Locomotion Locomotion

change in change in positionposition of an organism of an organism

Survival Value of LocomotionSurvival Value of Locomotion1. Get 1. Get food and shelterfood and shelter 2. 2. EscapeEscape from predators from predators 3. Move to regions better suited 3. Move to regions better suited

to to survivalsurvival 4. Find 4. Find matesmates 5. Move away from 5. Move away from toxic wastestoxic wastes

Functions of the skeleton Functions of the skeleton

1. Supporting framework for internal 1. Supporting framework for internal organs and tissues. organs and tissues.

2. Anchorage sites for muscle action. 2. Anchorage sites for muscle action.

3. Protects the internal organs. 3. Protects the internal organs.

4. Provides leverage for body 4. Provides leverage for body movement. movement.

5. Blood cells are produced in the bone 5. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. marrow.

The bones also store minerals. The bones also store minerals.

Cartilage: tough, fibrous, elastic Cartilage: tough, fibrous, elastic connective tissue connective tissue

Cartilage Functions Cartilage Functions

a. Pliable support a. Pliable support

b. Flexibility of joints b. Flexibility of joints

c. Cushioning of joints c. Cushioning of joints

** Cartilage makes up most of the ** Cartilage makes up most of the embryo's skeleton. **embryo's skeleton. **

Most of this cartilage changes to bone Most of this cartilage changes to bone by adulthood.by adulthood.

Ligaments: connect bones to bones Ligaments: connect bones to bones (joints) tough and elastic (joints) tough and elastic

Tendons: tough inelastic fibrous Tendons: tough inelastic fibrous cords which attach muscles to bones cords which attach muscles to bones

Malfunctions of the Locomotion SystemMalfunctions of the Locomotion System

arthritis: joint inflammation arthritis: joint inflammation

tendonitis: tendon inflammation at tendonitis: tendon inflammation at bone junctures (a common condition bone junctures (a common condition in athletes) in athletes)

Muscles Muscles

Only body tissue able to contract Only body tissue able to contract

create movement by flexing and create movement by flexing and extending joints extending joints

Body energy converters (many Body energy converters (many muscle cells contain many muscle cells contain many mitochondria) mitochondria)

3 Types of Muscles 3 Types of Muscles

Smooth Muscle Smooth Muscle

(involuntary) "viscera" (involuntary) "viscera"

Smooth in appearance, involuntary in Smooth in appearance, involuntary in action action

Slowly contracting -- but contractions Slowly contracting -- but contractions are long in duration are long in duration

lines blood vessels, alimentary canal, lines blood vessels, alimentary canal, and body openings and body openings

Cardiac Muscle Cardiac Muscle

(involuntary striated) (involuntary striated)

resembles skeletal muscle with lined resembles skeletal muscle with lined appearance, but is involuntary appearance, but is involuntary

composes the hardest working composes the hardest working muscle, the heart muscle, the heart

Skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle

(voluntary, striated) (voluntary, striated)

Voluntary in action Voluntary in action

contain many striped long fibers called contain many striped long fibers called striations striations

found in association with skeletal bonesfound in association with skeletal bones

The nervous system interacts with skeletal The nervous system interacts with skeletal muscles to produce motion muscles to produce motion

** Violent muscle contractions require much ** Violent muscle contractions require much oxygen. **oxygen. **

If oxygen is not available muscle fatigue will If oxygen is not available muscle fatigue will set in. set in.

"Muscle fatigue"-- results from oxygen debt -- "Muscle fatigue"-- results from oxygen debt -- lactic acid accumulates in skeletal muscles lactic acid accumulates in skeletal muscles

rest restores the oxygen balance rest restores the oxygen balance

““Lactic acidosis” – it is more or less a muscle Lactic acidosis” – it is more or less a muscle cramp for the entire body or a certain muscle.cramp for the entire body or a certain muscle.

Organisms have a great variety of Organisms have a great variety of locomotion structures. locomotion structures.

Name some of them:Name some of them: