LN 6 Wall Lecture

7/31/2019 LN 6 Wall Lecture

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Walls

Internal Influences on the wall

Warmth from heating

appliances via convection

Radiation or conduction

Vapor due to mans way living

Damp, due to condensation of

vapor and possible cooling due

to air conditioning

Heating of external surface areaby sunshine and warm air risingup the facade

Impact of rain and hail andconsequent running water andpenetration

Drying and cooling by wind

Dust and other particles

Sound waves and vibration dueto traffic

External Influences on the wall

External Walls Internal walls

Wall Functionality

Functional Requirement:

Strength and stability

Weather exclusion and durability

Thermal insulation

Sound insulation

Fire resistance

Appearance

The fundamental function of internal walls is to partition ordivide the floor area of a dwelling into compartments orroom

External & Internal Walls

1. Load Bearing Walls

2. Non-load Bearing Walls

Walls Classification

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Transferring structural

load from the upper

structure to the lower

structure

load bearing wall supported the load

from roof

Load Bearing Walls

Walls in the building

that are not taking any

structural loads

Non-load Bearing Walls

Load

bearing

wall

Non load

bearing wall

Roof

Timber

Brick

Block

Metals / Alloys

Curtain Wall Precast Panel

Wall Materials

Advantages :

Corrosion free.

Non-rot material.

Ease of installation.

Comparatively cheap.

Low thermal transmittance.

High moisture absorption capacity.

Timber Wall

Disadvantages :

Few choices of durable finishes.

Decadency of wood.

Prone to insects/termites attack.

Low fire resistance.

Limited length of building material.

Timber Wall

How wood are being

clad on buildings

Timber Wall



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Types of timber wall system

Laminated log

system

Stick frame

system

Swedish cope

log system

Structural

insulated sys.

Hand Hewn log

wall system

Select cedar log

wall system

Timber frame

system

D-style log wall

system

Timber Wall

Examples of wooden walls

Timber Wall

Interior view of a wooden building.A Japanese temple using wood as structural as well as

cladding material

Picture above showing the oldest wood school in

Florida.

Types of failure for wood/timber :

Unsuitable wood to be used as building cladding.

Rotted wood

Exposedto

terminateattack.

Untreated wood

Timber Wall

CALCIUM

SILICATEBRICKS

CONCRETE

BRICKS

CLAY

BRICKS

Bricks Wall

fired clay

a wide range of different colours and textures

produced in many different shapes, sizes and

strength, with differing material properties such as

water absorption, suction rate and compressive

strength.

Texture - dependent upon the method of

manufacture & the clay used for making the

bricks.

Bricks Wall

Varieties of clay bricks are available

based on material & method

e.g. Common bricks, Facing bricks ,Engineering

bricks

based on shape & use

e.g. Solid brick, Perforated brick,

Cellular brick, Frogged brick

Bricks Wall



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Standard size deep fogged clay brick

Bricks Wall

Brick Walls Orientation

Bricks Wall

Brick Wall

Brick wall with reinforcements

sand or flint mixed with lime

mechanically pressed together & combined by the

action of steam under pressure.

colour - natural colour @ pigments - darker when

wet than when dry. Solid brick, Frogged brick

Bricks Wall

Dense aggregate concrete bricks

- hydraulically pressing a concrete mix intoindividual preformed moulds

Lightweight concrete bricks

- lightweight aggregate @ autoclaved

aerated concrete

Type of brick

-Solid brick, Perforated, hollow and

cellular bricks, Fixing unit

Bricks Wall

Dense and light aggregate concrete blocks

- aggregate and cementitious binder, compacted into

mould boxes , demoulded & cured (controlled

accelerated techniques @ air curing)

Reconstructed stone masonry units

- aggregate and cementitious binder, casting, or

pressing techniques.

Blocks Wall



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Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks

- slurry incorporating cement, finely ground sand @

pulverized fuel ash (PFA), lime & aluminium

powder

Type

- Solid block, Cellular block, Hollow

block

Blocks Wall

Construction of a high-rise

hotel with engineering load-

bearing concrete masonry

Newly laid concrete

masonry walls are braced

against wind because of

their low strength when

freestanding

Brick & Blocks Wall

Brick & Blocks Wall Example Of Walls Designed For Aesthetical Value

Metal Cladding (Portal Frame) Steel Wall Frame



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Curtain Wall

Glass being used as a cladd ing material for aesthetical value.She nzhe n D eve lopm ent Bank Far Eastern Plaza G atew ay 1 Ente rtainm ent C enter

Calakmul - M exico Ci ty , M exico Tikal Futura-G uatemala Intercontinental Plaza Argentina

Sherif H ussein AbuD habi,UAE LonrhoH ouse-N airobi,Kenya M ondr ian Condominium 101Avenue of the Amer icas



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When would you use it?

Relatively expensive but lightweight Spectrum

Basic stick systems on low cost business parks

to..

Bespoke, stone faced applications on high class,

landmark buildings

Image

Curtain Wall

constructed one level at atime with the seismicwedge applied betweenthe panel and mullionafter all panels are inplace

The units can then beerected on site withoutthe use of scaffolding

used in large commercialbuildings where acontinuous expanse ofglazing running pastfloor levels is required

Curtain Wall

What about windows?

Main differences

C/W is storey

height

Windows fixed

into openings

C/W fixed back

to frame

Curtain Wall

Glazing systems for roofs

Some similarities with cladding

Full description outside the scope of this

lecture

Curtain Wall

Three basic designs

Front-sealed curtain wall

Drained and ventilated (Secondary seal)

Pressure equalised rainscreen

Curtain Wall

Front sealed curtain wall

Relies on outer seal for

water resistance Usually mastic or silicone

Inner seal merely

locates the glass

Simple

Easy to trace leaks

Favoured in the USA

Curtain Wall



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Materials & Finishes

Materials

Almost always

aluminium & glass

Finishes

Polyester powder coat

Dry powder process

Any colour

Can be touched up

Anodising

Electrolytic process

Limited colour

Impossible to repair

Curtain Wall

Bolt-on goodies

Natural stone

Granite @ 40mm

Feature panels

glazed in

grp, upvc

advanced composites

etc

Curtain Wall

Manufacture

Extrusions

mainly non-UK

Powder coating

Glazing

Assembly (for panels)

Curtain Wall

Testing

Test what causes problems

Wat er

Wind

Stability

Noise

Fire

Durability

Curtain Wall

Stick Curtainwall: M aterial Layout - Courtesy Kawneer U K

Delivered to Site Knocked-Down

Assembled and Glazed on site

Needs scaffold or external access

Stick Curtain Wall

Delivery & Installation

Curtain Wall

Curtainwall

StickConstruction

Shear Block

Joinery

Curtain Wall



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Stick Curtainwall Erection: Shear Block Ap plication Stick Curtainwall Erection: M ull ion Sett ing

Stick Curtainwall Erection: Vertical/H orizontal LayoutStick Curtainwall Erection: G rid Layout

U nitised Curtainwall: D elivery at Site - Courtesy Kawneer U K

Unitised Curtain Wall

Manufacture, Delivery & Installation

Unitised

Curtain Wall

Construction

Screw SplineJoinery



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U nitised Curtainw all: O f fsit e Factory D e livery U ni tised Curtainwall: U ni t Assem bly

U nitised Curtainwall: Un it Glazing U nitised Curtainwall: U nit Structural Glazing

U n itise d C urt ainw all: I nst allatio n o f T he rm al I nsulation U n itise d C urt ainw all: In st allatio n o f T he rm al I nsulation



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U ni tised Curtainwall: Pre - G lazed U nits U nitised C urtainwall: U nit Racking

U ni tised Curtainwall Const ruct ion: U ni t Curing U nit ized Curtainw all C o nstruct ion: U nit Shipment

U nitized Curtainwall Erection: Anchor Layout U nitised Curtainwall Erection: Anchor Layout



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U nitised Cu rtainwall: Pre-Set A nchor Layout U nitised Cu rtainwall: Pre-Set A nchor Layout

U nitised Curtainw all: U nits D elivered to Si te U nitized Curtainwall I nstallat ion: H oisting U nits

U nitised Curtainwall I nstallat ion: Final Preparat ion U ni tised C urtainwall: U ni t Se t ting



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U nitised Curtainw all Erection: Po rtable H oist U ni tised Curtainwall Erect ion: U nit Se t ting

U nitised Curtainwall Erection: U nit Setting U nitised Curtainwall Erection: U nit Setting

U nit ised C urtainwall Ere ction: U nit Se t t ing U nit ised C urtainwall Erection: U nit Se t ting



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U nitised C urtainwall: Installation U nitised C urtainwall: Installation

East Jin Jiang H otel - Shanghai, ROC

PanellisedCurtain Wall

Manufacture,

Delivery &

Installation

Courtesy Gartner

Curtain Wall

Curtain Wall Curtain Wall



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Curtain Wall Curtain Wall

Stick or Panels?

Stick Cheaper

less craneage

less technical

less movementproblems

Needs scaffold

Slower to fix

Panels

More expensive

needs craneage/runways

must understand technology

must design for movements

Exaggerates tolerance probs

No scaffold needed Quicker to fix -

faster water-tight

Less on-site time

Can come complete withgoodies

Curtain Wall

Curtain Wall Construction

Courtesy Kawneer U K

Cheng Loong Plaze - Taipei, Taiwan ROC

Components

glass and aluminumplate panels

captured

concealed vents andbalcony doors

High Performance

wind pressure

water infiltrationresistance

Symmetrical FloorPlate

Curtain Wall

Lippo Towers - H ong Kong, ROC

High Performance

wind pressure

water infiltration

resistance

Architectural Features

koala bear???

Curtain Wall



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W al l Centre - Vancouver , Canada

Medium Performance wind pressure

water infiltration

resistance

thermal

4 Side Structural

Silicone Glazing

Reforma I I - M exico Ci ty, M exico

Low Performance

wind pressure water infiltration

resistance

4 Side Structural

Silicone Glazing

Curtainwall Elevations

Separated by Stone

Grand 50 T ower - Kaohshiung, Taiwan

First Chinese

Skyscraper

Glass Openings with

Stone

High Performance

wind pressure

water infiltration

resistance Architect (C.Y. Lee)

concerned about

quality of installation

Grand 5 0 Tower - Kaohshiung, Ta iwan

Curt ainwall Construction: Sti ck or U nitized???

Panels fixed to framework

with a separate backing

wall

Panels keep rain out

Backing wall is main

weather barrier

Various facing materials

New build or

overcladding

Rainscreen



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Terracotta

The millennium cladding

material

Rainscreen



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Various facing materials

Complex interfaces

Louvres andother specialsto beincorporated

Safety

Working at height Craneage (panels)

Edge protection

removed to install

cladding

Handling glazing

External access for

joint sealant

(especially stick)

Quality Workmanship

dependant

Finished items

installed early

Easy to damage

Sort interfaces

tolerances damage /protection

weathering

sequence



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Inspection and Handover

LN 6 Wall Lecture

Documents

Transcript of LN 6 Wall Lecture