LOCATION

Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization that began

on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century

BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and

centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to

become one of the largest empires in the ancient

world with an estimated population of 50 to 90

million inhabitants and covering

6.5 million square kilometers (2.5 million sq mi)

during its height between the first and second

centuries AD.

In its approximately 12 centuries of existence,

Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy to a

classical republic to an increasingly autocratic

empire. Through conquest and assimilation, it

came to dominate Southern Europe, Western

Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, parts of

Northern Europe, and parts of Eastern Europe.

ROMAN EMPIRE

Pax romana: a time of social, political and

economic stability that lasted until the II

century A.D.

Territorial conquests :the empire reached its

maximum size

Crisis of the III century: the empire entered a

period of decline. This was caused by

corruption, barbarian invasions, increased

taxation.

End of the empire: in 395A.D., Emperor

Theodosius divided the empire, Western

Roman Empire, capital(Rome), Eastern

Roman Empire, capital(Constantinople).

In 476 A.D., the Germanic people deposed the

last emperor of the Western Roman Empire

then became known as Byzantine Empire and

survived until the XV century.

ROMAN EMPIRE

The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium

Romanum) was the post-Republican period

of the ancient Roman civilization,

characterised by an autocratic form of

government and large territorial holdings

around the Mediterranean in Europe,

Africa, and Asia.The 500-year-old Roman Republic, which

preceded it, had been destabilized through a

series of civil wars. Several events marked

the transition from Republic to Empire,

including Julius Caesar's appointment as

perpetual dictator (44 BC); the Battle of

Actium(2 September 31 BC); and the

granting of the honorific Augustus to

Octavian by the Roman Senate(16 January

27 BC).

From 509 to 27 B.C., Rome was a

republic and the citizens elected the

government.

Peoples assemblies: formed by all

citizens, who decided and voted on

laws.

Magistrates: elected anually.

The Senate: responsible for

foreign policy and also controlled

the army, religion, the law and the

courts. The senators became so

powerful that, in the end, they

practically ruled the republic.There was a battle between Rome and

Carthage for taking control of the

Mediterranean Sea, this war was called

The Punic Wars, which took some years

REPUBLIC

ROMAN EMPERORS (1)

JULIO CESAR OCTAVIO AUGUSTOCAYO JULIO CESAR AUGUSTO

(CALIGULA)

NERON

FIRST EMPEROR

OF THE ROMAN

EMPIRE

( 27 B.C . to 14 A.D. )

One of the biggest

military men of

the history of

Rome

( 37 A.D . to 41

A.D. )

One of the Emperors : the

most implacable persecutors

of the Christians.

( 54 A.D . to 68 A.D. )

CAYO JULIO VERO MAXIMO

He had enormous force

and stature, 2.59m he

was the highest of the

emperors.

CRISIS OF THE THIRD

CENTURY.

With he began the

beginning of the crisis of

the third century. The

duration was of

approximately 50 years.

( 235 A.D . to 238 A.D. )

THE LAST ONE

OF THE

EMPERORS.

He resigned his

crown before the

Byzantine Empire

and come THE

END OF THE

ROMAN EMPIRE.

( 475 A.D . to

476A.D. )

ROMULO AUGUSTO

PAX ROMANA.

Third party of five good

emperors, as well as

second of the Hispanic

emperors, during his

reign the Empire was in

peace and reached the

major territorial

extension of his history.

( 117 A.D . to 138 A.D. )

ADRIANO

ROMAN EMPERORS

RELIGION IN ROME (1)

STATE GODS

ROMAN GODS AND

GODDESSES

HOUSEHOLD DEITIESJ

U

P

I

T

E

R

J

U

N

O

M

I

N

E

R

V

A

LARES

MANES

PENATE

S

Spirit

s of

the

Dead Gods of

the

provision

s

Househol

d Deities

made sure

families

had

enought to

eat

A

P

O

L

L

O

D

I

A

N

E

- ROMANS BELIVED IN MANY GODS AND GODDESSES

M

E

R

C

U

R

I

U

S

N

E

P

T

U

N

O

V

E

N

U

S

RELIGION IN ROME (2)

CHRISTIANITY

- Christians BELIVE IN a SINGLE GOD ( Monotheism).

- Christians were persecuted by refusal to worship theEmperor.

- Christians hid in the CATACOMBS.

- 313 A.D. Constantine published the EDICT OF MILAN. This established freedom of worship in the empire.

- 380 A.D. Theodosius proclamed Christianity to be theOficial Religion of the Roman Empire.

ARTS OF ROME

Each historic period of Rome is distinguishedby the art and architecture.

For example the republican art, which isrelated to the Republican Rome,appeared thefirsts paintings and portraits.

Or for example, during the imperial Rome, itis the Augustean art, when it appeared thesculptures and the marble columns.

During the middle age in Rome, they startedbuilding the firsts catholic churchs andthey started making mosaics.

Romanic paintings were very abundant inRome.

They made paintings which representedarchitecture, animals, places and people.They made portraits of people, and they alsostarted doing mosaics.

ARTS OF ROMEThere are four types of Roman painting style:

• 1.Incrustation:

It began on 2nd century B.C and ended on 1st

century B.C. This style is used to decorate the walls

covered by marble, which normally, the wall is

divided into three horizontal layers.

• 2.Architectual:

It began on 1st century B.C. and ended with the

beginning of the Roman empire. This style consists

to draw a painting on the wall, using a perspective,

to simulate the depth.

• 3.Arnamental:

In this style, the spatial architectural effects

dissapeared and it was a simple picture inside a

frame, which represented a landscape or a figure.

• 4.Architectural illusion:

It is an style where the imaginative motif and the

architectural perspective are combined.

Aqueduct: a bridge that is

constructed to carry water over an

obstacle, such as ravine or valley.

The most famous in Spain is in

Segovia

Amphitheatre: this

held the gladiator

and animal fights,

also could support

naval combats. The

most famous is in

Rome

Circus: it was

use for chariot

races.

Theatre: were actors

performed comedies and

tragedies. There is a big

one in Merida, Emerita

Augusta in latin.

Roads: there

were made of

several stone

bricks.

TYPICAL

ARCHITECTURE

Temples: every

god has his

temple, where

the people

went to pry.

Thermal baths:

there were

public baths

with different

rooms.

Triumphal arch: it

conmemorated military victories

and special events.

Bridges: had

several pillars and

they were used to

cross usually rivers

or valleys.

TYPICAL

ARCHITECTU

RE

TIPICAL CLOTHING

The clothing in the Ancient Rome consisted of

two types of pieces as the Greek, calls indutus

(the underwear) and amictus (the exteriors).

The men ,in general ,wore a short tunic, and in

certain occasions it was used another kind of

tunic, the "toga", a great piece of white wool.

The women also wore the tunic and on her, the

"stole" is in use (a long dress with a belt about

the waist) to go out they wore a cape called

"pallium", using one of the edges to cover the

head.

SOCIETY

The population of Rome was structured by wealth

and legal rights. There were freemen (citizens,

freedmen and clients) and slaves. Patricians and

plebeians were citizens group but with different

rights.

The patricians were the descendants of the founders

of Rome and grouped people, families with a

common ancestor. They were a privileged class,

thanks to the possession of large estates, and politics,

as they were the only citizens with political rights.

The plebeians were citizens who settled in Rome after

its founding and only had civil rights. They lived by

trade or craft and small farms

ROMAN GASTRONOMY

Roman cousine changed over the long

term (over a thousands) of its ancient

civilization.

Their habits were influenced by the

Greek culture, political change from

monarchy to republic and then to empire

and the enormus expansion of the latter,

which brought many new cualinary

habits and cooking techniques of the

provinces.

At first, the differencies between social

classes were not at significant, but the

distance between them grew along with

the rule.

• During this century, the Roman people live from

the tecnology, for example the heating, medicine,

cars…

• The cities also improved, for example they

improved the houses, the stadiums of sports,they

made cars and they started using a very

important material for construction called

concrete,which is similar to the cement.

• Now, Roman people live in modern houses and

have tecnological objects on their houses and they

can go to modern places like cinemas,museums or

restaurants.

• They also had improved a lot the transport, so

now, they use cars, trains and planes. Their

tecnology improved a lot, but they still have some

ancient Roman buildings,like the Roman

coliseum.

ROME DURING THE XXI

CENTURY.

Roman hispania

• Roman Hispania was a colonie

of romans in actually Spain. It

was divided in different

kingdoms called:. Tarraconensis,

Lusitanian, Betica