LNG Technology. - · PDF filehamn, Sweden, which was built as well by Linde Engineering. LNG...
16
LNG Technology. → Linde Engineering
-
Upload
duongthuan -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of LNG Technology. - · PDF filehamn, Sweden, which was built as well by Linde Engineering. LNG...
LNG Technology.
→ Linde Engineering
MFC® and LIMUM®are registered trademarks of Linde AG
Contents.
2
3 Introduction
4 Pretreatment and separation of natural gas
5 LNG plant block scheme
6 Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process: LIMUM®1
7 References
LNG plant in Kollsnes, Norway
LNG plant in Kwinana, Australia
8 Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process: LIMUM®3
9 References
LNG plants in China
LNG plant in Stavanger, Norway
LNG plant in Bintulu, Malaysia
10 MFC® process (mixed-fluid cascade)
11 LNG plant in Hammerfest, Norway
12 Coil-wound heat exchanger
14 Plate-fin heat exchanger
16 Contact
3
3
Introduction.
Natural gas is a mixture of gases containing primarily hydro-carbon gases. It is colorless and odorless in its pure form.It is the cleanest fossil fuel with the lowest carbon dioxide emissions. Natural gas is an important fuel source as well asa major feedstock for fertilizers and petrochemicals.
For economic transportation over great distances natural gas can be cooled and liquefied occupying only 1/600th of its normal volume in gaseous form at a temperature of around -162°C. Linde Engineering has a strong history in the LNG industry having developed, built and started-up over 20 LNG plants world-wide since 1967.
Linde Engineering´s natural gas liquefaction processes can cover LNG plants ranging from 40 thousand to more than 10 million tons per year.
C3+ recovery plant in Kollsnes, Norway(Photo courtesy of STATOIL)
Pretreatment of natural gasPrior to liquefaction natural gas often has to be pretreated. Such pretreatment typically consists of mercury removal, gas sweetening and drying. Depending on the downstream processing steps and the concentration of the sour gas compo-nents, it may be necessary to remove H2S and CO2 from the natural gas. Scrubbing processes such as MDEA, are offered for this application. Should only minor amounts of sour gas be pre-sent, they can be removed by adsorption along with the removal of water. Mercury guard beds are recommended to protect people and equip-ment.
Separation of natural gasCryogenic processes represent the most econo-mical solutions to reject or to recover natural gas components.
NGL, LPG, condensate or the pure components methane, ethane, propane and butane often have higher sales value compared to the pipe-line gas itself. Therefore they are frequently ex-tracted and fractionated in tailor made process-ing plants according to the specific requirements of the regional market. NGL and LPG are ideal feedstocks for steam crackers producing olefins.
Removal of nitrogen leads to reduced transpor-tation volumes and an increased heating value. Furthermore it is sometimes required for the usage as fuel gas feeding gas turbines. The gas turbines are installed to provide the required electrical or mechanical power of the LNG plants.
Pretreatment and separationof natural gas.
4
Helium recovery is often combined with nitro-gen removal. High purity helium is produced by the combination of cryogenic and pressure swing adsorption process steps.
All manner of processes for the pretreatment and separation of natural gas as well as the extraction of NGL, LPG, nitrogen and heliumare offered by the Engineering Division.
A typical LNG plant is comprised of thefollowing units:
– Feed gas compression, in case the natural gas pressure is low– CO2 removal, mostly by a wash process and
drying H2O removal by an adsorber (CO2 and H2O would otherwise freeze and cause clog-ging in the downstream liquefaction equip-ment)
– Natural gas liquefaction– Refrigeration system and refrigerant make-up unit– LNG storage– LNG loading stations
– LNG metering stations
Sometimes in addition the following unitsare required:
– Condensate stabilisation– Fractionation– N2 removal
5
LNG plant block scheme.
Wastewater
Hot oilsystem
Natural gas
Sourgas
Exhaustgas
Waste heatrecovery
Gas turbine
Solventregeneration
Refrigerationsystem
Boil-off gas(fuel gas)
compression
Feed gascompression
NG purificationCO2 removal
NG purificationdryer
NGliquefaction
LNGstorage
LNG loadingstation
container
Refrigerantmake-up unit
Fire fighting Utilities FlareLNG loading
jetty
LNG loadingstation truck
LNG meters
LNG meters
NG
puri-fiedNG
hotoil
hot o
il
hot o
il
fuel
gas
hot o
il
fuel
gas
rich
solv
ent
vap.
refr.
lean
solv
ent
liqui
d re
fr.
hot o
il
fluegas
dryNG LNG LNG LNG
LNG
LNG
LIMUM®1 (Linde multi-stage mixed refrigerant process applying plate-fin heat exchanger)
– The LP MR (mixed refrigerant) is compressed in a two stage centrifugal compressor and partially condensed against cooling water or air
– Both phases of the compressed MR are jointly fed to a brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchanger, are fully liquefied and subcooled
– After expansion in a J-T valve the MR if fully vaporized under low pres-sure providing refrigeration for natural gas liquefaction and fractiona-tion, if required.
Basic single flow LNG processfor less than 0.5 mtpa LNG
Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process:LIMUM®1
6
NG
N2
Frac
tiona
tor
NGL
LNG
LP MR HP MR
LNG plant in Kollsnes, Norway
Capacity 40,000 tpaCustomer Naturgass Vest, now GasnorStart-up 2003
LNG is distributed by trucks and by small LNG transport ships to satellite stations. One innova-tive feature of this project is the use of LNG as fuel in ferry boats along the Norwegian coast.
There are many advantages replacing diesel with LNG. The exhaust gas of the engines is clean and free of solid particles. NOx and CO2 emissions are reduced. The engines and there-fore the ferries have a reduced noise level.
7
References.
LNG plant in Kwinana, Australia
Capacity 62,500 tpaCustomer Westfarmers Gas LimitedStart-up 2008
LNG is produced from pipeline gas and is then distributed by truck to various customers, such as peak shaving power stations. Here the LNG replaces diesel and other fuels, which are less environmentally acceptable.
8
Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process:LIMUM®3LIMUM®3 (Linde multi-stage mixed refrigerant process applying coil-wound heat exchanger)
– The LP MR (mixed refrigerant) is compressed in a two stage centrifugal compressor and partially condensed against cooling water or air
– The heavy, liquid MR fraction os used in a coil-wound heat exchanger to pre-cool natural gas and to condense the light, gaseous MR fraction partially
– The resulting, intermediately boiling MR fraction serves as liquefaction refrigerant, while the remaining light ends MR fraction sub-cools the liquefied natural gas
Advanced single flow LNG processfor 0.2 to 1.0 mtpa LNG
LNG
N2
NGL
NG
Frac
tiona
tor
LP MR HP MR
LNG plants in China
Capacity 430,000 tpaCustomer Xin Jiang GuanghuiStart-up 2004
Capacity 430,000 tpaCustomer Xin Jiang Ji Munai GuanghuiStart-up 2013
Capacity 300,000 tpaCustomer Huineng Coal Chemical Co. Ltd.Start-up 2013
Capacity 350,000 tpaCustomer Siehuang Tonghei Engery & Technology Dev. Co. Ltd.Start-up 2014
All of these LNG plants are highly flexible and excel due to their robustness. As special feature the plant in Jimunai has a nitrogen removal col-umn integrated into the liquefaction process. This is an economically attractive concept for nitrogen rich feed gases. LNG is transported by trucks to a large number of satellite stations. This LNG scheme creates new gas markets and provides a great improvement in the tight en-ergy supply situation in China.
9
References.
LNG plant in Stavanger, Norway
Capacity 300,000 tpaCustomer Lyse Gass ASStart-up 2010
Due to the high feed gas pressure and based on the Linde proprietary LIMUM® process this LNG plant achieves an outstanding energy effi-ciency. The plant supplies LNG to both the local industry and AGA, an affiliate of the Linde Gas division. The AGA quota of the produced LNGis first shipped to an import terminal in Nynäs-hamn, Sweden, which was built as well by Linde Engineering.
LNG plant in Bintulu, Malaysia
Capacity 650,000 tpaCustomer MLNGStart-up 2014
The plant is the world´s largest re-liquefaction plant for N2 rich boil-off gases from MLNG´s LNG complex in Bintulu, Malaysia.
MFC® (mixed-fluid cascade) processfor 3 to 12 mtpa LNG
The MFC® process is highly efficient due to the use of the three mixed refrigerant cycles.
The process is comprised of:
– Plate-fin heat exchangers for natural gas precooling– CWHEs (coil-wound heat exchangers) for natural gas liquefaction and
LNG subcooling– Three separate mixed refrigerant cycles, each with different composi-
tions, which result in minimum compressor shaft power requirement– Three cold suction centrifugal compressors
> 10 mtpa LNG can be produced in a single train.
10
MFC® process (mixed-fluid cascade).
NG LNG
SMR SMR E
LMR ELMRE
Capacity 4.3 mtpa (million tons per annum)Customer StatoilStart-up 2007
This is Europe‘s first and the world´s northern-most LNG baseload plant. The MFC® (mixed fluid cascade) process together with the low cooling water temperature at the site are the basis for the extremely low specific power consumption of the plant (less than 250 kWh/t).
This LNG project has another distinguishing fea-ture: the entire LNG baseload plant was pre-assembled in various shipyards in Europe and transported to its operating location on HLVs (heavy lift vessels). The process plant itself was installed on a barge in a shipyard, transported by HLV and finally grounded in a prepared dock at the site.
11
LNG plant in Hammerfest, Norway.
The ample choice of usable alloys including aluminium and stainless steel allow coil-wound heat exchangers to be used for a wide range of applications in cold as well as warm applications. The coil-wound heat exchanger is the core equipment in large base-load LNG plants.
The Engineering Division has numerous references for coil-wound heat exchangers designed and manufactured in its own workshops.
Benefits– Providing a large heating surface per shell – Tolerant against thermal shocks due to its robust design
Manufacturing of coil-wound heat exchangerin Linde workshop
Coil-wound heat exchanger.
12
The coil-wound heat exchangeris the core equipment in large baseloadLNG plants.
13
Lifting trunnion
Baffle plateHand holeBonnet
Bundle outlet nozzleTransition joint
DrainVent
Platform stubs
Insulation support ringVessel shell
2” multi nozzleTemperature detector junction box
Bundle inlet nozzle
Refrigerant inlet
Manhole
Pre-distributor
Tube bundle pigtailMandrel
DistributorShroud
Tube bundle with alter-nating winding direction
Vacuum ring
Refrigerant outlet Skirt
Tube sheet
The vacuum brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers are key compo-nents in many cryogenic process plants. They are the preferred heat ex-changers in small LNG plants.
Benefits– Compactness, saving installation space and investment costs– Many process streams can be handled in a single unit, thus avoiding expensive interconnecting piping of different units– Low equipment weight
Aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers assembledin Linde workshop
Plate-fin heat exchanger.
14
Scheme of an aluminium plate-finheat exchanger
15
The vacuum brazed aluminium plate-finheat exchangers are key components in many cryogenic process plants. They are the pre-ferred heat exchangers in small LNG plants.
A
A
C
C
B
B
D
Header tankDistributor fin
Side bar
Stub pipe
Partition plate
Heat transfer fin
Cover plate
D
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
Linde AGEngineering Division, Head office, Dr.-Carl-von-Linde-Strasse 6-14, 82049 Pullach, GermanyPhone +49.89.7445-0, Fax +49.89.7445-4908, E-Mail: [email protected], www.linde-engineering.com
Designing processes – constructing plants.
LNG/
1.1.
e/13
Linde´s Engineering Division continuously develops extensive process engineering know-how for the planning,project management and construction of turnkey industrial plants.
The range of products comprises:− Petrochemical plants− LNG and natural gas processing plants− Synthesis gas plants − Hydrogen plants − Gas processing plants− Adsorption plants− Air separation plants− Cryogenic plants− Biotechnology plants − Furnaces for petrochemical plants and refineries
The Engineering Divisionand its subsidiaries manufacture:− Packaged units, coldboxes− Coil-wound heat exchangers− Plate-fin heat exchangers− Cryogenic standard tanks− Air-heated vaporizers− Spiral-welded aluminium pipes
More than 4,000 plants worldwide document the leading position of the Engineering Division in internationalplant construction.
Linde Engineering Schalchen PlantTacherting, GermanyPhone +49.8621.85-0Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering Dresden GmbHDresden, GermanyPhone +49.351.250-30Fax [email protected]
SELAS-LINDE GmbHPullach, GermanyPhone +49.89.7447-470Fax [email protected]
Cryostar SASHésingue, FrancePhone +33.389.70-2727Fax [email protected]
Linde CryoPlants, Ltd.Aldershot, United KingdomPhone +44.1252.3313-51Fax [email protected]
Linde Impianti Italia S.L.R.Rome, ItalyPhone +39.066.5613-1Fax [email protected]
Linde Kryotechnik AGPfungen, SwitzerlandPhone +41.52.3040-555Fax [email protected]
Bertrams Heatec AGPratteln, SwitzerlandPhone +41.61.467-7525Fax [email protected]
CRYO ABGothenburg, SwedenPhone +46.3164-6800Fax [email protected]
Linde Process Plants, Inc.Tulsa, OK, U.S.A.Phone +1.918.4771-200Fax [email protected]
Linde EngineeringNorth America, Inc.Blue Bell, PA, U.S.A.Phone +1.610.834-0300Fax [email protected]
Hydro-ChemHolly Springs, GA, U.S.A.Phone +1.770.345-2222Fax [email protected]
Linde Engenharia do Brasil Ltda.São Paulo, BrazilPhone +55.21.3545-2255Fax [email protected]
Linde Process Plants (Pty), Ltd.Johannesburg, South AfricaPhone +27.11.490-0513Fax [email protected]
Moscow Rep. OfficeMoscow, RussiaPhone +7.495.642-6242Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering RUS, OOOSamara, RussiaPhone [email protected]
Linde Arabian Contracting Co., Ltd.Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaPhone +966.3.887-1191Fax [email protected]
Linde Arabian Contracting Co., Ltd.Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaPhone +966.1.419-1193Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering Middle East LLCAbu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesPhone +971.2.6981-400Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering India Pvt., Ltd.Vadodara, Gujarat, IndiaPhone +91.265.3056-789Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering Far East, Ltd.Seoul, South KoreaPhone +82.2780-0954Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering (Dalian)Co., Ltd.Dalian, P.R. of ChinaPhone +86.411.3953-8819Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering (Hangzhou)Co., Ltd.Hangzhou, P.R. of ChinaPhone +86.571.8501-9222Fax [email protected]
Beijing Rep. OfficeBeijing, P.R. of ChinaPhone +86.10.6437-7014Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering Taiwan BranchTaipei, TaiwanPhone +886.2.2786-3131Fax [email protected]
