Loksew Patrika

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lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfCIVIL SERVICE JOURNAL

nf]s ;]jf cfof]uPUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION


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lj=;+= @))* ;fn c;f/ ! ut] :yfkgf ePsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]u oxL @)&! c;f/ ! ut]af6 ^# jif{k"/f u/L ^$ jif{df k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . cfof]un] of] nfdf] P]ltxfl;s ofqfdf w]/} k|sf/sf cf/f]x cj/f]x

kf/ u/]sf] 5 . h:tf];'s} sl7g kl/l:yltdf klg cfkm\gf d"ne"t cfbz{af6 ljrlnt ge} ;lt;fn h:t}cl8u /xL hgljZjf; cfh{g ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . cfd hgtfsf] ljZjf;n] cfof]unfO{ lg:kIftf /:jR5tf sfod u/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf of]Uotd pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug]{ sfo{df xf};nf ldn]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ lglb{i6 u/]sf sfd, st{Jo / lhDd]jf/Lx?cfof]un] lgi7fk"j{s lgjf{x u/L cfPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf kbsf] nflu pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6ug]{ qmddf k/LIff k|0ffnLdf u'0f:t/Lotf a[l4 ug{ Pj+ ;d;fdlos agfpg kf7\oqmd kl/dfh{g, k/LIf0f

k|ljlwdf ;'wf/ ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? lgoldt ?kdf ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;} jif{b]lv /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLck|fljlws kbx?sf] kf7\oqmd Pj+ k/LIf0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L ;a} ;]jf ;d"xsf] PsLs[t Pj+ ;+o'Qm

k/LIff ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . kf7\oqmd Pj+ k/LIf0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ cfufdL lbgx?df klg hf/L /xg]5 .

lj=;+= @)@# ;fnb]lv nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|sfzg ug{ yfn]sf] xf] . ljleGgafwf / ckm\7\of/fsf sf/0fn] s]xL ;do lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|sfzgn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg g;s] tfklg

kl5Nnf jif{x?df eg] o;sf] lg/Gt/ k|sfzg e}/x]sf] 5 . cfufdL lbgx?df klg o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfgug]{ sfo{df xfd|f] k|ltj4tf /x]sf] 5 .

;w}+em} nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|sfzg x'g] lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfdf ljutdf h:t} k|:t't c+sdf klg;fj{hlgs k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkg If]qsf ljleGg ljifox?df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf n]vx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf]5 . of] klqsf k|sfzgsf] p2]Zo ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkgsf ljljw ljifodf ;}4flGts,Jojxfl/s tyf j}rfl/s dGyg u/fO{ n]v /rgfsf] dfWodaf6 jf}l4s v'/fs k:sg'xf] . o;n] ;du|

lghfdtL ;]jf nufot ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] kl/b[io (Vision)nfO{ k|i6 kfg]{ sfo{df d2t k'Ug] xfdLnfO{ljZjf; nfu]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ Pp6f lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] .

lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfsf] o; c+snfO{ klg kf7s dxfg'efjx?af6 :g]xk"j{s :jLsfg'{ x'g]5 eGg] s'/fdfxfdL ljZj:t 5f}+ . lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|sfzgsf] nfdf] P]ltxfl;s ofqfdf w]/} ljfg n]vsx?n]n]v /rgf pknJw u/fP/ xfdLnfO{ u'g nufpg' ePsf] 5, kf7s dxfg'efjx?n] klqsfsf af/]df

k[i7kf]if0f lbP/ xfdLnfO{ d2t k'ofpg'ePsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu xfdL cfef/ JoQm ub}{ cfufdL lbgx?dfklg ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf 5f}+ .

cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt x'g] o; lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu s]xL g s]xLv'/fs k|bfg ug{] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . oltdfq xf]Og, sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf ljsf;df klg of] ;xof]uL x'g]g}5 .

sfg"gf/f k|bQ sfo{sf cltl/Qm n]vsLo l;h{gzLntfsf] dfWodaf6 jf}l4s v'/fs k|bfg ug]{ ;Gbe{dflghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|sfzgdf cfPsf] xf] . klqsf k|sfzgsf ;Gbe{df ljutdf ePsf sdL sdhf]/LnfO{

x6fpFb} cfufdL c+sdf ;'wf/ tyf kl/dfh{g ub}{ hfg] xfd|f] k|lta4tf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu ljfgn]vs tyf kf7s dxfg'efjaf6 ljutdf em} dxTjk"0f{ k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf 5f}+ . oxfFx?sf]k[i7kf]if0f lagf ;'wf/ ck"0f{ x'g]5 . cGTodf, k'gZrM ljfg n]vs, kf7s, klqsf k|sfzg sfo{df ;+nUgkbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx?df xflb{s wGojfb lbb} cfufdL lbgdf klg ;bfem} ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] s'/fdf;Dkfbs d08n ljZj:t 5 .

@)&! c;f/;Dkfbs d08n

;DkfbsLo


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ljifo ;"rL

qm=;+= n]v /rgfsf]ljifo n]vs k]h g+=

! /fi6lgdf{0f / /fHo lgdf{0f uf]kLgfy d}gfnL 1@ sfof{nodf ;~rf/sf]Joj:yfkg d's'Gbk|;fb lg/f}nf 17

#Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f M Joj;flos ;xhtfsf]pko'Qm Joj:yfksLo

cfofdbfdf]b/ /]UdL 28

$ Joj:yfkg n]vf k|0ffnL / g]kfndf o;sf]k|of]u ls/0f/fh zdf{ 39% lghfdtL ;]jfdf tnj dfxfb]j kGy 45

^nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf

o;sf]e"ldsfs]bf/gfy zdf{ 53

& lghfdtL ;]jf / pknAwLd'vL k|zf;g xl/bQ kf08]o 68* lghfdtL ;]jfdf cf/If0f k|]dk|;fb kf}8]n 76( lghfdtL ;]jfdf a9'jf Joj:yf, ;d:of Pj+;'wf/sf pkfox? lzj/fd Gof}kfg] 87

!);fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf]sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ;+oGq / g]kfndf

o;sf]k|of]uafa'/fd ;'j]bL 101

!! g]kfnsf]of]hgfj4 ljsf;df glthfd"ns Joj:yfkgsf]k|of]u Zofdk|;fb e08f/L 110!@ /fli6o ljsf;df u}/ ;/sf/L If]qsf]e"ldsf gj/fh ;fksf]6f 131!# ;'k'b{uL ;DaGwL l;4fGt / g]kfnsf]cEof; k|sfz kl08t 159!$ ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f M cjwf/0ff / sfof{Gjogsf]jt{dfg cj:yf af;'b]j l3ld/] 171!% lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6]8 o'lgog Joj:yfkg gGb/fh 1jfnL 180!^ cfly{s ljsf;df ;xsfl/tf M jt{dfg cj:yf s[i0fk|;fb zdf{ 190!& g]kfndf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? ;~rfngsf]cj:yf s'znf kf}8]n 200

c+u|]hL v08

!*Post-Conflict Reconstruction System: A Theoretical Policy Framework

for NepalRamesh Kumar Sharma 211

!( HUMAN CAPITAL APPROACH OF SOCIAL POLICY: A THEORETICAL DISCUSSION Narayan Sharma Duwadi 220

@)

An Overview on Public Service Delivery: Key Challenges and Constraints

in Nepal Khagendra Prasad Rijal 228

@!

Identifying the Significant Reasons for Depopulation in the European

Countries & Lesson for Nepal Udaya Rana Magar 237

@@Concepts of Knowledge city and use of ICT and R&D for pragmatic

reformism in realm of economics and Urban Development in NepalSagar Baral 250


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/fi6lgdf{0f / /fHo lgdf{0f

;f/f+z

/fHozlQmdfkm{t /fli6o klxrfg lgdf{0f / PsTjsf]efjgf :yflkt ug]{k|lqmof /fi6lgdf{0f xf] ./fHo lgdf{0f /fHosf]sfof{Tds kIf;u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lj ifo xf] . /fHonfO{sfd ug{;Sg]u/L; Ifd agfpg]k|lqmof -construction of a functioning state_g}/fHo lgdf{0f xf]. /fi6lgdf{0f tLgkIfsf]cGt/;DalGwt k|lqmof xf]. klxnf]PsLs[t efjgfsf]l;h{gf -Creation of an integrating

ideology_, bf]; |f] PsLs[t ;dfhsf] l;h{gf / t]; |f] ; jn /fHo ;+oGqsf] l;h{gf -Creationof functioning state apparatus_ xf] . of] /fi6/fHo lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof klg xf] . /fi6/fHo3f]if0ff dfq xf]Og, lqmofzLn / ; jn klg x'g'kb{5 -the state has not proclaimed, but has to befunctional_ . s/, ; ]j fk|j fx, lgdf{0f / ; '/Iff h:tf sfo{af6 gful/sx?df /fi6k|lt :j fldTj j f]w:yflkt ub{5 . To;}u/L/fHo lgdf{0fdf oLtLg kIf kb{5g\M/fhg}lts Jojxf/, ; /sf/sf k|d'vsfo{x?sf]k|fyldsLs/0f / ; j{; fwf/0fsf]rfxgf ;+jf]wg . h]xf]; \/fi6lgdf{0f / /fHo lgdf{0f k/:k/;DalGwt lj ifo x'g\ . o;n]/fHosf] j}wtf k'li6b]lv /fli6o efjgfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{sfo{;d]tnfO{hgfpg]ub{5 . /fHosf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f, ;+oGq lj :tf/ / logLx?sf]k|efjsfl/tf a[l4n]g}d'n's;d[4 / ; jn /fi6aGg]ub{5 .

/fi6lgdf{0f

/fi6lgdf{0fsf ljifodf lj:t[t / Jojl:yt JofVof ljZn]if0f clxn];Dd ul/Psf]kfOb}g .sltko cj:yfdf /fi6 lgdf{0f / /fHo lgdf{0fnfO{;dcyL{ ?kdf ;d]t lng]ul/Psf]]5eg]w]/}h;f]cj:yfdf o;nfO{/fHo lgdf{0fs}cy{df ;d]t lnOb}cfPsf]kfOG5 . cfw'lgsnf]stGqsf]pbo / /fi6/fHox?sf]ljsf;sf]cleofgkl5 dfq /fi6lgdf{0fn]a]Un}cy{/

cg'zf;g kfpg yfn]sf]xf].

/fHozlQmdfkm{t /fli6o klxrfg lgdf{0f / PsTjsf]efjgf :yflkt ug]{k|lqmof /fi6lgdf{0fxf] . o;n]vf; ;d'bfo -/fHo_ sf dflg;x?aLr PsLs/0f ub{5 . vf; ;d'bfodf /x]sfdflg;x?aLr PsTjsf]cg'e"lt -Sentiment of belongness_ ePdf dfq ;fd"lxs klxrfg

uf]kLgfy d}gfnL*

* ;x;lrj, /fli6o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno


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:yflkt x'G5 eGg]dfGotfsf sf/0f /fi6lgdf{0fsf]k|lqmofnfO{dxTj lbOG5 . csf]{cy{df/fi6lgdf{0f w]/}klxrfg ePsf dflg;x?nfO{Pstfsf];"qdf afFWg]dgf]a}1flgs cfwf/ xf].e"uf]n dfq eP/ /fi6aGb}g, g ;/sf/ eP/ dfq . /fi6;dfg klxrfg / efjgf xf], h;sf]k[i7e"lddf Oltxf;, efiff, ;+:s[lt, wd{h:tf kIfx? /xg]ub{5g\. To;}n]/fi6lgdf{0f -jf

/fli6o klxrfgsf] lgdf{0f_ sf nflu /fli6o em08f, /fli6o ufg, /fli6o lbj;, /fi6efiff,/fli6o rf8 kj{, /fli6o /+uzfnf, /fli6o jfo';]jf h:tf ljDj / ;+f\s]lts sfo{-national

paraphernalia_ sf];d]t pkof]u ul/G5, h;n];a}/fi6jf;Ldf Pstfsf]cg'e"lt k|j4{gub{5 .

sfn{8f]Prn];femf klxrfg :yfkgfdfkm{t /fi6k|lt lgi7fjfg gful/s lgdf{0f ug'{nfO{/fi6lgdf{0f -National building, broadly speaking, aim to establish a common identity amongthe population through process in which they become loyaa citizen_ eg]sf 5g\ . /fi6lgdf{0f ePkl5 gful/sdf /fi6k|lt lgi7f /xg u}j}olQms :jfy{/ rfxgf /fli6o :jfy{df;dk{0f x'g] ub{5 . /fi6lgdf{0f /fhg}lts?kdf ljsl;t ePsf] l;4fGt jf efjgf xf] .P]ltxfl;s?kdf /fi6x? pklgj]zaf6 d'Qm x'g]cleofgsf ?kdf /fli6o efjgfsf] ljsf;ePsf]kfOG5 . c?sf]cf}klgj]zsTjdf /xFbf cfkm\gf]klxrfg u'dfpg k'u]sf b]zjf;Lx?dfk'gM cl:tTj / klxrfg :yflkt ug]{k|lqmofsf ;fy /fi6lgdf{0fn]dxTj kfPsf]xf]. cfw'lgscy{df 5l/Psf jf ljeQm ;dfhnfO{Pstfsf];"qdf jfFWg cjnDag ul/Psf] /fhg}ltsk|lqmof /fi6lgdf{0f xf], h;n]vf; ;d'bfoleq PsTj -/fi6_ sf]cg'e"lt hufpF5 . hf]r]g

lxKn/sf cg';f/ /fi6lgdf{0f tLg kIfsf]cGt/;DalGwt k|lqmof xf]M

PsLs[t efjgfsf] l;h{gf -Creation of an integrating ideology_ M /fi6 ;dfgcfsf+Iffsf]cleJolQm xf], h;sf nflu /fHon]vf; d"No / ljrf/nfO{:yflkt ug'{kb{5, Tof]eg]sf]/fHo OR5f xf]. o; k|sf/sf]ljrf/ :yfkgfn]g}vf; efiff jf]Ng],vf; wd{;+:s[lt wf/0f ug]{, vf; hftLotf ePsf ju{;Dk|bfonfO{s]xL ;dfgklxrfgdf afFWg]j}wflgs cfwf/ lbG5 . o:tf] ljrf/ :yfkgfn]pgLx?sf]cfkm\gf]klxrfgnfO{ lj:yfkg ug]{xf]Og ls, ljljwtf e}sg klg vf; s'/fx?df ;dfgtf

:yflkt u/]/ To; ;d'bfosf];b:o aGg ;3fpF5 . PsLs[t ;dfhsf]l;h{gf -Creation of an integrating society_ M ;fd'bflos klxrfg

dfq Ps eP/ x'b}g, To;sf] dhj'tLs/0fsf nflu sfof{Tds kIfdf klg Wofglbg'kb{5 . h:tf] ls ;3g ;~rf/, cfly{s ljlgdo, k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf, ;fj{hlgs5nkmn cflbn]jf:tljs?kdf dflg;x?nfO{PsGtLs/0f -isolation_ af6 PsLs/0f-integration_ df n}hfG5, h;af6 ;j}ju{, hft / ;+:s[lt ePsf dflg;x? Pp6};d'bfodf cfj4 x'G5g\.


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;jn /fHo ;+oGqsf] l;h{gf -Creation of functioning state apparatus_ M of]/fi6/fHo lgdf{0fsf]k|lqmof klg xf]. /fi6/fHo 3f]if0ff dfq xf]Og, lqmofzLn / ;jn klgx'g'kb{5 -the state has not proclaimed, but has to be functional_ . s/, ;]jfk|jfx,lgdf{0f / ;'/Iff h:tf sfo{af6 gful/sx?df /fi6k|lt :jfldTjjf]w :yflkt ub{5 .

/fi6lgdf{0fnfO{;fdflhs PsLs/0fsf ?kdf klg lng]ul/G5 . Stein Rokkan sf cg';f/;fdflhs PsLs/0fsf rf/ kIf 5g\M

cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts PsLs/0f, ;}lgs, ljBfno, k|zf;g h:tf kIfdf ;dfg cj;/, /fhg}lts If]qdf ;fy{s ;xeflutf, k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf];jnLs/0f .

sfn{ 8f]Pr, rfN;{ l6gL, /fOG8/ j]lG8S; h:tf cd]l/sL j}rfl/s ;Dk|bfosf ljfgx?cfw'lgs /fi6lgdf{0fnfO{;fdflhs PsLs/0f / ;dflxtLs/0fsf ?kdf lng]ub{5g\. ;;fgf;d'bfo, wfld{s ;f+:s[lts ju{, eflifs ;Dk|bfo o; k|lqmofdf ;dflxt x'G5g\ . /fHon]b"/b/fh / PsfGtLs/0fdf k/]sf ju{nfO{ ljleGg pkfuddfkm{t PsTjdf Nofpg] ub{5 ./fHosf ;+oGqdfkm{t pgLx?sf lj:tfl/t dfu / ck]Iffx? k"/f ug{PsLs/0fsf ;fdflhs;~hfnx? lj:tf/ ub{5 . o; k|sf/ /fHo ;+oGqsf];jn pkl:ylt / sfo{k|0ffnLdfkm{tjlx:s/0fdf k/]sf, lk5l8Psf ju{x? /fli6o d"nk|jfxLs/0fdf ;dflxt x'G5g\, h;n]/fli6oefjgf / PsTjsf]klxrfgnfO{;jn agfpF5 .

t/ jfs/ sf]g/ h:tf pbf/jfbL ljfgx? sfn{8f]Prsf]ljrf/;Fu ;xdt 5}gg\. sf]g/sfcg';f/ ;fdflhs PsLs/0fsf]k|lqmof eg]sf] ls;fgx? e"ldkltsf, ;j{;fwf/0fx? 7fn"sfd"Nok|0ffnLdf ;dflxt x'g]k|lqmof xf], h;n]jf:tljs ?kdf /fi6lgdf{0f -nation building_eGbf /fi6lj;h{g -nation destroy_ ub{5 . lsgls o; k|lqmofn];;fgf ;d'bfosf ljz]iftf/ klxrfgx? 7"nf ;+:s[lt / klxrfgdf ;lDdng x'G5g\-assimilation into the larger societyand the eradication of ethnic pecularities_ . sg{/jfbsf cg';f/ /fi6 eg]sf] ;d'bfosf

dflg;x?sf]sNkgfsf]pkh xf], hxf ;j{;fwf/0fx? Pscsf{nfO{JolQmut ?kdf glrgLsg};femf d"No :yfkgf ub{5g\ -the nation is a product of imagination in the sense thatthe memebrs of the community do not know each other personally can only imagine

themselves to be in communian with each other_ . To;}n] /fi6lgdf{0fsf] cjwf/0ffdfdTo}Sotf 5}g .


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/fi6 lgdf{0fsf]tl/sfsf ;Gbe{df cd]l/sL cjwf/0ff s]xL leGg 5 . ;/sf/sf]sfo{k|0fnLkl/jt{g ug]{p2]Zon]rflng]sbdx? /fi6lgdf{0fsf k|lqmof x'g\. cfly{s hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ug{/ ;fdflhs Gofo k|fKt ug{;+:yfTds k|0ffnL ljsf;sf]lbzfdf /fi6lgdf{0fsf]k|lqmofs]lGb|t /xG5 . cd]l/sLx? klxnf cf}klgj]lzs k|0ffnLaf6 cfkm"x?nfO{ cnu /fVg /fi6

lgdf{0fsf]k|lqmofdf lyP, clxn]cd]l/sL :jfledfg lj:tf/dfkm{t /fi6lgdf{0fdf 5g\. /fHok|0ffnLn]gful/snfO{cfkm"To; ;d'bfosf];b:o x'g'df uj{cg'e"lt ug]{cj:yf l;h{gf ug{;s]df jf:tljs ?kdf PsTj / klxrfg dha't x'G5 . o"/f]k tyf cd]l/sL d'n'sx?df ljljw;+:s[lt, efiff, wd{/ ;Dk|bfosf]jf]njf]nf e}sg klg ;jn /fHo k|0ffnL -delivery system_sf]kl/0ffd:j?k /fi6lgdf{0f dha't b]lvG5 . ToxfF:jtGqtf, Gofo, ;xeflutf / ljsf;sfsf/0f /fli6o efjgf dha't ePsf]5 . ToxfFsf jfl;Gbf cfcfkm\gf]/fli6otfk|lt uj{ub{5g\.o"/f]k ljljw klxrfgdf PsLs/0fsf]k|lqmofdf 5 . p;n];femf d'b|f, ;femf gLlt / ;femf

;d[l4sf dfWodaf6 /fli6o efjgfnfO{o"/f]kLo ;+3;Dd lj:tf/ ul//x]sf]5 .

rLgn]cl3Nnf]ztfJbLaf6 yfngL u/]sf]/fi6lgdf{0f / /fHo lgdf{0fsf]ofqf ;DkGg uof],t/ nf]stGq Nofpg]r'gf}tL cem}jfFsL 5 . rLgn]nf]stGqeGbf klxnf ;'b[9 /fHo lgdf{0fug]{l;4fGt cjnDag u/]sf]lyof]. h;sf tLg kIf lyP, -s_ /fli6o :jtGqtf -nationalindependence_, -v_ hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf -People's soverignity_ / -u_ hLljsf]kfh{g-peoples livelihood_ . rLgn]cfw'lgs /fHoeGbf ;'b[9 /fi6rfx]sf] lyof], h;nfO{dfcf]h] bf]n] g]t[Tj lbPsf lyP . t/ ;g\ !(&* af6 b] l;cfcf] k]n] cfly{s ;'wf/sf]

/0fgLltdfkm{t /fHo lgdf{0fsf]k|lqmof cl3 ;f/] . h;n]China Miracle ;Dej t'Nofof] ./fHosf]Ifdtf a9fP/ /fHo lgdf{0fsf]qmddf rLg clxn]klg lg/Gt/ 5 . p;n]cfly{s;d[l4kl5 nf]stGqsf]/0fgLlt lnPsf]b]lvG5 / ;g\@)@) kl5 ToxfFnf]stflGqs lgjf{rgk4lt ;'? x'g]cg'dfg ul/Psf]5 .

/fi6lgdf{0fdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]e"ldsf

lje]b / cfu|x/lxt /fHo gLltsf]sfof{Gjog /fHosf d"No / dfGotfnfO{;+:yfut u/fpg];+oGq /fHo gLlt / d"Nosf]lg/Gt/tf j}rfl/s j]d]ndf ;Gt'ngsf/L e"ldsf /fHo / hgtfaLrsf];DaGw ;"q j}rfl/s, hftLo / ;+f:s[lts ?kdf ;Gt'ng


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To:t}clk|msL d'n'sx? hxfF/fhg}lts tyf ;fdflhs tgfj b]lvof], ToxfFsf]/fi6lgdf{0fsf]k|lqmof klg k|;jk"0f{ 5 . cNkljsl;t tyf ljkGg d'n'ssf gful/sx?, hxfF ljljwtfJoj:yfkgdfkm{t ;femf ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug{;lsPsf]x'b}g, /fi6k|lt jkmfbf/Ltf / PsTjsf]efjgf /fi6l;t klxrfg ub}{gg\. a? cfk\mgf];;fgf]efiff, ;+:s[lt / ef}uf]lnstfnfO{hf]8

lbO{;f]cg'?k klxrfg ug{?rfpF5g\. /fhg}lts ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f gePsf]/ cfly{s ;d[l4k|fKt gePsf];dfhdf of]k|lqmof a9L g}b]lvg]u/]sf]5 . To;}n]o:tf d'n'sx?df oLsf/0fn]/fi6lgdf{0fsf]emg}dxTj 5 .

b]zjf;LaLr Go"gtd ;femf d"No sfod ug{, ljleGg e"uf]nnfO{/fli6o efjgfdf cfj4 ug{, cNk;+Vos ju{/ cGo ju{aLrsf]b"/L sd ug{, ;fdflhs ;xefjnfO{:yflkt ug{,

/fHo k|0ffnLsf]j}wtf sfod ug{.

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|lqmofn] klg /fi6lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ k|efj kfb}{ cfPsf] 5 . bf];|f]ljZjo'4kl5 dfgj clwsf/nfO{Global Goods sf ?kdf :jLsfl/Psf]5 eg]dfgj clwsf/sf]cfofd klg lj:t[t ePsf] 5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / dfgj ljsf;sf]cGt/lge{/tf klg a9fPsf]5, h;n]/fli6o k|0ffnLnfO{:jfefljs ?kdf k|efj kfb}{nu]sf]5 .

h]h:tf JofVof / k|lqmof /x]klg /fi6lgdf{0fdf -s_ ;dfg Oltxf; / k[i7e"ld, -v_ hftLo,eflifs / ;fF:s[lts ;dfgtf, -u_ /fhgLlts ?kdf ;+ul7t ;dfh, -3_ /fHo k|lqmofsf]j}wtf, -_ gful/s :jtGqtf / -r_ :jfoQtf h:tf ;femf tTj /xG5g\.

/fHo lgdf{0f

/fHo lgdf{0f /fi6 lgdf{0f h:tf] hl6n / dTo}Sotf gePsf] ljifo xf]Og . of] /fHosf]sfof{Tds kIf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifo xf] . /fHonfO{sfd ug{;Sg]u/L ;Ifd agfpg]

k|lqmof -construction of a functioning state_ g}/fHo lgdf{0f xf]. /fHo lgdf{0fn];+:yfTdsjf ;+u7gfTds ljsf;nfO{hgfpF5 . o;sf b'O{ljrf/wf/f 5g\. klxnf]ljrf/wf/fcg';f/sdhf]/ /fHosf];jnLs/0f, k'glgdf{0f jf ;+/rgf ;'wf/ ug{jfXo kfqaf6 ul/g]sfo{ .h:tf] ls l5d]sL d'n'sn] ug]{ ;xof]u, /fi6;+3Lo k4ltaf6 ul/g] x:tIf]k ;d]t /fHolgdf{0fsf k|lqmof x'g\. bf];|f]cfkm\g}g]t[Tj -national process_ df /fHo / gful/s ;DaGw


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;jn agfpg]k|lqmof /fHo lgdf{0f xf]. t/ Jojxf/df /fHo lgdf{0fsf]g]t[Tj /fli6o x'G5 /o;df cfGtl/s / jfXo kfqx?n];3fpg ;Sb5g\.

/fHo lgdf{0f Pp6f /fhg}lts k|lqmof xf] / o;sf ;+oGqx? /fhg}lts k|lqmofsf cleGg

efusf ?kdf lqmofzLn x'G5g\. ;g\@))* df j]nfot ;/sf/sf]cGt/fli6o ljsf; ljefu-DFID_ n]k|sflzt u/]sf]sfo{kq klg o;nfO{/fHosf];+oGqsf]k|fljlws kIf dfq ge}/fhg}lts k|lqmofnfO{hf]8 lbPsf]5 . p;sf cg';f/ /fHo lgdf{0fdf oL tLg kIf kb{5g\M

/fhg}lts Jojxf/ -Political deals_ ;/sf/sf k|d'v sfo{x?sf] k|fyldsLs/0f -the prioritization of core government

functions_ ;j{;fwf/0fsf]rfxgf ;+jf]wg -willingness to response to public expectation_

csf]{ kIfaf6 eGg] xf] eg] /fHo ;jn aGg p;sf] /fhg}lts Ifdtf -politicalsettlement+coalition_, ;fwg kl/rfng Ifdtf -;fdflhs ljsf;_ / ljlgof]hg Ifdtf-pTkfbgzLn vr{, pkof]lutf l;h{gf / hgsNof0f clea[l4_ cfjZos 5 . /fHo lgdf{0fdf/fHosf kfqx? log}sfo{df ;tt /xG5g\.

;g\@)!) df UNRISDn]/fHo lgdf{0fdf tLg kx"Fr -s_ ;'zf;g, -v_ gofF;fj{hlgsJoj:yfkg / -u_ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f pNn]v u/]sf]5 . hgtfsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{;fj{hlgs lgsfosf];jnLs/0f / pkof]u ug]{sfo{;'zf;g xf]. ;'zf;g cGtu{t ;DklQclwsf/, ljlw;Ddt k|lqmof cjnDag, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f / hjfkmb]xL /fHo k|0ffnLsfnflu cfjZos Ifdtf lgdf{0f kb{5g\. gofF;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg cGtu{t sd{rf/LtGqLok4ltsf] Go"gLs/0f / ahf/d}qL k|ljlwsf] cjnDagdfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;+oGqsf] k|lt:kwf{Ifdtf a9fOG5 eg]ljs]Gb|Ls/0f rfFlx ls/fof k|j[lQ x6fpb};fwg ljlgof]hg jf:tljs agfO{/fHo gful/ssf 3/b}nf]df k'Ug]k|lqmof xf]. cfhef]ln oL tLg kx'FrnfO{zf;sLo ;'wf/sf/0fgLltsf ?kdf klg cjnDag ul/b}cfPsf]5 .

/fHo lgdf{0fdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf]e"ldsf

/fHo lqmofzLn e}gful/s 3/b}nf];Dd k'Ug]Psdfq dfWod eg]sf]p;sf];+oGq ;fj{hlgsk|zf;g xf]. o;nfO{;/sf/sf]nfdf]xft -long arms_ sf ?kdf klg lnOG5 . ;fj{hlgsk|zf;gn];fj{hlgs ;]jfdfkm{t gful/s ;fd'/fHonfO{dx;'; -visible_agfpF5 . o;n]g}/fHo / ;j{;fwf/0faLr cGt/lqmof ;Dej t'NofpF5 . cEof; / cl:tTj -image and practice_af6 /fHo lgwf{l/t x'G5 eg];fj{hlgs ;]jfn]/fHosf]5lj -image_ / cEof; -Practice_


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nfO{of]ubfg k'ofpF5 . o"/f]kcd]l/sfsf]/fHo lgdf{0f k|lqmof x]g]{xf]eg]ToxfFsf];fj{hlgsk|zf;gn]pknJw u/fPsf]x'nfs, 6fpg xn, ;'/Iff, c:ktfn, ljBfno, ;fj{hlgs oftfoft;+/rgf h:tf ;]jfaf6 /fHosf]5lj a9\g'sf];fy}/fli6o efjgf ljsf;df klg 6]jf k'u]sf]xf]. To:t}cfw'lgs Joj:yfkgsf ljlw / k|ljlwaf6 /fHo lgdf{0fnfO{;xhsLs/0f e}/x]sf]

5 . To;}n];fj{hlgs ;]jfsf]ljsf; /fHo -/ /fi6_ lgdf{0fsf]k|lqmof xf]. ljsf; ;+/rgfn]ef}lts / dfgl;s Psfu|tf NofpF5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;fdflhs d"NonfO{ /fli6o d"Nodf;dflxt -diffused_ ug]{;zQm dfWod xf]. Rokkan / Tillysf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfn]oL tLg k|lqmofdf /x]/ /fHo -/fi6_ lgdf{0fnfO{;xof]u k'ofpF5 M

k|efj lj:tf/ -Penetration_ :t/Ls/0f -Standardization_ ;dfg's"ng -Accomodation_

k|efj lj:tf/ -Process of Penetration_ M /fHosf];jn pkl:ylt / lgoGq0f lj:tf/ g}Penetrationsf]k|lqmof xf]-establishing the presence, authority and visibility of the state_ .P; O kmfOg/sf cg';f/ cfkm\gf ;+/rgfdfkm{t hgtf ;fd'k|:t't x'g]Ifdtf g}penetrationxf]. of]cfkm\gf];Ldf / sfo{If]qdf /fHosf]a}wtf k'li6 / If]qLo ;fdflhsLs/0fsf nfluzlQm k|of]u ug]{ ljlw xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf];+oGq j]u/ /fHosf]pkl:ylt / lgoGq0f;Dej 5}g . /fHosf]s]Gb|Lo pkl:yltnfO{u|fdL0f e]s;Dd lj:tf/ ug{ k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf,;~hfnLs/0f / ;]jf ;+/rgfdfkm{t k|zf;g /fHo lgdf{0fdf lqmofzLn x'G5 . h:tf]ls o"/f]kdf

/]n;]jf lj:tf/dfkm{t /fHo lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof dha't ePsf] lyof] . pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLdfk|mfG;n]/fhwfgL cf;kf; If]qnfO{hf]8\g lgld{t ;8snfO{Administrative Highway sf?kdf lnOof]. t/ hd{gLdf oftfoft k|0ffnL Tolt s]Gb|Ls[t gePsfn]/fhg}lts PsLs/0fToxL ?kdf k|efljt eof]. clxn];"rgf dfu{-information highway_ /fHo lgdf{0f / /fi6lgdf{0fsf]/0fgLlts k|lqmof ag]sf]5 . h;dfkm{t k|zf;gn]/fHosf]k|efj lj:tf/ ;xhagfPsf]5 .

Penetration jf k|efj lj:tf/ Boundry building sf]k|lqmof xf] . o;n]/fHosf]ef}uf]lns;Ldfsf cltl/Qm /fHo / u}//fHo, lghL If]q, ;fd'bflos zlQmsf]sfo{If]q klg kl/efliftub{5 . of];xefjLs/0fsf]k|lqmof ge}lgoGq0fsf]k|lqmof xf]. of]state making xf]. o;n]/fHo lgdf{0fdf k|lts"n b]lvPsf /fHosf cfGtl/s zlQmx?nfO{cfqmd0f ug]{, x6fpg], lgd"{ngug]{/ t6:yLs/0f ug]{;Ddsf sfd ub{5 . -rfN;{l6gL_ .


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:t/Ls/0f -Process of standardization_M of] k|efj lj:tf/ / lgoGq0f -penetration_ sf]k|lqmofeGbf s]xL ?kdf ;dfg / s]xL leGg 5 . ;femf d"No ;+:s[lt ljsf;sf nflu ;dGoflos?kdf ;]jf ljt/0f k|lqmofdf /x]/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn]e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . :t/Ls/0fsf]k|lqmof cGtu{t ;a}gful/ssf nflu ;dfg?kdf ;dfg :t/sf ;]jf lbg]sfo{k|0ffnL jf

To;sf]dfgb08 lgwf{/0f -norms setting_ sf]sfo{ul/G5 . h:tf]ls /fHoleqsf dflg;nfO{;dfg efiff k|of]u ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg], Gofo lg:kfbgsf ;dfg k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ug]{,cj;/sf];dGoflos ljt/0f ug]{, ;fwg ljlgof]hgsf gLlt agfpg]h:tf sfo{Processof standardization x'g\. ;fF:s[lts ljDjx?sf];lDdng u/fO{statehood/ nationhoodsf]efjgf ;+:yfut u/fpF5 . dfgl;s / efjgfTds PsLs/0f ub{5 . To;}n];fj{hlgs k|zf;geveryday nationalism sf]lqmofzLn ;+oGq xf].

;dfg's"ng -Process of accomodation_ M of] k|lqmof k|efj lj:tf/ / :t/Ls/0f eGbfleGg 5 . of]ljleGg rfv / :jfy{x?sf];Gt'ng -Balanicing the social dilemma_ sfodu/L ;dfj]zL / Gofok"0f{/fHo lgdf{0f ug]{k4lt xf]. ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn]ljleGg rfv /:jfy{x?sf];Gt'ngsf/L e"ldsfdf /x]/ ;fd'bflos efjgfsf]ljsf; ub{5 . ;fy}o; qmddfof]cfkm}klg d"No t6:y e};femf d"No -/fHo OR5f_ k|lt k|ltj4 /xG5 . p;sf]sfddf Tof]d"No t6:ytf :ki6 b]lvg'klg kb{5 .

/fi6lgdf{0f / /fHo lgdf{0f

/fi6 / /fHo zAbdf kfOg] ;dfgtf / leGgtfs} ;fk]Ifdf /fi6 lgdf{0f / /fHo lgdf{0fkbfjnLaLr w]/}cj:yfdf ;dfgtf / s]xL leGgtf kfOG5 . sltko cj:yfdf eg]c:ki6tf/ kl/k"/stfsf];DaGw klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . sltko ljfgn]b'j}nfO{;dfgfyL{?kdf klg k|of]uub}{cfPsf 5g\. ;j{;fwf/0fn]klg o;}u/L a'em\g]u/]sf 5g\. oL b'O{sf];DaGw oL a'Fbfaf6pNn]v ug{;lsG5 M

/fHo lgdf{0f /fHosf ;+/rgf / ;+oGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ k|lqmof -intervention_xf]/ /fi6lgdf{0f rfFlx ;femf ;+:s[lt / klxrfgsf]lgdf{0f xf], h;n]vf; If]qsfdflg;x?sf];dfg cl:tTj P]Soj4tf jf]w u/fpg ;sf];\.

lqmofzLn / ;jn /fHo -well functiong state_ /fi6lgdf{0fsf]Pp6f dxTjk"0f{cfwf/xf], h;lagf /fi6 lgdf{0f ug{g};lsb}g . To:t}/fli6o efjgfsf]ljsf; ePkl5/fHo lgdf{0f jf /fHo ;+oGqsf];jnLs/0fnfO{;lhnf]agfpF5 .

/fHo lgdf{0fdf jfXo kfqx? -external actors_engange x'g ;Qm5g\, t/ ;f+:s[ltsPstf / /fli6o efjgfsf]ljsf; ljz'4 cfGtl/s sfo{xf].


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k/Dk/fut cy{df /fi6eg]sf]Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / efifff/f :yflkt ;femf klxrfgePsf] hgtf xf] . /fhgLlt zf:qdf /fi6 lgdf{0f ljljw hfthflt, efiffefifL,wd{;+:s[ltsf] ;fdflhsLs/0f xf] . t/ cfw'lgs cy{df dfgj ljsf; / cfly{s;d[l4dfkm{t gful/s ;zQmLs/0f gul/sg /fli6o efjgf dha't x'b}g . /fHo

;+oGqsf]Ifdtf lgdf{0fn]o; k|lqmofnfO{dhj't agfpF5 . /fHo lgdf{0f zJb /fi6lgdf{0feGbf sd ljjfb:kb 5 .

/fi6lgdf{0f ;f:s[ltsdgf]a}1flgs PsTjsf] cg'e"lt hufpg] k|lqmof xf], /fHolgdf{0f /fHo Ifdtf lj:tf/sf]k|fljlws kIf xf].

/fHo lgdf{0f ;+w}sf] k|lqmof -everyday task_ xf], /fi6 lgdf{0f Psk6s e};s]kl5nfdf];do;Dd ;+:yfut x'g ;S5 .

/fHosf] k|efjsfl/tf / lgikIftfsf dfWodaf6 /fi6sf hgtfx? cfkm\gf] efjgf

;Daf]lwt ePsf]cg'e"lt ub{5g\. ToxL cg'e"lt /fi6jf efjgf xf]./fi6/ /fHosf ;fdfGo leGgtf

/fHo /fi6

kl/efiff M A state is an organized communityunder a unified political system

kl/efiff M Nation denotes a community ofrace, language and religion.

gful/ssf];\ul7t x'g]rfxgfsf]kl/0ffd . gful/sx?sf];femf klxrfgsf]kl/0ffd .

vf; ef}uf]lns ;Ldf / sfo{If]qdf lqmofzLn . vf; ef}uf]lns ;LdfeGbf ;f+:s[lts, eflifs,hftLo k[i7e"ld dxTjk"0f{x'G5 .

Joj:yfkg ;/sf/n]ub{5 . /fhg}lts;fdflhs k|lqmofaf6 Jojl:ytx'G5 .

eozlQmaf6 kl/rflnt x'G5 . /fi6efjgf / dgf]lj1fg xf].

ljlw / k|zf;lgs ;+oGqaf6 ;+:yfut x'G5 . efjgf / P]Soj4tfaf6 ;+:yfut x'G5 ./fi6gjg]klg /fHo aGg ;S5 . /fHoljgf klg /fi6cl:tTjdf /xg ;S5 .

e"uf]n, ;+/rgf / ;+oGqdf b]lvG5 . hgtfsf]PsTj, ljDj, k|tLs h:tf efjgfdf

b]lvG5 .g]kfn Ps :jtGq, cljefHo,;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL /k"0f{nf]stflGqs /fHo xf]-g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#_ .

ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax';f+:s[ltsljz]iftfo'Qm, ;dfg cfsf\Iff / g]kfnsf]/fli6o :jtGqtf, cv08tf, /fli6o lxt tyf;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg\ /xL Pstfsf] ;"qdfcfj4 ;j}g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6 ?kdf /fi6xf]-g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#_ .


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;f/f+zdf eGbf /fi6lgdf{0f efjgfTds x'G5, hxf ljDj, k|tLs / dgf]lj1fg -Image, symboland sentiment_ n];d]t e"ldsf v]Nb5, /fHo lgdf{0f ;+/rgfTds x'g]ePsfn]Ifdtf, gLlt /g]t[Tjsf]e"ldsf :ki6 x'G5 . /fi6lgdf{0f cg'e"ltdf b]lvG5, /fHo lgdf{0f ;\u7g ;+/rgfsf]lqmofzLntfdf . t/ oL b'a}Ps}l;Ssfsf b'O{kf6f x'g\eg]klg x'G5 . sltko cj:yfdf oL

b'O{aLr olt kl/k"/stf /xG5 PsnfO{cfsf]{af6 5'6\ofpg ;d]t ;lsb}g .

g]kfndf /fi6lgdf{0f

g] d'lg / d~h'>Lsf] ;dob]lvsf] ;Gbe{ NofP/ g]kfnsf] k|frLg cl:tTj b]vfpg] k|of;Oltxf;ljb\x?n]u/]tf klg uf]/vfsf /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn]g]kfnsf]PsLs/0f u/]kl5dfq o;n]cf}krfl/s ult kfPsf]b]Vg ;lsG5 . cGo d'n'sx?sf ;d|f6n]em}k[YjLgf/fo0fzfxn]klg ljleGg e'/]6fs'/]/fHox?nfO{PsLs[t u/L g]kfn /fi6sf]vfsf agfPsf lyP .

pgn]g]kfnsf]PsLs/0f dfq u/]gg\, g]kfnnfO{:jtGq / cIf'00f agfO{/fVg]b[9 ;fxl;sg]t[Tj klg lbPsf lyP . /fi6lgdf{0fsf nflu pgn]b'O{/0fgLlt lnPsf lyP M

klxnf]cfGtl/s /0fgLlt . h;df g]kfn rf/ j0f{5lQ; hftsf];femf km"njf/L xf]eGg]efjgfnfO{cfTd;ft u/L /fi6k|lt ;femf dgf]efj lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbP . ;;fgf/ hftLo;f+:s[lts ?kdf w]/}klxrfg ePsf] / e/v/}PsLs/0f ul/Psf]d'n'sePsfn];femf efjgf / PsTjsf]cg'e"ltsf nflu of]cfjZos lyof].

bf];|f], jfXo d'n's;Fu ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{/ g]kfnsf]cv08tf hf]ufpg]s'6gLlts/0fgLlt . g]kfn b'O{9'\ufsf]t?n xf] pQ/lt/ glh:Sofpg'blIf0f ;fx}rnfv5| cfOnfu]kl5 dfq hfO nfUg' h:tf pkb]zd"ns cleJolQm g]kfnsf];fj{ef}dcv08tf / cl:tTjsf nflu b"/ufdL dxTj /fVby].

t/ k[YjLgf/fof0f zfxsf]b]xfj;fgkl5 g]kfnsf]/fi6lgdf{0fsf]k|lqmofn]cGof}n Joxf]of]. u'6pku'6df ljeflht b/jf/ / sdhf]/ /fHo Ifdtfsf sf/0f /fli6o :jfy{eGbf a}olQms :jfy{sfnflu /fHodf ;}lgsLs/0f eof]. Ifdtf / /0fgLltljgf g}ef}uf]lns ;Ldf lj:tf/ ug]{sfdn]

lj:tfl/t ;Ldf klg v'lDrof]. d'n'sleq Penetration, standardization/ accomodationsfk|lqmofx? ;'? ePgg\. zf;g ;Qfsf]cfwf/ klg bfpk]hdf cfwfl/t ljho clwsf/ -rightof conquest_ / t/jf/sf]zlQm -Power of Sword_ df /x]sf] lyof]eg]/fHo ;~rfngsfsfo{ljlw lxGb"wd{/ j+z s"n k/Dk/fnfO{lnOPsf]b]lvG5 . /f0ff zf;gsfndf hf/L ul/Psf]d'n'sL P]g -hf]d"n sfg"g lyof]_ n]hftLo / ln\uLo ?kdf ;fdflhs ljefhg ug]{cfwf/aGof]. /fHo OR5f lgdf{0fdf klg cfd gful/ssf efjgfnfO{;dfj]z ug]{k|lqmof lyPg .


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oL sf/0fx?n]g]kfnnfO{;j}hftsf]km"njf/L / zf;g k|lqmofnfO{a}w agfpg k|lts"n k|efjkfof].

j+z k/Dk/faf6 rnfOPsf]zf;g k4ltnfO{cf+lzs ?kdf @))& ;fndf kl/dfh{g ul/of]t/

k"0f{/fhg}lts ;xeflutfsf]:jtGq k4lt cjnDag ug{To;kl5 klg yk rf/ bzs s'g'{kof]. /f0ff zf;gsf]cled'vLs/0f kfPsf /fhfx?n]k~rfot Joj:yfsf]gfddf j+z clwsf/-Birth Right_ nfO{g}k|d'vtf lbO{/fHozlQmsf];|f]tsf]?kdf cfkm"nfO{g}:yflkt ul//x].;fDojfbL bz{g cFufNg]rLgn] lnPsf] clwgfosTjaf6 ljsf; sf] /0fgLltdfkm{t /fHo;~rfng ug{;lsG5 eGg];f]r cg'?k zfx /fhfx?n]Penetration u/L /fHo/fi6lgdf{0fug]{/0fgLlt lnP klg ul/aL, ef]s, c;dfgtf, jlx:s/0fsf sf/0f /fi6lgdf{0f x'g ;s]g ./fhfx?n]ljsf; k"jf{wf/, ;~rf/ k|0ffnL, k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf lj:tf/ / nf]slk|otfsf ljz]if

sfo{qmdx? cl3 NofP klg /fhg}lts ;xeflutfsf]k|lqmof ;+:yfut gePsf / ;fdflhsc;dfgtf /x]sf sf/0f ;j{;fwf/0fx?df PsTjsf]pGgog x'g ;s]g . cfdhgtfdf /fHok|ltljZjf; / e/f];f b]lvPg . o;y{ @)$^ df km]l/ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] g]t[Tjdf /fhg}ltscfGbf]ng eof]/ /fhf cf}krfl/s e"ldsfdf dfq cfkm"nfO{;Lldt x'g jfWo eP . t/ /fhfdfPs k|sf/sf]t'if afFsL g}/x]sfn];gftgL j+zLo k/Dk/fnfO{s'g}g s'g}:j?kdf b]vfO{g}/x]. kl/0ffdtM lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ / hgtfsf ;\u7gx?n]:jrflnt ?kdf sfd ug{kfPgg\.To;sf]ljljw ?kx? /fhg}lts cl:y/tfdf kf]lvP .

/fi6lgdf{0f / ;xeflutf lj ; !*@%@))& ;Dd M ;xeflutfljxLg cj:yf lj ; @))&@)!& ;Dd M ;Lldt ;xeflutf lj ; @)!&@)$^ ;Dd M lgb]{lzt ;xeflutf lj ; @)$^@)%( ;Dd M k"0f{;xeflutf lj ; @)%(@)^@ ;Dd M lgif]lwt ;xeflutf lj ; @)^#kl5 M nf]stflGqs k"0f{;xeflutf

clxn] d'n's nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdfkm{t ;+3Lotf / u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{lqmofzLn 5 . t/ o;sf]ult ;':t b]lvPsfn]hgtfdf k'gM c;Gt'li6 b]lvPsf]5 . ljsf;/ :jtGqtfnfO{;+/lIft u/]/ dfq /fi6 lgdf{0fnfO{;+:yfut ug{;lsG5 . ;j{;fwf/0fx?;'/lIft eljiok|lt cfZj:t x'g rflx/x]sf 5g\ . /fli6o efjgf / /fHosf] Ifdtfn]dfqTo;nfO{;fy{s agfpF5 .


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/fi6lgdf{0fsf r'gf}tL

/fi6lgdf{0f /fi6jf;Lx?df ;dfg cfsf\Iff, klxrfg / PsTjsf]cg'e"lt xf]. /fi6lgdf{0f/fli6o PsLs/0fsf]k|lqmof klg xf]. /fHosf ;d:t ;+/rgf / zlQmx? /fi6lgdf{0fsf]sfo{df

cgj/t lqmofzLn x'g' kb{5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df o; k|lqmofdf oL r'gf}tLx? ljBdfgb]lvG5g\M

cfly{s kIfdf ljBdfg r'gf}tLx?

* Ps rf}yfO hg;+Vof ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lg* Jofks j]/f]huf/L* cy{tGqsf]Go"g pTkfbsTj* ljvl08t cy{tGq* kF"hL lgdf{0fsf];':t k|lqmof* zx/ s]lGb|t cfly{s ultljlw* j}b]lzs ;xfotf* cJojl:yt ljsf; k|lqmof

o ;fdflhs If]qdf ljBdfg r'gf}tLx?* hftLo;f+:s[lts ljljwtf* k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs kb;f]kfg

* k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs d"No* n}\lus c;dfgtf* ljvl08t kfl/jfl/s cj:yf* cfk|jf;g / zx/Ls/0f* ;z:q ;fdflhs G

o /fh}lts kIfdf ljBdfg r'gf}tLx?* c;n /fhgLlts ;+:s[ltsf]cefj

* zx/ s]lGb|t /fhgLlts ultljlw* Go"g /fhgLlts ;xeflutf* /fhgLlts cl:y/tf / ;+qmd0f* /fhgLltleq /fli6o efjgf :vlnt x'b}hfg'* ;dfj]zLs/0fsf];d:of* /fHosf}zn k|bz{g ug]{/fhg]tf gx'g'


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* ck/fwsf]/fhgLlts/0f / /fhgLltsf]ck/fwLs/0f* gful/s ;dfh / ;\ul7t bafa gx'g'

o ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ljBdfg r'gf}tLx?* sdhf]/ Ifdtf* xLg dgf]lj1fg* sd{rf/LtGqLo sfo{z}nL* k|zf;lgs d"No / ;bfrf/af6 k[ys* k|zf;g/fhgLlt;]jfu|fxLaLr ljZjf;sf]cefj* ;'ljwf / ;fwg s]lGb|t* Go"g k|lt:kwL{* ;'zf;g / ;]jfk|jfxsf]sdhf]/ ;+oGq

* kl/jt{g, ljsf; / d"No l;h{gfsf]sdhf]/ ;xof]uLg]kfn clxn] ;a}sf] dgf]sf+IffnfO{ o'uko{Gt ;+jf]wg ug]{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ca aGg] ;+ljwfgsf] ;Gbe{df cfwf/ ljGb' klg xf] h;n] /fHon]gful/sx?aLr wd{, j0f{, hft hflt, ln\u, pTklQ jf tLdWo]s'g}s'/fsf]cfwf/df e]befjug]{5}g egL /fHonfO{lglb{i6 u/]sf]5 . hftLo alx:s/0fsf]pks/0fsf ?kdf /x]sf]d'n'sLP]gsf c;fdlos a'Fbfx? o; cl3 g};+zf]wg ul/Psf 5g\. t/ g]kfndf ljBdfg /fhg}lts;+qmd0fsf]kmfObf p7fpb}s]xL klxrfgsf]k|ZgnfO{cfu|xk"0f{tl/sfaf6 p5flnPsf]klg 5 .o;n];lbcf}b]lvsf];fdflhs ;b\efjsf]g]kfnL ;+:s[lt ljyf]lnPnf ls eGg]lrGtf klg 5 .s]xL cGt/fli6o u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yf / hftLo ;\u7gx?n]o; k|lqmofdf an k'ofPsf5g\.

/fi6lgdf{0fsf s]xL ;jfnx?

/fi6lgdf{0f /fli6o PsLs/0fsf]k|lqmof xf], h'g /fli6o ;+ult -Unity_ / P]Soj4tf -Solidarity_l;h{gf ug{;s]dfq b]lvG5 . To;}n]sltko cj:yfdf of]b]lvg]eGbf klg ;j{;fwf/0fx?sf]cg'e"ltaf6 dx;'; ul/G5 . of]/fHo OR5fsf]lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, /fli6o ljDj / klxrfgsf]

:yfkgf / lj:tf/;Fu ;d]t ;DalGwt /xG5 . of];/sf/sf];lqmotf / hgtfsf];dy{gsf]kl/0ffd:j?k /fHo k|0ffnLdf b]lvg] PsTj / :jfldTjdf b]lvG5 . P]ltxfl;s / jt{dfgl:yltsf]ljZn]if0faf6 g]kfnsf];Gbe{df /fi6lgdf{0fsf oL ;jfnx? /x]sf]b]lvG5 M

/fli6o uf}/jsf]jf]w -National Pride_ M s'g}klg gful/sdf d g]kfnL x'eGg]uf}/jjf]w x'g'kb{5 . Tof]efjgf l;h{gf ug]{bfloTj /fHosf]xf] . ;kmn /fi6 ToxL xf]


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hxfFsf gful/sn]cfkm"To;b]zsf]gful/s ePsf]df uf}/a dx;'; ub{5g\. t/ Tof]cg'e"lt l;h{gf ug]{sfo{lgs}hl6n / sfo{k|lqmof nfdf]x'g]ub{5 . c?af6 k/flwg/fi6cd]l/sf ;femf c7f]6 / ;+:s[ltsf];+of]hgaf6 ;+o'Qm /fHo eg]sf]5 . t/ s'g}klg gful/sdf cfkm"g]kfnL xF'eGg]efjgf cGt:s/0fdf l5k]/ /x]sf]x'G5, To;nfO{

;jn agfO{k|s6Ls/0fdf Nofpg]sfo{df ;/sf/ / /fHo ;+oGq kl/rflnt x'g'kb{5 .lsgls /fli6otf gful/ssf]lj:tfl/t klxrfg -extended identity_ xf].

klxrfgsf]jf]w -Identity_ M vf; ;d'bfodf hGd]x's]{sf dflg;x?sf cfkm\g}klxrfgx'G5g\. tL klxrfgsf];+jf]wg;lxt ;femf d"No :yflkt u/]kl5 dfq JolQm cfkm"efjgfTds ?kdf g} Pstfsf] cg'e"lt -Common sense of identity_ ug{ k'U5 .g]kfndf ;jf;o hft, ;jf;o efiff / To;}cg'?ksf];+:s[lt ljBdfg 5 . k/Dk/futhftLo, ln\uLo, kfl/jfl/s k|yf k/Dk/f klg 5 . ;j}g]kfnnfO{PsTj / ;dfg

cg'e"ltdf Nofpg oL k/Dk/fx?nfO{kl/jt{g ug'{cfjZos 5 . ;fdflhs r]tgf,;~hfnLs/0f / /fhg}lts ;|f]t kl/rfng o;tkm{nlIft x'b}cfPsf]klg 5 .

/fHo k|lqmofsf]j}wtf -Legitimacy_ M /fHon]ug]{;j}sfo{hgtfsf vlt/ ul/g'kb{5, h;n]/fHonfO{ ljZjfl;nf]agfpF5 . o; cj:yfdf /fHosf tkm{af6 ul/g];a} sfddf ;j{;fwf/0f cfkm"x? kl/rflnt ePsf] dx;'; ub{5g\ / /fHosf;+s]t / k|lqmofdf cfkm"x?nfO{;dflxt ub{5g\ . of]g} /fHo ;~rfngsf]cfwf/xf] . o;sf cefjdf /fHosf gLltx? kl/kfng gx'g], sfo{qmd sfof{Gjg gx'g],/fhg}lts;fdflhs cl:y/tf x'g]/ cGttM ;fdflhs ;b\efj vnn u}GhGol:ylt ;d]t l;h{gf x'g]ub{5 .

;xeflutf lj:tf/ -Participation_ M /fHo gful/s ;xeflutfsf]k'~h xf]. gful/sx?;\ul7t / kl/rflnt x'g]rfxgf cg'?k g}/fHosf] lgdf{0f x'G5 / o;n]/fi6sf]:j?k lnG5 . gful/s ;xeflutfdfkm{t /fhg}lts tyf ljsf;sf k|lqmofx? ;+:yfutx'G5g\. /fli6o k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f x'g]dfWod klg ;xeflutf xf]. ;xeflutf g}j}wtfsf]dfWod klg xf]. To;}n]a9LeGbf a9L / cf}krfl/seGbf ;fy{s ;xeflutf;'lglZrt u/]/ g}/fi6lgdf{0fnfO{;xof]u k'ofpg ;lsG5 .

lgoGq0f jf /fHo k|lqmofsf] lj:tf/ -Penetration_ M Penetration /fHo cfkm\gf];+oGqdfkm{t ;dfhsf ;j} kIfdf k'Ug] Ifdtf xf] . /fHo OR5f jf gLlt tyfsfo{qmdx? 3f]if0ff u/]/ dfq x'b}g, /fHosf b"/b/fh / hg:t/;Dd lj:tf/ x'g'kb{5 . To;n]/fli6o d"NonfO{;+:yfut u/fpg, /fHosf];jn pkl:ylt hgfpg //fli6o efjgf alnof]agfpg ;xof]u k'ofpF5 . t/ /fhg}lts ;+qmd0f / k|zf;lgsIfdtfsf sf/0f o;nfO{s;/L ;+jf]wg ug]{eGg];jfn /x]sf]5 .


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/fHo k'g;+/rgf -State restructure_ M /fHosf]k'g;+/rgf cGtu{t ljBdfg zf;sLotx / kl/kf6Lsf]nf]stfGqLs/0f ul/G5 . hj /fHosf ;j}tx / tKsfdf /fHosf]pkl:ylt x'b}g, ;xeflutfsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ x'b}g, cfly{s ;fdflhs lg0f{osfcj;/sf] ljt/0f ;xh x'b}g, To; cj:yfdf /fli6o d"Nosf] PsLs/0fdf ;+s6

b]lvg yfNb5 . o; ;jfnnfO{;+jf]wg ug{zf;sLo ;+/rgf kl/j{tg, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f,lgIf]k0f, k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlw ;'wf/ dfkm{t ;d'bfosf efjgfnfO{/fli6o k|lqmofdfpGgog ug]{ul/G5 .

ljt/0f Gofo -Distributive justice_ M ;/sf/n]cfkmgf gful/snfO{a:t'tyf ;]jfsf];d'lrt ljt/0fdfkm{t ;fdflhs Gofo sfod u/L /fli6o efjgf ljsf; u/fpF5 .t/ ;dfh c;dfg Ifdtf, cfsf+Iff / cfjZostfsf]oyfy{xf]. To;}n]ljt/0fdfkm{t;dGofo s;/L eGg];jfn hl6n eP/ cfPsf]5 . ;/sf/n]ljz]if Joj:yf u/]/

pknJw u/fPsf cj;/ tyf ;]jfx?df vf; ;d"xsf dflg;x?sf]jr{:j :yflktx'g]u/]sf]5 . /fHosf cj;/ / ;]jfx?n];j}nfO{;dfg cg'e"lt lbg ;Sg'kb{5 .

/fHo sf}zn -Statemanship_ M /fi6 lgdf{0f /fhgLlts k|lqmof xf]/ o;sf]g]t[Tj/fhgLlt1n] lng] ub{5g\ . /fhgLlts ;fwg kl/rfng /fi6 lgdf{0fsf] ;a}eGbfdxTjk"0f{;|f]t xf] . /fHo sf}zn k|bz{g ug{;Sg]/fhgLlt1af6 g}cfdgful/ssf]efjgfnfO{/fHok|lqmofdf reflectu/fpg ;lsG5 . pgLx? hftLo, j}rfl/s / If]qLocfu|xaf6 dfly x'g] ub{5g\ . sltko cj:yfdf clk|o lg0f{o klg lng] ;fdYo{/fVb5g\ . g]kfndf /fHosf}zn k|bz{g ug{;Sg] g]t[Tjsf] ;j{yf cefj b]lvof] .hgcfGbf]ng efu @ / To;kl5 s]xL ;do;Dd lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfdf /fhg]tfsf]k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] lyof] . t/ pgsf] lgwgkl5 Tof]:yfg k"/f x'g ;s]g . kl/0ffdtMd'n's clxn]klg lg/fzf, s'07f / ;+qmd0fdf 5 .

pk;+xf/

/fi6lgdf{0f / /fHo lgdf{0f k/:k/ ;DalGwt ljifo x'g\. o;n]/fHosf]j}wtf k'li6b]lv /fli6oefjgfsf]lgdf{0f ug]{sfo{;d]tnfO{hgfpg]ub{5 . /fHosf]Ifdtf lgdf{0f, ;+oGq lj:tf/

/ logLx?sf]k|efjsfl/tf a[l4n]g}d'n's ;d[4 / ;jn /fi6aGg]ub{5 . ljsf;, ;'zf;g,;]jf / ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf];+:yfut kIfn]/fHo lgdf{0f ub{5 eg]/fi6lgdf{0f cfd gful/ssf]klxrfg lgdf{0f, :jfledfg / ;zQmLs/0f, PsTjaf]wsf nflu ul/g]k|ltsfTds sfdx? ;d]tkb{5g\. ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns ljljwtf ePsf]d'n'sdf ljljwtfsf]Joj:yfkg / ljsf;sf]Joj:yfkg g}/fi6lgdf{0fsf nflu cjnDag ul/g'kg]{/0fgLlt x'g\. g]kfnsf];+ljwfg /


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;+j}wflgs efjgf kl/rfng ug{ag]sf If]qut gLlt ;+/rgfx? log}kIfdf s]lGb|t 5g\. t/sltko ;jfnnfO{;+jf]wg ug{o:tf ;+/rgfut kIfeGbf klg /fHo sf}znsf]cfjZostfkb{5, h'grfFlx xfdLdf cefj /xb}cfPsf]ljifo xf].

;Gbe{

! uf]kLgfy d}gfnL -@)^^_, /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x? -kl/dflh{t t];|f];+:s/0f,@)&)_,;f]kfg dfl;s, sf7df8f}+.

@ uf]kLgfy d}gfnL -@)^*_, k|zf;g / ;'zf;g, ;f]kfg dfl;s, sf7df8f}+.

# dfgj clwsf/, ljljwtf / ;fdflhs Gofo -@)^$_, o"Pg 8L kL g]kfn .

$ /fhLj /f0ff -@)^)_ , /fi6lgdf{0f . -sIff k|of]hgsf nflu ljtl/t sfo{kq_ .

$ Jochen Hippler-2002_ Etnicity, state and nation building, Conference p a p e r ,SEF Sympocium, Development and Peace Foundation, Bonn

% Zoe Scott -2007_, Literature Review on State Building, Governance and

Social Development Resource Center, University of Birmingham, International

Development Depaertment , UK

^ g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#


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sfof{nodf ;~rf/sf]Joj:yfkg

;f/f+z

d's'Gbk|;fb lg/f}nf*

* ;x;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/

Ps JolQm, lgsfo, :yfgdf ; "rgf, ljrf/, wf/0ff, cledt, /fo, va/ tyf hfgsf/L, lg0f{oh:tf ;"rgf ;fdu|Lx? kf/:kl/s ;dembf/Lsf lglDt k|; fl/t ul/g]k|lqmofnfO{;~rf/ elgG5,hf]k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf, r]tg jf cr]tg ?kdf ;Dk|]lift efjgf k|j[lQOR5fsf]of]u xf]. s'g}; femf nIo, p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu wf/0ff, tYo, ljrf/, cg'ej, 1fg, ; "rgf tyf l;4fGtx?sf]

cfbfg k|bfg ug]{sfo{;~rf/ xf] . pRr >]0fLsf k|jGwsn]cfk\mgf];dosf]*& ;do;~rf/ ultlj lwdf nufpb5g\. ;~rf/ k|lqmofdf lnlvt Pj+df}lvs zAb, ; f+s]lts xfjefj ,Ozf/f cflb ultlj lwx? kb{5g\ .

;~rf/n]vf; u/L;+u7gsf]nIop2]Zo tyf sfo{qmdsf af/]df hfgsf/Llbnfpg], ; +u7ggLltlgodsfo{k|0ffnLsf] jf/]df ; "; 'lrt u/fpg], sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{pTk|]l/t u/fpg],;+u7gsf]tnb]lv dfly Pj+dfly b]lv tn;Dd ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug'{, sfo{k|ultsf]Reportingug'{, ;+u7gdf /fo, ; 'emfj , k/fdz{, ;xof]u, ;dGjo, e|d, z+sf lgjf/0f ug'{h:tf p2]Zo/fv]sf]x'G5 . ;~rf/sf]Hofb}7"nf]dxTj /x]sf]x'G5 . pQ/bfloTj / hj fkmb]lxtf k|j4{gug{, cg'udgd"Nofg Pj+; 'k/Lj]If0fsf] dfWodaf6 sfd / glthfnfO{Tie-up ug{,lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{j}1flgs, j :t'ut Pj+k|efjsf/L agfpg, cfjZos tYof pknAwug{,sfo{; /nLs/0f, zL3|tf Pj+nfut sd ug{, k|zf; gnfO{cfw'lgsLs/0f / Ifdtfjfg Pj+; Ifdagfpg, gful/s Pj+;/sf/ jLrsf]cGt/;DaGwnfO{ ; 'dw'/ sfod ug{, ; +u7g leq ;xsfo{,;b\efj / ; fd"lxs sfo{nfO{a9fjf lbg, tyf clwsf/ / bfloTjsf]lgwf{/0f k|Tofof]hg ug{;~rf/sf]cfjZostf kb{5 .

;~rf/df lj leGg k|sf/sf ;d:of b]lvG5g\. vf; u/Lefiffsf]hl6ntf, ;}4flGts cj/f]w,

ef}uf]lns hl6ntf, dgf]j}1flgs dte]b df};dLcj/f]wtyf k|flj lwsoflGqs cj/f]wh:tf;d:ofn] ;xL ;~rf/df cj/f]wk'/\ofp5g\ . o:tf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ; /sf/LgLlt:ki6 kfg]{, tflnd Pj+ljsf;df hf]8 lbg], ; +:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; , j}slNks phf{sf]k|of]u,dGqfnosf ;"rgfx?nfO{cBfj lws agfpg], O{ueg]{G;nfO{a9fjf lbg], ;a}lgsfodf g]6js{lj:tf/ ug]{h:tf sfo{ug{h?/Lb]lvG5 .


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kl/ro

;~rf/ dfgjLo ;DaGwsf] cleGg c+u xf] . k|zf;sLo lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg,sfo{s'zntf a[l4 u/L ;/nLs[t ug{ / ;fj{hlgs nIo k|fKt ug{ ;~rf/ cfjZos kb{5 . h;/L

zl//sf nflu sf]lzsfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 To;}u/L ;+u7gsf nflu klg ;~rf/ ;Dk|]if0f x'g'kb{5 .of]hgf, ;+u7g, g]t[Tj, dfgj ;+zfwg Joj:yfkg / lgoGq0fsf nflu ;~rf/ ;f/tTj xf] .

b'O{ kIf jLr ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{,

;femf p2]Zosf nflu ;femf a'emfO{,

kf/:kl/s cGt/;DaGw sfod /fVg] dfWod,

cy{sf] x:tfGt/0f / a'emfO{ .

kl/efiff

Communication is the transfer and understanding of meaning.

;~rf/ Ps JolQm jf ;+:yfaf6 csf]{ JolQm jf ;+:yfdf ;"rgf Pj+ ;dembf/L x:tfGt/0fug]{ k|lqmof xf] . lyof] x]d]g

;~rf/ Pp6f JolQmsf] dl:tisb]lv csf]{ JolQmsf] dl:tis hf]8\g] k'n xf] . o; cGtu{t eGg],;'Gg], ;lDemg] cgj/t k|lqmof kb{5g\ . n'O{=P=P]ng

;du|df

Ps JolQm, lgsfo, :yfgdf ;"rgf, ljrf/, wf/0ff, cledt, /fo, va/ tyf hfgsf/L, lg0f{o h:tf;"rgf ;fdu|Lx? kf/:kl/s ;dembf/Lsf lglDt k|zfl/t ul/g] k|lqmofnfO{ ;~rf/ elgG5, hf] k|ToIfjf ck|ToIf, r]tg jf cr]tg ?kdf ;Dk|]lift efjgf k|j[lQ OR5fsf] of]u xf] .

s'g} ;femf nIo, p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu wf/0ff, tYo, ljrf/, cg'ej, 1fg, ;"rgf tyf l;4fGtx?sf]cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ ;~rf/ xf] . pRr >]0fLsf k|jGwsn] cfgf] ;dosf] *& ;do ;~rf/ultljlwdf nufpFb5g\ . ;~rf/ k|lqmofdf lnlvt Pj+ df}lvs zAb, ;f+s]lts xfjefj, Ozf/fcflb ultljlwx? kb{5g\ .


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Communication between two or more people. All the patterns, networks and system of

communication with an organization.

;~rf/ k|lqmof

;Gb]z k7fpg] jf ;Gb]zsf] >f]t

k|ltlqmofk[i7kf]if0f

k|fksf/f a'emfO{ / cy{

;Gb]z Decoding

;Gb]z (Message)

;Gb]zsf]Encoding

dfWod (Channel)

;Gb]z k|flKt

l;4fGt

:ki6tfsf] l;4fGt kof{Kttfsf] l;4fGt ;do;Ldfsf] l;4fGt :jLs[ltsf] l;4fGt k/fdz{sf] l;4fGt lg/Gt/tfsf] l;4fGt cg's"ntfsf] l;4fGt Wofgfsif{0fsf] l;4fGt k|;f/0fsf] l;4fGt cj/f]w lg?k0fsf] l;4fGt k|ToIf ;~rf/sf] l;4fGt cg'kf]if0fsf] l;4fGt


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;~rf/sf ljz]iftf

lglZrt nIo Pj+ p2]Zo x'G5 . of] ;j{JofkL x'G5 .

bf]xf]/f]] x'g'sf] ;fy} Ps csf]{df lge{/ /xG5 . ;fdflhs cGt/lqmof xf] . cy{k"0f{ Pj+ kf:kl/s sfo{ xf] . dfu{bz{g Pj+ lbzf lgb]{z ug]{ dfWod xf] .

;~rf/ p2]Zo

;+u7gsf] nIop2]Zo tyf sfo{qmdsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbnfpg,] ;+u7g gLltlgodsfo{k|0ffnLsf] jf/]df ;";'lrt u/fpg],

sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk|]l/t u/fpg,] ;+u7gsf] tnb]lv dfly Pj+ dfly b]lv tn;Dd ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug'{, sfo{k|ultsf] Reportingug'{, ;+u7gdf /fo, ;'emfj, k/fdz{, ;xof]u, ;dGjo, e|d, z+sf lgjf/0f ug'{ .

sfof{nodf ;~rf/sf]dxTj

pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{g ug{

cg'udgd"Nof\sg Pj+ ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] dfWodaf6 sfd / glthfnfO{ Tieupug{ lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ j}1flgs, j:t'ut Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos tYof pknAw ug{, sfo{;/nLs/0f, zL3|tf Pj+ nfut sd ug,{ k|zf;gnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f / Ifdtfjfg Pj+ ;Ifd agfpg, gful/s Pj+ ;/sf/ jLrsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ ljsf; ug{, ;+u7gleq ;xsfo{, ;b\efj / ;fd"lxs sfo{nfO{ a9fjf lbg, clwsf/ / bfloTjsf] lgwf{/0f tyf k|Tofof]hg ug{,

sd{rf/LnfO{ clek|]l/t, pTk|]l/t Pj+ lgb]{lzt ug{ .

o;}u/L ;'zf;g, ;'b[9 dfgjLo ;DaGw, kl/jt{g jf G Joj:yfkg, cfw'lgs Joj:yfkg,cg'udg Pj+ d"Nof\sgsf ;fy} unt ;"rgf k|jfx x'gaf6 /f]Sg, grfFlxbf] s'/f km}lngaf6 /f]Sg,cgfjZos ukm / unkmlQ x'gaf6 /f]Sg] h:tf sfo{x? ;~rf/sf sf/0fn] ;Dej x'G5 . oL ;j}sfo{x?df ;~rf/sf] dxTj 5 .


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;~rf/ sf k |sf / / t l/ sf~ rf sf k|sf tl sf

;~rf/ sf k|sf / / t l/ sf~ rf sf k|sf tl sf ;~rf/ sf k |sf / / t l/ sf~ rf sf k|sf tl sf ;~rf/ sf k|sf / / t l/ sf~ rf sf k|sf tl sf

lnlvtdf}lvs ;~rf/

>Job[Zo ;~rf/

Psf]xf]/f] ;~rf/

bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/

cf}krfl/s ;~rf/

cgf}krfl/s ;~rf/

-!_ lnlvt ;~rf/Mn]v]/ s'g} klg sfo{ u/fpg] ;~rf/dfWodx?M Jofkfl/s k'l:tsf, ;dfrf/kq,

j'n]l6g, 8fo/L, gLlt, P]g, lgod, sfo{ljlw, kl/kq, kq, cg';"rL Pj+ g]kfn /fhkq h:tflnlvt ?kdf /x]sf ;+u|xx? Psf]xf]/f] .

kmfObf kf/:kl/s ljZjf; b'O kIf grflxg] uf]Ko ;"rgfdf pko'Qm k|df0f Pj+ efjL pkof]uL

j]kmfObf uf]kgLotf e+u x'g] ;Defjgf clzlIftnfO{ e};L a/fj/

;;fgf s'/fdf emGem6 cf}krfl/stf dfq k"/f ug]{ ;Defjgf

-@_ df}lvs ;~rf/Msfof{nodf df}lvs ?kdf cfb]z lbO{ jf cg'/f]w u/L ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug'{df}lvs ;~rf/ xf] . of] Personal Approachdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . ;Gb]z jxgsf] ;j{>]i7 snf klgxf] . ;f+u7lgs hutdf &% k|ltzt ;do df}lvs ;~rf/df Joltt x'G5 . dfWodM cfdg] ;fdg],/]l8of], l6=le=, cGtjf{tf{, ;ef, ;Dd]ng, 6]lnkmf]g, cGt/lqmof, ljrf/, ljdz{ cflb . of] Psf]xf]/f]Pj+ bf]xf]/f] tyf Opward & Down wardb'j} x'G5 .

kmfObf

cGosf] t'ngfdf nlrnf] a'g ;lhnf]

ldtJooL ;b\ljZjf; ;+s6df pkof]uL

j]kmfObf

bf]xf]/\ofpg sl7g ;f]Rg] ;do gx'g] eljiodf cg'ko'Qm d}n] eg]s} xf]Og eGg ;lsg]


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-#_ cf}krfl/s ;~rf/M That flow the official chain of commands or is required to do ones job.

sfof{nosf] k|zf;lgs 9fFrf cg'?k lgwf{l/t dfu{af6 ;Dk|]lift x'G5 . g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs9fFrf cg'?k g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ePsf lg0f{o ;DalGwt dGqfno, ljefu, If]qLo lgsfo, c~rnsfof{no, lhNnf sfof{no x'Fb} :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfo;Dd o; k|sf/sf] ;~rf/ tx tx x'Fb};Dk|]if0f x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf] ;~rf/sf] dfWoddf x'nfs,Fax, JolQm, e-mailnufot ljB"tLo;"rgf k|0ffnL Websitesf] klg k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 .

-$_ cgf}krfl/s ;~rf/MThat is not defined the organizational structural Hierachyo;df ;Dk|]if0fsf]s'g} lglZrt qmd jf tx x'Fb]g . s'g} s'/f ;'g]/ ckmjfxdf km}lng ;S5 . JolQmsf] :jfy{ hf]l8Psf]x'G5 . df}lvs cfj]z x'G5 . ;"rgf hfgL a'emL km}nfOG5 / a9fO{ r9fO{ u/L km"na'fn] ;dfrf/ljs[t x'G5 . Psf]xf]/f] jf bf]xf]/f] .

-%_ tn dfly dfly tn ;~rf/MdflyNnf] Joj:yfks jf sfof{non] dftxtsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ lgb]{zgub{5g\, eg] dftxt sfof{no jf sd{rf/Ln] dflyNnf] lgsfo jf clwsf/L sxfF cfgf] k|ltlqmof,cg'ej jf lzsfot k7fpg] sfd x'G5 .

Downwards Mthatflows downward from a manager to employee.

UpwardsMthatflows upward from employees to managers.

dfWodx?M df}lvs, lnlvt, cf}krfl/scgf}krfl/s cflb .

-^_ ;d:t/Lo ;~rf/M ;dfg :t/sf] kbflwsf/L jf ;+u7gx?n] ljrf/ jf ;"rgf l;wftj/n] cfbfg k|bfg ub{5g\ . o;sf k|ltkfbs x]g/L km]of]n x'g\ . of] ;Dk|]if0fn] ;+u7gsf];do, zlQm, ;DklQsf] arfj6 ub}{ eft[Tjsf] efjgf l;h{gf ub{5 . g]kfndf dGqfnoljefu,ljefusfof{no, sfof{nosf ?kdf ;+u7g;+u7g jLrsf] ;~rf/ Pj+ ;lrj;lrj, D.GD.G,;x;lrj;x;lrj, kmfF6jfnfx? jLr x'g] ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ;d:t/Lo xf] . dfWod, lnlvt,df}lvs, 6]lnkmf]g, k|ToIf ljdz{ cflb .

;~rf/sf];d:of

-!_ efiffsf] hl6ntf M efiffsf] cy{ -Ple|leP;g WTO, lh=k|=sf=_, k|fljlwszAb cflb

-@_ ;}4flGts cj/f]w M z}lIfs of]Uotf, ;fdflhs dfGotf

-#_ ef}uf]lns hl6ntf M lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{ oftfoftsf] kx"Fr


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-$_ dgf]j}1flgs dte]b M dfgjLoJolQmutzf/Ll/s

-%_ :t/Lo cj/f]w M pRr, dWod / Go"g ju{

-^_ df};dL cj/f]w M lxpFbjiff{sf sf/0f x'g] k|fs[lts k|sf]k

-&_ k|fljlwsoflGqs cj/f]w M ;~rf/ ;fdu|Lsf] cj:yfhf] sf]xLn] k|of]u ug]{ljB't ;+s6cflb .

g]kfndf ;~rf/sf]cj:yf

;sf/fTds kIf ;d:ofsdL sdhf]/Lx?

;+:yfut Joj:yfM ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/dGqfno tyf dftxtsf lgsfox?,

;"rgfsf] juL{s/0f, dGqfnodf k|jQmf,;"rgf clwsf/L

;j} dGqfnox?sf] WebsiteePsf] E-mail, Fax, Copier, ATM;]jf clen]vj4 u/L ;~rf/ ug]{ ul/Psf] lzIffdf ax'cfoflds gLltM dft[efiffdfk|fylds lzIff ljleGg efiffdf ;dfrf/ k|zf/0f

-;dfj]lztf_ :yfgLo txdf :yfgLo efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L

sfdsfhsf] efiff dflgPsf] ;j} uf=lj=;=df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf,MobileIf]qdf pNn]Votf,FM Radio, TVk|;f/0fIfdtf lj:tf/ -ljb]zdf ;d]t_

MRPsDKo"6/ gful/stfPISPMScflb E-votingk4ltsf] ;'?cft, dtbftf kl/ro

kq E-Governancesf] ;'?cft ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$, ;'zf;g

P]g, @)^$

;"rgf Joj:yfkg sdhf]/ clen]v UpdategePsf]

PstkmL{ ;~rf/ j9L sfo{ljlwd"ns k|0ffnL kf/blz{tfsf] cefj cf}krfl/stf dfq lgjf{x k/Dk/fut k|0ffnLsf] pkof]u ef}uf]lns sl7gfO{eflifs ljljwtf

plrt ;dGjosf] cefj Electronic Medias]Gb|Ls[t dfq

Institutional Memorysf] sdL Telephone, Internetn] sfg"gL dfGotf gkfpg' hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; gul/g' ;+u7g ;+/rgf ;~rf/ d}qL gx'g' gful/s j8fkqu'gf;f] gfd dfqsf] n'sfpg] kl/kf6L

cbfntL cfb]z j'g ufx|f] oflGqs k|fljlws u8j8L


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;'emfj

;Da4 kIfsf] ;lqmo ;xefuL

k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ k|fyldstf

tflnd Pj+ ljsf;

plrt efiffsf] k|of]u Pj+ cWoog

pko'Qm dfWodsf] k|of]u

sfo{ ;+If]kLs/0f

E-GovernancenfO{ clej[l4

Networkinglj:tf/ -;dGjosf nflu_

gjLgtd k|ljlwdf hf]8

bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ ;Dk|]if0f

MISdf hf]8

;~rf/ d}qL jftfj/0f lgdf{0fb[li6sf]0f

kf/blz{tfdf hf]8

pTk|]/0ff / dgf]jn

Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL

;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ Joj:yfkgsf] lqmofsnfkdf ;dflxt u/L Joj:yfkg k|lqmof / c+usf]?kdf k|of]u ug'{ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL xf] .

Joj:yfksLo pkof]u ug]{ k|0ffnL g} Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL xf] .

tYof ;+sng, ;+/If0f / k|zf]wg u/L lgof]hg, lgoGq0f / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xof]u k'/\ofpg]Pj+ tYof ljj/0fsf] l56f], 5l/tf], :ki6, ;xL, k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;"rgf ljZn]if0fk|zf]wg

ug]{ dfWod MISxf] . E-Governance sf] dxTjk"0f{ Component xf] . Manual / Computer Record

Keeping af6 ;+sng tyf k|zf]wg ul/Psf] ljj/0f MISxf] . h;sf] ljleGg ?kx?x'G5g\ . xfn ljz]if u/L ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL (GIS)ljQLo Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL(FMIS), dfgj>f]t ;"rgf k|0ffnL (HRIS), sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL (PMIS)cflb clws pkof]udf NofOPsf] kfOG5 .


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Joj:yfkg ;"rgf th'{df

Processinput Output

DataInformation

Collection of data

Evaluation

Sorting/Analysis

update

circulation

Feedback

ReportRegular/periodic

Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf r/0fx?

-!_ System Planning M k"j{ tof/Lljlw lg?k0f>f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg

-@_ System DesignMData basesf] lgdf{0fsf nflu Hardware / Softwareth'{df

-#_ System Implementation:sd{rf/L Joj:yf, pks/0fsf] k|flKt, tflnd, k|of]u kl/rfng

-$_System Evaluation:;"rgfsf] pkof]u, ;fGble{stf, k|efjsfl/tf cWoog, bIftf,k'gM k|of]udf k[i7kf]if0f cflb .

Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf]cfjZostf

pTk|]/0ff / dgf]jndf j[l4 ;dosf] jrt lhDd]jf/L :ki6tf lgoGq0f / d"Nof\sg

sfo{;/nLs/0f Pj+ kf/blz{tf lg0f{osf] cfwf/ of]hgf k|lqmofdf ;xof]u t'ngfTds cWoogsf] cj;/ oyf{ytfsf] hfgsf/L pTkfbg Pj+ pTkfbsTj j[l4


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Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf]dxTj

lg0f{osf] nflu ljsNkx?sf] ljZn]if0f Pj+ k/LIf0fsf nflu

lgoGq0f / ;dGjosf nflu

;"rgfx?sf] Overloadx'g kfpFb}g Institutional memorysfod /fVg

kf/blz{tf tyf pQ/bfloTj -of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf_

G, kl/jt{g Pj+ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf nflu

;f+u7lgs sdhf]/Lx? klxrfg / ;'wf/ ug{

sfdsf] k|fyldsLs/0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"Nof+sg ug{ ;lhnf]

hgzlQmsf] bIftf j[l4 ug{ .

r'gf}tL

High technology

Costly

Technical Human Resource lacking

Internet Facilities

Data Processing techniques

Power back up Sustainability/ Continuity of the System

Interprete the Information and understanding information.

s]s:tf If]qdf k|of]u -g]kfndf_

s]Gb|Lo tYof cfwf/ tof/ ug{

gLlt th'{df cg'udg / d"Nof\sg ug{

sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf, a9'jf, tflnd nufotsf ljifodf lg0f{o lng

;]jf / ljsf;sf sfo{x?sf ljsNk ljZn]if0f ug{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b, ef8f, dd{t h:tf ljifodf lg0f{o lng

nfut / nfesf] ljZn]if0f ug{

s/sf b/ / o;sf] kfngfsf] :t/ olsg ug{ cflb .


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g]kfndf Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL

;sf/fTds kIf sdL sdhf]/Lx?;d:of ;j} dGqfno, ljefu] website;~rfng

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno / lghfdtLlstfavfgfjLr Networking/PIScBfjlws,PMS/ Payrollsf] ;'?cft

d=n]=lg=sf=sf] ;j} lhNnfdf networking cf=/f=sf= / eG;f/ sfof{nosf] cfkm\gf]ljefu;Fu networking. sDKo"6/ gful/stf, dfnkf]tdf sDKo"6/k|0ffnL, MRP, E-Biddingsf] ;'?cft

8fOle nfO;]G;sf] clen]lvs/0f l;+xb/jf/df dGqfnout ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf]

;'?cft ljleGg lgsfodf bafj l;h{gf Online servicesf] ;'?cft a}ls If]qdf networking ATM Card, Credit Card;'?cft tflnd Pj+

hgzlQm ljsf;

SystemyfngL ug{ hgzlQm, ljQLo, cfly{s,

ef}lts >f]t ;fwgsf] kof{Kttf gx'g' tYof ;"rgf unt Pj+ k|lji6Lsf] tl/sf unt

ePsf k"/} Systemlju|g] pTk|]/0f / dgf]jnsf] cefj

tYof Updateug]{ k|j[lQ sdhf]/ k|0ffnLsf] pkof]u ug]{ Ifdtf, of]Uotf h:tf kIfdf

s'zn hgzlQmsf] cefj ;/sf/L gLlt :ki6 5}g

lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf pkof]u sd cg'udg Pj+ d"Nof+sg sdhf]/

phf{ ;+s6sf sf/0f Systemsdhf]/ ;j} lgsfodf nfu" gePsf]

dGqfnosf] websitecBfjlws 5}g lj1fg dGqfnosf] k|efjsfl/tf sdhf]/ tflnd Pj+ ljsf; sfo{ ckof{Kt

;'emfjM ;/sf/L gLlt :ki6 kfg]{ tflnd Pj+ ljsf; lj1 Joj:yfkssf] Joj:yf >f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ;"rgfsf] k|fyldstf

;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; j}slNks phf{sf] k|of]u Information & Documentation

centresf] :yfkgf ;"rgf ;DaGwL 5'} sfg"g lgdf{0f ;"rgf Joj:yfkgdf Ps?ktf

lg/Gt/tfsf nflu sfo{ljlw Pj+lgb]{lzsf Joj:yf

cg'udg, d"Nof+sg Pj+ k[i7kf]if0f dGqfnosf ;"rgfx? cBfjlws ug]{ ;j} lgsfodf Networklj:tf/ E-GovernancenfO{ a9jf .


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Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f M Joj;flos ;xhtfsf]pko'Qm Joj:yfksLo cfofd

;f/f+z

Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f j :t' tyf ; ]j fsf]cfoft lgof{t k|lqmofnfO{; /n, ;xh, k|lqmofut emGem6af6d'Qm, Joj ; foLd}qLjgfpg];xhLs/0fsf]k|lqmof xf]. Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fn]Jofkf/; fu ;Da4 gLltlgodx? pbf/ / kf/bzL{jGg'kg]{, eG; f/hGo, u}/ eG;f/hGo dx;'n, s/, btf{k|lqmof, ; fdfgx?sf]

cf]; f/k; f/, ljqmLljt/0f h:tf kIfx?df cfpg ;Sg]cj/f]wnfO{lg?T; flxt ul/g' kg]{dfGotf/fVb5 . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] lj ifon] ;+:yf, kmd{, sDkgLsf] :yfkgfdf ; xhtf, pTkflbt j :t';xh ?kdf eG;f/ ljGb";Dd cfpg ;Sg]cj:yf, zL3| / kf/bzL{eG;f/ hfrkf; k|lqmof, eG;f/hfrkf; ePsf j :t'x?sf] ;xh ljt/0f k|0ffnL, gLlt -sfg"g_sf]kf/blz{tf / k"jf{g'dfgof]Uotfdfhf]8 lbG5 . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f Jofkf/sf]lbuf]lj sf;sf]; 'lglZrtf k|bfg ug]{o:tf] ;+oGq xf]h;n] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; , k|lqmofut ; /ntf, Jofkf/sf ;DaGwx?sf] Joj:yfkg h:tf lj ifox?nfO{d"n Wo]o agfPsf] x'G5 . cGt/fli6o Jofkfl/s j ftfj/0fsf] ;xhtfsf] nflu Jofkf/ ;Da4sfg"gL k|fjwfgx?df Ps?ktf,k|zf;sLo tyf Jofkf/hGo cf}krfl/s k|s[ofx? / sfuhftx?sf]

k|of]udf ;/ntf, cfjZosLo ; "rgfx?sf]PsLs[t ;~hfn tyf tbg'?ksf]k|lj lwsf]Joj:yf, ;Da4; /f]sf/jfnfx?aLr cfjZos k|lqmof / k|fjwfgdf ;xh kx'r / kf/blz{tf nufotsf kIfx?nfO{; j{:jLs[t lj ifosf]?kdf lnOPsf]5 .

Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f

cfly{s cGt/lge{/tfsf] gjLg ljZj kl/j]zn] Jofkf/nfO{ cfly{s ;d'Gglt ug]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{

cfwf/zLnfsf] ?kdf :yflkt u/]]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f j:t'tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft lgof{tk|lqmofnfO{ ;/n, ;xh, k|lqmofut emGem6af6 d'Qm, Joj;foLd}qL jgfpg] ;xhLs/0fsf] k|lqmofxf] . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f Jofkf/sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrtf k|bfg ug]{ o:tf] ;+oGq xf] h;n]k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, k|lqmofut ;/ntf, Jofkf/sf ;DaGwx?sf] Joj:yfkg h:tf ljifox?nfO{ d"nWo]o jgfPsf] x'G5 .

bfdf]b/ /]UdL*

* pk dxflgb]{zs, eG;f/ ljefu


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ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf cg';f/ Trade facilitation as" simplification and harmonization ofinternational trade procedures 'where procedures are "activities"practices and formalities

involved in collecting, presenting communicating and processing data require for the

movement of goods in international trade1- Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fnfO{ cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/sf

k|lqmof, ;+rf/ / cf}krfl/stfsf] ;/nLs/0fsf] k|lqmof xf], ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7gsf cg';f/Avoidance of unnecessary trade restrictiveness. This can be achieved by applying modern

technique and technologies while improving the quality of controls in an internationally

harmonized manner2- Jofkf/ ;~rfngsf qmddf cfpg] cgfjZos cj/f]wx?sf] Go"gLs/0f,cfw'lgs ljlwx?sf] k|of]u g} Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f xf],UN Center for Trade facilitation andE-Business (;+o'Qm /fi6\;+3Lo Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f tyf ljB'tLo Jofkf/ s]Gb|) sf cg';f/Simplification and harmonization of procedures and associated information flows require

to move goods from seller to buyer and to make payments-j:t' ljqm]tfjf6 qm]tfdf hfbfckgfOg] e'QmfgL / ;"rgfx?sf] ;/n k|jfx Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f xf] .

pbf/ Jofkfl/s kl/j]znfO{ cFufln;s]sf] ;Gbe{df / ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g, ljZj eG;f/;+u7g / cGo If]qLo Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx?sf] ;b:o e};s]sf] ;Gbe{df Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf]ljifo g]kfnsf] nflu ;fGble{s ljifo xf] . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf If]qdf hgfOPsf cGt/fli6ok|ltj4tf, jx'kIfLo, If]qLo / lkIfLo Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx?df cfj4tf / o;} k[i7e"lddf Jofkf/;xhLs/0fsf nflu ul/Psf gLltut / ;+:yfut Joj:yf g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;xho'Qm

jgfpg ;xof]uL JojyfksLo cfofdsf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf 5g\ . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f j:t'tyf;]jfsf] cfoft lgof{t k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n, ;xh, k|lqmofut emGem6af6 d'Qm, Joj;foLd}qL jgfpg];xhLs/0fsf] k|lqmof xf] . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fn] Jofkf/;Fu ;Da4 gLlt lgodx? pbf/ / kf/bzL{jGg'kg]{, eG;f/hGo, u}/ eG;f/hGo dx;'n, s/, btf{ k|lqmof, ;fdfgx?sf] cf];f/ k;f/, ljqmLljt/0f h:tf kIfx?df cfpg ;Sg] cj/f]wnfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/g'kg]{ dfGotf /fVb5 . Jofkf/;xhLs/0fsf] ljifon] ;+:yf, kmd{, sDkgLsf] :yfkgfdf ;xhtf, pTkflbt j:t';xh?kdf eG;f/ljGb';Dd cfpg ;Sg] cj:yf, zL3|/ kf/bzL{ eG;f/ hfFrkf; k|lqmof, eG;f/ hfFrkf; ePsf

j:t'x?sf] ;xh ljt/0f k|0ffnL, gLlt-sfg"gsf] kf/blz{tf / k"jf{g'dfgof]Uotfdf hf]8 lbG5 . Jofkf/;xhLs/0f Jofkf/sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrtf k|bfg ug]{ o:tf] ;+oGq xf] h;n] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;,k|lqmofut ;/ntf, Jofkf/sf ;DaGwx?sf] Joj:yfkg h:tf ljifox?nfO{ d"n Wo]o agfPsf] x'G5 .ljZjJofkL ;j{:jLs[t cfwf/, k|lqmofut Ps?ktf, kf/blz{tf, cg'dfgof]Uo Jofkfl/s jftfj/0fsf]

1 www.wto.org

2 www.wcoomd.org


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;Gbe{df Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf nflu Ps?ktf (Harmonization), ;/ntf (Simplification),:t/df ;dfgtf (Standardization), / kf/blz{tf (Transparency) d"n cfwf/:tDesf] ?kdf/x]sf 5g\ . cGt/fli6o Jofkfl/s jftfj/0fsf] ;xhtfsf] nflu lgDg kIfx?nfO{ ;j{:jLs[tljifosf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 53M

Jofkf/ ;Da4 sfg"gL k|fjwfgx?df Ps?ktf

k|zf;sLo tyf Jofkf/hGo cf}krfl/s k|s[ofx? / sfuhftx?sf] k|of]udf ;/ntf

cfjZosLo ;"rgfx?sf] PsLs[t ;+hfn tyf tbg'?ksf] k|ljlwsf] Joj:yf

;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx?aLr cfjZos k|lqmof / k|fjwfgdf ;xh kx'Fr / kf/bl{z{tf

Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] d"n dd{sf] ?kdf :yflkt x'b} cfPsf] 5 .ax'kIfLo

Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ckl/xfo{ ljifo xf] .ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g (World TradeOrganization- WTO)sf] pbo kZrft\ k/Dk/fut cg'bf/k"0f{ Jofkf/ gLltnfO{ ;d;fdlos, pbf/tyf k|lt:kwL{ tyf ;xhLs/0f;lxtsf] Jofkf/ gLlt ca ;femf Jofkf/ gLltsf] ?kdf :yflkt e}dfu{bz{s l;4fGtsf] ?kdf cufl8 a9]sf] kfOG5 . k|lt:kwf{,cGt/lge{/tf/ t'ngfTds nfesf]l;4fGtsf] d"n dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ pbf/ tyf k|lt:kwL{ cfly{s jftfj/0f sfod ug]{ ;Gbe{dfpbf/ Jofkf/ k|0ffnL ;~rfngsf nflu ahf/ kx'Frsf] ;dfg cj;/ lbg'kg]{ dfGotfsf] cfwf/dfclt ;f}ljWo k|fKt d'n'ssf] l;4fGt(Most favored Nations Principle), /fli6\|o Jojxf/sf]l;4fGt(Principle of National Treatment)kf/blz{tfsf]] l;4fGt(Principle of Transparency)

nfO{ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g / cGo Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx?n] k|of]udf NofPsf 5g\4. b]zsf nufgL,s/, eG;f/, k|lqmofut kIfsf] pbf/ / cg'bf/ k|0ffnLn] cfoft / lgof{tnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ u/]sf]x'G5 . t'ngfTds nfesf] l;4fGt (Principle ot Comparative Advantage) sf] cfwf/df a9\b}uPsf] cGt/lge{/tf (Interdependence), pbf/ tyf k|lt:kwL{ cfly{s jftfj/0f tyf Jofkfl/scGt/lge{/tfsf] dfWodf/f cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] cjwf/0ffsf] ;Gbe{df x/]s /fi6n]jfl0fHoJofkf/ gLlt ckgfpFb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . Jokf/ ;xhLs/0ff/f pbf/ Jofkfl/s k|0ffnLlgdf{0f ug]{ k[i7e"lddf ljleGg tx -jx'kIfLo, If]qLo, lkIfLo, cfGtl/s _ df jfl0fHo gLltsf]

th'{df eO{ k|of]udf cfPsf] l:ylt 55. pbf/ Jofkf/ k|0ffnL ;~rfngsf nflu k|ltkfbg ul/Psfcfwf/e"t l;4fGtx? clt ;f}laWo k|fKt d'n'ssf] l;4fGt (Most favored Nations Principle)/fli6o Jojxf/sf] l;4fGt (Principle of National Treatment)kf/blz{tfsf]] l;4fGt (Principle

3 What is Trade facilitation? Basic concepts and benefits, http://www.kommers.se/upload/SWEPRO/SWEPRO_English/what_is_

trade_facilitation.pdf

4 www.wto.org

5 /]UdL bfdf]b/,-@)&)_, ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL ,Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f / g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;g, eG;f/ :dfl/sf @)&) k=[$)-%)


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of Transparency)n] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . GATT 1994sf bkmfx? V, VIII,XJofkf/ ;xhLs/0f;Fu ;DjlGwt /x]sf 5g\6.

;g\ !((^ sf] l;+ufk'/ dGqL:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf]

dxTjk"0f{ sfo{If]qsf] ?kdf :jLsf/]sf] 5 .7;g\ @))! sf] bf]xf dGqL:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ljZjJofkf/ ;+u7gdf k|j]zsf nflu ul/g] ;xdlt jftf{sf nflu Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fnfO{ clgjfo{jgfPsf]85 eg] ;g\ @)!# df ePsf] gjf} dGqL:t/Lo jfnL ;Dd]ngn] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf]nflu ;Demf}tf kfl/t u/]sf] 5 .

Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?

ljZjJofkL ;j{:jLs[t cfwf/, k|lqmofut Ps?ktf, kf/blz{tf, cg'dfgof]Uo Jofkfl/s jftfj/0fsf]

;Gbe{df Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf cfwf/e"t ljifox? lgDgfg';f/ klxrfg ul/Psf] 59

M!= Ps?ktf (Harmonization)-P]g lgod sfg'gx?sf] k|fjwfgdf Ps?ktf@= ;/ntf (Simplification)-k|zf;sLo k|s[of, cf}krfl/stf / cfjZos sfuhftsf] k|of]udf

;/ntf,#= :t/df ;dfgtf (Standardization)- ;"rgfx?sf] cfbfgk|bfgsf] nflu Ps}:t/sf] ;"rgf

k|ljlw ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf,$= kf/blz{tf (Transparency) Jofkf/ ;Da4 sfg"g, k|lqmof / cfjZos kIfx?df

;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xh kx'Fro;sf] cltl/Qm ;dGjofTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkg (Coordinated Border Management), ;LdfdfPs} 7fpFaf6 ;]jfk|jfx / Psf/ k|0ffnL (Single Window System)nfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] ;"rgfk|ljlwsf] ;+hfndf aFflwPsf ;Da4 lgsfox? Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf cfjZosLo kIfx? x'g\ .

;xhLs/0fsf pkfox?

/fli6o Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ;ldltsf] lgdf{0f

cfoft lgof{t ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt P]g lgod, sfg'g k|lqmofx?sf] k|sfzg

6 The Legal Text , The Result of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral TradeNegotiations, World Trade Organization

1999

7 www.wto.org

8 www.wto.org

9 What is Trade facilitation? Basic concepts and benefits, http://www.kommers.se/upload/SWEPRO/SWEPRO_

English/what_is_trade_facilitation.pdf


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cGt/ lgsfonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgf, tYof k|flKtsf] k|lqmofsf] Go"gLs/0f / ;/ntf ;Ldf Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox?sf] sfg'gL / k|s[ofut ljifox?df ;dfgtf k'g/fj]bg ug{sf] nflu :jtGq lgsfosf] Joj:yf Jofkf/ ;Da4 ;"rgfsf] ;xh k|flKtsf] nflu Jofkf/ ;"rgf ;f]wk'5 s]Gb| (Trade

Enquiry Pints) sf] Joj:yf ;Ldfdf sfo{/t lgsfox?sf] sfof{no ;~rfng ;dodf Ps?ktf eG;f/ / cGo lgsfox?aLr ;dGjosf] nflu Psf/ k|0ffnL (Single Windoow

System)sf] Joj:yf

Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf kmfObf

Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fn] Jofkf/;Fu ;Da4 gLlt lgodx? pbf/ / kf/bzL{ jGg'kg]{, eG;f/hGo, u}/

eG;f/hGo dx;'n, s/, btf{ k|lqmof, ;fdfgx?sf] cf];f/ k;f/, ljqmL ljt/0f h:tf kIfx?dfcfpg ;Sg] cj/f]wnfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/g' kg]{ dfGotf /fVg] ;+:yf, kmd{, sDkgLsf] :yfkgfdf;xhtf, pTkflbt j:t';xh ?kdf eG;f/ ljGb";Dd cfpg ;Sg] cj:yf, zL3|/ kf/bzL{ eG;f/hfFrkf; k|lqmof, eG;f/ hfFrkf; ePsf j:t'x?sf] ;xh ljt/0f k|0ffnL, gLlt-sfg"gsf] kf/blz{tf/ k"jf{g'dfgof]Uotfdf hf]8 lbg] x'gfn] j:t'/ ;]jfsf] sf/f]jf/ nfut / d"Nodf sdL u/fpgdf;xof]u k'ofpF5 .

OECD sf] ;j]{If0f cg';f/ cfjZos sfuhftsf] Go"gLs/0faf6 Go"g cfo ePsf b]zx?sf]

Jofkf/ nfut # k|ltzt / Go"g cfo ePsf b]zx?sf] Jofkf/ nfut @=& k|ltzt n] 36\g] b]lvPsf]5 . To:t} ;Ldfdf sfo{/t lgsfox?sf] sfo{ k|lqmofdf Ps?ktf NofpFbf Go"g cfo ePsf b]zx?sf]Jofkf/ nfut @=# k|ltzt Go"g cfo ePsf b]zx?sf] Jofkf/ nfut @=! n] 36\g], sDKo"6/Ls[tPsLs[t ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] k|of]un] Go"g cfo ePsf b]zx?sf] Jofkf/ nfut @=# k|ltzt Go"g cfoePsf b]zx?sf] Jofkf/ nfut @=$ k|ltztn] 36\g], Jofkf/ ;Da4 ;"rgfx?sf] ;xh pknAwtfn]Go"g cfo ePsf b]zx?sf] Jofkf/ nfut !=# k|ltzt Go"g cfo ePsf b]zx?sf] Jofkf/ nfut!=$ k|ltztn] 36\g] OECD sf] ;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 510.

Joj;fo ;~rfng ;xhtf k|ltj]bg / g]kfnsf]cj:yf

ljZj a}+s / cGt/fli6o ljQ ;+:yfn] ;+o'Qm ?kdf k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf](Ease of Doing BusinessReport)-Joj;fo ;~rfng ;xhtf k|ltj]bg_ ;~rfngsf] rqmsf bzj6f cj:yfx?df Joj;fo

10 Border Management Modernization: A Practical Guide for Reformers Edited by Gerard McLinden, Enrique

fanta, David Widdowson and Thomas Doyle CONfERENCE EDITION http://siteresources.worldbank.

org/EXTTLF/Resources/515433-1274994820828/Border_Mgt.pdf


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;'? ug]{ ;xhtf -Starting Business_,Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ lgdf{0f sfo{ cf/De ug{ :jLs[ltlng ;xhtf -Dealing with Construction Permit_, ljB't cfk"lt{df ;xhtf -Getting theelectricity_,;DklQ btf{df ;xhtf -Registering Property_,C0f k|flKtdf ;xhtf -GettingCredit_, lgj]ifstf{sf] lxt ;+/If0fdf ;xhtf -Protecting Investor_, s/ e'QmfgLdf ;xhtf-Paying taxes_,cGt/fli6o Jofkf/ ;xhtf -Trading Across Border_, cg'aGw kfngf u/fpg;xhtf -Enforcing Contract_ / 6f6 kN6g] cj:yfdf lg?k0f ug]{ ;xhtf -ResolvingInsolvency_ nfO{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ;xhtfsf] ;"rs dfg]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!$ sf] Joj;fo;~rfng ;xhtf k|ltj]bgn] l;+ufk'/, xs, Go"hLNof08, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, 8]gdfs{, dn]l;of,u0ftGq sf]l/of, hlh{of, gj]{ / ;+o'Qm clw/fHo pRr bzf} :yfgdf /x]sf 5g\ eg] g]kfnsf] :yfg!)%cf}++ 5 . ut jif{ g]kfnsf] :yfg !)#cf}+ :Yffgdf /x]sf] lyof] . blIf0f PlzofnL * /fi6x?sf];d"xdf g]kfnsf] :yfg t];|f] /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfn eGbf kl5 kfls:tfgsf] !!)cf}+, a+unfb]zsf]

!#)cf}+, ef/tsf] !#$cf+}, e'6fg !$!cf}+ / ckmuflg:tfgsf] !^$ cf+} :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfneGbf dfly /x]sf blIf0f PlzofnL /fi6x?df dflNbE;sf] (% / >Ln+sfsf] *% cf}+ :yfg /x]sf]5 11.

Joj;fo ;~rfng hLjgrqmsf] ljleGg bz cj:yfx?df g]kfnsf] :yfg cWoog ubf{ Joj;fo;'? ug]{ ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg (& / blIf0f PlzofnL d'n'sdf 5}7f} /x]sf] 5 . Joj;fo;~rfng ug{ cfjZos pBf]u lgdf{0f ug{ :jLs[lt lng] ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg (* / blIf0fPlzofnL d'n'sdf klxnf] /x]sf] 5 . ;Dklt btf{ ug{ ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg @$ / blIf0fPlzofnL d"n'sdf klxnf] /x]sf] 5 . C0f k|flKtdf ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg %% / blIf0fPlzofnL d'n'sdf bf];|f] /x]sf] 5 . lgj]ifstf{sf] lxt ;+/If0f ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg *) /blIf0f PlzofnL d'n'sdf 5}6f}+ /x]sf] 5 . s/ e'QmfgLdf ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg !@^ / blIf0fPlzofnL d'n'sdf kfFrf} /x]sf] 5 . cGt/fli6o Jofkf/df ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg ;du|df!&& /x]sf] / blIf0f Plzofdf g]kfnsf] :yfg ;ftf} /x]sf] 5 . cg'jGw kfngf u/fpg ;xhtfdfg]kfnsf] :yfg !#( / blIf0f PlzofnL d'n'sdf rf}yf] /x]sf] 5 . 6f6 kN6g] cj:yfdf lg?k0fug{ ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg !@% / blIf0f PlzofnL d'n'sdf ;ftf}+ /x]sf] 5 .

cGt/fli6o Jofkf/ ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf]l:ylt

g]kfnaf6 j:t't]>f] d'n's lgsf;L ubf{ $@ lbg nfUg] / k}7f/L ubf{ #( lbg nfUg] b]lvPsf]

11 Doing Business 2014, Understanding Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises, Comparing Business

Regulations for Domestic firms in 189 Economies , 11thEdition , A World Bank Group Corporate flagship


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5 . o;} u/L Ps sG6]g/ dfna:t'snsQf aGb/ufxaf6 lgsf;L ubf{ @@(% o"=o;=8n/ /k}7f/L ubf{ @$)) 8n/ nfUg] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . lgsf;L / k}7f/L ubf{ !! j6f sfuhft nfUg]b]lvPsf] 5 . ljZjsf !*( /fi6df g]kfnsf] cGt/fli6o Jofkf/ ;xhtfdf !&& :yfg /x]sf]5 . cGt/fli6o Jofkf/ ;xhtfsf] cj:yf blIf0f Plzofdf g]kfneGbf tn ckmuflg:tfg dfq/x]sf] 5 . lgsf;L tkm{ nfUg] $@ lbg / s"n @@(% 8n/ vr{df sfuhft tof/ ug{ !$ lbg /@(% 8n/, eG;f/ hfFrkf;df $ lbg / #)) 8n/, 6ld{gn Joj:yfkgdf $ lbg / #)) 8n// cfGtl/s kf/jxgdf @) lbg / !$)) 8n/ nfUg] b]lvPsf] 5 . k}7f/Ltkm{sf] #( lbg / s"n@$)) 8n/ vr{ nfUg]df sfuhft tof/ ug{ !$ lbg / @%) 8n/, eG;f/ hfFrkf;df % lbg /#)) 8n/ 6ld{gn Joj:yfkgdf ^ lbg / #)) 8n/ / cfGtl/s kf/jxgdf !$ lbg / !%%)8n/ nfUg] b]lvPsf] 5 . eG;f/ k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt eG;f/ hfFrkf; / lgoGq0fdf lgsf;Ltkm{s"n $@ lbgsf] !) k|ltzt ;do / s"n vr{sf] !# k|ltzt of]ubfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;} u/L

k}7f/Ltkm{ eG;f/ hfFrkf; / lgoGq0f kl/;"rssf] s"n ;do #( lbgsf] !# k|ltzt / s"n vr{@$)) 8n/sf] !# k|ltzt of]ubfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L x]bf{ cflGtl/s kf/jxgdf lgsf;Ldfs"n ;dosf] $* k|ltzt / vr{sf] ^! k|ltzt nfu]sf] b]lvG5 eg] k}7f/Ltkm{ s"n ;dosf] #^k|ltzt / s"n vr{sf] ^% k|ltzt nfu]sf] b]lvG5 12.

ljut s]xL jif{x?sf] tYof ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] ;g\ @))^ b]lv @)!@ aLrdf lgsf;L / k}7f/Lubf{ !! j6f sfuhft nfUg] cj:yfdf s'g} km/s cfPsf] b]lvb|}g . lgsf;Ltkm{ nfUg] ;do ;g\@))^ df $# lbg /x]sf]df ;g\ @))( b]lv @)!# ;Dd $! lbgdf em/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] @)!$dfcfP/ k'gM a9]/ k'gM $@ lbg k'u]sf] 5 . o;} u/L k}7f/Ldf ;g\ @))^ df #% lbg nfu]sf]df;g\ @))* df a9]/ #* lbg / ;g\ @))( df cem a9]/ #( lbg k'u]sf] 5 . lgsf;Ldf nfUg];g\ @))^ df !^)) 8n/ /x]sfdf ;g\ @))( df j9]/ !&^$ k'u]sf], ;g\ @)!! df k'gM a9]/!(^) 8n/ k'u]sf], @)!# df j9]/ !(&% k'u]sf] / ;g\ @)!$ df j9]/ @@(% k'u]sf] b]lvPsf]5 . o;} ul/ k}7f/Ldf nfUg] vr{ ;g\ @))^df !&@% 8n/ /x]sf]df ;g\ @))( df a9]/ !())8n/ k'u]sf], ;g\ @)!) df 36]/ !*@%, ;g\ @)!! df k'gM j9]/ @)(% k'u]sf], / ;g\ @)!$df j9]/ @$)) k'u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGt/fli6o Jofkf/ ;xhtfsf kl/;"rsx?df s]xL

yk36 ePtfklg k|ltj]bgn] ;g\ @))( b]lv ;g\ @)!$ ;Ddsf] g]kfnsf] l:yltdf s'g} ;'wf/gePsf] b]vfPsf] 513.

12 Doing Business 2014, Understanding Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises, Comparing Business Regulations

for Domestic firms in 189 Economies , 11 thEdition , A World Bank Group Corporate flagship

13 Doing Business 2014, Understanding Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises, Comparing Business Regulations for

Domestic firms in 189 Economies , 11 thEdition , A World Bank Group Corporate flagship


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Joj;fo ;~rfng hLjgrqmsf ljleGg cj:yfdf g]kfnsf]cj:yf

Joj;fo ;~rfng rqmsf] ljleGg bz cj:yfx?df g]kfnsf] :yfg cWoog ubf{ Joj;fo ;'?ug]{ ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg (& / blIf0f PlzofnL d"n'sdf 5}6f] /x]sf] 5 . Joj;fo ;~rfng

ug{ cfjZos pBf]u lgdf{0f ug{ :jLs[lt lng] ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg (* / blIf0f PlzofnLd"n'sdf klxnf] /x]sf] 5 . ;Dklt btf{ ug{ ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg @$ / blIf0f PlzofnLd'n'sdf klxnf] /x]sf] 5 . C0f k|flKtdf ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg %% / blIf0f PlzofnL d'n'sdfbf];|f] /x]sf] 5 . lgj]ifstf{sf] lxt ;+/If0f ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg *) / blIf0f PlzofnLd"n'sdf 5}6f] /x]sf] 5 . s/ e'QmfgLdf ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg !@^ / blIf0f PlzofnL d'n'sdfkfFrf} /x]sf] 5 . cGt/fli6o Jofkf/df ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg ;du|df !&& /x]sf] / blIf0fPlzofdf g]kfnsf] :yfg ;ftf} /x]sf] 5 . cg'jGw kfngf u/fpg ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] :yfg !#(

/ blIf0f PlzofnL d"n'sdf rf}yf] /x]sf] 5 . 6f6 kN6g] cj:yfdf lg?k0f ug{ ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf]:yfg !@% / blIf0f PlzofnL d'n'sdf ;ftf} /x]sf] 514.

g]kfndf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f sfo{df ePsf k|of;x?

ljleGg cGt/f{l{{{{i6\o ;Demf}tfx?df ul/Psf] cfj4tfn] l;lh{t u/]sf] cfjZostf / ;f] sf]cfwf/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf gLltut, ;+:yfut / k|lqmofut Joj:yfsf] kl/0fd:j?k g]kfndf Jofkf/;xhLs/0fsf If]qdf ljleGg sfo{x? ePsf 5g\15. g]kfnn] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag

ub}{ cfO/x]sf] k[i7e"lddf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] ljifo g]kfnsf] nflu ;fdlos / cfjZosLoaGb} uPsf] 5 . t]x|f}+ of]hgf -cf=j=@)&)&!@)&@_ sf] cfwf/kqn] Jofkf/nfO{/fli6o ljsf; k|lqmofdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ If]qut gLltx?sf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ubf{ Jofkf/If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L ;dGjofTds?kdf sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg], jfl0fHo If]qsf]ljsf;df ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L tyf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{, cfly{s s'6gLltdfkm{tJofkf/sf nflu ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng u/L Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f, Jofkf/ k"jf{wf/ ;'b[9Ls/0f tyfJofkf/ Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug]{ ,k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f / ;+:yfut ;'wf/dfkm{t Jofkf/sf] sf/f]af/ nfut36fpg ljz]if hf]8 lbg] h:tf gLltut Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .16

14 Doing Business 2014, Understanding Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises, Comparing Business

Regulations for Domestic firms in 189 Economies , 11thEdition , A World Bank Group Corporate flagship

15 /]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&)_, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf, Jofkf/ / ljsf;, jif{ %

c+s @, @)&) c;f/ k"0ff{+s !), k[ $-&%16t]x|f}+ of]hgf -cf=j=@)&)&!@)&@_ sf] cfwf/kq


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jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% n] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf cfjZosLo tTjx? cg's"n jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf(Creating Conducive environment),lghL If]q (Private Sector Friendly environment),k|ls|ofut ;/ntf (Process Simplification),gLltut tyf Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/ (PolicyReform), Ifdtf clej[l4 (Capacity Enhancement),;dGjo Joj:yfkg (Coordination)/k"jf{wf/ ljsf;(Infrastructure Development)sf If]qx?df ljleGg Joj:yf u/]sf] 517.

g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o ePkl5 eG;f/sf b/xdf qmdzM sd ub}{ hfg] / :Nofaxklg sd ug'{ kg]{ k|ltj4tf cg'k @% k|ltztsf] k}7f/Ltkm{sf] :Nofa x6fO{ eG;f/ dx;'ntkm{hDdf ^ j6f dfq :Nofa /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . j:t' Jofkf/tkm{ ul/Psf] k|lta4tfdfBinding Tariffw]/} dflyNnf] txdf eP klg k|rlnt eG;f/ b/ w]/} sd /x]sf] 5 . To:t}SAARC d'n'sx?sf] Jofkf/nfO{ j9fjf lbg] p2]Zon] SAFTA ;Demf}tf cg'?k eG;f/ b/

Go"gLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 eg] PsLs[t hfFr rf}sL (ICP)sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 a9fO{Psf]5 .Revised Kyoto Conventionsf] kIf aGg] tof/Ldf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . Jofkf/ clej[l4/ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf cGt/f{li6\o cg's/0fLo k4ltx? klxrfg u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ cfk;L;xof]u kl/rfng ug]{ p2]zosf ;fy Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ;ldltsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] / E-CustomsMaster Plan / ;dGjofTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkg (Coordinated Border Management) sf] nfluSingle Window Systemsf] cjnDjg tkm{ k|f/lDes cu|;/tf ;DaGwL sfo{x? ePsf 5g\ .WTO/GATT Valuation Agreement cg';f/sf] d"Nofg k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ul/PsfM ljZjJofkf/ ;+u7g (World Trade Organisation_ sf] eG;f/ dx;'n tyf Jofkf/ ;DaGwL ;fdfGo;Demf}tf (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade_ sf] wf/f & df eG;f/ d"Nofg ;DaGwLJoj:yf /x]sf] / ;f] wf/f & nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf !(($ df ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .eG;f/ P]g @)^$ sf] bkmf !# df pQm wf/fdf ePsf k|jwfgx sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;DkGgePsf] ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt eG;f/ d"Nofg ;DaGwL lgodx, cg';"rL / JofVof cjnDagul/g]5 egL pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . pQm bkmfdf eG;f/ dx;'n tyf Jofkf/ ;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;Demf}tf-GATT)sf] wf/f & sf] sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu ;DkGg ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfg cg';f/s}k4ltnfO{ cg';/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

d'Vo ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf /fli6o Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ;ldltsf] lgdf{0f ,cfoft lgof{t ljifo;Fu;DalGwt P]g lgod, sfg'g k|lqmofx?sf] k|sfzg ug]{ ul/Psf] / ;DalGwt lgsfosf] j]j;fO{6df/fVg] ul/Psf] ,;Ldf Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox?sf] jLrdf ;fdlos 5nkmn / cGt/lqmofx'g] u/]sf], k'g/fj]bg ug{sf] Goflos / cw{Goflos :jtGq lgsfox?sf] Joj:yf, Jofkf/ ;Da4

17jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^%


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;"rgfsf] ;xh k|flKtsf] nflu Jofkf/ ;"rgf ;f]wk'5 s]Gb|(Trade Enquiry Points) sf] Joj:yfJofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf ePsf yk k|of;x? x'g\ .

pk;+xf/

g]kfnn] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] k[i7e"lddf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf]ljifo g]kfnsf] nflu ;fdlos aGb} uPsf] 5 . pbf/ Jofkfl/s kl/j]zsf] cfjZosLo ljifox?nfO{;Daf]wg ug]{ qmddf ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g, ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7g / cGo If]qLo Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx?sf]kIf /fi6\ jg]sf] ;Gbe{df Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] ljifo g]kfnsf] nflu ;fGble{s ljifo xf] . Jofkf/;xhLs/0fsf If]qdf g]kfnn] ljleGGf gLltut, ;+:yfut / k|lqmofut Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . oL ofjtk|of;sf jfjh'b cGt/fli6o Jofkf/ ;xhtfdf g]kfnsf] l:ylt ;Gtf]ifk|b b]lvg eg] ;s]sf] 5}g .

Jofkf/nfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] Pp6f k|d'v ;+oGqsf] ?kdf :jLsf/L tbg'?ksf] gLltut lg/Gt/tf/ k|lta4tf JoQm ePsf] ;Gbe{df Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;xh / ;/nLs[t jgfpg] k|lqmof g]kfnsf]nflu ;fGble{s aGg k'Ub5 . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf If]qdf ljsf; ePsf gjLgtd ;Gbe{x?dfg]kfnn] cfkm\gf] ;lqmotf / cGo ;fem]bf/x?sf] ;xsfo{df cl3 ;f/]sf sfo{;"rLx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tflbg'cfjZos 5 . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf If]qdf hgfOPsf cGt/fli6\o k|lta4tf, jx'kIfLo, If]qLo/ lkIfLo Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx?df cfj4tf / o;} k[i7e"lddf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf nflu ul/PsfgLltut / ;+:yfut Joj:yf g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;xho'Qm jgfpg ;xfos l;4 x'g]

s'/fdf cfzfjfbL x'g ;lsG5 . tyflk ;'wf/ Pp6f lgoldt sfo{ xf] / ;dosf] ljsf; ;Fu;Fu}gofF cfjZostfx? l;lh{t x'b} hfG5g\ / l;lh{t ;fdlos cfjZostfx?sf] ;Gbe{df ;'wf/sfcfofdx?df ;d]t kl/dflh{t x'b} hfg'cfjZos x'G5 .

;Gbe{;fdu|Lx?

.................................................., Agreement on Trade Facilitation ,Ministerial

Decision of 7 December 2013, WTO Ministerial Conference, Ninth Session,

Bali, 3-6 December 2013 (WT/MIN(13)/36 WT/L/911)

.................................,The Legal Text , The Result of the Uruguay Round of

Multilateral TradeNegotiations, World Trade Organization 1999

Website of World Trade Organization www.wto.org

Website of World Customs Organization www.wcoomd.org

Yoshifumi Fukunaga,John Riady, Pierre Sauve (Editors), The Road to Bali: ERIA

Perspectives on The WTO Ministerial and Asian Integration, ERIA Research


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Project Report 2012,No. 31, November 2013

What is Trade Facilitation? Basic concepts and benefits, http://www.kommers.

se/upload/SWEPRO/SWEPRO_English/what_is_trade_facilitation.pdf

Border Management Modernization: A Practical Guide for Reformers

Edited by Gerard McLinden, Enrique Fanta, David Widdowson and

Thomas Doyle CONFERENCE EDITION http://siteresources.worldbank.

org/EXTTLF/Resources/515433-1274994820828/Border_Mgt.pdf

Doing Business 2014, Understanding Regulations for Small and Medium-

Size Enterprises, Comparing Business Regulations for Domestic Firms in 189

Economies , 11thEdition , A World Bank Group Corporate Flagship

/]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)^!_ , ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf / ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf,

k|zf;g k"0ff{+s ((, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno /]UdL bfdf]b/, -@)&)_, ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL ,Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f / g]kfnsf] eG;f/

k|zf;g, eG;f/ :dfl/sf @)&), eG;f/ ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df08f} /]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&)_, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf, Jofkf/

/ ljsf;, jif{ % c+s @, @)&) c;f/ k"0ff{ !), g]kfn ;/sf/ ,jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{dGqfno

=============================================, jfl0fHo gLlt @)^%, g]kfn ;/sf/ ,

jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno =============================================,t]x|f}+ of]hgf -cf=j=@)&)&!@)&@_sf] cfwf/ kq, g]kfn ;/sf/ /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u


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Joj:yfkg n]vf k|0ffnL /g]kfndf o;sf]k|of]u

;f/f+z

;du|n]vf k|0ffnLf/f Joj:yfksLo cWoog ug]{, sfo{;+rfngdf k|efjsfl/tf j [l4 ug]{, cWoogaf6k|fKt lgisif{nfO{sfof{Gjog ug]{/ Joj:yfksLo b[li6sf]0faf6 ;du|tfdf x]/Ls'zntfk"j{s ;+rfngug]{sfo{x? Joj:yfksLo n]vf k|0ffnLf/f ;DkGg x'G5 . cGt/fli6o ?kdf ; d]t Joj:yfkg n]vfk|0ffnLnfO{nfut lgwf{/0f / ljQLo lgoGq0f ;dod}ug]{, Joj:yfksLo of]Uotf / lgoGq0fsf nflukof{Kt ; "rgf k|j fx ug]{, Joj:yfksLo k|lqmofdf x'g]grflxbf]tj /n]vr{x'g]; |f]tnfO{Go"gLs/0f

ug]{tyf ;|f]t / ; fwgsf]cTo'Qd k|of]usf]nflu pko'QmdfGotfnfO{kl/:s[t ub}{hfg]dxTjk"0f{k|0ffnLsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . o; n]vf k|0ffnLsf p2]Zox?df d'VotMpknAwljQLo hfgsf/Lx?nfO{;dod};xL?kdf ljZn]if0f ug]{, Joj:yfkgsf]sfo{bIftf tyf pknAwLnfO{clej[l4 ug]{, b}lgs sfo{;~rfng / gLlt th'{df h:tf lj ifonfO{Joj:yfkgsf]b[li6sf]0faf6 gfkhfr u/Lx]g]{, cEof; /lg0f{o ug'{k"j{k/LIf0f ug]{, /0fgLlts Joj:yfkg of]hgf / hf]lvd Joj:yfkgnfO{Go"gLs/0f ug{n]vfgaf6 k|fKt x'g];"rgfx?sf]ljZn]if0f ug]{cflb d'Vo?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

; /sf/L lgsfodf Joj:yfkg n]vf k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u pkof]uLdflgPsf] 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg Ifdtfdfclej[l4 ug{, cfoJoo tyf nfut ;DalGwt ljQLo ;"rgfx? pknAwu/fP/ k|efjsf/Lof]hgfagfpg, k"j{cg'dflgt nfutsf]dfkb08 / oyfy{nfut aLrsf]cGt/nfO{ljZn]0f u/]/ sfo{;+rfng:t/nfO{lgoGq0f ug{, Joj:yfksLo ;Lk tyf bIftf j [l4 ug{, lgwf{l/t nIox? ;dod}xfl;n ug{,sfof{Gjog ug{;Sg]dfq}lqmofsnfk to ug{, ljQLo n]vf, nfut n]vf, ah]6 tyf k|If]k0f, cfGtl/slgoGq0f, n]vf ;DaGwL;"rgfsf]JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f / Joj:yfksnfO{;dod}kl/jt{gdfkm{t lj lw/ ; "qj4 k|0ffnLsf]lj sf; ug{o;sf]pkof]lutf tyf dxTj /x]sf]5 .

Joj:yfkg n]vf k|0ffnLsf] ; /sf/L lgsfodf k|of]usf]nflu vf; u/L >f]t Joj:Yffkgdf ;'wf/,;+u7g tyf hgzlQmJoj:yfkgdf ; 'wf/, hjfkmb]lxtf tyf Ifdtf clea[l4df ; 'wf/ cfjZosb]lvG5 . o; ;Gbe{df hgzlQmnfO{pTkfbgzLn agfpg], k\mNof6 k|sf/sf];+u7g lgdf{0f ug]{, hxf;"rgf rflxG5 ToxL g}kfpg]u/L ;"rgfsf] ;~hfn lgdf{0f ug]{, kof{Kt ;xeflutf, ;+u7g /

Joj:yfkg aLr Value sf]ld>0f u/Lsfo{ug{hf]8 lbg], kl/0ffd jf pknAwLnfO{g};+u7gsf]d"Nofg ug]{cfwf/ agfpg], sfo{;~rfngdf s'ztf Nofpg], Jofkfl/s of]hgf agfpg], cg'dfgof]Uo/ ultlzn sfg"gLJoj:yf lgdf{0f ug]{, r':t, 5l/tf], j}1flgs / Jojxfl/s ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf hfg];+u7g lgdf{0f ug]{h:tf sfo{ug'{kg]{b]lvG5 . xfn;Dd ; /sf/Llgsfox?sf cf}krfl/s ?kdf nfu"ug{g; lsPsf]o; Joj:yfnfO{a9\bf]k|lt:kwf{/ ;"rgf k|lj lwdf ePsf]lj :tf/nfO{e/k'/ pkof]uu/LIfdtf clej[l4 ug'{kg]{u/Lo;nfO{k|of]udf Nofpg' kg]{b]lvG5 .

ls/0f/fh zdf{*

* ;x ;lrj, jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno


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ljifo k|j]z

;+u7gsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf Joj:yfkg n]vf k|0ffnLf/f Joj:yfksLo sfo{x?nfO{ ;dod} x]g]{b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf; ub5{ . ;du|n]vf k|0ffnLf/f Joj:yfksLo cWoog ug]{, sfo{ ;+rfngdf

k|efjsfl/tf j[l4 ug]{, cWoogaf6 k|fKt lgisif{nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ / Joj:yfksLo b[li6sf]0faf6;du|tfdf x]/L s'zntfk"j{s ;+rfng ug]{ sfo{x? Joj:yfksLo n]vf k|0ffnLf/f ;DkGg x'G5 .

aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] dWolt/ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf Joj:yfkg n]vf k|0ffnL cGt/ut Joj:yfkgug{ ;Sg] u/L of]hgf agfpg], j}slNks Jofj;flos lqmofsnfkx?af6 ;"rgfnfO{ x]/L 5gf}6 ug]{,aLraLrdf k|fKt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df Joj:yfksLo lgoGq0f ug]{ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] gjLgcjwf/0ffsf] ?kdf o;nfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 .

n]vf k|0ffnLn] ;xL z'4 ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{, ;dod} ;+u7gnfO{ ;xL lbzfaf]w ug]{tkm{ lqmofzLn e};+:yfnfO{ hLjGt /fVg o;sf] dfWodaf6 ;xh x'G5 .

n]vf k|0ffnLn] ;xL z'4 ;"rgf k|jfx u/L ;dod} lbzfaf]w ug]{ dfq x}g, ;+:yfnfO{ hLjGt/fVg x/;Dej k|of; /fVg ;dy{ x'G5 . n]vf k|0ffnLn] lbg g;s]sf ;"rgfx? / k|0ffnL leqsfsdhf]/Lx? n]vf k/LIf0fdfkm{t phfu/ x'g] / To;af6 g} ;du|?kdf ljQLo cg'zf;g tyf ljQLocj:yf kQf nfUg] x'G5 .

cGt/f{li6o ?kdf Management AccountingnfO{lgDg cjwf/0ffut ?kdf ckgfOPsf]kfOG5M nfut lgwf{/0f / ljQLo lgoGq0f ;dod} ug]{ . Joj:yfksLo of]Uotf / lgoGq0fsf nflu kof{Kt ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ . Joj:yfksLo k|lqmofdf x'g] grfFlxbf] tj/n] vr{ x'g] ;|f]tnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ . ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cTo'Qd k|of]usf] nflu pko'Qm dfGotfnfO{ kl/:s[t ub}{ hfg] .

Joj:yfkg n]vf k|0ffnLsf k|d'v p2]Zox?nfO{lgDg cg';f/ x]g{;lsG5 M

pknAw ljQLo hfgsf/Lx?nfO{ ;dod} ;xL ?kdf ljZn]if0f ug]{ . Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{bIftf tyf pknAwLnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{ . b}lgs sfo{ ;+rfng / gLlt th'{df h:tf ljifonfO{ Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 gfkhfFr u/L

x]g]{ tyf cEof; / lg0f{o ug'{ k"j{ k/LIf0f ug]{ . /0fgLlts Joj:yfkg of]hgf / hf]lvd Joj:yfkgnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ n]vfgaf6 k|fKt x'g]

;"rgfx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ .


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Joj:yfkg n]vfsf ljz]iftfx? lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf]5 .

lg0f{o ug]{ qmddf cfjZos ljQLo ;"rgfx? pknAw u/fpg] . eljio s]lGb|t ljlwx? cjnDag ug]{ . ;+:yfsf] ;du|;"rgfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;+:yfsf] ;jn b'j{n kIfsf] sf/0f, kl/0ffd /

c;/sf] d"Nofg ul//xg] . Joj:yfkg n]vf cGtu{t dfkb08 nfut lgwf{/0f (Standard Costing),ah]6 lgoGq0f,

;LdfGt nfut lgwf{/0f (Marginal Costing),nfutkl/df0fd'gfkmfljZn]if0f (Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis), Break Even Analysish:tf ljifosf] e/k'/ k|of]u ul/G5 .

Management Accountingn]hf]8 lbPsf ljifox? M

-!_ ;+u7gsf]lbzf lgb]{zg to ug]{M ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgf / ;f]sf] s'zn Joj:yfkg ug]{ . ;+u7gsf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pRrtd k|of]u ug]{ . ;+u7gsf] k|ltj4tf cg'?k sfo{ ug]{ . ;+u7gfTds kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ ePdf p4]Zo / kl/jt{gnfO{ ljrf/ ug]{ . ;+u7g leq cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf ljlw to ug]{ .

-@_ p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug]{M

/0fgLlt lgwf{/0f / ;xL sfof{Gjog ug]{ . cfof]hgf k|:tfj / sfof{GjognfO{ p4]Zo;Fu cfj4 ug]{ . Joj:yfksLo of]hgf to ug]{ . ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .

k|To]s sfo{df Management Accountingsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]l/g] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf;ug]{ .

-#_ ;+u7gsf];+/rgf / Joj;flos k|lqmofdf x/]s gLlt, /0fgLlt / ljlwsf]/0fg}lts

;+rfng / s'zn k|of]u ug]{M k|lqmofnfO{ k4ltut ?kdf l8hfOg ug]{ .

k|lqmof / ljlwnfO{ sfo{bIftf;Fu ldnfg ug]{ jf sfo{bIftfnfO{ cleGg c dfgL;f]xL cg'?k ;'wf/ ug]{ .

lg0f{o k|lqmofdf Ifdtf ljsf; / k4lta4 sfo{sf] ;+of]hg ug]{ . k|To]s sfo{sf] pQ/bfloTj ls6fg ubf{ k|lqmofdf ;d]t pQ/bfloTj ls6fg ug]{ . ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ub}{ x/]s sfo{df ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf cg';f/

sfo{ ;Dkfbg yfngL ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ug]{ .


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;+u7gsf] k|lta4tfnfO{ cfTd;fy ug]{ / Core ValuenfO{ k|lta4tf;Fu ldnfg ug]{ . ;+u7gnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg] / Go"gtd ?kdf ;kmntfsf ;"rsx?sf] hfgsf/L ;a}

;+u7gsf ;b:onfO{ cjut u/fpg] . ;a} ;+u7gsf cfa4 x'g] cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;b:ox?aLr pTk|]/0ff hufpg] /

ljZjf;sf] ljsf; ug]{ . ;kmn / c;kmn ;DaGwL sfo{sf] ;dLIff ub}{ ;kmn sfo{sf] cg';/0f ug]{ k/Lkf6L

a;fNg] .

;/sf/L lgsfox?df Joj:yfkg n]vfsf]pkof]lutf lgDg k|sf/sf]ePsf]kfOG5 M

kl/df0f tyf pknAwLd"ns agfpg ;/sf/L lgsfox?df o;sf] k|of]u ug{ cfjZos 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug{ . cfoJoo tyf nfut ;DalGwt ljQLo ;"rgfx? pknAw u/fP/ k|efjsf/L of]hgf

agfpg . k"j{ cg'dflgt nfutsf] dfkb08 / oyfy{ nfutaLrsf] cGt/nfO{ ljZn]if0f u/]/

sfo{;+rfng:t/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ . Joj:yfksLo ;Lk tyf bIftf j[l4 ug{ . lgwf{l/t nIox? ;dod} xfl;n ug{ . sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] dfq} lqmofsnfk to ug{ . ljQLo n]vf, nfut n]vf, ah]6 tyf k|If]k0f, cfGtl/s lgoGq0f, n]vf ;DaGwL ;"rgfsf]

JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f / Joj:yfksnfO{ ;dod} kl/jt{gdfkm{t ljlw / ;"qj4 k|0ffnLsf]ljsf; ug{ .

;/sf/L vr{df ldtJolotf sfod ug]{ lgb]{lzsf, @)^* cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgDg of]hgf

cufl8 ;f/]sf]kfOG5 M

k|rlnt sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsf]df afx]s s'g} klg sfof{non] yk ;'ljwf j[l4 u/Lcfly{s bfloTj kg]{ lg0f{o ubf{ u/fpFbf jf s'g} klg sfo{ ug'{ kbf{ cy{ dGqfnosf] k"j{;xdlt lng'kg]{ Joj:yfn] ubf{ cfDbfgL ;f]sf] k|If]k0f cg';f/sf] vr{df hf]8 ePsf]cj:yf .

e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t ;'lglZrt gu/L bfloTj ;[hgf gug]{ . k|rlnt gD;{ eGbf a9L ;'ljwf lbg] u/L ;Demf}tf ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf . eG;f/, bdsn, xjfO{, x'nfs cflb ;d]tdf lzi6 k|0ffnLdf sfd ug{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'

kg]{ Joj:yf . lhDd]jf/L gtf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf vr{sf] lhDd]jf/L :jod\ sfof{no k|d'vn] g} lng'kg]{

Joj:yf .


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ljZn]if0f eO{ gcfPsf] cj:yfdf ah]6 ljlgof]hg lgsf;f jf vr{ ug]{ sfo{nfO{s8fO{sf ;fy lgoGq0f ug]{ Joj:yf .

ejg lgdf{0f / kF"hLut ;'wf/ ;DaGwL sfd nfut Oli6d]6 :jLs[t gu/fO{ gug]{ Joj:yf . dGqfnosf] eO/x]sf] ;+oGqaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g ;Sg] cWoog, 5fglag jf l;kmfl/z ug]{

h:tf sfo{sf nflu ;dGjo tyf 5'} cfof]u, ;ldlt jf sfo{bn u7g gug]{ Joj:yf .

rfn'cf=j=@)&))&! sf]cfoJoosf];fj{hlgs hfgsf/L jQmJo cg';f/ Joj:yfkg n]vf

k|0ffnL;Fu cfj4 ljifodf hf]8 lbPsf kIfx?

ah]6 th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ;'lglZrttf Nofpg, kf/bzL{tf, hjfkmb]xLtf / glthfd"nsagfpg ah]6 Joj:yfkg tyf hjfkmb]xL ;DaGwL sfg"g th'{df ul/g] .

;|f]tsf] pknAwtf / vr{sf] dfkb08 ;'lglZrt u/]/ dfq cfly{s bfloTj ;[hgf x'g]ljifodf k|ltj4tf hgfpg] / lg0f{o ug]{ gLlt lnO{g] . cg'Tkfbs rfn'vr{ / u}/ ah]6/Lvr{nfO{ lgoGq0f ul/g] .

ljBdfg n]vf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;d;fdlos kl/dfh{g ul/g] .

ljB'tLo cg'udg k4ltsf] ljsf; u/L cg'udgnfO{ :jrflnt / k|efjsf/L agfpg] sfo{;'? ul/g] .

;'emfjx?

-!_ ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/

hgzlQmnfO{ pTkfbgzLn agfpg] tkm{ hf]8 lbg] . ;|f]tnfO{ d"No;Fu cfj4tf u/L a9L eGbf a9L u|fxsd'vL x'g] u/L pQ/bfoL agfpg] . ;|f]tnfO{ olQs} g/fVg], a9L vr{ gug]{, cg'Tkfbs nufgL gug]{ u/L hf]8 lbg] .

-@_ ;+u7ghgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/

Nof6 k|sf/sf] ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug]{ .

sfof{nodf ljz]if1tf j[l4tkm{ hf]8 lbg] .

Cross Functional Teamsdfkm{t ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ . kof{Kt ;xeflutf, ;+u7g / Joj:yfkg aLr Value sf] ld>0f u/L sfo{ ug{ hf]8 lbg] .

hxfF ;"rgf rflxG5 ToxL g} kfpg] u/L ;"rgfsf] ;+hfn lgdf{0f ug]{ .

ljQLo lgoGq0f / ljQLo lgoGq0f aflx/sf d"Nofg ;"rssf] lgwf{/0f / ltgLx?nfO{;+:yfut ?kdf u|x0f ug]{ ljlwnfO{ cjnDag ug]{ .

x/]s ljifodf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts ljifo x]/L ;"rs tof/L dfkm{t ljZn]if0f ug]{k/Lkf6L a;fNg] .


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-#_ hjfkmb]lxtfdf ;'wf/

kl/0ffd jf pknAwLnfO{ g} ;+u7gsf] d"Nofg ug]{ cfwf/ agfpg] .

lg/Gt/ ;'wf/df Wofg lbg] .

;+u7gdf pTkfbgzLn, cj;/sf] ;[hgf ug]{ tkm{ nDsg] . Jofkfl/s of]hgf agfpg'kg]{ .

;|f]tsf] of]hgfj4 / /0fgLlts p2]Zo cg'?k vr{ ug]{ .

sfo{ ;+rfngdf s'zntf Nofpg] .

oyfy{ vr{sf] k|ltljlDjt x'g] u/L k|ltj]bg ;dodf g} ug]{ .

e/kbf]{ cfGtl/s tyf afXo lgoGq0f k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;jn agfpg e/kbf]{ n]vf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

pRr sfof{Gjog Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ . vr{ jf of]hgf x'g'k"j{ vr{ jf of]hgf agfpFbf ;"rgf ljZn]if0f ug]{ k4ltut ljsf; ug]{ .

-$_ Ifdtf clej[l4df ;'wf/ M

bIf, u'0f:t/Lo / Ifdtfjfg\ dfgj ;|f]tsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

cg'dfgof]Uo / ultzLn sfg"gL Joj:yf lgdf{0f ug]{ .

r':t, 5l/tf], j}1flgs / Jojxfl/s ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf hfg] ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug]{ .

lgisif{

;/sf/L lgsfox?df cf}krfl/s ?kdf nfu" ug{ g;lsPsf] o; Joj:yfnfO{ a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{ /;"rgf k|ljlwdf ePsf] lj:tf/nfO{ e/k'/ pkof]u u/L Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{kg]{ u/L o;nfO{ k|of]udfNofpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . of]hgf th'{dfb]lv sfof{Gjog, d"Nofg / eljiok/s ;f]r;Ddsf ultljlwdfo;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . pknAw ;"rgfx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;xL, e/kbf]{ / sfof{Gjogof]Uo lg0f{oug{df o;sf] pkof]u ug'{ jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . pTkfbg, ljt/0f / lgdf{0fsf If]qx?df tTsfn} k|of]uubf{ o;af6 kmfObf k'Ug] b]lvG5 .


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lghfdtL ;]jfdf tnj

;f/f+z

tnj eGgfn]sd{rf/Ln]sfd u/]jfkt kfpg]Hofnf, kfl/>lds, cj; / nfut j f >dsf]d"NonfO{hgfp5 . g]kfnsf]lghfdtL;]j f /fHo ;+oGqsf]d"nwf/ ePsf]n]o;sf]tna eQfdf x'g]; fdfGokl/jt{gn]klg ;j}; /sf/L ; ]jf / /fli6o cy{tGq;d]tnfO{k|efj kf5{. lghfdtL ;]j f P]gdfg]kfn ; /sf/sf]d'Vo ; lrjsf]cWoIftfdf tna eQf k'g/fjnf]sg ; ldlt uf7g u/]sf]5 . of]; ldltn]k|To]s j if{pknAwx'g]pkef]Qmf d"No j[l4;"rLsf]krxQ/ k|ltzt;Dd dx+uLeQf a[l4ug{l;kmfl/; ug]{/ k|To]s tLg jif{df tna eQf tyf cGo ; 'ljwf k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{/fhZj j[l4

b/, s"n b/jGbL;+Vof / j lut tLg j if{df d"No ;"rLsf cfwf/df k|bfg ul/Psf]dx+uLeQfnfO{cfwf/ lng u/]sf]5 . lghfdtLsd{rf/Lsf]tnadfg, clwstd / Go"gtd tna, j flif{s tnaj[4L, eQf, lgj[te/0f tyf cGo ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f ug{lj leGg gLltut Joj:yf ePtfklg lj leggtx / >]0fLsf aLrdf b]lvPsf c;dfGh:otfx?sf]Go"gLs/0f ug{; lsPsf]5}g . o; ;DaGwdf; 'emfj lbg @) ! df Ps pRr:t/lo tna cfof]u u7g ePsf]lyof]. pQmcfof]usf ; 'emfj k"/}sfof{Gjog gePsf]t/ tLcem}klg ;fGble{s b]lvG5g\ .

;a}txsf sd{rf/Lsf] tna ; 'ljwf bL3{sfndf lghL If]q / ; fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df sfo{/t; f]xL:t/sf sd{rf/Lx?sf]; fy}; fs{d'n'sx?sf ;dfg:t/sf sd{rf/Lx?sf]tna ; 'ljwf;u bfHg]lsl;dsf]x'g pko'Qmx'G5 . t/ ;Lldt /fhZjsf sf/0f tTsfn Tof];Deng x'b}g . sfo{;Dkfbgdfcfwfl/t tna k|0ffnL; j}lgsfo;Dd lj:tf/ ug{], tna j[l4kl5 x'g] d"No a[l4nfO{Go"g ug]{;+oGq tof/ ug]{, tna, u|]8 tyf cGo ; 'ljwf ;do ; fk]If agfpg'sf]; fy}sd{rf/Lsf]of]ubfgdfcfwfl/t ; fdflhs ; '/Iffdfkm{t of];d:ofnfO{sd ug{;lsG5 .

ljifo k|j]z

;j} ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t /fi6;]js sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;/sf/n] xfn;Dd Ps} lsl;dn]] tnalgwf{/0f ub{} cfPsf] 5 . xfnsf] tna ;+/rgfnfO{ x]b{f of] s'g} :yflkt

Loksew Patrika

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