LOCOMOTIVE

7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 1 LOCOMOTIVEPRESENTING BYABOOBACKER VASEEM REG NO- 13021897

7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 2INTRODUCTIONThe first successful locomotives were built byCornishinventorRichard Trevithick. In 1804 his unnamedsteam locomotivehauled a train along thetramwayof thePenydarrenironworks, nearMerthyr TydfilinWales. Although the locomotive hauled a train of 10 long tons of iron and 70 passengers in five wagons over nine miles (14km), it was too heavy for thecast ironrails used at the time.

7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 37/24/20153 The locomotive only ran three trips before it was abandoned. Trevithick built a series of locomotives after the Penydarren experiment, including one which ran at a colliery in Tyneside in northern England, where it was seen by the youngGeorge Stephenson7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 4Later improvements enabled a locomotive to move up to 200 freight cars at 75 mph (120kph).

Steam from wood or coal fuel was the main source of power until the mid-20th century, though electric power had been used from the early 20th century, especially in Europe .

After world war ii diesel power replaced steam because of its higher efficiency and lower cost, though diesel electric and GAS7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 5CLASSIFICATIONMotive powerLocomotives may generate their power from fuel (wood, coal, petroleum or natural gas), or they may takepowerfrom an outside source of electricity. It is common to classify locomotives by their source of energy. The common ones include:

Steam GASOLINEDIESELSlug or drone

7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 6ELECTRICHybrid locomotivesSteam-diesel hybrid locomotivesGas turbine-electricFuel cell-electricAtomic-ElectricThe main important7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 777/24/2015DIESEL LOCOMOTIVEExperimentaldiesel-powered locomotives were first built just afterWorld War I. In the 1940s, they began to displacesteampower on American railroads. Following the end ofWorld War II, diesel power began to appear on railroads in many countries. The significantly better economics of diesel operation triggered a dash to diesel power, a process known asDieselization. By the late 1960s, few major railroads in North America, Europe and Oceania continued to operate steam locomotives, although significant numbers still existed outside these areas.

87/24/2015Diesel units do not pollute as much as steam trains;[ modern units produce low levels of exhaust emissions. Diesel-electric locomotives are often fitted with "dynamic brakes" that use the traction motors aselectrical generatorsduring braking to assist in controlling the speed of a train on a descending grade. This technology is similar toregenerative brakingused in hybrid cars; the key difference is dynamic braking does not store the generated power, instead it is routed to resistors then converted into waste heat.

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9SLUG OR DRONEAslugor drone locomotive is a non-powered unit attached to adiesel-electric locomotiveto provide additional traction and braking capability. The slug hastraction motorsbut no engine. Power is supplied by the attached locomotive (known as a 'mother'). At slow speeds, a diesel-electric prime mover can produce more power than its own traction motors can use; an installed slug increases the number of traction motors available, thereby using the created power more effectively.

7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 10Slugs are mainly used in rail yards for switching duties, in which case they are without a cab. Other slugs, designed for use on service trains, may be fitted with a cab, to enhance control, and also provide additional fuel storage for the mother locomotive. In recent years on service trains, conventional locomotives, remotely controlled from the lead locomotive configuration, have been used in place of slugs.

7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 11ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE

7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 12In 1893 in ParisCharles BrownassistedJean Heilmannin evaluatingACandDCtransmission systems forFuse Electrique, a steam locomotive with electric transmission, and using this knowledge he designed athree-phase ACelectric locomotive forOerlikon, Zurich. Brown (by then in partnership withWalter Boveri) put these into service on the first electrified main line, theBurgdorfThun line, Switzerland, in 1899. Each thirty-tonne locomotive had two 150hp (110kW) motors.[17]

127/24/2015Theelectric locomotiveis supplied externally with electric power, either through anoverhead pickupor through athird rail.

While the capital cost of electrifying track is high, electric trains and locomotives are capable of higher performance and lower operational costs than steam or diesel power.Electric locomotives, because they tend to be less technically complex than diesel-electric locomotives, are both easier and cheaper to maintain and have extremely long working lives, usually 40 to 50 years7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 13Some electric locomotives can also operate onbatterypower to enable short journeys or shunting on non-electrified lines or yards.Battery-powered locomotives are used in mines and other underground locations where diesel fumes or smoke would endanger crews, and where external electricity supplies cannot be used due to the danger of sparks igniting flammable gas.Battery locomotives are also used on many underground railways for maintenance operations, as they are required when operating in areas where the electricity supply has been temporarily disconnected.

7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 14STEAM LOCO MOTIVE7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 15

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m1. The Tender2. The Cab3. The Firebox4. The Boiler5. The Steam Chest6. Thekebox and Smokestack (or funnel)7. The Wheels8. The Sand Dom1. The Tender2. The Cab3. The Firebox4. The Boiler5. The Steam Chest6. The Smokebox and Smokestack (or funnel)7. The Wheels8. The Sand Dom7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 17Valve GearsSteam ChestWood tenderCabPilot wheelsSand domeDrive wheelsSteam domeSmoke stack or funnelHeadlightCowcatcher or PilotBellHYBRID LOCOMOTIVESIn addition to locomotives that use a fueled power source (e.g. aninternal combustion engine), and an electrical engine, there are hybrids, which additionally use a battery. Here, the battery acts as atemporary energy store, allowing, e.g., the implementation ofregenerative brakingand switching off of the hydrocarbon engine when idling, or stationary, (as used in automobiles such as theToyota Prius

7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 18Gas turbine-electric

Agas turbine-electric locomotive, or GTEL, is a locomotive that uses agas turbineto drive anelectrical generatororalternator. The turbine (similar to aturboshaftengine) drives an output shaft, which drives the alternator via a system ofgears. The produced electric current powers thetraction motors. This type of locomotive was first experimented with in 1920, reaching its peak in the 1950s to 1960s.

7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 19A related development is thegas turbine locomotivein which the turbine drives the wheels without an intermediate electrical device, at the cost of mechanical complexity.

Compared to areciprocating engine, a turbine is mechanically simpler and lighter, but a turbine isefficientwithin a narrower range ofrotational speedsthan a reciprocating engine.

Gas turbine locomotives are very powerful, and very loud.

7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 20Union Pacific Railroadoperated the largest fleet of gas turbine-electric locomotives in the world, and was the only railroad to use them for hauling freight in regular service. Most other GTELs were built for small passenger trains; only a few have seen any real success in that role.After the1973 oil crisisand subsequent rise in fuel costs, gas turbine locomotives became uneconomical to operate. Subsequently, many were taken out of service, making this type of locomotive rare.7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 21Atomic-Electric

In the early 1950s,Dr. Lyle Borstof Utah University, was given funding by various US railroad line and manufacturers to study the feasibility of an electric drive locomotive, in which an on board atomic reactor produced the steam to generate the electricity. At that time, the dangers of atomic power were not fully understood; Borst believed the major stumbling block was the price of uranium.

7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 22 With the Borst atomic locomotive the center section would have a 200-ton reactor chamber and steel walls 5 feet thick to prevent releases of radioactivity in case of accidents. He estimated a cost to manufacture atomic locomotives with 7000 h.p. engines at approximately $1,200,000 each.Consequently, trains with onboard nuclear generators were generally deemed unfeasible due to prohibitive costs.7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 23Operational role

Locomotives occasionally work in a specific role, such as:Train engineis the technical name for a locomotive attached to the front of a railwaytrainto haul that train. Alternatively, where facilities exist forpush-pulloperation, the train engine might be attached to the rear of the train;Pilot engine a locomotive attached in front of the train engine, to enableDouble-heading7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 24Banking engine a locomotive temporarily assisting a train from the rear, due to a difficult start or a sharp incline gradient;Light engine a locomotive operating without a train behind it, for relocation or operational reasons.Station pilot a locomotive used to shunt passenger trains at a railway station.7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 25Remote control locomotives

In the second half of the twentieth centuryremote control locomotivesstarted to enter service in switching operations, beingremotely controlledby an operator outside of the locomotive cab. The main benefit is one operator can control the loading of grain, coal, gravel, etc. into the cars. In addition, the same operator can move the train as needed. Thus, the locomotive is loaded or unloaded in about a third of the time.

7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 26ADVANTAGES OF LOCOMOTIVEAlocomotiveorengineis arail transportvehiclethat provides themotive powerfor atrain7/24/2015LOCOMOTIVE 27CONCLUSION

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