Living with wildlife ‒Living with wildlife

Puros Conservancythe story of

Puros – from ‘omburo’, Otjiherero for ‘fountain’

© 2

010

Fran

s La

ntin

g/w

ww

.lant

ing.

com

2

Living with wildlife ‒ the story of Puros CoNsErVANCY Puros offers an enchanting mix of

charismatic, free-roaming wildlife –lion and elephant, rhino and giraffe, endemic birds... wildlife generates a variety of benefits

for local people

interesting cultures and dynamic communities committed to sustainability ¯ people living in

Puros share a common vision formanaging their area and its resources

vast, diverse and spectacular landscapes –mountains and desert plains, the Hoarusib River...

a healthy environment diversifies economic opportunities and drives economic growth

A CoNsErVANCY is...• alegallyregisteredareawithclearlydefinedbordersandaconstituted

management body run by the community for the development ofresidentsandthesustainableuseofwildlifeandtourism

• managedbyagroupelectedtoservetheinterestsofallitsmembers• aplacewhereresidentscanaddincomefromwildlifeandtourismto

traditionalfarmingactivities• aplacewherewildlifepopulationsincreaseastheyaremanagedfor

productivegain• aplacewherethevalueofthenaturalresourcesincreases,enhancing

thevalueoftheland• aforumthroughwhichservicesanddevelopmentscanbechannelled

andintegrated• zonedformultipleusestominimiseconflictandmaximisetheinterests

ofallstakeholders

mostofwhomspeakOtjihimba.TheHimba,whoarepartofthelargerHererolanguagegroup,firstsettledinwhatistodaytheKuneneRegionaroundfivehundredyearsago,arrivingfromthenorth.WhilethemainHererocommunitymovedontosettleincentralNamibiainthe1750s,somegroupsstayedinnorthernKuneneandovertimebecameknownastheHimba.Inthisremoteandmostlyaridarea,theHimbaretainedastrongsenseofculturalidentitystill evident today. Because of its arid environment, the Puros area hasalwaysbeenmarginalforsettlement,buthassupportedsmallgroupsofsemi-nomadicHimbapastoralists forgenerations.ThepermanentsettlementatPurosonlybegantodeveloparoundfortyyearsago.

Aftertheconservancylegislationwaspassedin1996,theneighbouringPurosandSesfonteincommunitiesinitiallyintendedtoformoneconservancy,but logistical challenges and communication difficulties in the vast areaprovedtogreat,andthecommunitiesregisteredtwoconservancies,whostillworktogetheronnaturalresourcemanagementissues.

Conservanciesenable development and conservation over large areas...

MiLEsToNEs AND suCCEssEs

1996– policychangesallowcommunalarearesidentstobenefitfromwildlifeandtourismbyformingconservancies

1998– SesfonteinandPuroscommunitiesbegintheprocesstoregisterasoneconservancy

2000– PurosConservancyisregisteredinMay,whilethreeyearslaterSesfonteinConservancyisregistered

2000– PurosConservancybecomespartoftheannualNorth-WestGameCount

2002– implementationoftheEventBookmonitoringsysteminPurosConservancy

2003– PurosCampsite,developedbeforetheregistrationoftheconservancy,becomesafullyconservancy-ownedenterprise

2006– harvestingofCommiphoraresinforexporttotheinternationalcosmeticindustrybeginsinPurosandthreeotherconservancies

2009– PurosBushLodgeisdevelopedasafullyconservancy-ownedenterprise

2010– implementationofalionmonitoringandmanagementprojectisstarted,inwhichrevenuefromlionrelatedtourismpaysforlossescausedbythelions,therebyfacilitatingconservationofthepredators

2010– blackrhinoaretranslocatedfromthePalmwagTourismCon-cessiontoPurosandneighbouringOrupembeConservancies

2010– registrationasacommunityforestisinitiated

QuiCK FACTsRegion:Kunene Main language:Otjihimba/OtjihereroSize:3,562squarekilometres Date of registration:May2000Approximate population: 300

A LiTTLE HisTorYPrior to Namibia’s independence in 1990, communal area residents

hadfewrightstousewildlife.Wildanimalswereoftenseenaslittlemorethanathreattocrops, livestockandinfrastructure,aswellascommunitysafety. Ground-breaking legislation passed in the mid-nineties laid thefoundationforanewapproachtothesustainableuseofnaturalresources.By forming a conservancy, people in communal areas can now activelymanage–andgeneratebenefitsfrom–wildlifeandotherresourcesintheirarea,encouragingwildliferecoveriesandenvironmentalrestoration.Whileaconservancyisanaturalresourcemanagementstructure,itisdefinedbysocial ties.Conservanciesunitegroupsofpeoplewith thecommongoalof managing their resources. Today, over 60 communal conservanciesembraceoneinfourruralNamibians,underlininganationalcommitmenttobothruraldevelopmentandconservation.

ThePuros Conservancycoversalargeareaofover3,500squarekilometres,butembracesonlyasmallpopulationofaround300people,

people are living with wildlife, are managing natural resources wisely and are reaping the benefits...

© 2

010

Fran

s La

ntin

g/w

ww

.lant

ing.

com

© 2

010

Fran

s La

ntin

g/w

ww

.lant

ing.

com

4

Conservanciesare living landscapes...

ThetraditionalcultureoftheHimbaisiconic.Proudpastoralistsherdtheircattleacrossthespectacularlandscapesofthenorth-west,as women in traditional dress, anointed with amixture of butter fatand redochre, tend tovillagechores.While thesettlementofPuroshasgraduallylostmanytraditionalHimbaattributes,thenearbyPurosTraditional Village allows visitors wonderful insights into the culturalheritage of the Himba, showing practical aspects of daily life andexplainingimportantelementssuchastheholyfire,andthesystemofdualdescent thatgovernsHimbasociety.The traditionalvillagealsokeepsaliveasenseofprideintheculturalheritageofthecommunity.

rEsourCEs AND ATTrACTioNsspottedandbrownhyaena,andjackal.Theuniqueenvironmentofnorth-westernNamibiahasproducedahighdegreeofendemism,andmanyofthecountry’snear-endemicbirdsarefoundintheconservancy,includingBenguela long-billed lark, Gray’s lark, Carp’s tit, rosy-faced lovebird,Rüppell’sparrot,Rüppell’skorhaan,Monteiro’shornbill,Damarahornbill,violetwood-hoopoe,white-tailedshrike,Hererochatandrockrunner.

Whilemuch of the conservancy supports only a sparse vegetationcover,theephemeralriversarelinedwithhugeanaandcamelthorntress,tamarisk and salvadora thickets, makalani palms and mopane trees.Mopane is the dominant tree throughoutmuch of the eastern parts ofPuros,givingwayinthewesttoopendesertplains.Commiphoraspeciesarecommononrockyslopesandareanimportantresourceforpeople,whoalsoharvestmanyotherplantsforavarietyofuses.

a large village enclosed by a mopane palisade, with the holy fire smouldering near the central stock enclosure; at the entrance of her hut, a Himba woman grinds red ochre on a well-worn stone to prepare her celebrated body rub...

Puros Traditional Village allows wonderful cultural insights and interaction

TheNamibissaidtobetheoldestdesertintheworld.ItstretchesalongtheentireNamibiancoastline,reachingonlyslightlyintosouth-western Angola and north-western South Africa. The settlementofPuros issituated less than60kilometres from thecoast,and theenvironment of theconservancy is shapedby thedesert climate.Average annual rainfall is extremely low at between 50 and 150millimetres,andisalsohighlyvariable,withmuchhigherthanaveragerain insomeyearsandbasicallynone inothers.ThecoldBenguelaCurrentoftheAtlanticgeneratesfrequentfog,whichispushedinlandtoPurosandbeyondon20ormoredayseachyear,providingimportantmoistureforplantsandanimals,andsoothingthedryland.Thewesternplainsoftheconservancylieatlessthan500metresabovesealevel,buttherockyhillsturntoruggedpeaksinthenorthandeast,risingtoaround1,300metres.

Winding its way through the heartland of the conservancy, theephemeralHoarusibRiverisavitallinearoasisinthearidenvironment.Permanent springs produce gentle flow for stretches of severalkilometres,andtheriverislinedbydensevegetationinmanyplaces,

attractingwildlifelargeandsmall.Theriverhascarveditspathdeepintothemountains,creatingspectacularcliffsaswellasthestunning‘ClayCastles’alongitslowerreaches.ThedryKhumibRivercrossesthenorthernquarteroftheconservancyandhascreatedsimilarlybeautifulscenery.Puroshasagreatatmosphereofwilderness;anatmosphereoftimelessAfrica,enhancedbytheHimbaculture.

just seeing the large paw prints of the legendary desert lion in the sand lets a traveller’s heart beat faster with tingling expectation;downriver, a herd of elephant cows and calves moves in and out of dense vegetation, feeding below a backdrop of sheer cliffs...the Hoarusib River is a haven for desert-adapted wildlife

Since the establishment of conservancies, wildlife numbers incommunalareashavereboundedfromhistoriclowspriortoindependence.The elephants and lions of Puros are emblematic, having providedcountlessvisitorswiththrillingencounters.Giraffearecommon,andblackrhinoroamtheremotehinterland.Kudu,gemsbok,springbok,Hartmann’smountainzebra,duiker,steenbokandklipspringeralloccur,andarestalkedbyanassortmentofpredators thatalso includes leopardandcheetah,

Around Puros... PurosliesattheheartofthewesterntourismroutethroughKaoko.TheconservancyhugsthefringesoftheNamibDesert to the west, and borders onto the Skeleton Coast Park, arenownedwildernesstraveldestination.Tothenorth,southandeast,moreconservan-ciescovermostoftheKuneneRegionandformpartofavastconservationlandscapethatreachesfromtheKunenetotheOrangeRiverandlinksEtoshawiththecoastalparks.

Overall Endemismof TerrestrialFauna & Flora

HighEndemism

LowEndemism

© 2

010

Fran

s La

ntin

g/w

ww

.lant

ing.

com

© 2010 Frans Lanting/www.lanting.com

6

intheconservancy,andthefewinformalshopsprovidealimitedselection of goods. Sesfontein,110 kilometres south of Puros,is the closest larger settlement,butalsoprovidesfewfacilities and services,although thereis a clinic and a larger school. Over200kilometresaway,theregionalcapital,Opuwo,providesaccesstoahospital,schools,andotherfacilitiesandservices.

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

1009080706050403020100

N$

LiVELiHooDs AND DEVELoPMENT

Puros facilitates access to diverse training and capacity building, empowers individuals, especially women,to actively take part in decision-making, as well as instilling a renewed sense of pride in cultural heritage

the conservancy has created a range of new livelihood options for its residents, including tourism income, guiding, craft production and indigenous plant harvesting, enabling the Himba to utilise much of their traditional knowledge and skills

Conservanciesempower rural people...

TheHimbalivinginKaokomakeuplessthanonepercentofNamibia’snational populationandtheresidentsofPurosliveinageographicallyremoteandaridpartof theKuneneRegion.Himbaculturehasalwaysbeencentredaroundherdsoflivestock,andthesemi-nomadicpastoralistsmovedoverlargeareastofollowthesparsegrazingandephemeralwatersourcesalongtheedgeoftheNamib.Intheearly1980s,anextremelyharsh drought caused terrible livestock losses throughout the region.Deprivedoftheirmainlivelihood,theHimbainthePurosareaneededtorelyonexternalfoodaidforsometime.Thisinducedamoresedentarylifestyle,leadingtothepermanentsettlementatPuros.Inthemid1980s,

community conservation pioneer Garth Owen-Smith began paying thePuroscommunityanagreedlevyforeachguesthebroughtintotheareatoviewwildlife.ThesystemwassoonalsotakenupbyLouwSchoeman,founder of Skeleton Coast Safaris. The ability to generate income byprotectingwildlifechangedpeople’sperceptions towardselephantsandother potentially dangerous game, and the collaboration with tourismoperators also reneweda sense of cultural pride.Theproject becamea role model for ways in which tourism could contribute to both ruraleconomiesandconservation,by‘turningpoachersintopartners’.

Development in communal areas was sorely neglected duringcolonial rule, and the liberation war further isolated the north-westprior to independence, when the SouthAfrican military presence hadprofoundeffectsonthelocalenvironmentandculture.FewinfrastructuredevelopmentshavetakenplaceinPurosandonlyasingleroadpassesthroughtheconservancy.NaturalspringsalongtheHoarusibRiverservedasthemainsourceofwaterforPurosformanyyears,butawaterpointhasnowbeendevelopedatthesettlement.ThesmallprimaryschoolatPuroswasbuiltwithsupportfromWildernessSafaris.Therearenohealthfacilities

While the livelihoods ofmany residentsarestill basedoncattle,goatsandsheep,theconservancyhasconsiderablydiversifiedlivelihoodoptions by building on the initiatives started prior to independence.A variety of benefits are now being generated from natural resourcemanagement.Manynewjobshavebeencreated,bothintourismandbytheconservancy itself.Controlledhunting in the formof trophyhuntingandshootandsellhuntinggeneratesdirectincometocoversomeoftheconservancy’srunningcosts.Thegamemeatfrombothtrophyandown-

usehuntingisdistributedtoresidents.Otherbenefits

createdbythecon-servancyinclude

funeralassistance,andtransportforschoolchildren

andpeopleneedingmedical

attention.

Theconservancyhasdevelopedaboreholetoprovidethetraditionalvillage with water, as well as creating water points for livestock.HarvestingCommiphora resin for theperfume industry isgeneratingimportantincomeforHimbawomen.TheresinisnaturallyexudedbytheCommiphora bushes and has been collected by Himba womento make scent for generations. Field-based NGO Integrated RuralDevelopment&NatureConservation (IRDNC)nowbuys theharvestandprocesses it intoanessentialoil at itsnaturalproduct facility inOpuwo.Theoil isexportedtoFrance,whereit isusedasaperfumeingredient.Tobeabletomaximisebenefitsfromindigenousplants,theconservancyhasinitiatedregistrationasacommunityforestwiththeMinistryofAgriculture,Water&Forestry.Craftshavealsobecomeanimportantsourceofincomeandavarietyofcrafts,includingjewellery

andbaskets,aresoldatthetraditionalvillage.Access for visitors to the conservancy is provided by the

D3707gravelroadfromSesfonteintoPurosandOrupembe.Anumberofsmallfour-wheeldrivetrackstraversetheconservancy,butshouldonly be explored in the company of experienced guides. Directvehicle access to the SkeletonCoast Park is not possible from theconservancy.Avarietyofbeautifultourism accommodationoptionsfor allmarket segments exist in Puros.ThePurosCampsite, whichwasalreadyoperatinglongbeforetheregistrationoftheconservancy,is an extremely popular stop-over for camping safaris, while theadjacentPurosBushLodgeofferschaletsforself-cateringtravellers.Bothoftheseenterprises,aswellasthePurosTraditionalVillage,aremanaged by the conservancy. The exquisite Okahirongo ElephantLodge, a joint venture with the conservancy, caters for up-marketvisitors,whileSkeletonCoastSafarisoperatesajoint-venturecampfortheirfly-inguestsatLeylandsDriftintheconservancy.Allthetourismenterprisesgeneratesignificantincome,employmentandotherbenefitsfortheconservancyanditsresidents.

Veld Products

Shoot and Sell

Own-Use Hunting Game Meat

Trophy Hunting

Joint Venture Tourism

Campsites & Cultural Tourism

Conservancy & Household Income

Other Benefits Private Sector Jobs

Household Meat

Social Benefits

Running Costs

Jobs

Conservancy Expenditure

Other Benefits

CombinedCashIncomeandIn-kindBenefits

Benefits to the conservancy and its members come from a variety of sources. Sources and amounts vary from year to year,depending on factors such as agreements with private sector partners, and market fluctuations.

The pie chart shows the main benefit sources in 2010.

The conservancy spends money and provides community and individual benefits in various areas. Areas and amounts vary from year to year, depending on factors such as conservancy income and priorities. Private sector jobs are created through agreements with private sector partners. The pie chart shows the main expenditure and benefit areas in 2010.

© 2

010

Fran

s La

ntin

g/w

ww

.lant

ing.

com

8

MANAgiNg NATurAL rEsourCEsConservanciesfacilitate sustainability...

Themanagement structure ofPurosConservancyconsistsofamanagementcommitteeof13members.Conservancyemployeesincludefivegameguards,threelionofficers,twocommunityactivators,awatermanagementofficer,seventraditionalvillagestaff,fivecampsitestaff,ninebush lodgestaffandacookemployedat theschool.TheconservancyhasitsownofficeatPurosandownsafour-wheeldrivevehicletocarryoutitsactivities.ArangeoftechnicalsupportisprovidedtotheconservancybyIRDNC.

Activities... The conservancy has been zoned to reduceconflicts between farmingandwildlife in theareaswere thehighest

gamedensitiesoccur,butPuros iscompletelyunfencedandwildlifecan move freely across the conservancy and beyond its borders.BlackrhinoweretranslocatedfromthePalmwagTourismConcessionto Puros and neighbouring Orupembe Conservancies to boost theexisting population. Conservancy game guards undertake activenatural resource monitoring throughout the conservancy, includingmonthlyfixedroutepatrolsdoneonfootacrosstheruggedandlargelywaterlessterrain.InformationisenteredintotheEventBookmonitoringsystem, recordinga variety of data suchasgamesightings, humanwildlife conflict, poaching incidents, game utilisation and any otherdatadeemed importantby theconservancy.Thedata isaggregatedinto monthly and annual reporting charts that facilitate adaptivemanagement.TheconservancyispartoftheannualNorth-WestGameCount,carriedoutbytheMinistryofEnvironment&Tourism(MET)incollaborationwith the conservanciesandwith the support ofNGOs.Thecensusisthelargestannualroad-basedgamecountintheworld.TheMETworkswith theconservancyandotherstakeholders tosetannualquotasforusingwildlife,basedoninformationfromthegame

countsandtheEventBook.Thisallowstheconservancytocarryoutown-usehuntingtosupplyresidentswithmeat,aswellasenteringintotrophyhuntingconcessionagreementswithhuntingoperators.

Puroswas thefirstconservancy toactivelystrive towardsfindinga balancebetweena resident lion population and livestock herding.Workingwiththewell-knownlionresearcherDrPhilipStanderandhisDesertLionConservationProject,Purosimplementedalionmonitoringandmanagementprogrammetobeabletolivewithlions,andatthesametimegeneratebenefitsthroughtourism,whichcanoffsetlossescausedbythebeguilingpredators.ThreelionofficersweretrainedbyDrStander tomonitor the lionpopulationand collect informationontheir behaviour, allowing the conservancy to reduce conflicts. Puroshas faced strong scepticism expressed by comments such as ‘Youpeoplearecrazyto lookafterthelions’,andtheprojectcontinuestoexperience disheartening setbacks― three resident lionesses werepoisoned in 2011.TheHoarusibRiver is nowbeing re-colonised byotherlionsandtheconservancyhopestolearnfromthesetbacksandcontinuestomakeprogresstoprotectthelegendary‘desertlions’.

the Puros Conservancy provides vital structures for managing the communal natural resources of the areain a way that enhances development and ensures sustainability

the conservancy uses a mix of modern technologies and traditional knowledge and skillsto enable healthy wildlife populations, a productive environment, and the effective management of natural resources

Purosstrivestomitigateallhumanwildlifeconflict,andistrainingstafftomonitorotherspecies such as elephant and black rhino.Puroshaspaidoffsetstoresidentsforlossescaused by wildlife for a number of yearsthroughtheHumanAnimalConservancySelfInsuranceScheme(HACCSIS).ThroughtheNational Policy on HumanWildlife Conflict

Management,anewsystemofprovidingfinancialoffsetsforlossesisnowbeing

implemented.TheconservancyreceivesafixedlumpsumfromtheMET

andis

responsibleforpayingoffsetstoresidents.Claimsmustbeaccompaniedbyareportfromgameguardsinvestigatingtheincident,andallclaimsarereviewedbyapanelbeforeanypaymentscanbemade.

© 2

010

Fran

s La

ntin

g/w

ww

.lant

ing.

com

10

CHALLENgEs, oPPorTuNiTiEs... ... AND THE FuTurEConservanciesare full of opportunities...

ThewonderfulmixtureofenvironmentalandculturalresourcesinthePurosConservancyprovidesuntappedpotential.

Challenges...Humanwildlifeconflictisachallengewhereeverpeople coexist with wild animals, especially if these include lions.Puros is facing this challenge in an innovative way, by choosingto actively look after and live with the lions that have made theconservancyapartoftheirhomerange.Ageneralchangeinattitudetowardspredators throughout thenorth-west is reflectedby the factthat the free-roaming lions in the Kunene Region have recovered

Puros harbours great potential to overcome some of the development challenges that the area faces ‒and the conservancy is the ideal structure to coordinate many of the developments

from a population low of only 25 individuals in themid nineties, towelloverahundredtoday.ThelionsrangeasfarsouthastheUgabRiver,northtotheMarienflussandwesttothemistybeachesoftheSkeletonCoast.Conflictswiththelionsareahugechallengeforlocalfarmers, and many lions continue to be shot and poisoned. Whileotherpredatorssuchasspottedhyaena,leopardandcheetahactually

Puros has diverse opportunities to expand the range ofcommunity benefits generated from natural resource management.Manymobile operators currently utilising the wildlife and landscapeattractions Puros has to offer are not sharing benefits with thecustodiansofthearea―thelocalcommunity.Oncemobileoperatorsbegintoengageconstructivelywiththeconservancy,thiswillbeginto

strategic development, sensitive to cultural dynamics as well as the environment,can ensure that the residents of the conservancy benefit from their communal resources without compromising their heritage

generateadditionalcommunitybenefitsandleadtoafairsharingoftheincomefrommobiletourism.

Puros has a variety ofplans to expand tourism, as well as toimprove conservancy management. The concessions policy of theMinistry of Environment & Tourism creates opportunities for parkneighbours to benefit from adjacent protected areas. By sharing

benefits from resources to which communities had been deniedaccess,asystemof‘friendlyneighbours’iscreatedthroughanalliancethatbenefitsboththeparkandtheneighbouringcommunity.PuroshasappliedforaconcessionintheadjacentSkeletonCoastPark,which,if awarded, could open exciting new tourism options and generateimportantbenefitsfortheconservancy.

Theconservancystrivestocontinuouslyimproveitsmanagementcapacities, and is funding tertiary education for local learners, whocan return to the conservancy well-trained after the completion oftheirstudies, to takeupmanagementpositions.Purosalsohopestoshareitsexperiencesinworkingwithlionswithotherconservanciestoexpandthepositiveimpactsoflionconservation.

Puros served as an excellent example for contributing to rurallivelihoodswhileconservingwildlifethroughtourisminthe1980s.Today,Puroshasdeveloped intooneof themostsuccessfulconservanciesin Namibia, generating community benefits from a suite of naturalresourcemanagementactivities.Thepilotproject for livingwith lions

canlaythefoundationsforsimilarapproachestotheconservationoflargepredatorsinotherareas.Andthesmallcommunity

inthisremoteandharshlybeautifultractoflandcancontinuetofind

innovativewaystolivewithwildlifeandgeneratebenefitsfromconser-

vation,ensuringabrightfuturefortheconservan-

cyanditsresidents.

0

10

20

30

40

50

2009200820072006200520042003

Number of incidents

Jackal

Hyaena

Elephant

Cheetah

Leopard

Lion

causemoreincidentseachyear,lionsfeaturemostprominentlyintheconsciousnessofpeople,astheyalso present a direct threat to human life. Yet allpredators,aswellaselephantsandotherwildlife,are extremely valuable, both to the ecosystemandtotourism,andinthelongrunbenefitsgainedfromthemneedtooutweighthecostsoflivingwiththem― ifpeoplearetocontinuetotoleratethem.The work done in Puros will hopefully bear fruitandwillbegin toconvincemoreconservancies toworkactivelywithlionsandotherpotentialconflictspecies.

Come to Puros ―be part of the future...Human wildlife conflicts are monitored using the Event Book and clearly indicate the main conflict species.

© 2

010

Fran

s La

ntin

g/w

ww

.lant

ing.

com

12

Hoarusib River

Hoarusib River

Khumib RiverSechomib River

Gomatum River

SKELETON

COAST PARK

Conservancy Office

Puros TraditionalVillage

Puros CampsitePuros Bush LodgeOkahirongo

Elephant Lodge

Tomakas

Leylandsdrift Lodge

Epako

Okanguma

Ocean

North

Hoarusib River

Atlan

tic

Puros

For more information and updates: Puros Conservancy

P.O. Box 2195Windhoek

Telephone: +264 (0)81 3836811Copyright©NACSO2012;AllphotostakeninPurosbyHelgeDenker&FransLanting;Text&layout:HDenker;

Maps:SylviaThompson;Backcovermap:RAISON;Charts:AliceJarvis;Printing:JohnMeinertPrintingCopyright © NACSO 2012; All photos taken in Puros by Helge Denker & Frans Lanting; Text & layout: H Denker;

TheproductionofthisbrochurewasjointlyfundedbyMCA-Namibia,NoradandWWF

www.namibiawildlifesafaris.com | www.nacso.org.na