Note-" Page- Il\llllbe-l> followe-d by f and [ lIldicatc figures and tables, respectively

A ACCI.:h:T'lted solvent extraction (ASE). See

Pressurized solvent extraction Accidental release, MSDS for, 39 Accuracy, green chemistry and, 51, 53f ACS Green Chemistry Insmure, greenness

criteri,1 of, :26 AES. SCI' Auger electron spectroscopy AIl,llyte(s)

extr<lCtion of energy consumption of, 28, 48-49 green Iimi t of, 50 voLuile, 107-111

quantitative recovery of, 35 Analytical Chemistry

envIronmental opportunities for, 4-5, M

integrated approach to, 13, 16-17, 16f keywords of, 13 strategIes for 6'Teening of, 34-35, 35f

AnalytIcal IaborJtories evolurion of ecologicalmelltalJry of, 5, 6f practices to ,Ivoid at, 212-214, 213t practices to improve in, 214-215

Analytical methods clean, 7-10 concerning sllStainabili~, 210-21:2 downsizing of, 149-171 energy requirements of, 28-31, 29f, 30f bst, 24 green evaluation of, 37-54

ellergy COI1SUll1ptioll evaluation, 48-49, 49f

green chemistry principles compatibility, 51-54, 53f

oper;Hor contact of waste, 44-48, 46f, 47f

reagem cOllSumption and waste generation, 50-51, 52f

roxicologicll data of reageIHs, 26, 37-40,38" 41-44', 45-46,

green method compatibiliry with, 51-54, 53f

Analytical publications, greening of, 215-218,216,

APC!. Set' Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

Aphrons, surfactant-based analyte separation using, 105

Arc ablation, 74-76 ASE. See Pressurized solvent extraction Atlllospheric pressure chemical ionization

(APe!), for IMS, 124-125 ATR. S/'/' Attenuated total reflectance Attenuated total reflectance (ATR), for

mid-infrued Spectroscopy, 67, 68f Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), 71, 72t,

73f Automation

challenges with, 1 disadvantages of, 51, 53f energy use and, 28 green limits of, 54 for greening of analytical chemistry, 35 producnviry increase with, 7 for reagent management, 7, 31-32, 51,

149-152, 153f, 154, for waste minimization, 181-183, 183f

B 13atch methods, reagents in, 31 l3iodegradation, 187, 189f 13istatic measurements, 59 13listers, noninvasive measurements on,

64-65 13ody, chemical enrry ro, 44, 46f, 47f

contact, 44, 46, 46f, 47f inhalation, 46-47, 46f, 47f

13oob, for Green Chemistry, 11, 12t 13otdes, noninvasive measurements on,

64-65

234 SUbjeCT Index

c Cllihr;nion. in laser ablation, 77 Capillary dectrophore,i~ (CE), 139-144,

1411f on a chip, 158. l5S!f MS with, 14(1 multiplexed instrunH:nrs, 140-141 on-line sample preconcenrrarioll,

141-144,1421 Capillary l1licroexrraccion, for

precolKentr..ltion, 32, 34 Carbon dioxide

for SFE, 85-86 spectroscopy and, 59--{)O

CCD. ScI' Conracrles~ conductivity detection

CCDs. Sct' Charge coupled detectors CE. Sec Capillary electrophoresis Charge coupled detecror<; (CCDs), for

micrmpectroscopy sysrems, 70 Chemlc.ll illl..lgmg (Cn, 70-71 ChemdlllnilleSCel1Ce, for derection, 1(,O Chemi~try, improvelllenr of, 1 Chemomerrics, advances for, 7 Chlorinated pesriCldes (DDTs), MAE

determinarion of, 90, 41 f Chronlarography, mulrianalyre

determination ill, 126-144 gas, 134-138 liquid, 126-134, 127f ~upercritical fluid, 138-LW

CL Sn' Chemical llllJging CLAs. See ColloidAl liquid aphrons Clean Jnalytical methods, 7-1() "CleJIl" methodologies, 7 "Cleallillg" methodologies, 7 Closed sysrems, reagents and solvents in,

operator comact with, 50-51 Cloud poillt extraction system, 104-105,

l!14f, lOSt ColloidJ.1 liquid aphrons (CLAs), surfactJllt­

based ilnalyre separation using, 1llS Comprehensive 2D gas chromawgraphy

(21) Gel, 137-13H ConductIvity detection, 162-164, 163f Cont.lct risk, With toxic chemicals, 44, 46,

46f, 47f

Conractless conductivity detection (CCD), 163-11>4,1651

Colltinuolls-flow microexrraction, 99 Convecrive heating, energy COllSulllption

of. 2S!, 30f Corrosive, III greenness cnteria, 26-27, 27f Cultural heritage analysi" Raman

specrroscopy for, 6<,1

o DART. Sec Direct analysis in real rime Ddta handling, advance~ in, 7 DDTs. SCI' Chlorinated pesricides ()endrimer t"uhanced ultrafiltration

(DEUF), 191-192 DEUF. Sec Dendrimet enhanced

ultrafilrration Diffuse reOenancc, for mid-infrarc:d

spet:rroscopy, 67, h8f Direct anJ.lysis, 6S-74

challenges with, I with sample damage

arc and spJ.rk ,Iblation, 74-7() DART, 7H-79 glow discharge, 7(1 laser ablation sources, 76-77 L111S, 7H SIMS, 79-HO, HOI

without sample dJmagl: nuclear magnetic resonance, 7."-7--t surface spectroscopy rechniqllt"s, 71,

nr,7Jf vibratiol1dl spectroscopy, (16-71

Direct analysis III real time (DART), 7H-79

Direct thermal de,orptlon, 107-1 11 dynamic headspace, 108-109,

110f, 111 static headspace, 107-111H. 110f

Disposal information, from MSDS, 3S! Dynamic headspan.. , 108-1OS!, 110f, 111

headspace-sohd phase dYnJ.mic extraction, lOS!, J IOf

pervaporatiol1, 109, 1IOf, 111 purge-and-trap, 109, 11 Of

DynJ.mic pH junction, for CE, 141, 142f,

143

conductivity detection (CCD),

-164, 165f -flow microextraction. 99 heating. energy comul1lption

~, 30f in greenness criteria, 26-27. Df rirage malysi~, RaJll;l n

:troscopy for, 69

e Direct analysIs in real timc

ing, advances in. 7 Chlorinatt'd pesticidt's enhanced ultrafiltration

oUF), 191-192 e Dendrimer enhanced

ra6lrration lectance, for mid-infr;lfed TtfOSCOPy, 67. 6Rf lysis, 65-74

~es With. 1 llple damage :1d spark ablation, 74-76 ,T,78-79 discharge, 76 ablation source~. 7(1-77

,78 >, 79-80, SOf t sample damage ~r magnetic resonance. 73-74 ce spectroscopy technique,. 71,

~t, 73f ltional spectroscopy. Mr-71 alysis in real timc (DART). 1\-79 emla] desorption, 107-1 ( 1

ic headspace, lUK-l O{),

IOf, 111 leadspact". 107-1 OK, 11 Of inli:mnarion, from MSDS, 39 ht"adspace, 10B-709, 110f, 111

ace-solid phast" dynamic Ktraction, 109, 110f >oration, 109, 110f, III ·;md-trap, 109. l1Uf . pH junction, for eE, 1~1, 142f.

E Ecological mentality, of analytical

laboratories, evolution of, 5. 6f Ecological Paradigm, J-4, 3f, 4f Economic balanct"s, of sustainability,

198-200, 199f Electricity, demand for. 2R Electrochemical detection, 16(}-164, 162f,

163f, 165f Elenrothen1ul atomic absorption

spectroscopy (ETAAS), toxic residue removal with, 191

Elemental fractionation, in laser ablation, 77 Emissions, generation of, J Energy consumption, 3, 28-31, 29f, 30f

evaluation of, 25. 2B, 48-49, 49f Environmental oppoITunities, for Analytical

Chemistry, 4-5, 6f Envlrollmemal Protection Agency (EPA),

recommendations of, 5 EPA. Sn' Environmental Protection

Agency ETAAS. Sel' Elenrothennal awmic

absorption spectroscopy Exposurt" risk, of operators, 44, 46f, 47f

comaet, 44. 46, 4(1f, 47f inhalation, 46-47, 46f, 47f

ExtrinsIC fiber devices. 63

F FAAS. See Flame atomic absorption

sPt"ctroscopy FASS SCi' Field-amplified sample stacking Elst analyticJI methods, 24 Fast temperature programming. for gas

chromatography. 136 FlA. St'c Flow injt"ction analysis Fiber devict"s. 62--64

C<ltegorit"s of, 63 materials for, 62--(l3

field-amplified sample stacking (FASS), for CE, 141-1.3, 142f

Filters, for microspecrroscopy systems, 70 First aid measures, from MSDS, 39 Fbllle atomic absorption spectroscopy

(FAAS), roxie residne removal with,

Subject Index 235

Flow injection analysis (FlA) advances for, 7 environmental impact of, reduction of,

7,9 reagem use With, minimization of, 51,

150,1S3f SIA evolution tram, 32 for toxic chemical replacement. 9

wastes generation in spectrophowmecric

analysis, 32, 32t, 33f minimizatIon of, 32, If;1-183, 183f

Focal plan array (FPA) detectol"li. 70 Forensic science, Raman spectroscopy for,

6~

Fonnaldehyde, detemlination of, 17R-179 Fourier transfonn Infrared (FTiR)

spectroscopy, opt"n-path, 59, 60r, 61f

Fourier transfoml spectrometers. for microspectroscopy systems, 70

FPA dt'tectors. See Focal plan array FTIR. Sec Fourier tr;msfonn Infrared

spectroscopy

G Gas cells, for mid-infrared spt"etroscopy. (J7 Gas chromatography (GC). 134-138

on a chip, 160 comprehensive 2D, 137-138 fast temperature programming, 136 high-speed llsing narrow bore columns.

135-136 low pressure, 136--137 MS with, 145

GC. Si'e Gas chromawgraphy 2D Cc. See Comprehensive 2D gas

chromarobrraphy CD. See Glow discharge sources GDMS. S('(' Claw discharge mass

speCtrOnlt"rry GDOES. Si'e Glow dischargt" optiClI

emission spectrometry Glow discharge mass spectromerry

(GDM5).76 Glow discharge optical t"missiol1

43 189-191 spectrometry (GDOES), 7()

i

traction (HWE), 87-88,

1< e High-pn:ssure, high rature solvent extraction Igh-pressure solvent extracnon lee Headsp.Ice-single drop extraction ~e Headspace-~olid phase 1ic extraction 'e/? Headspace-solid phase extraction

High temperature water tion ectroscopy and, 59--{)1) o[ water extraction s, MAE detemllnation of, lJ(),

Inductively coupled plasma­

,pectrometry .'1' Inductively coupled plasma­II emission spectrometry mobility spectrometry Imide needle capillar;· ption trap oupled plasma-mass ·ometry (ICP-MS), 77, 124, 123f ue removal "''lith, 18lJ-1lJ 1 oupled plasma-opticll ion spectrometry (ICP-OES),

120 ue removal with, 18lJ-llJ 1

rSls of. 50

ges of. 31, 51 nsumption and, 4H ::ration \"llth, 31 roscopy,6lJ-70 troscopy (JR), 6()-(18, (l81,

118,119f {'7, 68f

If toxic chemicals, 46-47, 46f,

:: (.Ipillary adsorption trap :AT),94

(I1Stnlmentation, energy consumption of. 29, 30f, 49

IntOXlcatlon, fir.;t aid measures for, Y) IlltrillSic fiber devices, 63 In-cube SPME, 94-95 Ion mobility spectrometry (lMS), 124-125,

125f Ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), 71, nt,

73f Ion-expu!slOn enhalKed ultratiltr.Ition, [91

lon-paring liqmd chromato~'Taphy (lPe), l1lJ

IPC. 5('(' lon-paring liquid chrolllJtoblTaphy IR. Sct' Infrared spectroscopy Isotachophoresis stacking, for CE, 141,

142f, 143-144

Isotope dilutIon, for laser ablation, 77 ISS. 5('(' lOll scattering spectroscopy

J JournJls, tor Green Chemistry, 11, 12t

l "Lab-on-a-chip." .'i('c Micro-Total Analysis

Systems Lab-on-cable, 161, 1621 Lab-on-valve (LOV), for waste

minimization, 1Hl--183, 183f Lab-pack disposal, of residues, 7 Large volume sampk stacking, for CE, 141,

142f, 143 Large volume stacking mode (LVSM), for

CE, 142f, 143 La~er ablation, 7(1-77 Laser desorption, 76-77 Laser induce fluorescence (LlF),

microfluidic devices and, 157-158, 159f

Laser induced breakdown spectrometry (LIllS), 7H

open-path, 5lJ, 60t, 62 remote, 64

LC. SCt' Liquid chrOlnatoblTaphy 2D LC. See 2D Liquid chromatography LCW. SCI' Liquid-core waveb'1Jide

Subject Index 237

Leachill~ treatments, of samples, 35 LlUS. Sl'l' Laser Induced breakdown

spectrometry Uf. SI'/' Laser mduce fluorescence Liquid cells, for mid-infrared spectroscopy,

67 2]) LiqUid chromato~r,\phy (2D LC), [34 Liquid chromatography (LC)

21), 134 on a Chlp, 158-160. l()lf ion-paring, 129 micellar, 12lJ micro high performance, 168-169, 169t,

17h lllonolithic .Iud nonporous statlOnary

phases, 133-134 MS with, 144-145 multianalyte detenninatioll in, 126-134,

127f organic solvent replacement in, 116-[28,

128t RP-LC

high temperatllre and thermal blTadlents for, 130----133

ion liquids for, 129-130. 131t ultr<l perfonnance, 169-170, 171t

LiqUid phase microexrraction (LPME), 97-9H, 98f

Liquid-coacervate extraCtion, 102-104, 104f, 105,

Liquid-core waveguide (LCW), 63 Llquid-phase Illicroextraction (LPME),

17Y-l HIl

Literature for Green Analytic.Il Chemistry, 17, [7f,

1H-20t, 21 blTeening of, 215-21H, 216t

LOV. Scc Lab-on-valve Lo...'l pressure gas chromatography

(LP-GC), 136-137 LP-CC. SCI' Low pressure gas

chromatography LPME. SCI' Liquid phase microextraction;

Liquid-phase microextranion LVSM. Sec Large volume stackmg mode

238 SubJea Index

M MacromoJecuJe-b;lsed ultrafiltration,

191-192 MAE. See Microwave-assisted extraction

and di~estion

MASE. S('c Menll)f;iJle-assisted ~olvellt

extraction Mass spectrometry

as detector in separ<ltion systems, 144-146

microfluidic devices <lnd, 157 Illilitianalyte determination ill,

120-125 JCP-MS, 123-124, 123f IMS, 124-125, 125f inlets for, 121, 1'22f

M<lterial s;lfery d;lta sheers (MSDS) greenness profIle symbols for, 27 information avaibhle from,

3H-3lj, 3f:lt somces of, 39-40, 41-44t

Mechanization for reagent manag;elllelH, 31, 51 for WJste minimization,

IXI-IX3, 183f MEKC. Sec Micellar ekctrokinetic

chrOinarography Membrane II1trodllctioll I11JSS spectrometry

(MIMS), 121, 122f Membr,lI1e-assisted solvent extraction

(MAS E), 100-101, 103f Membrane-based extraction 111ethods,

9lj-l02, JOJf membrane-assisted solvent extr,lccion,

100-101,1113f microdlalysis, 9lj-100, 103f polymeric tllelnhr,lne extraction, 1(11,

103f semipermeable membrane devices, 102,

103f with sorbellt intert\ce, 101-1 ()2

Menr,lli['f change, 195-205, l%f

Metals passivation of, 35 precipitation of, 35

MEUF Set' Micelbr cnbnced ultraflltr;ltioll

Micellar electrokinetic chrom;lcography (MEKC),139

Micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUf), 191

Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC), 12\)

Micro high performance liquid chromatogr<lphy (Micro-LC), 168-16\}, 169t, 171t

Microdialysis, 99-100, 103f MicroellluJsion-b<lsed separ;ltiom, 1()5 Microfluidic devices, 157, 157f Micro-LC. See Micro high performance

liquid chromarogr<lphy MicrokllSes, for I1UCfochips, 166-167 Mlcrospecrroscopy systems, 70 Micro-Total AnalysIs Systems (pTAS),

152-[53,155--1(10,157f CE, 15X, 159f Gc, 160 LC, 158-160, t61f

Micro\,,'a'le-.lsmted extl,lCtion ;llld digestion (MAE), f:l6- l) 1, 90f, 91 f, 92t, 152-155

advances for, 7 enerb'Y consumption of, 2\), 30( 4\} ~olvent reduction "";th, 50

Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR), 66-()7, (18f

MIMS. Set' Membrane lIltroductiOIl mass spectrOllletry

Mineralization, of orgalllC compolllld~, 35 Miniawriz;\tion

ch;dh:nges w[th, 1 dis:ldvantages of, 5 [, 53f enerb'j' cOllSllmptioll JIld, 29, 30f.

49, 49f greell limits ot: 54 for greenil1g of analytical chemistry, 35 for reagent llunagemenr, 7, lj of sample preparation, 152-155

Miniamrized chromatographs, for [OXIC chemiCl] replacement, 9

MIR. See Mid-infrared spectroscopy MLC. Sa Micellar liquid chromarogr;lphy Monolithic C01UlllllS, for IiCluid

chrolllatography, 133-134

MS. Sre Mas, specuomc:try MSDS. SI'<' Material safety ltlta sbeets

.ITAS, Scc Micro-Total Analysis Sysrems MlIltianalyte dert"fmination, 115-146

in cl.pilbry c:kctrophor~sis, 139--144. 14llf

in chromatography. 126-144

g.lS. 134-UB liquid, 126--134. 127f sllp~rcntical fluld. 138-139

elll"rgy lISt.': and, 28 111 MS, 120-125

Jell-MS, 123-124. 12Jf IMS, t24-125. 125f inlets f()r, 121, 122f

in ~Pt'cuoscopy. 116-120 inductively couph.'d plasm;\-optical

emission spc:crrollletry. 118-120

Ill. spc:ctroscopy, 117-\ lB. 119f Ranun spectroscopy. 118 UV-visible spectroscopy. 117-118,

I1Yf

XltF, 117 M uiticotlllllutatioll

reagent \\se with, milllmiz:ltiOll ot: 51, ISO-lSI, 15.1f

wastes gClll:r;\riol1 in spenrophurol1letrlc

,lIu.lysis, 32, 32t, 33f minimization of, 32, tHt-tH3, 183f

Multiplexed Clpi!lary decrro,phoresis, 140-141

N NatIOnal Envirunmental Methods Index

(NEMI),'2()

Narional Wasce MitllllllzatiOll Program, 4 Near mfr'lred spectroscopy (NIR), oR

for nOl1invJ.sive meaSllTelllellts, 65 TDLs for, (,l

NEMI. Sel' NJtioll<11 Environmental Mechod~ ludex

NIR. Se(' Ne.tr intr.l.red spectroscopy

NMR, Sct' Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

NondestrllCtiVe direC[ deterllllnaciollS, 31

Subjed Index 239

NoninvaSIve measuremc:nrs, 64--65

Nonnal stacking mode (NSM), for eE, 142f, 14.1

NSM. See Normal stacking mode: Nlll:I""ar magnetic resonance (NMR)

spt'C[roscopy, 73-74

o OLEDs. See Organic light-emitting diodes On-line degradation, 9. 28, 35, 181-192,

18.1f, 184f

biodegradation, 1B7, 1B9f macrQlllole:cule-based ultr:lfilcratioll,

191-192 oxidation, 184-185, 1B6f passiv~cion of residues, 187-191, 190f

photocatalytic oxidation, 186--187, l88f themla] degradation, 184, 185f

On-line sample: pretconce:ntrarion, for capillary electrophoresis, 141-144, H2f

On-site ~lrIalysis_ Sfe In-field analysis Open-path sensors, 59--62, 60t, 61 f

FTIR, 59, 61f LIDS, 59, 6th, 62

Raman spectroscopy, 59, 61 TDLs, 59, 60t, 61----62 UV-])OAS, 59, 60t, 61

Opera[or(s) ~xposurt' risk, 44, 46f, 47f

contact, 44, 46, 46f, 47f inhalation, 46---47, 46f, 47f

reagent contact of in closed systems, 50-51

evaluation of, 44--48, 46f, 47f n:duttIOI1 of, 27-2H

sample:s and, neW rebtionship for, 202-205, 204f

solvent contact with, in closed systt:ms, 50-51

wastes contact of, eV:lluation of, 44-48,

46t~ 47f

Optical sensing in microchips, 166 microtluidic devices and. 157

Organic compounds, mineralization of, 35

240 Subject Index

Organic Iit;ht-emitring diodes (OLEns), 167

Oxidation, 184-1 ~5, 1S6f photocatalytic, It'l6-187, 188f

p Packab>1ng, noninvasive measurements in,

64--()5 PAHs. Set' Polycyclic aromatIC

hydrocarbons Passivation

of metals, 35 ofrt:sldues, 187-1lJl, 19Uf

PllT. See Persistent, bioaccumulatlve, and roxie reagents

PCl35, Si,t' Polychlorinated biphenyls PCs. 5/'(' Priority chemic<lls PeEUF. Sec Polyelectrolrte enhanced

ultrafJltrauo/1 Persistent, bio<lccumulatlve, and toxic

reagents (PUT), in greenness cmena, 26-27, 27f

Pervaporation, 109, 110f, 111 PEUF. SCI' Polymer enhanced ultrafJltrauon Pharmaceutical Illdustry

noninvasive measurements fix, 65 Raman spectroscopy for, h9

Photocatalytic oxidation, 1H6-1 H7, 188f Photodiodes, for microchips, 167 Photon detectors, for microspectroscopy

<,ystellls, 70 l'HSE. S{'(' Pressurized hot solvent

extraction PHWE, Set' Pressurized hot water

extractIon Pimentel, George, 4--5 PLE. SCI' Pressurized liquid extfJctlOn PME. Sc'C' Polymeric membrane extraction Polychlonnated biphenyls (PClls), MAE

detenllinatioll of. 90, 91 f Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),

MAE determination of, 90, 91f Polyelectrolyte enhanced ultrafiltration

(peEUF), 191-192 Polymer enhanced ultratiltration (PEUF),

191-1lJ2

Polymeric membrane extracrion (PME), 101,103f

Portable instrumentation, enerb'Y consumption and, 28-29, 30f. 49, 49f

Power supply, for instrllments and apparams, 28, 49

Practices, change of, 195-205, 19M

Precipitarion, of metals, 35 Precision, green chemistry and, 51-52, 53f Pressmized hot solvent extractlon (PHSE),

80-88, 88f, 91 t Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE),

87-88, 88f, 91 t Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), 8{)-88,

~8f, 91t, 152-155 Pressurized solvent extraction (PSE),

86-88, 88f, 91t enerb'Y consumptIOn of, 29, 30f, 49 solvent reduction WIth, 50

Pflomy chemicals (pes), reduction of, 40, 45-46t

PSE, .'i('{' Pressurized solvellf extractIon Purge-and-trap, 109, llOf

for MS, 121. 122f Pyrolysis, for MS, 121

R RJlIlan microscopy, 6lJ-70 Rallun radiation, 68 Raman spectroscopy, 6X-(,lJ, 11H

fiber deVICes with, 63 open-path, 59, 60t, 61 spatially otfset, 64--()5

R<lyleigh radiation. f,R REACH. See Register, Evaluation,

Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals

Reagent injection systems. 150 Reagents, 32

in batch Jnethods, J 1 consumption of

evaluation of. 50......51, 52f mcreases in, 5--()

minimization of: 6-7. 27-2H with automation, 14lJ-152, 153f, 154t

lembralle extraction (PME),

103f rurnentation, energy lIrnption and, 2H-29, 30f, 49,

!y, for instntlllems and ratus, 2H, 49 lange of, 1':::15-205, 19M

1, of metals, 35 reen chemi,try and, 51-52, 53f hot solvent extraction (PHSE),

lB, BBf, 911 hot water extraCtion (PHWE),

lB, BBf, 911 liquid extranion (PLE), H6-HH. 91t, 152-155 solvent extraction (PSE), 88, BBf, 911 onsumpnon of, 29, 3(1f. 49

eduction with, 50 ~micals (PCs), redudlon of, 411,

46, ressunzed solvent extraction

-trap, 109, 110f 121, 122f or MS, 121

croscopy, 69-71)

liation, 611 ~ctroscopy, 6H-69, 11 H ...ices with, 63 th, 59, 60t, CJ 1

offset, 64-65 'adiation, 68 See Register, EvalHation, thorizatiol1, and Re,rnction of

lemical, ljection system" 150 32

I methods, 3 [

prion of ation of, 50-51. 52f

ases in, 5--6 zation of, (,-7, 27-28 automation, 149-152, 153f. 154t

on-line reten(ion of. solid phase spectrophotometry for, 34

operator Contact with evaluation of, 44-48, 46f, 47f reduction of, 27-2fl

recovery ot~ 7 replacement of. 9, 178-179, 179f

disadvamages of, 51-52, 53f risks with, 21l ~ide dlects of, 26-2fl, 27f

evaluation of, 25 toxicological data of, 26, 37-40, 38t,

41-441, 45-46, R.ecycling, of wasres, 192-194, 194f. 214 Register, Evaluation, Authorization, and

Restric(ion of Chemicals (REACH),26

Remote LI13S, 64 Remote sensing, 58-64

fiber devices, 62---64 open-path sensors, 59-{)2, 6tlt, 61 f

Representativeness, green chemistry and. 51, 53f, 54

Reversed phase hquid chromatography (RP-LC), 126-127, 12BI

high temperature and thennal gradients for. 130-133

Ion liquids for, 129-130, 131t

Robotics, for toxic chemical replacement, 9 Room temperature ionic liquids (RTils),

lBO-1Bl for RP-lC, 129-130, 131t

RP-lC S('/, Reversed phase liquid chromatography

ll..TILs. See Room temperamre ionic liquids

S Sample(s)

avoiding treatment of direct analysis with sample damage,

74-HO direct analysis without sample damage,

65-74 noninvasive measurements, 64-65 remote sensing, 58-64

SubjeCl Index 241

digestion of, enerh'Y consumption of, 2H, 48-49

good and bad practices for, 212-213, 2131

operators and, new relationship for, 21l2-205, 204f

preparation of advances In, 7 miniatllrization oC 152-155

size of, redllction of, 16, 16f, 50 ,tor,lge and preservatlon of, energy

consumption of, 48 treatment of, 57-80, 581~ HOf

direct thermal desorprion, 107-111

enerb'Y cOllsumprion for, 28-29, 30f. 48-49

extraction of liquid samples, 91-107 good and bad practices for, 212-213,

2131 green limits of. 50 greenmg of, 83--111 hard v. soft, 35 solid sample extraction techniques,

84-91 S13SE. Sec Stir bar sorptive extraction SDME. Sec Single drop microextraction Secondary-ioll mass spectroscopy (SIMS),

71, 721, 73f, 79-80, 80f Selectivity. h'Teen chemistry and, 51-52, 53f Self-cleaning, of automated systems, 34 Semipemleable membrane devices

(SPMD,), 102, l1nf Sensitivity, b'Teell chemistry and, 51, 53f, 54 Sensor technology

advances in, for tOXIC chemical rep!acemellt. 9

energy comumption and, 29, 30f Separation systems, MS as detector in,

144-146 Sequential injection analysis (SIAl

FIA evolution to, 32 reagent use with, minimization of. 51,

ISO, 153f for roxic chemical replacement, ':::I

for waste minimization, 181-1 R3, 183f

242 Subject Index

Sequemial injection analysis (SIA) (cot/I.) wastes, generation in spectrophotometric

analysis, 32, 311, 33f Sequenti<ll injection lab-an-valve

equipment (SI-LOV), 151, 15.3f SFC. Sn' Supercntical tluid

chronlafogl\lpllY SfE. SCI' Supercritical fluid e"traction SHWE, Sel' Superheated water extraniOll SIA. SCI' Sequential injection analysIs 51-LOV. S('(' Sequential1l1jection

lab-an-valve equipmem SIMS, SIc Secondary-ion mass spectroscopy Single drop micrOextrKtion (SDME).

96-97, 97f headspace. 108, 11 Of

Social acrivint"s, Analytical ChemiHry and. 2

Soft treatment, of samples, 35, 49

Solid phase dYllamic extraction (SPDE), Y5 headspace, 109, 1 IOf

Solid phase extraction (SPE), Y3--94 , I06t, 152-155

Solid phase (xtractioll units, for preconcentratlOI1, 32, 34­

Solid phase microextractiOIl (SPME), 94, W6t, 152-155

he:1dsp:1ce, lOS, 110f in-tube, 94-95 forMS, 121, 122f

Solid pf-u"t: spt:ctrophotometry, for on-hne retention of rl.'agents, 34

Solid s<lI11ple extraction techniques, H4-91 Illicrowave-asslsted extraction and

digestion, H6-91, 90f, 91 f, 92t press\lrized solvent extraction, 8(J-SS,

H8f,91t slIpt:r,ritlCJI fluid extr~l~·tion, 85 Rh, R7f.

91 t ~uperht"Jted water extraction, H6 8H, SS(

91t ultrasOlllld-assisred extr:.lction, H9, 8')f

Sohd-state NMR, 74 Solvents

consumption of, 50-51, 52f recowT)' of. 7 reducrion of, 50

rt:placemeilt of. 179-1 e1. 182t in liquid chromatography, 12()-12H,

128t side effects of, 26-28, nf

evaluation of~ 25 toxic, restriction ot~ 26

Sonication energy commnptioll of, 49 for sample dissolution aud analyte

extraction, 89, 89f solvent reduction with. 50

Sorbem interface, membrane-based extraction with, 101-102

SOllS. ~('t' Spatially offset H..amJl1 spectroscopy

Spark ablation, 74-76 Spatially offset Ranun spectroscopy

(50R5), (,4-<i5 5PDE. Scc Solid phase dynamic extraction SIlE. Sa Solid phase extractIOn Spectroscopy. S('I' ldsr spaij;( typc.1

detection with, 164-167 lllultianalyte detenninatlOn in, 116- j 2U

inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, 118-12(1

IR spectroscopy, 117-118, 119f Raman spectroscopy, 118 UV -visible spectroscopy, 117-118,

119f XIU, 117

Splineno, for IlllCrospeetr05copy sy~rem~. 70 SPM!)s. Set' ~emipenJleabJe membrane

devices SPME, Sct' Solid phase microextractiol1 SSE. SCI' Subcritica.1 solvent extractIon Static headspace, Hf/-10l5, 110f

headsp<lce sorptivt: extraction, WH, 110f headspJce-single drop 1l1icroextraCtlOJI,

IOH, l1()f headspace-solid phase nllcro t:xtraction,

lOb, IIOf for MS. 121, 122f

StatIonary phases, for liquid chromarob"Tdpby, 133-134

Stir bar <,Orptlve extraction (SUSE), 95-%, t (l()t

heJdspace sorptive extraction, 10H, 11!)f

Subcmiul solvem e-xtractjon (SSE), 86-88,

K8f, 91t

SubcritlCal water extraction (SWE), 87-88,

HHf, 91t, 152-155, 1HO Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC),

13H-1J9

for (MS, 125

SupercTitiul IlLlJd exrr~lction (SFE), 85-86,

H7t~ 91t, 152-155, IHO Supe-rheated \....ater extraction (SH WE),

86-H8. 88f, 91 r

Surface spe-rtroscopy techniques, 71, 71t,

7Jf Sl1rtIetJnt-h;l~ed Jnalyte se-paration,

102-107

liquid-coace-rvate extraction, \02-1 04,

I1l4t~ 1USt microenlllision-based ~cpJrations, 105

ming aphrons, 105

SmtJlnabiliry

analytical methods concerning, 210-212

e-COllomic balance-s of, 198-200, 199f

imroduetioll or~ 196-1 Y8, 197f

SWE. SCI' SllbcritlCal wate-r extractloll

S",,·e-epmg. for CE, 141, 141f, 144

T TDLs. Scc TUl1.lhle- lasers

T t"JChing, of Gre-en Analytical Chemistry,

218-219

TheTinal degradation, 184, 185f Thre~hold limlt value- (TLV), 37-38

ThrL'shold limit value-short te-Tln t'xposure

limit (TLV-STEL), 38

Thrt"shold limit value--time- we~hted

ave-rage (fLV-TWA), 38

TLV. SCI' Thre-~hold lunit value

TLV-STEL SCI' Threshold limit value-­

shorr term e-xpmLlre- limit

fLV -TWA. Sa Threshold limit value-tlllle

weighte-d ,\vcrage-

ToxIC che-llIicds, 37-40, 38t, 41-44t, 4S-4()t

body e-l1try of, 44, 46f, 47f

COlmer, 44, 46, -lM: 47f

inhalation, 4(1--47, 4M, 47f

e-vahl~ltion of, 15

[{'place-ment of, 9, 178-179. 179f

SUbjeCT Index 243

dis'ldvamage-s of, 51-52, S3f

restrictIon of, 26

wastes ge-lle-tatiol1 of, 34-35

Toxic rt"le-ase- inventory' (TRl), PUT in, 26

Toxicologicalll1forlllatlOll, from MSnS. 39

Tr;lCe-Jbillty. green <:hcmistry and, 51. 53t~

54 Transmission, for Illld-infrared

,peetroscopy, 67. 68f

Tr;\llspon: mformation, from MSDS, .19 Treatment ..SCI' also Hard treatment;

Leachmg trc=atme-nts; Soft treatllle-JH;

Ultrasound trt'Jtlllents

,lvolding, of samples

direct analysis wnh sample damage, 74-HO

dire-et anaJysl~ wirhout sample dalllJge. 65-74

noninvasive nleaSUrel1lt"llts. 64-(15

remote sensing, 58-64

of SJlnpb, 57-80, 5Ht~ 80f

dire-et thennal dt"sorption, 107-111

e-nergy cOI1S\.unption and, 28-29, 30f. .:.18---4-9

extractiOIl of liqUId samples, 91-107

good and bad pr;lctices for, 212-113. 113[

b'Te-el1 limH~ of, 50

grt'e-nll1g o( H3-11 1

~ohd salllple e-xtrJctiOll techlllqw_";. 84-91

of W~lm's, 34

TRI. SCi' Toxic rdease- inventory

Tunable- lasers (TDLs). open-path. 59. 60t, (11-62

u uHTS. Sec Ultra-high throughput

scree-Illng

Ultr<l Performance- Liquid Chrom.lwgraphy

(UPle), 169-1711, 171t UJtr~\fi ItratlOn, macrolllo]e-cUll'-hased,

141-192

Ultra-high throughput sCTt'e-llIng (uHTS),

ISh

Ultr,lsound tre-atments, e-nergy

comlllnptlOl1 of, ~9, JOf

244 Subject Index

Ultrasollnd-assisted extraction. S('c

Sonication Ultr;lviolct differentia] optical absorption

spenrometry (UV-DOAS), 59. 60r.61

Ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible) spenroscopy, 117-118, 119f

detection with, 165 UPLC Sn' Ultra Perfonmnce Liquid

Chrol1l<l tob'Taphy UV-DOAS. S('e Ultraviolet differential

optical .\bsorption spectrometry UV-vlsible spectroscopy. See Ultraviolet­

visible ~pectroscopy

v Vesicular liquid coacervate extraction

(VLCE), 104 Vials. noninvasive measurements on, 64-65 Vibrational spectroscopy, M)-71

chemical imaging. 70-71 infrared 111lcroscopy, 69-70 infr.lred spectroscopy, 66--{)K. ()Kf

Raman ll11croscopy, 69-7U RamaH spectroscopy, ()8-{J\)

VLCE. SrI' VeSICular liquid coacervate extraction

w Wastes

amounts oC 25 dispoS;ll oC risks with, 47-4H gellcratloll of, 3

bad comcit:nce of consumers of, 5-7, 8r

evalu;\tloll uC 5U-51, 52f

increases in, 5--{) risks with, 31-34, 32[, J3f in spectrophotometric anJlysis, 32, 32t toxic products, 34

in greenness criteria, 2(J-27. 27f h,wdling of, nsb with, 47-48 minimization of, 10. 32, 181-183,

183f method auwlllation for. 32

on-line degradation of, 9, 2K. 35, 181-192, 183f, IBM

biodegradation. 187, 1H9f 1113Cromolecu]e-based ultrafil tration,

191-192 oxidation, 1R4-1 HS, I ROf passivation of residues, 187-19\, 19Uf pJlOtocatalytic oxidation, 18fJ-1 R7.

18sr thermal degradation, 1H4, 18Sf

operator comact with, 44-4R, 46f, 47f

prob!t'm of, 177-178 downsizing, 20(}-201, 202f

recycling of, 192-194, 194f, 214

toxicity of, 25 treatment of, 34

x XPS. Sec X-r<lY photoelectron spectroscopy X-r;lY fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry,

71, 117 X-ray photoelectron spectro:;copy (XI'S),

71, 72t, 73r X-ray powder diffraction (XRP])), ()) XRF. See X-ray tll10rescence spectrollletry XRPD. Set' X-ray powder diffractioll