Logic Circuits Basic Building Blocks Dr John Cowell phones off (please)

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CSCI1412 Lecture 10 Logic Circuits Basic Building Blocks Dr John Cowell phones off (please)

Transcript of Logic Circuits Basic Building Blocks Dr John Cowell phones off (please)

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CSCI1412Lecture 10

Logic CircuitsBasic Building Blocks

Dr John Cowell

phones off (please)

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OverviewDigital Logic Combinational CircuitsLogic gates & Truth tablesGate OperationsLogic functionsAdder circuits

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Digital Logic

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Digital Logic CircuitsThe function of a Digital Logic Circuit

determines the values of the outputs for specified value of inputs

The function is normally implemented using electronic circuitry

Inputs and outputs are each in either of two states: TRUE HIGH ON 1 5V Or FALSE LOW OFF 0 0V

Digital Logic Circuit

Inputs Outputs

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Digital Logic …The Digital Logic Circuit may be as

simple as a single logic gate or as complex as a computer’s processor

Binary logic deals with binary variables (0 or 1) and with operations that assume a logical meaning

It is used to describe, in algebraic or tabular form, the manipulation and processing of binary information

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Boolean Variables (algebra)Boolean algebra differs in a major way from

ordinary algebra in that boolean constants and variables are allowed to have only two possible values, 0 or 1

Boolean 0 and 1 are represented by the state of a voltage variable, or what is called the logic level

In boolean algebra, there are three basic logic operations:OR AND and NOT

These are implemented by logic gates constructed from diodes, transistors, and resistors connected in such a way that the circuit output is the

result of a basic logic operation (OR, AND, NOT) performed upon the inputs

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Combinational Logic Circuits There are Combinational logic circuits

and Sequential logic circuits, but most realistic logic circuits are a mixture of both

Combinational logic circuitsOutput values depend only on the current

values of the inputsthere is no feedback from previous outputs (more

on this later)They are called combinational as they

combine the operations of more than one logic gate

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Logic Gates and Truth Tables

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Logic Gates The manipulation of binary information is

done by logic circuits galled gates Integrated circuits (ICs) contain a

number of logic gates, ranging from three or four in simple chips to many thousands in more complex parts

Each gate is represented with a distinct graphic symbol and its operation is described by means of an algebraic expression

The input-output relationship of the binary variables for each gate is represented in tabular form by a truth table

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Truth TableA truth table is a means for describing how a

logic circuit's output depends on the logic levels present at the circuit's inputs

In the following two-input logic circuit, the table lists all possible combinations of logic levels present at inputs A and B along with the corresponding output level X

When either input A OR B is 1, the output X is 1. Therefore the "?" in the box is an OR gate (OR gate is explained later)

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Gate Operations

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AND Operation

The expression X = A * B reads as "X equals A AND B“The multiplication sign stands for the AND operation

same for ordinary multiplication of 1s and 0sThe AND operation produces a result of 1 occurs only for

the single case when all of the input variables are 1The output is 0 for any case where one or more inputs

are 0

truth table

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OR Operation

The expression X = A + B reads as "X equals A OR B“The + sign stands for the OR operation, not for ordinary

additionThe OR operation produces a result of 1 when

any of the input variable is 1The OR operation produces a result of 0 only

when all the input variables are 0

truth table

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NOT Operation

The NOT operation is unlike the OR and AND operations in that it can be performed on a single input variable

truth table

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NOT…..For example, if the variable A is subjected to the

NOT operation, the result x can be expressed asx = A'where the prime (') represents the NOT operationThis expression is read as:

x equals NOT Ax equals the inverse of Ax equals the complement of A

Each of these is in common usage and all indicate that the logic value of x = A' is opposite to the logic value of A

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XOR Operation• Exclusive OR

– Returns: True only if either input is True

– Means: this or that, but not both

– Often used for:• cryptography• generating parity bits

for error checking and fault tolerance– ie network messages

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De Morgans Theorem

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DeMorgan's Theorem DeMorgan's theorems are extremely useful in

simplifying expressions in which a product or sum of variables is inverted

The two theorems are:

(x+y)' = x' * y'(x*y)' = x' + y'

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Universality of NAND GateIt is possible to implement any logic expression using only NAND gatesie no other type of gate is required

This is because NAND gates, in the proper combination, can be used to perform each of the Boolean operations OR, AND, and INVERT

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NAND Gate Examples

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NOT Gate fron NAND Gate

A A A*A (A*A)'

0 0 0 1

1 1 1 0

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AND Gate from NAND Gates

A B C=(A*B)' C=(A*B)' X=(C*C)'

0 0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 0 1

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OR Gate From NAND Gates

A B A' B' X=(A' * B')'

0 0 1 1 0

0 1 1 0 1

1 0 0 1 1

1 0 0 0 1

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Logic Functions

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Logic FunctionsWhilst the microcomputer can perform the normal

arithmetical operations on binary numbers, it can also perform logical operations:

ANDFor clearing bits

ORFor setting bits

A = 1010 0101

B = 0000 1111

A*B = 0000 0101

A = 1010 0101B = 0000 1111A+B = 1010 1111

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NOT & XOR functionsNOT

For inverting bits

XORFor checking bits

A = 1010 0101

NOT A = 0101 1010

A = 1010 0101

B = 0000 1111

A xor B = 1010 1010

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Sequential Logic Circuits

Sequential logic circuits differ from combinatorial logic circuits in two main respects

The output of the system depends not only on the present external input(s) but also on the previous inputs

The same external input(s) can give a different output response

An important feature of sequential logical circuits, not present in combinational logic circuits, is the presence of feedback where the output from one or more logic gates is fed back into the input(s) of logic gates further back in the circuit

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Adder Circuits

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Addition, using logic gatesConsider:

The circuit is performing binary addition of B to A (recalling that in binary 1+1 = 0 carry 1)

Such a circuit is called a half-adder

10 1 1

01 1 0

01 0 1

00 0 0

  CARRY    SUM     B     A  

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Full-AdderA full adder is made by combining two half-adders

and an additional OR-gateA full adder adds two binary numbers AND the

carry bit.By extending the full adder long bibary n umbers

can be added.

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Truth Table for a Full AdderA B Input

CarryOutput

CarrySum

0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 1

1 1 0 1 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

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Find out more!What are ?

Sequential logic circuits

Programmable logic

READ:http://computer.howstuffworks.com/boolean.htm

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Lecture SummaryDigital Logic Combinational CircuitsLogic gates & Truth tablesGate OperationsLogic functionsAdder circuits