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LOG BOOK
RACHAEL MCVEA
636656
Image: Maracana Football Stadium
Botterill, Shaun. 2014
Retrieved from: http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-
10/maracana-stadium-under-construction/5193282
WEEK 1 07/03/2014
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Considerations:
Strength- weak or strong
Stiffness- stiff, flexible, stretchy or floppy
Shape- mono dimensional, bi dimensional or tri dimensional.
Material behaviours- isotropic or anisotropic.
Economy and sustainability- travel, efficiency.
Structural Forces
Force- Any influence that produces a change in the
shape or movement of a body. (Newton, Clare, Basic
Structural Forces, 12/03/2014)
Tension Forces- Stretch and elongate the material.
Compression Forces- Shortens the material, opposite
to tension.
Load Paths- The path a load takes to distribute the
force evenly to the receptors. This is the most direct
route and is met with a reaction force that is equal and
opposite. (Newton, Clare, Load Path Diagrams,
11/03/2014)
3 FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION
1: MASS CONSTRUCTION
2: FRAME CONSTRUCTION
3: TENSILE CONSTRUCTION
MASS CONSTRUCTION
Static structures, supported by the foundation of the Earth, built with generally heavy duty
materials.
Two types of Mass Construction:
Small Module- Concrete blocks,
bricks, mud/clay, adobe, rammed
earth.
Large Module- Precast concrete.
Figure 1: Irving, Mark, 8/03/2014
Strengths
Small Module
Creates a bond, which in turn spreads the load of the
mass, this bond makes the structure stronger.
Allows shape to be developed in the structure by use of
smaller materials.
Create patterns, ultimately the smaller module materials
allow for more flexible creativity and design.
Large Module
Faster in the sense of putting the building together.
Cheaper; reducing construction time on site as more
trades can work at the one time and are not held up by
time consuming materials.
Quicker to make and erect.
Made off site and brought to site ready to be used.
Limitations
Small Module
Time consuming, slow process to put a wall of bricks up.
Requires scaffolding and ladders once the height of the
construction exceeds a human.
Holds up other trades on site, hence costing more
money.
Hard to transport large loads of them around the site
without needing special equipment
Large Module
Very limited designs, curves are difficult and expensive.
Incredibly heavy, requiring special transport to site as
well as a crane on site to erect.
GLOSSARY
Load Path- The path a load
takes to distribute the force
evenly to the receptors
Masonry- Work constructed
by a mason, especially
stonework. (retrieved from
http://m.dictionary.com/defi
nitions/masonry)
Compression- When a
member is under
compression the forces acting
upon it are directed at the
member and pushing it
toward the middle.
(Retrieved from
http://www.chegg.com/hom
ework-
help/definitions/tension-
compression-5)
Reaction Force- The upward
force that meets the
downwards force at the
bottom of a load path.
Point Load- A concentrated
load on one specific point of
a structural member.
(Retrieved from:
http://www.dictionaryofcons
truction.com/definition/point
-load.html)
Beam- A horizontal structural
member that carries and
transfers the load to the
vertical members. (Retrieved
from:
http://www.dictionaryofcons
truction.com/definition/bea
m.html)
PFC- Parallel Flange channel
Site Analysis- Process of studying contextual forces that may influence the construction of the land
and the building to which will be erected there, its
shape, lay out, orientation. (Ching, Frances D.K,
Building Constructed Illustrated, 2008)
Bricks
Pressed
Clay pressed into moulds and placed in an oven, this
however created variations in the bricks because of
the different temperatures within the oven. E.g. a
brick in the middle would be baked more
thoroughly than a brick towards the edge. “Frog,”
divot in the middle, helps to increase the depth of the mortar, assisting with the joining process.
Extruded
Made by forcing a bar through the clay, which reduces the amount of clay used to produce the
bricks, therefore they’re not just cheaper but create a cohesive bond between bricks when mortared
in. (Readers Digest, 11/03/2014)
Forces Considered in Construction
Dead - Static, e.g. furniture.
Live- Humans
Gravity
Wind
Water in the ground
Seismic
CLASS TASK
DESCRIPTION: BUILD A TOWER AS HIGH AS
POSSIBLE, MUST HAVE A DOORWAY FOR THE
PLASTIC DINOSAUR TO FIT THROUGH AND AN
ENCLOSED CEILING.
Fig 2: Irving, Mark, 07/03/2014
MATERIALS: SMALL MDF BLOCKS.
As a group we figured out how many blocks
high the dinosaur was, telling us how high
our door would need to be. Our group
discussed the possible shape and structure,
and after dismissing a square base, as we were not
sure how we would enclose the roof, and dismissing a
pyramid as that would not give us the height we
desired, we all agreed on a round cylindrical shape. We
began construction, creating that cohesive “bond” of
bricks by laying them via Stretcher bond, as this
creates the best bend strength (Boral). We left a space
for the doorway to fit and figured further up in our
construction we would be able to slowly bring the
bricks in closer till they eventually met.
As we reached about 7 bricks high we came to realise that a single layered wall would be very
unstable and could easily topple over. We needed a firm foundation for the tower to gain the
required height we wanted. Therefore, we began again, this time creating a double layered wall,
with that same bond however. However, we did aim in the future to slowly bring the bricks in, not
just to close the doorway but to allow us to enclose the roof also. We knew if we did this procedure
too early the tower wouldn’t reach the height we desired and wouldn’t have a stable base to sit
upon.
As we got higher we very slowly brought the entrance bricks closer together, inching them a few
millimetres inwards every new layer. We were easily able to slip a few individual bricks in the cracks
to finally join the doorway together. This needed to be strengthened above the doorway before we
could bring the bricks in to create our roof; therefore we made sure there were at least 10 layers of
bricks above the doorway, so it would not weaken under the above weight. The tower started
reaching higher and higher and we began to now slowly inch the bricks inwards in order to be able
to conceal the roof. As was done with the doorway, we slowly each row brought the bricks in, only
millimetres, to allow the cylinder to get smaller.
Time began to run out on us so we quickly worked to ensure our tower had a roof upon
it. This meant bringing the blocks in and getting it as high as possible. If time had not have been a
restraint, I believe the solid base of our structure would’ve allowed us to extend our tower to the
ceiling, however it became thin when we needed to create height and enclose the roof and this
section would not have been able to extend to the ceiling. By the end our tower reached to about
my chest and was incredibly stable because of the foundations we had created. The only reason it
became a thin tower was to get that roof on top that the brief had asked for, otherwise the thick
solid beginnings could’ve taken us to all sorts of heights.
OTHER GROUPS WORK
Other groups in the Constructing
Environments class took quite different
approaches. Some were similar to our group
in a round structure; others however chose
square foundations and aimed for high and
skinny. Some just went for the artistic
approach, however all stood up. The square
structure had an incredibly solid base, but as
the tower was tall and thin, it was vulnerable to the forces. The artistic structure looked quite weak
and fragile and didn’t quite get the height required or achieve a closed ceiling. And the structure of
similar stature to ours stood firm, creating height as well as a closed ceiling.
DEMOLITION
Our solid structure allowed us to pull of huge amounts of blocks without the structure collapsing,
literally like a game of Jenga, we were able to remove blocks from all areas and our structure still
stood up. We removed that whole outer wall and were left with another, thinner, but still quite
sturdy structure.
WEEK 2 14/03/2014
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
A building is a combination of a number of systems and
subsystems that must coordinate with one another as well as
with the building as a whole. These physical systems organise
the ordering and construction of a building. (Ching, Frances D.K,
Building Construction Illustrated, 2008)
Enclosure system- how you protect a building from the
elements.
Structural System - Frame, column & beam, mass
construction.
Service system- Anything providing amenity to the
building; electrical, mechanical, hydraulics
ENCLOSURE SYSTEM
Shell or envelope of a building, consisting of the roof, exterior
walls, windows and doors. (Ching, Frances D.K, Building
Construction Illustrated, 2008)
SERVICE SYSTEMS
Provide essential services to the building; water supply, sewage
disposal, heating and air-conditioning, electrical system controls,
vertical transportation systems (lifts), fire-fighting systems and
perhaps recycle and waste disposal systems. (Ching, Frances D.K,
Building Construction Illustrated, 2008)
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SOLID- Early buildings, mud, bricks, stone. Compression
arches.
SURFACE- Sydney Opera House.
SKELETAL- Frames, efficient.
MEMBRANE- Tension, shade sails, sports stadiums.
HYBRID- Structural frames covered in different
materials.
(Newton, Clare, Structural Systems and Forms, 14/03/2014)
Structural Systems:
Primary member- large beam which spans the shortest distance.
GLOSSARY
Structural Joint- Roller joints,
pin joints and fixed joints.
Stability- “A measure of the
ability of a structure to
withstand overturning,
sliding, buckling, or
collapsing.” (Retrieved from:
http://www.dictionaryofcons
truction.com/definition/stabil
ity.html)
Tension- The forces are
pulling away from a member.
(Retrieved from: (Retrieved
from
http://www.chegg.com/hom
ework-
help/definitions/tension-
compression-5)
Frame- Vertical and
horizontal members generally
put together to create a
larger supporting member.
(Retrieved from:
http://www.dictionaryofcons
truction.com/definition/fram
e.html)
Bracing- A member/s that
supports another structural
element to maintain its
position. (Retrieved from:
http://www.dictionaryofcons
truction.com/definition/brac
e.html)
Column- A usually, long
relatively slender supporting
member. Generally takes the
load from beams. (Retrieved
from:
http://www.dictionaryofcons
truction.com/definition/colu
mn.html)
Secondary member- Rafters, run perpendicular to primary member.
The more distance you cover with a beam the wider and heavier the beam needs to become, this
can cause issues of being too heavy. To overcome this you turn the beam into a truss to lighten it.
Considerations
Performance requirements- structural, fire resistance, comfort, protection from elements,
compatibility, easy maintenance.
Aesthetic qualities- proportion, colour, surface qualities.
Economic efficiencies- budget, affordability (initial cost and maintaining cost)
Environmental impacts- embodied energy, constructability efficiency.
(Newton, Clare, Structural Systems and Forms, 14/03/2014)
ESD= Environmental Sustainable Design
Examples:
Recyclability- Reduce, reuse, recycle.
Carbon footprint- Measure of greenhouse gases used.
Local materials
Thermal mass -Use of a material to store energy. Eg. Concrete slab.
Water harvesting -Collection and use of rain water.
Insulation
Wind energy
Solar power
Material efficiency
Night air purging - bringing outside air inside in the evening to remove
stale air
Newton, Clare, ESD and Selecting Materials, 14/03/2014
Structural joints
Every load must have a responding force of equal strength.
Roller joint- Only resists vertical forces
Pin joint- resists both vertical and horizontal
Fixed joint- Resists vertical, horizontal and rotational forces.
(Cantilever- one point of support. E.g. a tree or wing of a plane.
Embodied Energy= How much energy is in the item. Moving it, maintaining it,
running of it, getting rid of it.
Base Metals- Elemental (periodic) E.g. aluminium.
Alloy metals- Combinations. E.g. bronze= copper + zinc
Fig 3: Newton, Clare, Structural Connections,
14/03/2014
Aluminium is stronger than steel and lighter but is expensive and requires a lot of embodied energy.
CLASS TASK
DESCRIPTION: BUILD A TOWER OUT OF SELF-CUT BALSA WOOD STRIPS.
Using our 43 strips of balsa wood to develop the highest tower possible proved harder than first
thought. The balsa is flimsy and easily bent and snapped, this lead us to choose a triangle based
design that would allow us to have a sturdier structure and high structure.
As we had just learnt that day, trussing was an effective way of stabilising a building, thus we
implemented this into our design, to reduce those bends and snapping of the balsa. The use of
masking tape to join the balsa led to many difficulties also, it was heavy and difficult to use on such
small pieces of balsa, leading to breaks and messy joins. The base developed strongly, however as
we began to run out of balsa we came to realise the higher we got the more unstable it would
become after we triangulated the roof, leaving us not much room for movement.
In a last bid attempt to extend our
tower to the ceiling we created a
very long and very thin piece of
balsa which was stuck to the top of
our building and extended almost
to the ceiling. If we had not of
finished the base off so soon by
adding a triangular roof we may have been able to create a
sturdier structure that stood as high as it did as an actual
structure. In the end our structure did extend quite high but
officially the singular pieces of balsa don’t count as a
structure, next time a higher and sturdier foundation
would’ve enabled us to continue building a “structure” as
high as the thin balsa. The thin balsa also didn’t prove strong,
swaying in the slightest of movement. Out in the elements it
would’ve snapped off very quickly.
OTHER GROUPS
A common theme of most groups was the idea of
trussing their structures to strengthen them. The
group with thicker balsa was more successful in this.
The group with short and thick balsa however created
a very unstable structure that wouldn’t stand on the
floor.
WEEK 3 21/03/2014
ELEARNING
Structural Elements
Strut- carry load parallel to its long axis, this produces compression. E.g. column.
Tie- carry load parallel to its long axis, this produces tension. E.g. cables on bridge.
Beam- horizontal element carrying a vertical load, top in compression, top in tension.
Slab/plate- horizontal element carrying a vertical load, resisting the loads in both directions.
Panels- Carry vertical load. Transfers loads vertically.
Shear Diaphragm- act as a bracing system, prevents a building falling over.
You can also use triangulation and fixed joints to prevent a building from moving.
(Newton, 2014y)
Footings and Foundations
Foundation- Found at the bottom of buildings, the lowest part and a part of the substructure, they
transfer the building loads to the ground. These could also be said to be the Earth. It is important
that they’re designed to respond to variations in rock, soil and water below the ground, as well as
dead and live loads up above the ground.
Footings- The concrete you put in the ground, sitting on top of the foundations.
(Ching, 2008)
Footings and Foundations should allow the process of “settlement” to occur evenly.
Shallow footing- Used when the soil is stable.
Pad footings- Spread a point load over a wider area.
Strip footings- Spreads loads in a linear manner from walls or a series of columns.
Raft footings- Joins the individual strips together as a single mat, providing increased stability.
Deep foundations- Used when soil conditions are considered unstable, or for use on a high rise
building.
End bearing piles- extend the foundations down to rock or soil that provides greater support for the structure.
Friction piles- Use the resistance of the surrounding earth to support the structure.
(Newton, 2014j)
Mass Construction Materials
Stone
Earth- Mud brick
Clay- bricks.
Concrete
All the materials are strong in compression, however weak in tension. They’re good producers of
thermal mass and quite durable sturdy materials.
Mass Construction
MODULAR NON-MODULAR Clay brick Concrete Mud brick Rammed earth Concrete blocks Monolithic stone
(Newton, 2014o)
Masonry
Buildings generally made of various materials that can either be
natural or manufactured; mortar is typically the bonding agent.
BONDCOURSEJOINTMORTAR
Stone- slabs, ashlar blocks.
Earth- Mud Bricks
Clay- Bricks, honeycomb block.
Concrete- blocks, commons.
Construction:
-Walls
-Column/piers
-Beams/lintels
-Arches
-Vaults
-Domes
Newton, Clare, Masonry, 18/03/2014
GLOSSARY
Foundation- Lowest part of
the substructure, transfers
the loads of the building to
the ground.
Footing- Sits on top of the
foundations.
Expansion joints- allow room
for bricks to expand in the
structure.
Header face- Short side of a
brick
Stretcher face- Long side of a
brick
Tuck pointing-To mortar joins
with a fine ridge.
Perpend- Vertical joint.
Moment-
Retaining wall- A structural
wall holding back earth.
Slab on ground- Foundation
slab laid straight on the
ground.
Substructure- Structure
creating the foundation of a
construction.
Strip footing- strip of
concrete in a trench
reinforced with steel.
(abis.com.au, 1/04/2014)
Pad footing- Holes in the
ground with a reinforcement
cage and filled with concrete
to ground level. (abis.com.au,
1/04/2014)
BRICKS CONCRETE BLOCKS STONE
Bricks are primarily made of clay and come in a variation of colours and this is typically because of the way they are made. They can either be: -Extruded and wire cut -Machine moulded (pressed) -Handmade (convicts)
Concrete blocks are made from cement, sand, gravel and water. Colour and texture can be added to the blocks. The hollow areas of the block reduce the weight and increases insulation.
There are three types of stone and all with different qualities and uses: Igneous- Dense and hard, footings. (Granite and Basalt) Sedimentary- Softer and lighter, can damage easily. (Limestone and Sandstone) Metamorphic- Hard but costly. (Marble, slate)
PROPERTIES -Hard -Low flexibility -Durable -Poor conductor of heat -Medium density -Med-low porosity
PROPERTIES -Medium fragility -Very low flexibility -Very durable -Poor conductor of heat -Medium density -Medium porosity
PROPERTIES -Some are hard, some are soft. -Rigid -Very durable -Poor conductor of heat -Porosity depends on stone type
ON SITE –LAYED: -Stretcher course -Header course -Brick on edge course -Soldier course JOINTS -Mortar joins -Bed joins (Horizontal join) -Expansion joints- bricks expand over time, this allows for movement -Vertical join= perpend
ON SITE -Very cost effective -However the larger the blocks get the more labour intensive the work becomes. JOINTS -Movement joints, concrete shrinks over time.
ON SITE -Can be reused -Cost depends on labouring and scarcity. -Monolithic stones are difficult to transport. -Ashlar stones can be curved into smaller modules. -Rubble is used as they are found.
USES -Walls -Arches -Paving
USES -Walls -decorative walls
USES -Walls -Paving -Cladding -Aggregates
(Newton, 2014a)
(Newton, 2014d)
(Newton, 2014x)
Brick faces.
Stretcher= long face
Header= short face
LECTURE 3: OLYMPIC CONSTRUCTS, ALAN PERT.
The games were a catalyst for urban regeneration in East London and would generate the largest
new park for the city in over 100 years. The Olympic park was constructed on land which had been
neglected, brownfield, and it was unused and contaminated. The cost of moving the soil off the land
would have been far too much, instead the soil was “cleaned”. There was a lot of time and effort put
into the landscape of Olympic Park, the ability to reuse and recycle items, the ability for the park to
not only perform during the games but after the games were finished, unification and using less
embodied energy and more environmentally friendly materials (which Beijing failed to do). The
main stadium building needed to serve two purposes, facilitate 80,000 spectators during the game,
but reduce down to 25,000 after the games were completed. In order to do this the designers cut
the bowl into the land and all the connections were bolted, not welded, to make disassembly
quicker. Aesthetics played an important role in the engineering of the substation for Alan Pert as it
was placed in a community environment and is typically unsightly. He managed to design an
economically effective, sturdy, permanent structure, made of brick and concrete, that was
aesthetically pleasing as well as safe and secure. Alan Pert’s substation creation set a precedent for
future constructs in London.
WORKSHOP
ACTIVITY: CONSTRUCTION AND DESTRUCTION
Design and construct a structure that spans 1000mm out of specified materials using a range of
tools. The structure will then be tested for how much load it can endure until complete failure.
Materials: 2x 120mm plywood, 2x 120mm balsa wood, measuring tape, screws,
drill, saw and set squares.
Phoebe and I used our prior knowledge that triangles are in fact the strongest shape, with this in
mind we developed an idea involving trussing of our materials. We decided to use the thin pieces of
timber as the outer frame and the thicker pieces of plywood as the triangulations. We did not want
the structure to be too wide as it may lose it strength depending on how the weight was to be put
on it. The way we had designed our structure meant we needed to saw our plywood with a mitred
edge, which was more time consuming than first thought. The timber was placed vertically upright
because it took the most force this way.
The drill seemed, and proved, the quickest joining mechanism. However, we quickly realised drilling
holes right near the edge of a piece of wood resulted in splitting. Once all pieces were drilled we still
had some spare time and spare wood, so we added to end pieces just to firm up the structure of our
piece.
Our design proved difficult to place in the machine, and took the least amount of force
out of everyone’s designs. It withstood for quite a while but the thin wood started to
buckle and bend, eventually snapping in the area of one of our screws, the joins
proving to be a weaker place of support and our design had more joins than the
others. It deflected about 120mm and withstood roughly 40kg.
The span of our structure I believe was too large to withhold the type of force that was
given. Many of the other groups chose a smaller and denser structure which proved
much sturdier and had the ability to hold more force in a more even way. Our
structure may have proved more efficient had we have spaced our trusses closer together so the
weight distribution could have happened more evenly rather than on one single element of the
beam.
1200
200
200
OTHER GROUPS WORK
All groups approached
the task very
differently; the most
simplistic design
withstood the most
force of over 500kgs.
This group had simply
nailed together their
two pieces of pine
wood and added the
thin balsa to the sides. Their structure held the most
force and deflected around 150, the weak point of
their beam ended up being the joining point where
they had nailed the pieces together. The second
groups structure reflected a ladder made with pine
wood and strengthened in the centre with the balsa,
of similar span to ours, their structure held a fair bit
more weight than ours, around 400kgs and
deflecting at 140. Their weak point also proved to be
in the joinery area, like ours it involved many nails to
put together which proved to be the downfall of the
structure. However, in the end all the structures cam unstuck in the same way, snapping in places
where nails or screws had been placed, proving that the joins of a structure can end up being the
weakest points.
TUTORIAL
WALKING TOUR OF MELBOURNE UNI
1.
2.
4.
3.
5.
6.
7.
1: Framing system.
2: Framing floor system in which the
deck has been laid upon. Also steel
beams are supporting the structure
for extra strength.
3: In-sitc concrete, evident in the
fact it is chipping at bottom, not as
strong as pre-cast. And the effect of
the aggregate showing would have
been done in-sitc.
4:
5: An example of an expansion joint
in bricks, used to allow for the
movement of the expanding clay
bricks.
6: Examples of historical bluestone
used as footings in the buildings.
7: Weep holes indicate the floor
level on the ground floor but also of
the above floors. Weep holes allow
ventilation which reduces moisture
and dampness.
8. 9.
10. 11.
12. 13.
14.
8: The down pipe has been
incorporated into the structure of
the design and acts as an extra
support for the building.
9: Solid brick wall of basement, 6
bricks wide with the headers
evident. Tuck-pointing has been
used on the joins of these bricks
to make the joins appear very
thin.
10: In sitc concrete used in the
underground carpark, pre cast
concrete could not have formed
the shapes of the columns in
which the roots of the trees on
south lawn grow into.
11: The oldest area of campus
uses low bearing stone and
brickwork for their structures.
12: Vaults, the brick ceilings
needed support in order to stay
up there, the columns nearby
needed extra support, a buttress,
in order to stop the column
spreading from the load of the
bricks.
13. The Arts building truss, 25m
span, zinc roof. The wooden
beam is purely for decoration
because that steel is thick enough
to hold itself up without that
support.
14: Cement render made to
appear as if stone, brick wall lies
just behind it.
15. 16.
17. 18.
19. 20.
15 & 16: Appears the structure of
the stairs is held up by the steel
wires under tension; however the
structure is actually held up steel
down the bottom of the steps. The
steel is galvanised to protect it and
welded in the shop, for safety
reasons, but built in sitc. The wires
are more for decorative reasons, but
could also be preventing the stairs
from swinging around.
17 & 18: The Shade sail outside of
union house is a tensile structure.
The sail has been pulled extremely
tight and leads back to poles which
lean on an angle away from the sail,
to prevent these from just collapsing
in they are also pulled back by a
wire which is firmly cemented into
the ground with concrete.
19: The pool is a steel frame
structure, with glass sheets in
between.
20. The new architecture building
has a large overhang requiring long
steel beams which can support that
weight, they have been triangulated
to help strengthen the structure.
WEEK 4 28/03/2014
FLOOR AND FRAMING SYSTEMS
CONCRETE STEEL TIMBER
Slabs of various types that can span one way or two ways and spans between the structural supports.
The thickness of the slab is determined by the span divided by 30.
Systems can either use heavy gauge structural steel or light gauge steel framing.
Main beams= girders
Steel framing can be combined with concrete slabs.
Spanning capability of the material helps to determine the spacing of the supports.
Combinations of bearers (primary beam) and joists (secondary beam)
The span of the bearers determines the position of the stumps and the spacing of the bearers.
(Newton, 2014i)
CONCRETE
Cement mixed with water, binding the fine aggregate (sand) and coarse aggregate (gravel) to
make concrete.
1 part cement 2 part fine aggregate 4 parts coarse aggregate 0.4-0.5 part water
Recipe for concrete is extremely important, too much water can lead to weak concrete, too
little water can lead to unworkable concrete.
PROCESS Concrete Is fluid and shapeless before it hardens, requiring temporary supports to hold liquid until it sets, called formwork. These can be made of timber, metal, plastic etc. Wall formwork:
Spreaders
Formwork ties
Timber studs
Plywood sheathing
Sill plate
Bracing The formwork must be supported by props and bracing. -Concrete reaches 75% strength after 7 days Once concrete is hard enough the formwork is removed and can be reused.
PROPERTIES
Hardness- high
Fragility- low, can be chipped
Ductility- very low
Flexibility/Plasticity- both low
Porosity- medium, depends on additives
Density- Med-high.
Conductivity- poor conductor of heat and electricity
Durability- very durable
Reusability- med-low can be reused when crushed for new aggregate
Sustainability- high embodied energy, long lasting
Cost- generally cost affective, depends on labour.
FINISHES
Sand blasted
Expose aggregate
Raked finish
Mechanical hammered
Board marked
Board and batten
CONSIDERATIONS
Not completely waterproof.
Must prevent water seeping in so the structure doesn’t endure degradation.
(Newton, 2014c)
INSITU CONCRETE PRECAST CONCRETE
DESCRIPTION Any concrete that’s been poured into framework and cured on a building site.
Any concrete that has been developed in a controlled environment off site.
PROCESS Fabrication and assembly of formwork
Any required reinforcement
Pouring, vibration (to prevent air bubbles) and curing.
Once concrete is poured time is limited
Labour intensive
Fabricated in a controlled environment
Transported to site
More standardised outcome
Allows work on site to be much faster.
High level of quality
Limited in size by transport
USES Footings
Retaining walls
Non-standard structural elements
Can be sprayed into place for swimming pools and landscapes.
Structure of a building
Bridge or civil works
Panel elements
Retaining walls
Walls
Columns
JOINTS Construction joint- Divides construction into smaller, more manageable sections. Control Joint- Absorb the expansions and contractions, movement is controlled. BOTH JOINTS ARE POTENTIAL WEAK POINTS.
Construction joint- One precast element meets another. Structural joint- Precast element meeting another part of the structure. JOINTS CAN GREATLY DEPEND ON DESIRED AESTHETICS
(Newton, 2014m)
(Newton, 2014u)
The Pantheon
Roman temples were typically rectangular and dedicated to one god. The Pantheon however was
dedicated too all Gods and was a circular structure combining of three main elements:
- Portico
- Drum- brick faced concrete, 6.15m thick.
- Spherical dome- 43.2m diameter, making it the largest spanned concrete dome. Gets thinner
towards the top.
Footings have tougher aggregate (heavier) and the higher the
building goes the lighter the aggregate (bricks)
Roman concrete- very large aggregate packed together with
mortar base. Stone facings were organised in a pattern and
volcanic dirt used in cement as it was very strong.
(Hutson, 2014)
LECTURE 4- New Pavilion building at Melbourne University
Engineer: Many different engineering disciplines involved in the
Pavilion; mechanical systems, hydrolysis, electrical, ESD, acoustics
and structural. Engineer was involved in many of the structural
decisions within the building such as, ground level being concrete,
the above structure made of lightweight framing, making the
project as economical as possible, cladding elements of the
structure to express form.
Project manager: Represents faculty or department and makes
sure the clients brief is fulfilled and they are happy and satisfied.
They ensure the project comes in on time and on budget and is
involved in the project before the architect is, involved in the
tender and choice of professionals. The project manager closely
works with the client, evaluating budget, dealing with all their
wants and needs and mediating between the client and the
building site. Contingency money is important for the unexpected,
delays can happen, and in this case it set the project back 2
months, enduring delay costs from the builders.
Architect: The architect saw the existing structure that couldn’t be
touched as a bonus to work with; it did however add cost and
challenges. It is frowned upon to mimic an older building; instead
they dealt with the heritage using scale. There is a distinct step
between the old and the new. Worked hard to create a deeper
meaning into the spaces, particularly focusing on the entrance
onto the oval, celebrating the area in between. The Pavilion
building is considered a hybrid building; brick acts as a sound
barrier, fully glazed windows, chimney like structure is lightweight,
timber is warm and steel is used for its panning capabilities. 3D
computer imaging has sped up the whole design process, many
architects combine both hand and computer imaging.
It is very important for all disciplines to work together and
communication is the key.
GLOSSARY
KDHU- Kiln dried hardwood
Plan- Horizontal cut
through building looking
down, containing the
horizontal dimensions
Section- Vertical cut
through building showing
how that building is
constructed, containing
vertical dimensions
Span- Distance between
points of support.
Spacing- Distance between
joints, generally
determined by floor
spacing
Bondek- Steel floor framing
in which concrete is cast
into
Joist- Secondary member in
flooring
Bearer- Primary member in
flooring
Steel decking- cold form
corrugated metal, used to
support insulating
membrane of a roof.
(ehow.com, 1/04/2014)
Girder-A large principal
beam that supports
structural members at
isolated points, usually
made of steel but can be
wood or a combination.
(dictionaryofconstruction.c
om, 1/04/2014)
Concrete plank- Usually
precast, a flat beam use for
flooring
TUTORIAL
WEEK 5 04/04/2014
ELEARNING
WALL SYSTEMS
Structural frames
Concrete Timber Steel Use a grid column with concrete beams connecting the columns together.
Use a grid of timber posts or poles connected to timber beams. -bracing of members between bays at the corners of the post/beam junction is required to stabilise.
Use a grid of steel columns connected to steel girders and beams.
Load bearing walls
Concrete Stud Framing Solid Masonry -Insitu or precast. -May also provide support for spandrel panels Reinforced masonry: core filled hollow concrete blocks or grout filled cavity masonry. -Bond beams made of blocks used as alternative to lintels
-timber or metal, smaller sections of framing timber or light gauge framing steel to meet structural demands of the construction. -Noggins prevent buckling CONSISTS OF -Top plate -Bottom plate -Noggin -Stud -Cross bracing -Ply bracing Brick veneer- one skin of non- structural masonry and one structural wall frame.
Concrete masonry - tied together with brick on side or wall tied. -steel lintels over openings. Cavity Masonry- -Two skins of masonry -Better thermal performance -Better waterproofing -Can run services through cavity wall
(Newton, 2014y)
GLOSSARY
Stud- Vertical member of
stud framing
Noggin- Horizontal
member of stud framing
Lintel- Horizontal member
of opening
Axial Load- Load applied
down axis
Buckling- The action of
collapsing under pressure
or stress.
(buckling.askdefine.com,
14/04/2014)
Seasoned Timber- Dried to
about 15% moisture
Unseasoned Timber-
Straight from the mill
containing moisture.
WOOD TO TIMBER
Early wood- lighter colour, rapid initial growth.
Late wood- slower growth, limited by lack of colour.
Growth= one ring per year.
Structural performance dominated by grain direction
- Parallel= strong and stiff
- Perpendicular= weaker
Seasoning (drying)- moisture removed from cells and cell walls
- Air drying: 6mths- 2yrs
- Kiln drying: 20-40hrs (12% dry)
- Solar Kilns- less expensive
SOFTWOODS HARDWOODS
Radiated pine Victorian Ash
Cypress pine Brown Box
Hoop Pine Spotted gum
Douglas Fir Jarrah
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
QUARTER SAWN -across rings
-Good grain -Good wearing for floors and furniture -Less cupping and warp
-Slower seasoning -Nailing on face more prone to splitting
BACK SAWN -rings parallel
-Seasons more rapidly -Less prone to splitting
Shrinks more when drying -more likely to warp and cup
RADIAL SAWN -face is radial cut
-Dimensional stability -Less prone to warp -Less wastage at mill
-More difficult to detail -More difficult to stack.
(Newton, 2014k)
TIMBER PROPERTIES AND CONSIDERATIONS
Hardness Medium to low
Fragility Medium to low (won’t shatter) Ductility Low, green state is higher Flexibility/ Plasticity High flexibility- medium plasticity Porosity/Permeability High Density Extremely varied Conductivity Poor conductors of heat and electricity Durability Can be very durable- depending on type and
seasoning Reuse/Recyclability Very high, second hand timber is desirable for
many people Sustainability/ Carbon footprint Low embodied energy Cost Generally cost effective Considerations - Size
- Strength grade - Treatment - Availability - Knots (weak points) - Durability- protection against water,
heat, insects.
(Newton,2014z)
ENGINEERED TIMBER PRODUCTS
LVL GLULAM CLT PLYWOOD MDF CHIPBOARD
-Laminated veener lumber -Structural
-Glue laminated timber -structural
-Cross laminated timber -Structural panels
-Structural bracing -Structural flooring -Formworks -Joinery -Marine applications
-Medium density fibreboard -Non-structural elements, joinery.
-Plus strandboard -Structural systems (flooring) -Cladding finish
(Newton, 2014g)
TIMBER BEAMS
FRANK GHERY’S HOUSE: AN EXPLORATION OF WRAPPING
Dr Hannah Lewi
- Ghery used everyday materials- chain link, cardboard, metal sheet, lightweight objects.
- Old house remained in-tact and the new house acted as the “wrapping”
Wrapping Collisions and Fragments
Under construction
- Wrapping building was exploration of what local materials could do.
- Blended in
- Collage - Forms twist and burst
through
- Unfinished business - Reflected chaos of
family life - Caused huge reaction
with residents attempting to sue, labelling it “cheapskate architecture”
(Lewi,2014)
TUTORIAL
COLUMNS- Vertical elements that transfer horizontal loads to foundations.
SHORT LONG
- Fail by crushing - Ratio of column length to the smallest
section is less than 12:1 - Compressive strength= load/area - If load is too big, cross sectional area
needs to be increased. - Expensive
- Fail by buckling - Ratio of the column length to the
smallest section is greater than 1:12
- Efficient use of materials - Length of columns and how they
are fixed at the top and bottom determines how they will buckle and how much load they can take.
BUCKLING PIN JOINT- Buckles entire span FIXED JOINT- Buckles in middle, point of counter flexia. PIN & FIXED- 0.7 buckling MID-SUPPORT- Strongest and least amount of buckling.
PLYWOOD
Layers of timber laminated together
(engineered).
- Timber is strong in one
direction
- Weakest along grain
- Strong across grain
- Knots good in compression, bad in tension
- Strength of ply comes from alternate directions of sheets.
- Used for structural bracing.
-
BRICK VENEER WALLS
Brick skin with timber stud walls (with
cavity).
DPC- Plastic coated aluminium,
preventing moisture in brick walls. Used
in masonry walls.
- Water from above= falling
damp
- Water from below= rising
damp.
TASK
In groups of 3-5 students construct a
model of an assigned area of the
Oval Pavilion out of a variety of
materials. The area assigned to us
was a section of the front veranda
area.
Materials:
- Balsa sheets
- Balsa sticks
- Masking tape
- PVA
- Stanley knife
- Cutting board
- Scale rulers
- Foam board
Our group struggled from the very
start, finding it difficult to
decipher where exactly we were
building and dealing with the scale
of the structure, which was 1:20.
As a group we divided the task to
allow two people to tackle the
main structure and two people to
tackle the main truss, using the
scale ruler to get our dimensions.
We used the Stanley knife to cut the balsa for the timber that
was required to span a large distance and used the shorter balsa sticks to construct the columns for
the support.
The joining of the balsa to balsa as well as balsa to foamboard proved
difficult. The balsa to balsa connection were done using masking tape,
however balsa being flimsy as it is subject to snapping which meant we
needed to extremely careful. We required fixed joints to keep the
structure sturdy and stable. Connecting the balsa columns to the foam
board base proved even harder, as limited time meant we couldn’t
allow for the glue to dry and in the end our whole structure kept
collapsing. Due to confusion within the group of how to construct the
main truss we actually failed to finish our construction. We found it
incredibly hard reading the plans, as it was all very foreign to us.
OTHER GROUPS WORK
Many of the other groups
suffered similar problems to
ours, struggling to interpret
the working drawings and put
it into a smaller model. One
group, constructing the other
half of the veranda area,
managed to put together the
main truss, which we failed to
do, however not to the
correct scale. As we learn
more about the drawings and
elements we may be able to
construct a much more
cohesive structure.
LECTURE 5- Materials and construction in the new ABP Building.
Peter Ashford
Basement construction- Insitu concrete
Excavation
- Retention system
- Steel reinforcing cages, board piers in the ground with further reinforcement tied to top of
board piers.
- Drainage crucial
- Sprayed concrete (sticky)
- Precast walls for lecture theatre, columns, walls for stairwell
- Steel reinforcement mesh to prevent cracking of slab.
Pad Footings
- Enforcer bars provide structural connection between footing and column.
- Insitu
Precast walls and columns
- Cast flat and lifted vertically
- Steel formwork, elements cast in to allow structural connections.
- Must be braced and propped
- Delivery can be difficult
Precast Façade
- Some polished, grinded away.
- All floors contain precast concrete on the outside
- Polished concrete propped and not part of the structure.
- All windows at different recesses.
Structural steel- Mostly in roof, structural steel holding roof and light galvanised steel over top.
Cantilever
- 3 storey high, 12m out from building.
- Big diagonal beam takes load- 150 tonne, transfers load through slab.
- Building must be up before cantilever.
- Built 15mm higher because engineers knew it would drop 15mm from weight.
Hanging studio- built from bottom, lightweight, with plywood floor.
Y-stairs and walkways- fabricated from steel off site that was put together on site, walkways hang on
tension rods.
LVL roof beams
- Like plywood, laminations run in one direction.
- Coffer framing- all different shapes.
- Glazed roof over the top of LVL beams
- Bolts connect timber beam and steel column.
- 8 beams- 2 holding hanging studio are steel trussed but clad to look like LVL.
Glazed atrium roof- 18 pieces of glass, 11.5 tonne, 21 metres long. Triple glass, requiring lifting
frame.
WEEK 6 11/04/2014
ELEARNING
Spanning and enclosing spaces
ROOFS
Concrete -Flat plates of reinforced concrete -Sloped toward drainage points -Requires waterproof membrane
Structural Steel framed FLAT -Primary & secondary roof beams for heavier roofs -Roof beams and purlins for lighter sheet metal roofing SLOPING -Roof beams and purlins for lighter sheet metal roofing PORTAL FRAMES -Braced rigid frames (2 columns and a beam) with purlins for the roof and grit for the walls. -Roof and walls finished in sheet metal. -Tapering takes more time.
Trussed Framed roofs constructed from a series of open web type steel or timber element. -Steel or timber components -Span long distances -Shape and material is determined by the roofing material and functional requirements of the roof SPACE FRAMES (3D TRUSSES) -Span in 2 directions -Steel sections of various cross sections; welded, bolted or threaded together to form matrix-like structures.
Light framed GABLE ROOFS -Vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both end of the roof. -Common rafters, ridge beams and ceiling joists. -Roof overhang= use of outriggers across gable. -Materials= timber, cold formed steel sections and sometimes heavier steels
Hip roof -Vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof. -Common rafters, hip rafters, valley rafters, jack rafters, ridge beams and ceiling joists. -Materials= timber, cold formed steel sections.
(Newton, 2014v)
METALS
Metal atoms- malleable, ductile, not brittle
TYPES
- Alloys: two or more metals
- Non Ferrous: All other metals (more expensive)
- Ferrous: Iron, relatively cheap.
Hardness Fragility Ductility Flexibility Porosity Density Conductivity Durability Reus-ability
Sustainability
Varied. Gold= Hardest Lead= softest
Low High Medium. High when heated
Mostly impermeable
High Good conductors of heat and electricity.
Depends on type but can be.
High Can have high embodied energy.
(Newton, 2014p)
SPANNING SPACES
Architecture= enclosing spaces.
How to span a space was a technical problem of early architecture.
ARCH
- Used in brick first
- Only fails by distortion
- Has to be supported whilst under construction
- Spanning- leaning arch relies on friction
- Doesn’t require formwork.
HATTUSAS
- Carried column
- First large interior space of its kind.
Hall of one hundred columns, Persepolis- Columnar halls.
Spanning Geographical space
- Pont-du-Gard- Romans had concrete.
Monolithic arch- arch shapes cut into stone, weakening the building but an attempt to copy roman
architecture.
(Lewis,2014)
FERROUS METALS NON FERROUS METALS
IRON -Magnetic, very reactive, good compressive strength
ALUMINIUM -Light -Easily formed, machined and cast -Expensive in cost and energy -Common for window frames, door handles, cladding panels -Self protective -Powder coating and anodisation.
WROUGHT IRON -Heated and hammered to shape. -Used less in modern days
COPPER -Conducts electricity- electrical wiring -Very malleable and ductile -Good conductor of heat -Found in pure form -Roofing material- changes to green -Hot and cold domestic water and heating pipework.
CAST IRON -Melted, poured into moulds. -High compressive strength
ZINC -Expensive cladding system -Used to galvanise steel, thin layer painted on -Bluish white -Brittle in ambient temperatures, malleable at 100C-150C -Reasonable conductor of electricity
ALLOY- STEEL -Iron and carbon -Different proportions and combinations result in different types of steel with different properties. -Strong -Transfers heat and electricity -Formed into different shapes -Long lasting
LEAD -Roofs, cornices, tank linings and flashing strips for waterproofing- all in the past, can be toxic -Bluish white, soft, highly malleable, ductile, relatively poor conductor of electricity -Resistant to corrosion
STRUCTURAL STEEL -Framing, columns, beams, purlins, stud frames. HOT ROLLED -Shaped while metal is hot -more material required -primary structural elements -protected by coating
TIN -Rare (decorative) -Was used in building for lining lead pipes or occasionally as protective covering for iron plates and small gas pipes/tubing. -Silvery-white
GLOSSARY
Rafter- Basic member
that span the
construction
Eave- Roof member
overhang that gives
protection
Purlin- Metal rafters
Cantilever- Member
with one mode of
support
Alloy- Combination of
two base metals.
Soffit- Underside of
eaves- cladded in
cement sheet or timber
batons can also be both.
Top chord- Top and
bottom member of
trusses, generally metal
trusses
Portal frame- Knee has
rigid joints, warehouses.
Rigid frames generally
made of steel.
Irving, Mark. Tutorial 6,
11/04/2014
(galvanised) -joints welded or bolted. COLD FORMED -Elements folded from sheets that have been produced and cooled. -Secondary structure -protected by galvanising -Joints bolted or screwed.
-Malleable and somewhat ductile. -Crystalline structure -Attacked by strong acids -Resists water.
STEEL SHEETING -Cladding and roofing -must be protected from weather, either paint or galvanising.
TITANIUM -Occasionally cladding -Expensive -Durable -Excellent corrosion resistance.
STAINLESS STEEL ALLOYS -Chromium -Coils, sheets, plates, bars, wire and tubing. -Harsh environments -Very rarely used as primary structure
BRONZE -Bearings, clips, electrical connectors and springs. -Alloy of copper and tin -Corrosion resistant -Hard
BRASS -Element where friction is required -Locks, gears, screws, valves -Malleable -Low melting point
(Newton, 2014h) (Newton, 2014q) ROOF SYSTEMS
The roof system is the primary shelter for
a construction and must be structurally
sound to span the space and carry its own
weight as well as the weight of attached
equipment and built up precipitation. The
gravity loads for a building originate with
the roof system, its structural layout needs
to correspond with the columns and load
bearing walls to allow the force to be
evenly distributed down the structure to
the foundation system. (Ching, Frances
D.K. Building Constructed Illustrated, 2008)
ROOF SLOPES SLOPING FLAT
-Low slope or medium to high -The roof slope affects the choice of roofing material, the underlayment and eave flushing. -Dispel rainwater easily to gutters -The space under a sloping roof can be used MAY CONSIST OF: -Wood or steel rafters -Timber or steel beams, purlins and decking -Timber or steel trusses
-Require continuous waterproof membrane -Must have slight roof slope to allow drainage to gutters. -Can serve as a useable outdoor space MAY CONSIST OF: -Reinforced concrete slabs -Flat timber or steel trusses -Timber or steel beams and decking -Weed or steel joists and sheathing (Ching, 2008)
TUTORIAL
Tiles- Terracotta or slate, pitches greater than fifteen degrees to allow water to drain away. Steel- Iron and Carbon, iron alone is brittle, adding carbon to add ductility.
- Formed into UB, IB, CHB - Not easy to cut and change on site.
CFC- Compressed fibre cement- cellulous fibres FC- Fibre cement
- Wet areas - Relatively cheap - Cladding material - Sheet can be used for flooring or cladding - Tongue for joining.
FRAMING MATERIALS
TIMBER STEEL
PRIMARY MEMBER Floor- bearer Roof- rigid beam Manufactured timber
Beam Hot rolled- UB, UC
SECONDARY MEMBER Floor- joist Roof- rafters Pine F5
Purlins Cold formed- C, Z
*Primary members span the shortest length. Secondary members span perpendicular.
ROOFS
Small Module- minimum pitch 15 degrees.
- Timber shingle
- Terracotta tile
- Concrete tile
- Slate
Long sheet- metal
- Steel (cheapest)
- Copper
- Aluminium
- Zinc
Galvanising (protective coating)
All steel that is exposed to the elements must be protected.
- Galvanic series base metals- aluminium, zinc, iron, copper.
Built up roof- Flat roof
*Pitch of roof is governed by material you use.
- Concrete, needs waterproof membrane and protective layer over membrane
- Expensive and heavy
- Terraces and plants
- Lightweight can be done- cfc.
Where the screws are drilled can be
an access point for water, meaning
the screws are generally screwed in
the crest area.
CLASS PRESENTATIONS
Cardigan Street, Carlton Alfred Street, Prahran
- Three story townhouse - ICF WALLS: polystyrene blocks act as
formwork for which concrete is poured in between two skins.
- Energy efficient - Sound absorption - Fire protected - Malthoid- waterproof material, under roof
and building. - Window extruded aluminium, moulded plastic - Joist hangers allow rigid joints and are made
of galvanised steel - 3metres of concrete in single pour - Fire rating high - Steel rods placed into the concrete for further
reinforcement/ - Triangular framing - Open web floor trusses - Softwood pine timber frame
- Load bearing bricks, two story duplex.
- Pressed brick, concrete footings - Masonry wall - Double brick cavity - Old hardwood timber - Trench mesh in slab. - PVC Sewage - Screwpiles - All services installed before slab-
sewage and water need to be underneath slab.
- Pine timber frame.
LECTURE
Dermot McGeown- Property manager
Property development
- Space creation
- Profits made or lost
- Capitalising opportunity
- Knowing the product, market and marketing
- Achieving set outcomes
- Understand land use and potential
- Understanding planning and permissions.
- Social systemPolitical systemEnterprise system
Successful development
- Location
- Market timing
- Financial staying power
- Control of construction costs
- Manage risks
Bates Smart- Roger Poole
171 Collins street- BHP BILITAN
- Tight on site- more people, less land
- Height limited by planning regulations
- 1500 metres squared floor plate
- Glass front stairs- encourage people to utilise the stairs.
- Building fits into landscape of the area
35 Spring street
- 5 basements
- 250 apartments- sold very quickly
- “Frame” views
- Balancing internal and external
- Interest of layers, interest of city= complicated balance
- Relationships are fundamental to what you design
- All about where you put the money
Royal Children’s Hospital
- 4000 rooms, global benchmark
- Hospital in the park
- After 25 years handing it back over to the state
- Property transaction
Peter Suffren
- Team work
- Guaranteed maximum price- value for money
- Lump sum tendering- doesn’t work
- If architect and builders don’t work together they cannot go to developer looking for more
money for the project.
- “Forte”- Made of timber (renewable resource, incredibly quick), screw fixed, pre grooved
and imported timber.
- Quicker make quicker sales quicker returns
WEEK 7 18/04/2014
ELEARNING
DETAILING FOR HEAT AND MOISTURE
- Basements need to be tanked
(waterproof membrane)
- Double skin walls, cavity walls,
best for waterproofing.
- Box gutters drain outside of
building reducing risk of incidents
inside of building
- Eaves protect a building and
reduce likelihood of water tracking
backwards to the building.
- Material joining areas are high risk areas for water to
penetrate.
For water to penetrate:
An opening Remove opening: -SEALANTS- Silicone -GASKETS- Artificial rubber These need to be updated and replaced as they age.
Water present at opening Keep water from opening: -GUTTERS- Collects water -DOWNPIPES- Discharges water -STORMWATER SYSTEMS -OVERLAPPING ROOFING AND CLADDING -SLOPING WINDOW SILLS AND FLASHING
Force to run water through opening Neutralise the forces that move water through openings: -GRAVITY- Slopes and overlaps -SURFACE TENSION & CAPILLARY ACTION- drip or break between
GLOSSARY
Drip- Prevents water clinging to
the underside of an opening,
neutralises the force of surface
tension and capillary action.
(Newton, 2014f)
Vapour barrier- A plastic
membrane laid under a slab to
improve performance against
rising damp from the soil. (2006,
retrieved from
www.buildingscience.com/docu
ments/digests/bsd-106-
understanding-vapour-barriers)
Gutter- A channel at the edge of
a roof that collects and carries
away rainwater.
Parapet- A low protective wall or
railing along the edge of a raised
structure like a roof or balcony.
(2014 retrieved from
http://www.thefreedictionary.co
m)
Down pipe- A pipe that carries
water from the roof to a drain or
to ground level
Flashing- A strip of metal used to
stop water penetrating the
junction of a roof with another
surface. (2014 retrieved from
http://www.dictionary.com/defi
nition/flashing)
Insulation- Process of keeping
heat, sound or electricity from
spreading. (2014 retrieved from
http://www.dictionary.com/defi
ntion/insulation)
Sealant- A material that can
make things air tight and water
resistant (2014, retrieved from
www.dictionary.com/definition/
sealant)
surfaces to prevent clinging to underside. -MOMENTUM- Gaps constructed in more complex labyrinth shapes which deflects the water. -AIR PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL- Air barrier on internal side creates Pressure Equalisation Chamber (PEC)
*Removing one of these factors will stop water from entering, removing two is even
better in case one fails.
Openings
Planned Unplanned
- Windows - Doors - Skylights
- Poor construction workmanship - Deterioration of materials
Controlling Heat
- Heat is conducted through building envelope, which is subjected to radiant heat and the
thermal mass of the building regulates flow of heat.
THERMAL INSULATION THERMAL BREAKS DOUBLE GLAZING
Reduces heat conduction Low conductivity when using materials known for being highly conductive.
Air spaces between panes of glass reduce the flow of heat.
Solutions:
RADIATION THERMAL MASS AIR LEAKAGE
- Reflective surfaces - Shading systems-
verandas, vegetation
Captures warmth, when temp drops the stored heat is slowly released.
- Materials: Masonry, concrete and water bodies.
- Opening - Air at opening - Force at opening - Wrap in a reflective foil
(sarking) to provide an air barrier weather stripping around doors and windows
(Newton, 2014f)
RUBBER
NATURAL SYNTHETIC
Rubber tree - Seals - Gaskets - Flooring - Insulation - Hosing and piping
Petrochemical, made in laboratory - EPDM (Gaskets and control joints) - Neoprene (control joints) - Silicone (seals)
Hardness Varies. Harder rubbers prevent erosion, softer rubbers provide better seals.
Fragility Low, doesn’t shatter or break, however if heavily weathered it could be higher.
Ductility High when heated, varied when cold. Flexibility/ Plasticity High Porosity/ permeability Waterproof Density 1.5 times denser than water Conductivity Poor conductor of heat and electricity Durability Can be very durable, varies Reusability/Recyclability High Sustainability Embodied energy varies greatly Cost Generally very cost effective Considerations - Weather related damage
- Avoid or minimise sun exposure.
(Newton, 2014w)
PLASTICS
- Able to be moulded: Carbon, silicone, hydrogen, oxygen.
THERMOPLASTICS THERMOSETTING ELASTOMERS
- Mouldable when heated and become solid when cooled.
- Polyethylene - Polymethyl
methacrylate - Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC,
Vinyl) - Polycarbonate (roofing)
- Only shaped once - Melamide
Formaldehyde (laminex)- finishing surfaces
- Polystyrene- insulation panels
- Synthetic rubber - EPDM - Neoprene - Silicone
Hardness Med- Low
Fragility Low-med, some degrade in sunlight Ductility High (heated) Flexibility High
Porosity/Permeability Most waterproof Density Low Conductivity Poor conductors of heat and electricity Durability Can be, varies Reusability High for thermoplastics and elastomers, limited
for Elastomers. Sustainability Embodied energy varies
Cost Generally cost effective Considerations - Weather related damage (sunlight)
- Protection and management (expansion and contraction)
(Newton, 2014t)
PAINTS
- Begins as a liquid, thin layer applied to a surface turns into a solid when in contact with air.
- Protects and colours a particular element
- Clear paints are called lacquers or varnishes.
OIL BASED WATER BASED
Not water soluable Most common High gloss finish Durable and flexible
Tools and brushes can be cleaned with water
PROPERTIES
COLOUR CONSISTENCY Needs to resist fading, red dyes are less stable in the sunlight.
DURABILITY Paint can generally only be as good as the surface on which they are painted.
- Powder coating and PVF2 are more durable modern ways to paint.
GLOSS Surface finishes from matte to gloss FLEXIBILITY/PLASTICITY Water based latex paints more flexible than oil.
(Newton, 2014s)
WEEK 8 2/05/2014
ELEARNING
Doors
ALUMINIUM DOORS & FRAMES
STEEL DOORS AND FRAMES
- Offices and commercial
- Work from the manufacturers range
- Sliding and swinging - Fly screens can easily
be added
- Used in combination with other materials, generally a steel frame with a wood door.
- Good for security purposes- tough.
Windows
ALUMINIUM STEEL
- Domestic - Most commonly
commercial
- Finer and flatter than aluminium
- Expensive - Steel loses heat
CURTAIN WALLS- A window system that is part of the concrete
structure and carries its own load. Force generally needs to be carried
around the windows.
(Newton, 2014r)
GLASS
- Formed from Silica
FORMERS FLUXES STABILISERS
- Any chemical compound that can be melted and cooled into glass.
- Silica
- Help formers to melt at lower and more practical temperatures
- Soda Ash - Lithium - Carbonate
- Combine with formers and fluxes to keep the finished glass from dissolving or crumbling’Limestone
- Alumina - Magnesia
PROPERTIES
Porosity Non porous/ waterproof
Density Med-High. Denser than concrete
Conductivity Transmits heat and light but no electricity
Hardness High, can be scratched Fragility Generally high depending
on type Ductility Very low Flexibility/ Plasticity Very high flexibility and
plasticity when in molten form.
Durability/Lifespan Typically very durable Reusability/Recyclability Very high Sustainability/ Carbon footprint High embodied energy and
carbon footprint but ease of recycling makes it popular sustainable product
Cost Gnerally expensive to produce and transport
(Newton, 2014l)
TYPES AND MANUFACTURE
Flat Clear Tinted
- Reduce visible light transfer Laminated
- Tough, plastic interlayer (PVB) is bonded together between two glass panes
- Improves security and safety - Fragments adhere to p;astic rather
than falling away Tempered
- Heating ordinary glass to a higher temperature which it begins to soften then very quickly quenching it to create a state of high compression in the glass
- Building strength increased - Breaks into small pellet shaped
pieces - Ideal for highly exposed situations
or when the sizes required are large
Wired
GLOSSARY
Window Sash- Frame
inside a window,
members for moving
part of window
Deflection- The amount
a column moves when a
point load is applied.
Moment of inertia-
Rotational stress
Door furniture- Handles
and locks. Hardware is
the hinge and bolts etc.
Stress- Occur when a
load is applied to a
material.
Shear force- The force
that is trying to rip the
material apart.
Irving, Mark. In personal
conference, 2/05/2014
- Similar to laminated but uses wire mesh
Shaped Patterned - Rolled glass, good for privacy
Curved - Moulded and expensive
Blocks Channels
- Façade system Slumped and formed
- Design features Tubes
Fibres - Hair like strands - Telecommunications
Photovoltaic - Integrates solar cells
Float Most common glass production process in the world
- Cheap and simple - Low risk, low cost - Breaks into sharp and dangerous
shards Double and triple
glazed
- Reduced heat loss in winter - Low-e double glazing= absorbs
more radiant energy (Summer)
(Newton, 2014l)
GLASS SKINS
As time progressed windows dissapeared and changed from something that enables light into a
building encolsure to becoming the building enclosure.
- Glass involves silica, sand, controlled cooling.
- An insulator and transmittor of light.
- Natural glass only occurs through intense heat
Glass= Sand + Soda+ Lime
19th century
- Architectural glass hand blown
- Blowing, casting, cutting and colouring
- Limited by size and quality
- Wood frames a dominant feature
20th century
- Machines producing glass
- Diffused into a wide array of products
- Frames reduced to point supports
- Windows have become a glazing system
- Cheaper more systematic way to join the building
Glass is the modulator of sunlight
- Relationship with the sun shapes our design
- Sun was to be avoided in the 1890s, however in the 1990s the sun was
celebrated and the relationship became more complex.
Glass buildings used to require a lot of heating and cooling
- Discovered the potential to harness energy of the sun
- Glass interface between inside and outside
- Captures the natural world and brings it inside.
- Glass is the carrier of meaning and technical materials.
(Sadar, 2014)
TUTORIAL
Double glazing
- Increases thermal
resistance
- Very good sound
insulator too if
vacuum sealed
- Stops med-high
frequency sounds.
- Low frequency sounds
stopped through mass
Diffuse light- even light, bounced off things, not intense
Direct light- In Summer it’s a heat gain however, it is good in winter.
3 strategies for keeping moisture from entering a building
Minimise openings Keep water away from opening
Neutralise the forces that move water through openings
A building can’t have no windows or doors so it is difficult to minimise these sorts of openings.
Gutters - Eaves gutter- On the
edge of the eaves. Back edge of the gutter higher than the front edge to take overflow away from building
- Box gutter- Concealed behind parapet
Sealant or caulking
Forces considered - Gravity - Wind - Momentum - Surface tension and
capillary action - Air pressure
differential. Cavity
- Prevents water
- Fills a hole, can’t be too big or may break.
- Silicon
penetrating inner skin - Stops the tendency of
pressure of outside water being sucked into building.
Ground water - DPC: Damp proof
course stops water from being sucked up (capillary action)
- Placed underneath concrete slab.
GLASS
Glass is rolled and can be very different thicknesses
Safety glass
- Laminated glass
- Two pieces of glass glued together with a film
- Film holds two pieces together if it breaks
- Could be fit Insitu if needed
Toughened glass
- Heated more meaning it is solid
- More embodied energy
- Shatters into tiny pieces
- Cannot process on site
- Must be the right size
Laminated Toughened glass
- Two pieces of toughened glass glued together
- The strongest type of glass
Seraphic glass
- Colour back
- Glass splashbacks
Anneal glass
- When it breaks it shatters and can be quite dangerous.
Curtain walls
- Glass clad
- Vision panels
- Spandrel for where the concrete slab lies on a high rise building so you cannot see the slab.
TASK
Recreate the drawing allocated to you of a section of
the Oval Pavillion at full size scale on a piece of A1
paper. My drawing was a glass wall cut out starting
from the slab which had fixed glazed glass and an RHS.
WEEK 9 9/05/2014
ELEARNING
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Monolithic
- Single material
- Materials combined so that components are indistinguishable.
E.g. metal alloys
Composite Two or more materials are combined in such a way that individual materials remain easily distinguishable.
1. Combination of two or more materials which differ in
composition or form
2. Remain bonded together
3. Retain their identities and properties
4. Act together to provide improved specific or synergistic
characteristics not obtainable by any of the original components
acting alone.
- Laminate
- Fibrous
- Particulate
- Hybrid
Made from Common forms
Common uses
Benefits
Fibre Reinforced cement
Cellulose (or glass) fibres. Portland cement; sand and water
Sheet and board products and shaped products
Exterior or interior wet areas
- Doesn’t burn - Resistance to
water, termite damage, rotting and warping
- Relatively inexpensive
Fibreglass Mixture of glass fibres and epoxy resins
Flat and profiled sheet products and shaped products
Water tanks Baths Swimming pools Wall cladding
- Fire resistant - Waterproof - Light weight - Strong
Aluminium Sheet composites
Aluminium and plastic
Plastic core of phenolic resin lined
Feature cladding material in interior and
- Seamless details
- Less aluminium means light
GLOSSARY
Sandwich Panel-
Plastic core and two
thin aluminium
sheets bonded to
the outside, a
composite material.
Bending- External
force applied to the
element causing
internal stress and
the element to
distort (bend).
(Ching, 2008)
Skirting- Piece of
material that covers
the bottom of the
wall to blend the
wall and the floor.
Composite Beam-
generally a timber
composite
combine’s timber
either solid or
engineered, with
galvanised pressed
steel.
Shadow line joint- A
recessed joint, does
not blend the two
walls together but
leaves a small
recessed area.
Cornice- Blends
walls together
with two external skins of thin aluminium sheet.
exterior locations
weight - Less expensive - Weather
resistant - Unbreakable - Shock resistant
Timber composites
Combinations of solid timber, engineered timber and galvanised pressed steel.
Timber top and bottom chord with galvanised steel or engineered board/ plywood webs.
Beams (Floor joists and roof rafters) and trusses
- Minimum amount of material used for maximum efficiency
- Cost effective - Easy to install - Easy to
accommodate services
Free reinforced polymers
Polymers (plastics) with glass, timber or carbon fibres.
Moulded or pultrusian processed products
Decking (and external cladding) Structural elements such as beams and columns Public pedestrian bridges using glass or carbon fibres Carbon fibre reinforced polymer rebar
- High strength FRP with glass or carbon fibre reinforcements provide a strength to weight ratio greater than steel
- Corrosion resistant
(Newton, 2014B)
Joint Sealants
Joint sealants must be durable, resilient and have cohesive and
adhesive strength, these properties will help to provide an
effective seal against water and air.
- Low range sealants: Caulking, Oil based or acrylic
compounds.
- Medium range sealants: used for nonworking,
mechanically fastened joints, made from butyl rubber,
acrylic or neoprene compounds.
- High range sealants: Used for working joints subject to a significant amount of
movement, such as those in curtain. Made from polymercaptans,
polysulfide’s, polyurethanes and silicones.
Ching, 2008
Movement Joints
In response to changes in temperature, building materials expand and contract. Some
swell and shrink with moisture differentiation and others deflect under a load. Joints
must allow for this movement to happen without cracking or compromising their
structure.
Expansion joints Control joints Isolation joints
Continuous slots constructed between two parts of a building allowing thermal and moisture expansion to occur
Continuous grooves in concrete slabs and masonry which regulates the amount of cracking that can occur.
Divides a large structure into sections so that movement can occur between the two parts.
(Ching, 2008)
Construction Detailing
How materials are put together- Considerations
Joints Health and Safety
Ageing Gracefully
Repairable Surfaces Cleanable Surfaces
Maintenance Access
Constructability
Movement Joints
Part of the Building Code
- Fire - Stairs - Wet
areas
Choosing materials that suit the location
- Copper improves with age
Plasterboard easy to repair.
- Installing Skirtings
- Cornices - Corners are
the most vulnerable
Avoiding Carpets and corners; coved skirtings
Suspended ceilings hides all services and allows easy access from above
Difficult details often means expensive.
- Forgiving - Easy to
assemble - Possible to
adjust
(Newton, 2014e)
Columns
Rigid, relatively slender structural members that support axial compressive loads,
applied to the end of the members.
- Short columns= failure by crushing
- Long columns= failure by buckling
(Ching, 2008)
Beams
Rigid structural members designed to carry loads across space to supporting elements (columns)
- Deflection= Perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from the original position
under a load. This deflection increases as the load and span
increases.
- Bending moment= external, causes part of a structure to
rotate or bend.
- Resisting moment= internal moment equal and opposite to
the bending moment
- Bending stress= combination of compressive and tension
stresses, beginning at the cross section to resist a force.
- Moment of inertia= Sum of the products of each element of an
area, it indicates how the cross sectional area of a structural member is distributed.
Ching, 2008
TUTORIAL
Composite material- Aluminium sandwich panel
Enamel- Baked on paint- eats into the pores.
Aluminium windows- Colorbond or powder coated
Coved Skirting- Used in nursing homes, easy to clean. Vinyl.
- Skirtings: Bottom of the wall
- Cornice: Blends walls
- Architraves: Side of windows
Tolerance allows for materials to move and ease of buildability.
To combine two materials you either:
- Overlap
- Cover it up
- Materials need to either be side by side or one over the top.
Carpet
- Wool fibres and Nylon. 80/20 mix
- Laid in rolls, broad loon
- Carpet tiles: Synthetic nylon, durable, used in schools and nursing
homes
TASK
Site visit 1- Faraday Street
- An old 1880 primary school
- 2 story load bearing brick building
- Steel framed community centre
- Relatively light weight steel
- Light weight metal studs (commercial)
- Heritage- cultural/social architectural. Heritage Victoria
imply precise restraints.
Faraday street is a commercial building
meaning it is incredibly services intense.
Black pipes= insulated.
Orange cables= heavy duty, high
voltage.
The extension of the original building is
planned to be a library, using steel framing.
The steel needed to be brought in by a 16
tonne crane as there is limited access to
the site.
The steel is connected to neighbouring
steel via bolts, this is quicker and welding
tends to be avoided on site.
Timber fixing plates have been added to
the steel to make connecting timber to it
much easier
UB steel beam
Structural plywood for
the flooring- 25mm
thick
The old bricks
that have been
removed from
the original site
are being kept
and reused The exterior masonry walls are 380mm
thick and contain no cavity
Platform ladders
or platforms
used for OHS
purposes.
Polyethylene
insulation.
Lift shaft- Welded on site due to
restrictions on access to the
building.
Timber studs are 120mm apart
The lift is going to be a see
through lift, bystanders can see
the mechanics of the lift as it is
working, so it will have a large
glass pane.
Plasterboard and Fibre cement are the
wall coverings for the site. The
plasterboard is for the typical areas, the
fibre cement is for the wet areas and
areas that may be harder wearing than
others and experience more bumps.
Fibre cement
Three coats of render
needed to patch up
wall to suit traditional
surrounds
Suspended metal
framed ceiling,
allows for all the
service to sit above
the ceiling with
quite easy access.
Site visit 2- Corner of Rathdowne Street and Princes Street
- High-rise housing: Social housing and public housing
- PPP- Public private Partnership
- Precast structure- large module load bearing. 10
tonne panels, spanning two floors.
- Plasterboard lined interior in general areas, fibre
cement in areas that need a more resilient product.
- Green plasterboard= wet areas.
- Red plasterboard= fire resilient
- White= standard
- 110 apartments, most single bedroom aimed
generally at overseas students.
This massive steel UC as well as
another very similar UB is
supporting triple skin brickwork
from the level above. A special
footing needed to be poured
below to also help support such
a large weight of bricks. This
needed to be done because
there was originally the same
triple skin brickwork on this level
but was removed to allow for a
larger room.
As seen in very early,
original images of the
building there were
finials on the top of the
building, in an effort to
restore the building as
best possible, they have
constructed new ones to
replicate the older finials.
They are extremely
heavy and thus need to
be supported by the
structure on the right.
Conference room full of
cables. Cables on site also
needed to be kept off the
ground, hence the blue
cable in the image
- Two buildings; one 6 floors, including a ground floors and one 5 floors.
Services
- NBN- National Broadband network. Router in wardrobe of each apartment
- Gas
- Electricity
- Lighting
- Fire services
- Hose reels
- Split system air conditioners
- Smoke detectors in every apartment. One apartment contains a sprinkler
Bondeck on roof,
cast into the
concrete slab
above, fires
cannot come up
through the floor
Kitchen exhaust
and toilet exhaust
pumped out onto
the street
Stormwater pumped
into basement tank,
when that tank is full it
is then pumped onto the
street.
Lagging around pipe to
prevent noise of the
water rushing through
the pipe
Metal framing
system. Corridors
will be covered in
fire resistant
plasterboard.
Exterior precast
walls 180-200
thick.
Encapsulating
the bathroom
with
plasterboard at
the top allows
cables to be
guided through
here nice and
neatly if done
correctly.
Gap between
precast elements
and stud wall
Aluminium
window frames
will be put in.
Soldier piles drilled from the
top.
They continue 15m down
below the basement.
Made by placing a redo cage
in the ground and filling it
with concrete
Capping beam sits at the top
One and a half levels of
carpark
Shotcrete wall- concrete
sprayed onto the wall. Steel
reinforcement is placed in
before spraying takes place.
This type of concrete is very
sticky.
Grout between
precast panel
and the slab
Sprinklers through
the whole carpark
Saw cuts in the slab
to prevent cracking
Back-propped
every two and a
half metres for
upper levels that
have not been
completed fully yet.
At least two levels
must be propped at
one time.
Propping precast
walls- must have
two solid
connections for
panels whilst they
are setting into
place
Slab stressing-
Placing of cables in
the slab and
stretching the
cables to deflect
the slab up,
creating maximal
strength
Exterior panels contain 3 different patterns. These are
achieved by setting the precast panel into rubber
matting which contains the desired pattern. Once the
concrete panel sets, it comes out with the pattern.
Rebate between
precast panels
stops water coming
up and under the
panels, it is forced
to drain away
instead.
WEEK 10 16/05/2014
ELEARNING
LATERAL SUPPORTS
Lateral forces= Wind and Earthquakes
Resisting these lateral loads is a major
design concern.
- Wind forces are the function of
the exposed surface area to
wind, they act on the surface.
- Earthquake forces are a function
of the amount of building mass
above the foundation, they act
on the base.
Resisting Systems- prevent a structure
from overturning
Bracing Diaphragms/ Shear walls
Moment Joints
Provide diagonal paths for moving the lateral loads
Resist and collect lateral forces. Shear Walls transfer and stiffen the wall, resist the forces in the vertical plane
Rigidly connected joints. Act as a monolithic unit
(Newton, 2014)
Design considerations
WIND LOAD SEISMIC LOAD
Tall and skinny buildings largely affected
Irregular configurations largely affected
Unusual shapes Size Structures with large openings
Form
Large cantilevers Scale Geometry- irregular vs regular
Consequences of not employing Resisting Systems
Soft Story One or more floors are weaker than the others. Common at ground level and can cause a whole building to collapse. It
GLOSSARY
Shear Wall- Prevents a building
from tearing apart, firmly holds
the building still. (Newton, 2014)
Soft Storey- Frequently found at
ground level, where the level is
weaker than the others, could
cause whole buildings to collapse
(Newton, 2014)
Braced Frames- Generally a
diagonal member spanning
across a wall to carry lateral
loads through the building
(Newton, 2014)
Life Cycle- choosing materials
that are durable and will be able
to be recycled and reused. (Hes,
2014)
Deflect- To bend and distort
aside from a straight line. (2014,
Retrieved from
http://i.word.com/idictionary/de
flect)
Fascia- Usually horizontal, flat
member of a building that covers
the ends of rafters (2014,
retrieved from
http://i.word.com/idictionary/fa
scia)
Corrosion- Deterioration of
metal from a chemical reaction
between the metal and the
surrounding environment. (Bell,
Terrence. 2014. Retrieved from
http://metals.about.com/od/Cor
rosion/a/What-Is-Corrosion.htm)
Indoor Environmental Quality
(IEQ)- Quality of the buildings
health and environment in
relation to the people inside it.
(2013, retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topic
s/indoorenv)
needs to be braced.
Re-entrant corners
Irregular geometries, differential stiffness, cause the building parts to move at different rates. The corner needs to be stiffened.
Discontinuous Structural Members
Interruption in force path flow. Joint needs to be strengthened at this point.
Torsion When the centre of mass of the floor does not coincide with its centre of rigidity.
- Produces torsion and deflection - Steel rigid connections and a
shear wall at each end can be preventative measures.
(Newton, 2014)
COLLAPSES AND FAILURES
Holiday Beach house
- Architectural house
- Fascia is very wide and thin
- The whole building is extremely exposed to the elements including sun and rain.
- Results in warping and cracking
- Corrosion and salt air problems
- Plywood is used as the backing to the cladding, however it is only joint using glue. This glue
is not satisfactory for long term performance.
- Sealants and workmanship has failed
- Sheets begin to blister, de-bonding between the glue and the plywood sheeting causing the
sheets to fall off.
- As a solution the sheets get nailed back on, completely losing the whole aesthetic quality the
glue was originally used to achieve.
- The sheets begin to rust.
- The building gets reclad, however moisture has already gotten in between the cladding and
the structure and causes condensation, leading to a long term performance issue.
- All materials must be considered in terms of suitability for the location.
(Ashford, 2014)
HEROES AND VILLAINS IN MATERIALS
Health Environment Pollution Life cycle
- Asthma - Reduce life
span - Nausea - Bronchitis - Headaches
How to choose good materials
- Reduce VOCs in paints, glues etc. Choose water based
- Reduce dust, less carpet and shelves
- Minimum cleaning, reduces chemicals that need to be used.
VILLAINS - Glues - Paints - Carpets - Cleaning
chemicals HEROES
- Bamboo - Termi-mesh - Water based
paints - Organic
cleaning products
Wasteful= costly. Invest in renewed resources- things that grow VILLAINS
- Timbers - Large and
small tiles. Using the right sized tile in the room you are working with to reduce wastage.
HEROES - Grasses - Ortech - Recycled
timber - Carpet
- Climate change - Optimise
lighting - Reduce
embodied energy
- Smog - Acid Rain - Minimise
waste, choose natural and organic
VILLAINS - Aluminium - Light globes - PVC - Cigarette
smoke HEROES
- Timber - Australian
made products, reduces distance covered to bring it to you.
- Diode light - Linoleum
flooring - Tiles - Wool
Design for durability - Best solution - Consider
timelessness - Consider the
ability to easily reuse and recycle the product. And how many times could you recycle it.
(Hes, 2014)
A TALE OF CORROSION- THE STATUE OF LIBERTY
- The statue of liberty is a copper skinned structure supported by an iron skeleton which is
connected via iron ribs.
- Copper Oxidisation: When exposed to the atmosphere, copper reacts with oxygen and
eventually turns into a green colour. The green can become a design aspect for many people
Initial Detail Consideration
- Galvanic corrosion between copper skin and iron frame. Due to two dissimilar metals.
- The two metals needed to be separated
SOLUTION 1 SOLUTION 2
Two materials separated at their junctions by a layer of shellac impregnated cloth. Problem: Shellac cloth became porous providing great conditions for more corrosion.
- The iron started to rust and expand, pulling the rivets away from the copper skin
(Cameron, 2014)
Remove iron armature and replace with Teflon coated stainless steel. This decision was made after extensive research into the product.
- Still have two dissimilar metals which poses a potential for corrosion, meaning the need for ongoing maintenance.
- Teflon doesn’t hold water
BUILDING MATERIALS
- Each material has properties of the strength it contains,in its elasticity and stiffness.
- Elasticity is the ability to deform under stress of a material and then return to its original
form when the load is removed.
- Stiffness refers to how far a material can either be pushed or pulled to its elastic limit and
the amount of force required to do so.
Other important considerations
Resistance Water and water vapour resistance needs to be considered if the mtaerial is to be exposed to the elements
Thermal conductivity Especially when used for constructing the exterior of a structure
Transmission, reflection, absorption Of visible light and radiant heat, when the material is going to be used as a finish of a room.
Density/Hardness It’s resistance to wear or abrasion, its durability and not only the cost of the material but the cost to maintain the material.
Resist combustion Withstand fire exposure and not produce toxic fumes
Colour, texture and scale Considering how the material fills the overall design
Standard shapes and sizes Materials can be manufactured in stock dimensions, which may differ from each manufacturer. Meaning the manufacturer must be chosen beforehand.
Dimensional Stability How the material responds to changes in temperature and moisture.
(Ching, 2008)
LIFE CYCLE
Not just considering the aesthetic, functional and economic qualities of a material, but assesing the
effect this material will have on the environment.
- Extraction and processing of raw materials
- Manufacturing
- Packadging
- Transportation
- Maintenance
- Recyclability and reusability of the material in years to come
- The final disposal
INPUTS LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY OUTPUTS (Ching, 2008)
STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADS
STATIC DYNAMIC
Applied slowly to a structure, deformation of the structure occurs when static force is at its maximum.
- Live Loads: people, furniture, stored materials. Anything that moves or is moveable.
- Snow Loads: accumulation of snow on the roof.
- Rain Loads: accumulation of water on the roof.
- Impact Loads: Kinetic Loads of short duration due to moving vehicles etc.
Dynamic Loads are applied very quickly to a structure, that can have rapid changes in magnitude and where the load is applied. WIND LOADS
- Forces from the energy of the moving wind. Assumed to come from a horizontal direction
- Flutter refers to the oscillations of a flexible member caused by the wind.
- Tall, slender buildings, unusual shaped buildings, lightweight, flexible buildings all require computer modelling to decipher how they will respond to wind.
EARTHQUAKE LOADS Longitudinal and transverse vibrations.
- Base is affected most. - Base shear can be computed to tell the
minimum design value for the total lateral, seismic force on a building.
- High rise structures, irreuglar shapes and structures built on soft soilds require a more complex analysis.
- The overturning moment of a structure, produced by a lateral load applied at a distance, must be counterbalanced by an external restoring moment and an internal resisting moment. These are provided by shear walls and columns.
(Ching, 2008)
STRUCTURAL EQUILIBRIUM
As each structural element receives an applied load the supporting elements
must react with equal and opposite forces, creating a state of rest.
Two conditions necessary:
1. Vector sum of all forces must equal zero
2. The algebraic sum of all the forces about any point or line must also equal zero.
(Ching,2008)
TUTORIAL
Corrosion- Oxidation.
Required for corrosion to happen:
- Metals (potential difference between these)
- Electrical difference
- Medium (water) to transfer electrons
- Oxygen
For a roof system, gutter and flashing must be compatible with roof material. For example zinc roof
sheet and galvanised (zinc coating) steel gutter compatible because it is a zinc to zinc transfer.
Earthquakes
Lateral forces- generally comes in from the sides
- Need to be withstood by a structure
- Bracing and rigid joint not structurally sufficient for earthquake design.
- Low storey must have flexible joints, this means the forces are not transferred up the
structure
Seaside environment
- Salt attacks metals
- Plywood is a reasonable material, however gluing of plywood is avoided. Generally it is
connected via screws or nails.
TASK
Rectangular Hollow
Section (RHS), made
from steel
Double Glazed glass
windows
Steel plate
Concrete Slab
Function Room- front window
section
Function Room- front window
section 3-dimensional version
Function Room- front window
section in finished structure
Rectangular Hollow
Section (RHS), made
from steel
Double Glazed glass
windows
REFERENCES
Ashford, Peter (2008, 13/05/2014). Collapses and Failures [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be Cameron, Rebecca (2014, 13/05/2014). A Tale of Corrosion [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be Ching, F. D. K. (2008). Building Construction illustrated (Fourth ed.). United States: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. Hes, Dr Dominique (2014, 13/05/2014). Heroes and Villains: A Framework for Selecting materials [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be Hutson, Andrew (2014, 25/03/2014). The Pantheon: An example of Early Roman Concrete [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aL6EJaLXFY&feature=youtu.be Lewi, Dr Hannah (2014, 01/04/2014). Ghery's House: An Exploration of Wrapping [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqn2bYoO8j4&feature=youtu.be Lewis, Professor Miles (2014, 09/04/2014). Spanning Spaces [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zx4tM-
uSaO8&feature=youtu.be Newton, Clare (2014a, 16/03/2014). Bricks [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be (2014b, 07/05/2014). Composite Materials [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uem1_fBpjVQ&feature=youtu.be (2014c, 25/03/2014). Concrete [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be (2014d, 16/03/2014). Concrete Blocks [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be (2014e, 08/05/2014). Construction Detailing [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be (2014f, 16/04/2014). Detailing for Heat and Moisture [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be (2014g, 01/04/2014). Engineered Timber Products [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be (2014h, 09/04/2014). Ferrous Metals [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQy3IyJy-
is&feature=youtu.be (2014i, 25/03/2014). Floor Systems [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be (2014j, 17/03/2014). Footings and Foundations [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be (2014k, 02/04/2014). From Wood to Timber [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJL0vCwM0zg&feature=youtu.be (2014l, 30/04/2014). Glass [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be
(2014m, 25/03/2014). Insitu Concrete [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be
(2014n, 16/03/2014). Introduction to Masonry [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be
(2014o, 16/03/2014). Introduction to Mass construction [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be
(2014p, 09/04/2014). Introduction to Metals [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be
(2014q, 09/04/2014). Non Ferrous Metals [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be
(2014r, 30/04/2014). Openings: Doors and Windows [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be
(2014s, 15/04/2014). Paints [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrydR4LA5e0&feature=youtu.be
(2014t, 15/04/2014). Plastics [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pfnCtUOfy4&feature=youtu.be
(2014u, 25/03/2014). Precast Concrete [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scYY-MMezI0&feature=youtu.be
(2014v, 9/04/2014). Roof Systems [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be
(2014w, 16/04/2014). Rubber [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be
(2014x, 16/03/2014). Stone [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be
(2014y, 18/03/2014). Structural elements [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be
(2014z, 01/04/2014). Timber Properties and Considerations [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul0r9OGkA9c&feature=youtu.be
(2014{). Walls, Grids and Columns [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be
Sadar, John (2014, 30/04/2014). 10>1: Something Glass-y [Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW_GibnyBZc&feature=youtu.be (2014, 13/05/2014). Interactive Structures [Retrieved from
https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?content_id=_4336783_1&course_id=_271852_1