Lmt 3 Network Media

8/14/2019 Lmt 3 Network Media

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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 54

Backbone Cabling Backbone cabling (or vertical cabling) interconnects TCs and equipment

rooms Runs between floors or wings of a building and between buildings Frequently fiber-optic cable but can also be UTP When it connects buildings, it is usually fiber-optic

Multimode fiber can extend up to 2000 meters Single-mode fiber can reach distances up to 3000

Between equipment rooms and TCs, the distance is limited to 500meters for both fiber-optic cable types

From the main cross-connect to equipment rooms, fiber-optic cable canrun up to 1500 meters


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Entrance Facilities

An entrance facility is the location of thecabling and equipment that connects acorporate network to a third-partytelecommunications provider Can serve as an equipment room and the main

cross-connect for all backbone cabling It is also where a connection to a WAN is made and

the point where corporate LAN equipment ends and

a third-party providers equipment and cablingbeginsalso known as the demarcation point

Wi l N t ki


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Wireless Networking:Intangible Media

Wireless technologies continue to play anincreasing role in all kinds of networks

Since 1990, the number of wireless options hasincreased, and the cost continues to decrease

Wireless networks can now be found in most townsand cities in the form of hot spots, and more homeusers have turned to wireless networks

Wireless networks are often used with wirednetworks to interconnect geographically dispersedLANs or groups of mobile users with stationaryservers and resources on a wired LAN Microsoft calls networks that include both wired

and wireless components hybrid networks


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The Wireless World

Wireless networking can offer the following: Create temporary connections to existing wired networks

Establish backup or contingency connectivity for existing wirednetworks

Extend a networks span beyond the reach of wire-based orfiber-optic cabling, especially in older buildings where rewiringmight be too expensive

Enable users to roam with their machines within certain limits(called mobile networking)

Th Wi l W ld


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The Wireless World(continued)

Common wireless applications include: Ready access to data for mobile professionals Delivery of network access into isolated facilities

or disaster-stricken areas

Access in environments where layout and settingschange constantly

Improved customer services in busy areas, such ascheck-in or reception centers

Network connectivity in structures where in-wallwiring would be impossible to install or tooexpensive

Home networks where the installation of cables isinconvenient

Th Wi l W ld


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The Wireless World(continued)


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Types of Wireless Networks

Three main categories Local Area Networks (LANs)

Extended LANs

Mobile computing

An easy way to differentiate among these uses is todistinguish in-house from carrier-based facilities Mobile computing typically involves a third party that

supplies transmission and reception devices to link themobile part of a network with the wired part

Most often, the company providing these services is acommunications carrier (such as MCI or AT&T)


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Wireless LAN Components

NIC attaches to an antenna and an emitter At some point on a cabled network, a

transmitter/receiver device, called a transceiveror an access point, must be installed to translatebetween the wired and wireless networks

An access point device includes an antenna anda transmitter to send and receive wireless traffic,but also connects to the wired side of the network

Some wireless LANs use small transceivers, whichcan be wall mounted or freestanding, to attachcomputers or devices to a wired network


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Wireless LAN Transmission

Wireless LANs send/receive signals broadcastthrough the atmosphere Waves in the electromagnetic spectrum Frequency of the wave forms is measured in Hz

Affects the amount and speed of data transmission Lower-frequency transmissions can carry less data more slowly

over longer distances

Commonly used frequencies for wireless datacommunications

Radio 10 KHz (kilohertz) to 1 GHz (gigahertz) Microwave 1 GHz to 500 GHz Infrared 500 GHz to 1 THz (terahertz)

Wireless LAN Transmission


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Wireless LAN Transmission(continued)

Higher-frequency technologies often use tight-beam broadcasts and require a clear line of sightbetween sender and receiver

Wireless LANs make use of four primarytechnologies for transmitting and receiving data Infrared

Laser

Narrowband (single-frequency) radio

Spread-spectrum radio


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Infrared LAN Technologies

Infrared light beams send signals betweenpairs of devices

High bandwidth (10 to 100 Mbps) Four main kinds of infrared LANs

Line of sight networks Reflective wireless networks Scatter infrared networks Broadband optical telepoint networks

Infrared transmissions are being usedincreasingly for virtual docking

IrDA: Infrared Device Association


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Narrowband Radio LAN


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Narrowband Radio LAN Technologies

Narrowband Radio LAN


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Narrowband Radio LAN Technologies (continued)


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802.11 Wireless Networking The 1997 802.11 standard is also referred to as Wireless

Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Current standards include 802.11b and 802.11g running at a 2.4 GHz

frequency (11 Mbps and 54 Mbps, respectively), and 802.11a, whichspecifies a bandwidth of 54 Mbps at a 5 GHz frequency

802.11 wireless is an extension to Ethernet using airwaves as the

medium; most 802.11 networks incorporate wired Ethernet segments Networks can extend to several hundred feet

Many businesses are setting up Wi-Fi hot spots , which are localizedwireless access areas

Wireless Extended LAN


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Wireless Extended LAN Technologies

Wireless MAN: The 802 16


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Wireless MAN: The 802.16Standard

One of the latest wireless standards, 802.16 WorldwideInteroperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) , comesin two flavors: 802.16-2004 (previously named 802.16a), orfixed WiMax, and 802.16e, or mobile WiMax Promise wireless broadband to outlying and rural areas, where last-

mile wired connections are too expensive or impractical because of rough terrain

Delivers up to 70 Mbps of bandwidth at distances up to 30 miles

Operates in a wide frequency range (2 to 66 GHz)


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Fixed WiMax: 802.16-2004

Besides providing wireless network service tooutlying areas, fixed WiMax is being used todeliver wireless Internet access to entiremetropolitan areas rather than the limited-area hot spots available with 802.11

Fixed WiMax can blanket an area up to a milein radius, compared to just a few hundredfeet for 802.11

Los Angeles has begun implementing fixedWiMax in an area of downtown thatencompasses a 10-mile radius


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Mobile WiMax: 802.16e

Promises to bring broadband Internet roaming to the public

Promises to allow users to roam from area to area withoutlosing the connection, which offers mobility much like cellphone users enjoy

The mobile WiMax standard is not yet finalized Expected to be approved in late 2005 or early 2006

Fixed WiMax is expected to be the dominant technology forthe next several years, but mobile WiMax will win out in theend

Microwave Networking


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Microwave Networking Technologies



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Microwave Networking Technologies (continued)


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Summary

Working with network media requires attention torequirements, budget, distance, bandwidth, andenvironmental factors

Cabled networks typically use one of two transmissionschemes: broadband or baseband

For wired networks, the primary choices are twisted-pairand fiber-optic cables Twisted-pair cable can be unshielded or shielded Fiber-optic cable: highest bandwidth, best security and

resistance to interference, but the most expensive

Structured cabling facilitates troubleshooting, modifying,and expanding a network cable plant


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Summary (continued)

Wireless networking is gaining popularity A typical wireless network acts like a wired network, except that

wires arent needed to carry the signals Wireless networks use a variety of electromagnetic frequency

ranges (narrowband, spread-spectrum radio, microwave,infrared, and laser transmission)

802.11 family promises to make wireless networkingcommonplace in homes and corporate environments

802.16 provides up to 70 Mbps of bandwidth over longdistances (30 miles) and can be used to create MANs

Mobile computing involves using broadcast frequencies andcommunications carriers to transmit and receive signals with

cellular or satellite communications techniques


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Signal Transmission

Baseband Transmission Broadband Transmission

78AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ, LMTSOM

Managing and Installing the


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Managing and Installing thecable plant

Structured Cabling


Wireless Networking Intangible


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Wireless Networking Intangiblemedia

The wireless world



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Types of Wireless Network


Wireless LAN components and


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Wireless LAN components and Transmission



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802.11 Wireless Networking


Wireless extended LAN


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Wireless extended LANtechnologies


Wireless MAN: the 802 16


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Wireless MAN: the 802.16Standard




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Microwave Networking Technologies



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