LOGICAL FALLACIES
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Transcript of LOGICAL FALLACIES
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LOGICAL FALLACIES
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False Dilemma
when someone is asked to choose between two options when there is at least one other option available.
You’re either with us or against us.
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Arguing from Ignorance
Arguments from ignorance infer that a proposition is true from the fact that it is not known to be false.
No one has been able to disprove the existence of God.
Therefore:God exists.
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Complex Cause
The effect is caused by a number of objects or events, of which the cause identified is only a part
The Challenger explosion was caused by the cold weather. (True, however, it would not have occurred had the O-rings been properly constructed.)
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Circular definition
The definition includes the term being defined as a part of the definition.
An animal is human if and only if it has human parents.
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Questionable Analogy
Arguments by analogy rest on a comparison.(1) A and B are similar.
(2) A has a certain characteristic.Therefore:(3) B must have that characteristic too.
a watch and the universe are similar (both display order and complexity), and therefore watches are the product of intelligent design that the universe must be a product of intelligent design too.
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Slippery Slope
Slippery slope argues that one thing leads to another, so we shouldn’t do the first thing.
(1) If you buy a Green Day album, then next you’ll be buying Buzzcocks albums, and before
you know it you’ll be a punk with green hair and everything.
(2) You don’t want to become a punk.Therefore:
(3) You shouldn’t buy a Green Day album.
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begging the question
The truth of the conclusion is assumed by the premises. Often, the conclusion is simply restated in the premises in a slightly different form."The belief in God is universal. After all, everyone believes in God."
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post hoc ergo propter hoc
it is assumed that because one thing occurred after another, it must have occurred as a result of it
(1) Most people who are read the last rites die shortly afterwards.Therefore:(2) Priests are going around killing people with magic words!
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Argument of Popularity
if a large number of people engage in some activity, then it must be the right thing to do.
Everybody likes/does/thinks/agree on A. Therefore A must be right.
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Denying the antecedent
If A is true then B is true. A is not true, therefore B is not true.
If you work hard, you will get a good job. If you do not work hard you will not get a good job.
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Hasty Generalization
when a person draws a conclusion about a population based on a sample that is not large enough35% of Iowans are corn farmers, so all Iowans must be corn farmers.
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Confusing cause and effect
when a person assumes that one event must cause another just because the events occur together
video games causes teen violence