Localized Control of DBPs By Spray Stripping in Storage Tanks · By Spray Stripping in Storage...
Transcript of Localized Control of DBPs By Spray Stripping in Storage Tanks · By Spray Stripping in Storage...
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Localized Control of DBPs
By Spray Stripping in
Storage Tanks
March 25, 2014
CA-NV AWWA Spring Conference
Anaheim, CA
Hal Reed, P.E.
American Water
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Outline
1. Localized Control of DBPs
2. Spray Stripping of DBPs
3. Bench Scale Testing
4. Full Scale Testing
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1. Localized Control of DBPs
When only a small or localized area of
the distribution system will exceed the
Stage 2 DBPR LRAAs ....
Instead of treating all of the flow at the
plant, use “localized treatment” to reduce
DBPs in that area, and
Huntington WV installation saved
$13.0MM in CapEx and $1.8MM in OpEx!
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Saved $13,000,000 over Centralized Treatment!
ITSS:
CapEx $27K
OpEx$4K
Localized Carbon Contactors:
CapEx $2.6MM
OpEx $205K per year
Centralized treatment:
CapEx $13MM
OpEx $1.8MM per year
ITSS at Huntington, WV (12 MGD)
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Localized Control Strategies
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GAC absorption
Air Stripping
Surface aeration
Diffused bubble aeration
Packed tower or tray
aeration
Spray stripping
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“Localized Treatment for DBPs”
Water RF 91254 (2009) Technology TTHM Removal
Packed
towers and
tray aerators
•55-65% at A/W ratio of 30:1
•75-85% at A/W ratio of 45:1
•85-90% at A/W ratio of 75:1
GAC
•80% at 10 min EBCT through 10,000
bed volumes
•20% at 10 min EBCT at 20,000 bed
volumes
•After 20,000 bed volumes, chloroform
begins desorbing
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“Localized Control of DBPs by Spray
Aeration in Storage Tanks”
WaterRF 4413
2. Spray Stripping of DBPS
1. Bench scale testing of nozzles
2. Modeling of In Tank TTHM stripping &
Distribution System TTHMs
3. Full Scale Testing
4. Develop System Cost and O&M Guidance
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Schematic of ITSS System
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Advantages of Spray Stripping
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“Simple” technology: pump, pipes, and
nozzles
Minimal O&M requirements
High DBP stripping efficiency
Low Life Cycle Cost
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At a constant temperature, the amount of a given
gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of
liquid is directly proportional to the partial
pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid.
Henry’s Law:
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Henry’s Law in action:
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Henry’s Law
kH = Caq/Cgas where:
kH - dimensionless Henry’s Constant
Caq - liquid phase concentration (mol/L)
Cgas - gas phase concentration (mol/L)
Note: applies to dilute aqueous solutions, like TTHMs in
drinking water.
William Henry,
1803
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Henry’s Law Coefficients for TTHMs
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TTHM Species Henry’s Law Constant
(dimensionless, 20C)
Chloroform 0.127
Bromodichloromethane 0.076
Dibromochloromethane 0.035
Bromoform 0.006
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What does this tell us?
Only one thing: equilibrium concentration
THMs in water tanks are never at equilibrium
Air enters and leaves the tank with each fill and
drain
What controls DBP stripping rate for ITSS?
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Rate of Stripping/Mass Transfer
ITSS is “liquid
side limited”
Stripping rate is
controlled by liquid
phase diffusivity
94% of the
chloroform’s
resistance is in the
liquid phase
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Good News about Stripping
Brominated species strip too!
Liquid phase diffusivity of chloroform and
bromoform in water vary by only 4.5%
Maximize stripping efficiency by minimizing the
liquid diffusion path length
Small water drops are best (SA/V varies as 6/D)
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TTHM removal by Species (all nozzles, 10 psi, 3’ drop)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
CHLOROFORM BDCM DBCM BROMOFORM
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Three nozzle types: Full, hollow, fan
Three nozzle sizes: ¾”, 1”, 1-1/2”
Two spray angles: 90º and 120º
Two pressures: 10 & 30 psi
Three drop heights: 1, 2, and 3 feet
(108 combinations)
3. Bench Scale Testing
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Spray Nozzles Tested
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Full cone
Hollow cone
Fan
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Nozzle Manufacturer Information
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Nozzle Manufacturer Information
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Bench Scale Testing
800 gallon tank
Pump
Flowmeter
Sampling tap
and pressure
gage at nozzle
Tank heater with
recirculating
pump
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Flow meter
Spray
Aeration
Nozzle
Spray collection basin
Pump
Tank
Pressure gage
Throttling valve
Sample tap
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Bench Scale Testing
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TTHM Removal (% at 3' height)
Nozzle type 10 psi Nozzle Pressure
Nozzle Size & Spray Angle
3/4" 1" 1-1/2"
90˚ 120˚ 90˚ 120˚ 90˚ 120˚
Full 45% 62% 29% 45% 35% 48%
Hollow 60% 56% 43% 42% 38% 48%
Fan 47% 47% 21% 33% 20% 20%
30 psi Nozzle Pressure
Full 54% 71% 49% 53% 57% 49%
Hollow 56% 60% 46% 49% 44% 56%
Fan 50% 49% 44% 48% 33% 40%
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
90˚ 120˚
DBP removal
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TTHM Removal by Spray Angle
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Full Hollow Fan
DBP removal
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TTHM Removal by Nozzle Type
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
3/4" 1" 1-1/2"
DBP removal
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TTHM Removal by Nozzle Size
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
90˚ 120˚ 90˚ 120˚
10 psi 30 psi
TTHM removal by Spray Angle and Pressure
DBP removal
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
10 psi 30 psi 10 psi 30 psi 10 psi 30 psi
3/4" 1" 1-1/2"
DBP removal
TTHM removal by Nozzle Size
and Pressure
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
10 psi 30 psi 10 psi 30 psi 10 psi 30 psi
Full Hollow Fan
DBP removal
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TTHM removal by Nozzle Type
and Pressure
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Is ITSS Appropriate for all systems?
Modeling Phase (EPANet and WaterGEMS®)
• In Tank TTHM stripping with FIFO, LIFO,
CSTR, and Two Compartment
• Resulting TTHM levels in distribution
system
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Spray Stripping Project
Modeling Phase
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4. Full Scale Testing
System constructed Fall 2012
Huntington, WV Greenbottom Tank
Testing Complete; May-Dec 2013
Thanks WVAW staff for their support
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System Specifics Oversized tank
14 miles from 12 MGD plant
High water age
TTHMs at Stage 2 DBPR maximum residence time over 120 ug/L in the summer of 2012.
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Greenbottom Tank
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Tank Details
300,000 gallons
40 ft high
Welded Steel
Interior and exterior recoated in the last 5 years
Problem: High water age water entering tank
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ITSS System ($27k) Nozzles: Two 1” full cone
Pumps: Two, 5 hp each with VFD
Flow and pressure to SCADA
Piping: 2” Schedule 80 PVC
Tank mounts: Magnetic
Flowrate: 67-116 gpm total
Tank Turnover: 1.8-3.2 days
Electrical Cost: $8.36 per day
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Greenbottom Tank
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Greenbottom Tank
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Magnetic Mounts! Saves welding
& coatings repair
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Greenbottom Tank
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Greenbottom Tank
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Greenbottom Tank
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Greenbottom Tank
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Full Scale System Sampling
Monitor TTHM, HAA5, and chlorine for one
high TTHM season (June-October):
1. Point of Entry
2. Entering tank
3. Leaving tank
4. Maximum water age
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WQ Sampling
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•Weekly at the POE, tank, and Stage 2
DBP site:
•TTHM,
•pH, temp, TOC, DO, and
•Disinfectant residual prior to
reaching the nozzles
•Weekly downloads of system operating
information including:
•Tank levels & System delivery
•Disinfectant residual and Water
temperature leaving the plant
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Does Chlorine Strip?
Cl2+ H2O ⇌ HOCl + HCl
HOCl ⇌ H+ +OCl-
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Henry’s Law Coefficients
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Species Henry’s Law Constant
(dimensionless, 20C)
Chloroform 0.127
Bromodichloromethane 0.076
Dibromochloromethane 0.035
Bromoform 0.006
Hypochlorous acid 0.104
Hypochlorite ion 5.31 x 10-18
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Some chlorine may strip.
Depends on your pH!
No
stripping Limited
stripping
Limited
stripping
No
stripping
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49
Conclusion
ITSS Works. Proven at numerous installations.
All four TTHMs strip, even bromoform!
Little to no chlorine stripping, depends on pH.
Final report will help designers optimize
designs to minimize LCC.