Lone Wolves: Preliminary Analysis of Lone Islamist Terrorists.

London: International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR), 2011. http://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/1302002992ICSRPaper_ATypologyofLoneWolves_Pantucci.pdf.

Phillips, Peter J. The Lone Wolf Terrorist: Sudden Sprees of Violence. University of Southern Queensland, 2011. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1976102.

———. Lone Wolf Terrorism: Prudence in the Lone Wolf’s Planning and the Time Delay between Acts of

Lone Wolf Terrorism. Toowoomba, Queensland: University of Queensland, 2011. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2149894.

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Phillips, Peter J. Prospect Theory, Lone Wolf Terrorism and the Investigative Process. Toowoomba, Queensland: University of Queensland, 2012. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2102481

———. The Theory of the Rise of the Lone Wolf Terrorist: Diseconomies to Scale and Terrorism at the Smallest Scale of Production. Toowoomba, Queensland: University of Queensland, 2013. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262106

Rhodes, Keith. Diffuse Security Threats: Information on U.S. Domestic Anthrax Attacks. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2002. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=440311.

"Richard Poplawski: The Making of a Lone Wolf." Anti-Defamation League http://www.adl.org/learn/extremism_in_the_news/White_Supremacy/poplawski%20report.htm.

Rubin, David. Combating the Lone-Wolf Attack. London: David Rubens Associates, 2012. http://www.davidrubens-associates.com/PDFS/DRA_Combating_the_Lone-Wolf_Attack_April2012.pdf.

Spaaij, Ramón. Lone-Wolf Terrorism. Report for the European Commission Sixth Framework Program Transnational Terrorism, Security and the Rule of Law, 2007. http://www.transnationalterrorism.eu/tekst/publications/Lone-Wolf%20Terrorism.pdf.

Tennessee Homeland Security. Lone Offender Threat 2011. http://www.infragard-etn.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Lone_Wolf_Offender_Threat.pdf

Webster, William H. Final Report of the William H. Webster Commission on the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Counterterrorism Intelligence, and the Events at Fort Hood, Texas, on November 5,

2009. Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2009. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=717443.

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HEARINGS

United States. Congress. House Committee on Homeland Security. Homegrown Terrorism: The Threat

to Military Communities Inside the United States (Majority Investigative Report). Washington, DC: Congress, House Committee on Homeland Security, 2011. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=693956.

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Findings of the Department of

Defense Independent Review Related to Fort Hood Hearing before the Full Committee of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, Hearing Held January 20, 2010. Washington, DC: GPO, 2010. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS126855.

———. Findings of the Department of Defense Independent Review Relating to Fort Hood: Hearing

before the Full Committee of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, January 20, 2010. Washington, DC: GPO, 2010. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=18224.

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services. The Findings and Recommendations of the Department of Defense Independent Review Relating to Fort Hood Hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, January 21, 2010. Washington, DC: GPO, 2011. http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo7655.

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. A Ticking Time Bomb: Counterterrorism Lessons from the U.S. Government’s Failure to Prevent the Fort Hood Attack. Washington, DC: GPO, 2011. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=717306.

United States. Congress. Senate. Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. Violent

Islamist Extremism, the Internet, and the Homegrown Terrorist Threat. Washington, DC: GPO, 2012. https://www.fbiic.gov/public/2008/July/IslamistReport.pdf.

United States. Department of Justice. Amerithrax Investigative Summary: Released Pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act. Washington, DC: Dept. of Justice, 2010. http://www.justice.gov/amerithrax/docs/amx-investigative-summary.pdf.

THESES

Eby, Charles A. "The Nation that Cried Lone Wolf: A Data-Driven Analysis of Individual Terrorists in

the United States since 9/11." Master of Arts (Security Studies), Naval Postgraduate School, 2012, https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=710310.

Pennington, Jeremy Lee. "Analytical Method for the Identification of Lone Wolf Terrorist." Master of Arts, American Public University System, 2011, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2041939.

Springer, Nathan R. "Patterns of Radicalization: Identifying the Markers and Warning Signs of Domestic Lone Wolf Terrorists in Our Midst." Master of Arts (Security Studies), Naval Postgraduate School, 2009, https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=29620.

14

Stephenson, John D. "Countering Terrorism: Engagement, Development, Deterrence." Master of Arts (Security Studies), Naval Postgraduate School, 2010, https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=10979.

van der Heide, Liesbeth. "Individual Terrorism: Indicators of Lone Operators." Master of Arts (International Relations), University of Utrecht, 2011, http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/student-theses/2011-0902-202354/UUindex.html.

Whiteford, Jacob. “Lone Wolf Terrorism: An Emerging Challenge to National Security.” Master of Arts, University of Notre Dame Australia, 2012.