London: Class and Consumerism
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Transcript of London: Class and Consumerism
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LondonClass and Consumerism
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Social class at the beginning of the 19th century• Hereditary: people generally expected to continue in the social class
of their parents. One usually married someone from the same social class.• Fixed: people did not often change their social class, and if they did,
this was not often considered a good thing.• Providential: Social class was commonly seen as part of the natural
order, and an essential part of a functional society.
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THE UPPER CLASS• Royalty• Nobility • Gentry
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Royalty
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Nobility• Are landed proprietors – do not work• Have a noble title: Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, or Baron.• Are generally addressed as ‘Lord’ or ‘Lady’.• Highly educated and often widely travelled.• Have an automatic seat in the House of Lords.• Noble houses usually had dozens of servants
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House of Lords
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Noble country residence
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Noble City Residence
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Gentry• Landed Proprietors – do not work• Usually much less wealthy than the nobility, but much more
numerous• Do not have noble titles, are referred to as ‘Mr’ and ‘Mrs’.• Sometimes given a non-noble knighthood title by royal decree (Sir or
Baronet). These titles are not hereditary and do not confer political privilege.• Are represented in the House of Commons• Employ several servants
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A country residence of the Gentry
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London residences of the Gentry
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The Middle Classes• Upper Middle Class • Middle Middle Class• Lower Middle Class
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Upper middle class• Including ‘Captains of industry’ and Imperial ‘nabobs’• Usually do not have a landed estate, though may buy one• Have made a great deal of money in commerce or trade• often mix with the gentry and nobility• Are often even wealthier than the upper classes, but are still
considered socially inferior• Like the gentry and nobility, the upper middle classes employ several
servants
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Upper middle class homes in London
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Upper middle class family
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Middle Middle Classes• Professionals, such as doctors, lawyers and bankers• Do not have a landed estate• Have a university education• Live a comfortable lifestyle, though not necessarily in a fashionable
area (Many preferred to live near their businesses in the unfashionable east of London).• Much of the London Jewish community belonged to this class.• Keep a handful of servants (2-5)
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‘Middle’ middle class home near Brick Lane, London
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Lower Middle classes• Generally well educated, though not necessarily at university• Include clerks, teachers, shopkeepers, merchants, and governesses.• Often live over shops or in smaller apartments (as opposed to houses)• Are often financially precarious, and run the risk of falling into the
lower classes.• Generally keep at least one servant
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Lower middle class homes
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Lower Class• The Working Class• The Poor
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The Working Class• Have only basic or no education (can possibly read and write).• Include factory workers, shop workers, and servants.• Often had a skill: carpentry, metal work, cobbling etc. • Do not have servants
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Working class home
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The Poor• Often could not read or write• Unskilled workers• Worked when work was available, in ‘sweatshop’ factories or on
farms.• Often turned to criminal activity
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Slums in London’s Seven Dials district
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‘The City’
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Boundaries of Londinium
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Medieval London
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West End London
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18th century developments around Westminster
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19th c. Wealth map
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Knightsbridge
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East End London
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London Docks
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Limehouse
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The Rookeries
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