W EE K3tour of campus

Lot 6: Built using a mass construction system, the main materials within the design are concrete and steel. With glazing forming the main aesthetic feature of the design, a large steel beam, traveling from the exterior to interior is also visible. Yet, while this beam does act structurally, its over sized nature means its dominance is based on aesthetics. The majority of the structure has been constructed using !xed joints.

Frank Tate Pavilion: The newly constructed Frank Tate Pavilion uses a mixture of materials both structurally and aesthetically. While the steel and timber within the design are visible, it is only the steel which is acting structurally. Like the main structure, the footings and foundations of the project are visible, the concrete strip footing pocking through the gravel. While the timber frame for the "ooring uses pin joints, the main structure is constructed using !x joints.

Old Geography South Entrance: Constructed using a brick veneer system, the design plays host to massive cantilevered structure over the main door. Designed to re"ect the style of the existing Geology building, the overall structural systems are hidden. Built on a concrete foundations, the design also employs the use of steel in creating the cantilever, as well as the window frames. The structural steel beams used in the roof as well as the timber frame have been connected using pin joints.

Lot 6

http://www.!ndfood.com.au/sites/default/!les/imagecache/480px-wide/photo/lot%206.jpg

Foundations of Frank Tate Pavilion

Old Geography South Entrance

Frank Tate Pavilion

W EE K3tour of campus

Melbourne School of Design: Constructed with a deep basement, and piles, sections of the Melbourne School of Design have large structural frames so that they can support the unusual spaces. Where the major cantilever section protrudes from the building, extra steel has been used, to help support the concrete and glass façade. The entirety of the structure is hidden from external view, with the !xed and pin joints mostly concealed.

Beaurepaire Centre Swimming Pool: The Beurepaire Centre and indeed its swimming pool has been constructed using a portal frame, a repeated series of steel frames which direct the dead load of the roof down to the foundations. Such a system creates an incredibly rigid structure. The exterior of the building has been constructed using a brick veneer system.

Oval Pavilion: The modern Oval Pavilion which is still under construction, has been created with a variety of materials. While the main structural materials are steel and concrete – concrete having been used for the foun-dations, while steel the cantilever – timber and glass have been used for aesthetic reasons. For example, internal columns have been constructed out of timber, rather than steel purely for aesthetic qualities. The entirety of the building was constructed using a variety of pin and !xed joints.

North Court Installation: The lightweight frame which is used to create the North Court Installation contrasts the mass construction of its neighbours. Created using tension, the fabric and wire structure ensures that water and other items are directed towards its periphery and centre. Due to the nature of the fabric, most of the structural joints are hidden, while the wire structure itself is visible.

Melbourne School of Design

Oval Pavilion

W EE K3tour of campus

Union House Rear Stairs: A simple steel structure, the staircase a!xed to the rear of Union House display their structural system clearly. With steel used to create the staircase themselves, cabling has been used to ensure that the structure remains attached to the building. This method of support, with no structural elements beneath the stairs, allows for pedestrians to travel beneath the design.

Arts West: With mass construction having been used within the design of Arts West, brick is the major construction material. While a large steel beam protrudes from the building, resting on a brick plinth, the size and location of the beam, mean that it works in an aesthetic manner as well as working as part of the structural system. Steel has also been used as the frame for the glazing across the building.

Underground Car Park: Built using a mass construc-tion technique, the main structural elements within the design of the Melbourne University Car park at the unusually shaped columns, which have been design and placed in such a manner to accommo-date for the trees above. Built entirely out of con-crete the structure is clearly visible, along with its series of "xed joints.

Underground Car Park

Arts West

https://farm6.static#ickr.com/5289/5296176041_ee1fda4703.jpg

W EE K3glossary

Moment: Moment connections are able to hold their original angle under loading by developing a speci!ed resisting moment, usually be means of plates welded or bolted to the beam "anges and the supporting column.

Retaining Wall: When an alteration in ground level is desired which di#ers from the natural angle of the soil, a retaining wall is required. A retaining wall must be designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of the soil being retained.

Pad Footing: Considered one of the most cost e#ective foun-dation systems, pad footings are formed by placing ‘isolated’ concrete footings along the base of the structure. By having multiple pad footings within the design, each individual footing only takes a small percentage of the buildings load before transferring the force into the soil.

Strip Footing: Considered a shallow footing, a strip footing is designed to spread the load of the structure across a continu-ous strip of concrete, before transferring the load to the soil.

Slab on Ground: The ground slab, which is placed above the footings, is the fundamental element on which the structure is built. In most modern constructions, the ground slab is constructed out of concrete, as it is easy to shape and lay on site.

Substructure: The foundations are the substructure of the building and their function is to safely transfer the loads acting on the building to the ground.

The Golden Gate Bridge is an example of a suspension bridge which uses ties within its main struscture

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Golden_Gate_Bridge_.JPG

W EE K4knowledge maps

Oval Pavilion

built in1906

rebuilt duringthe 1950s

since demolished

maintained

engineeringdiscipline

structuralmechanical

systems

hydraulics

civil engineering

!re

acoustic

electricalbasement

concrete slab

constructed inconcrete

prevents waterfrom the soilseeping into

building

new brick wall

distinction betweenmodern and

traditional materials

timber

glazing facingoval

aesthetic ratherthan structural

W EE K4knowledge maps

concrete

cement

aggregate(!ne and coarse)

watercan be

!nished intoin!tie shapes

“an arti!cialstone”

made from multiple

ingrendients

reaches 75%strength in

7 daysrequiringformwork

when setting

sacri!cial formwork

remains after construction

!nishes

sand blastedexposed

aggregateraked !nish

bush hammered

board andbatten

reinforced concrete

steel isadded

amount used dependent on

loading

for highertensile loads

creates a !x joint

mesh

bars

W EE K4online learning

Floor Systems: Floor systems can be constructed from a variety of materials, including concrete, timber and steel.

Within the Melbourne School of Design, the !oor system is based around a combination of steel and concrete, with the beams formed in situ. Timber has been used to create the formwork in which the concrete is poured.

Within a concrete systems slabs are a fundamental element of the !oor system. The slab can work in one or two directions, and carries the load of the !oor towards the neighbouring columns or foundations. The distance between columns can be based on both structural necessity, as well as the practical-ity of the internal spaces.

Steel systems take various forms, with each utilising a di"er-ent gauge of steel. While heavy gauged steel is used within the main structural elements, a lighter gauge is chosen for the framing itself. In most cases, a combination of these gauges is chosen throughout the course of the building. Webbed steel can be used within the !ooring system, such beams being bene#cial both in their minimal use of steel, but also in their ability to allow services to run along the beam itself.

Steel framing systems sometimes combine with concrete slab system where particular bene#ts of steel framing and the shallow depth of the !oor slab system are desired. The span-ning capabilities of a particular material help to determine the spacing requirements for supports.

Within a timber framed !ooring system, the !oorboards are placed over the joists, with the spacing of the joists based around the desired weight which the building will inevitably carry. The joists themselves sit on the piers which sit directly in the soil.

http://steelinemetalframing.com.au/sites/default/#les/imagecache/

gallery-main/0936.jpg

Webbed steel beams

http://www.mordek.com.au/images/spantec-2.jpg

Steel Floor System

W EE K4tutorial activity

W EE K4tutorial activity

How does the information in the drawing set com-pare with what you observed at site last week? How does the scale of the building compare t the scale of the drawings? How do the architectural and struc-tural drawings di!er?

Where as when we attended site last week, the build-ing was under construction and incomplete, the draw-ing set displays the building as a !nished structure, all elements and design decisions having been accounted for. Likewise, all of the information presented within the drawing set was not visible, many of the buildings structural elements concealed behind plasterboard and other aesthetic !nishes.

In order to allow for manageable working drawings, the "oor plans, sections, details etc., are all presented on a smaller scale, 1:5. This means that the building itself is far larger than appears in the drawings.

Where as the architectural drawings often focus on the layout of speci!c rooms and the building as a whole, as well as how the spaces will function, the structural drawings focus more heavily on the main structure which will support the design. In many cases the two sets of drawings are in"uenced by the design of the other, with structural drawing vital, especially in a building with such a large cantilever and other unusual structural elements.

Oval Pavilion under construction

W EE K4glossary

Joist: Joists are the horizontal supporting members that run between ceilings, !oors, beams, walls or foundations. Typi-cally, a joist is smaller than a beam, and thus is supported by such a structural element. Joists may be (amongst other materials,) constructed from wood, concrete or steel.

Span: A span is the distance between two immediate supports within a structure. While a span can be created using solid beams (as seen within bridges and houses), the can also be formed with rope (such systems seen in power lines, antennas and aerial trams). The span between two elements is a signi"cant factor in deducing the structural capabilities of a building.

Girder: Often mimicking an I-beam cross section, a girder is a support beam used within the construction of buildings. Beyond an I-beam, it may also have a box or Z shape. Girders are often the main horizontal structural element within the building.

Concrete Plank: Concrete Planks are used to create the !ooring/ceiling in multilevel constructions. A quick and cheap method of construction, the strips of concrete a placed on the existing frame, each narrow strip slotting into place alongside its neighbour.

Spacing: Spacing is the horizontal distance between to vertical structural elements, such as columns or framing. Such a distance is vital when constructed a stud frame, as the spacing plays a major role in the structural capabilities of the design.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/

Auckland_Harbour_Bridge_Girder.jpg

Girders supporting a Bridge

W EE K5knowledge maps

Melbourne Schoolof Design

excavations

piles every 2 meters

cylindrical manner

closer under the historic

facade

foundations

basement

concrete slab

limited by transport

precast concrete

columns

library formworkpoured in situ

walls

two stories high

structural steel

cantilever

used with glazing foratrium roof roof

staircases

timber !oor

light weightsteel frame

hanging studios

W EE K5knowledge maps

Timber

highly !exiblewhen green

low ductility

medium tolow hardness

relatively fragile

i-beam

timber !angedsteel web joints

box beams

engineered timber

chipboard

medium density"berboard

(MDF)

cross laminatedtimber

(CLT)

plywood

glue laminated timber

(glulam)

laminatedveneertimber

(LVL)

timber walls

stud walls

W EE K5online learning

Walls, Girds and Columns:Walls are used within buildings to close, separate and distinguish di!erent zones of the building, while also ensuring that the structure remains water tight, as well as moderating the climate and "ltering light. Likewise, walls may act as the main structural component of the building.

Wall systems can consist of; structural frames (concrete frames, steel frames or timber frames), load bearing walls (made from timber or masonry) or stud walls (constructed from light gauge steel framing or timber).

Concrete frames typically use a grid of columns with concrete beams connecting the columns together. Each column has to be strong enough to support the dead and live loads above.

Steel frames ensure a lighter dead load than their concrete counterparts. Steel frames use a series of columns girders and beams. Steel frames need bracing, this can be achieved through bracing, or through sti!, "xed joint. There are a variety of di!erent steel beams, Universal Columns, Circular Hollow Sections, and Rectangular Hollow Sections, unlike an I-beam, a univer-sal column should have equal sized edges, ensuring it remains universally adequate in supporting loads.

Timber frame (otherwise known as post and beam construction) typically requires a grid of posts or poles which are then attached to timber beams. Bracing of the di!erent members is required to stabilise the structure. It is often found in traditional Japanese construction.

http://stratco.com.au/products/steel_framing/types/steel_wall_framing/images/gallery/B%20Stratco%20Steel%

20wall%20framing.jpg

An example of a Steel Framed Wall

W EE K5online learning

Walls, Girds and Columns (continued): Concrete can be used as a load bearing material, such as can be seen in lift shafts and stairwells within sky rise constructions. Concrete load bearing walls can be constructed either in situ or through a precast method, with the panels providing support for further structural elements.

Reinforced masonry can form a load bearing wall, often constructed from either grout !lled hollow masonry, or core !lled hollow concrete blocks. Bond beams over openings can be used to bridge openings for doors or windows. Such beams can be used as an alternative for steel or concrete lintels.

Solid masonry load bearing walls can be created with either multiple of single layers of clay bricks or sold masonry. Each skin of masonry is then joined together using a brick or with metal wall ties placed within the mortar. Internal walls, if made from solid masonry, would normally be constructed with only one skin.

Cavity masonry walls are typically formed from two skins of masonry (concrete or brick). The advantages of a cavity masonry system include; better thermal perfor-mance and opportunities for insulation within the cavity, as well as better waterproo!ng and the opportu-nity to run services within the wall cavity.

Concrete Wall

http://www.thegreenage.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/

600x600_1257260867_solid-brick-wall.jpg

Masonry Wall

http://www.bryanlandonconstruction.com/images/boxpics/large/bb3.jpg

W EE K5tutorial activity

Part of the rear section of the Oval Pavilion, our !nal model inevitably consisted of a series of three columns, attached by a series of horizontal I-beams. Constructed out of steel and forming part of the primary horizontal and vertical struc-ture, these columns and beams vital for the struc-tural integrity of the building.

The use of hollow columns as well as I-beams is an e"cient use of materials, as each column and beam is not solid, yet still posses a high level of structural integrity.

Due to the limited time restraints of the activity, no group was able to !nish their models. Likewise, while it was believed we may !nish them the following week this did never eventuate, thus making comparison to other groups highly di"-cult. In saying that however, it was clear some were unable to deduce the proper scale of the design, creating models which were to small or out of proportion.

Our Final Model

W EE K5glossary

Stud: A wall stud is a vertical structural member within the wall system. Such an element is fundamental within the structural capabilities of the wall. Studs are however found in non-structural elements, such as internal parti-tions.

Axial Load: Axial loads, are forces which work along the axis of the object. For example, the axial load of a vertical supporting column, is based on the ability of the column to respond and de!ect as a load is placed on its top.

Nogging: Within a timber frame, noggings are the hori-zontal bracing used to ensure rigidity within the structure. While noggings may be constructed out of timber, steel or aluminium, the distance between noggings depends on the local building codes.

Buckling: When a materials has excessive loads placed on them, buckling will occur, where by the material will bend and distort in shape. If such excessive loads are not reduced, then the material may inevitably break or shatter.

Lintel: A lintel is a load bearing element and/or a decora-tive element which sits above a door, window or other opening within the main structure. Concrete lintels are often seen in brick walls, thus resolving the inability for the brickwork to bridge the widows.

Seasoned Timber: Seasoning timber is the process of drying the timber, reducing its moisture content before it is used in a structure. As the wood shrinks as it dries, it is vital for the structural integrity of the building, that it has reached its Equal Librium before being placed in the building.

http://www.waikatosheds.co.nz/images/stud-frame-wall.jpg

Steel Frame with Studs and Noggings visible

W EE K 6knowledge maps

spanning space

architecture ismainly about

enclosing space

if solidit is sculpture

barrel volt

leaning arch

the main problemin building is

spanning spacecentering required

during construction

arch

originally brick

the wantto buildbigger spanning

geographic space shows Romanfashion in Syria

archers cutinto solid stone

in Syria

stone corbel

hypostylehall

(Egypt)

stone

column

stone beam

timber columnson stone foundations

stone slab

Turkey

Persia

openportico

Greecestoa

Armenia

W EE K 6knowledge maps

ethel street

steel

steel beam

square hollowsections

concrete

concrete foundations concrete slab

concrete block work

expansion joints

sewage

laid beforethe concrete

slab was poured

timber

timber usedin original

construction

transportto site

is limited

new foundationsneeded

addition tocosts

W E6knowledge maps

rankins street

timberbeams

internalpartitions

used with propsas support

(temporary)

hybrid light wieghtand quick construction

method

steel

basement

i beam

!ange

web

26 apartments

“the londonapartments”

concrete

temporary propsrequired for

supporting slab

slabs

columnsmain material

used

lift shaft

poured in situ

main structuralelement

precast

E K

W E6knowledge maps

evans street

foundationsdeep foundations

required to reach suitable

soil

i beam

WC

concrete poured in situ

E K

brick

clay

expansionjoint

brick !rerated wall on

east boundary

not load baring

poor soilquality

steel

universalbeam

SHS

PFC

timber

laminatedveneerlumber

(LVL)

noggings

timberframe

insulation

angle bracing

stud

plywoodplywood

W EE K6online learning

Introduction to Metal:

Metals are commonly found within the construction indus-try, particularly steel. Metal is linked to di!erent epochs in history; Copper Age, Bronze Age, Industrial Revolution.

Pure metals can be found in minerals and are extracted from the ground using heavy mining operations. Alloys of di!erent metals are often used within the construction industry, as they are considered to have a wider and more useful array of chemical and physical properties. Metal can also be formed into a variety of shapes, sheets and wires. Metals can be classi"ed as Ferrous (contains iron) or Non-Ferrous (does not contain iron).

In general metals are; hard (unless they are heated), have a low fragility, impermeable to light and water, high density, and are very good conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are also highly durable, easy to recycle, cost e#cient, yet have a very high embodied energy content.

Metals react with other metals by giving up/taking on other metals irons. The galvanic series lists the metals in order of their tendency to give up ions to other metals and corrode.

Metal needs to be kept away from water in order to ensure the materials do not degrade due to rust. By avoiding elongated exposer to water, sealing the material against moisture, or using a chemical treatment on the material, oxidization and corrosion can be avoided.

http://images-2.domain.com.au/2011/07/29/2523405/lacework_729-420x0.jpg

Iron lacework was used as a decorative element in many of Melbourne’s

Victorian buildings.