Living in a Globalizing World - ACGC · 2017. 2. 4. · local and global researchers, higher...

Economics 5DARKBLUE

The Centre for Global CitizenshipEducation and Research

Living in a Globalizing World:A Deliberative Dialogue

on Globalization

Living in a Globalizing World

ADELIBERATIVEDIALOGUEONGLOBALIZATIONTeacher’sResourceBook

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ThisguidewaspreparedbytheGlobalEducationNetwork(GEN)intheDepartmentofEducationalPolicyStudiesattheUniversityofAlberta,withthefinancialsupportofFieldExperiencesinUndergraduateStudentServicesattheUniversityofAlberta.

GENisaninitiativethatseekstolinkresearch,teachingandsocialactionthroughcreatingpartnershipsthatservethepublicandtheeducationcommunityinthewidestsense.GENisaresponsetoanincreasingawarenessofthesocialresponsibilitiesoftheeducationcommunityandtheneedtoaddresssocialjusticeasacentralfocusineducationresearchandteaching,andthereforeseekstodevelopacriticalresearchcultureofcollaboration,creativity,andcompassionbybringingtogetherlocalandglobalresearchers,highereducationpractitioners,in‐serviceandpre‐serviceteachers,andcommunityeducatorstoworkcollaborativelyforsocialchange.TheworkofGENlinksglobalandlocalissuesandeducationresponsesthroughsuchareasascitizenship,humanrightseducation,peaceandenvironmentaljusticeeducation.

ProjectCoordinator:Dr.LynetteShultz

Researcher/Writer:AnnaMcClean

January,2009

ContactUs

ForfurtherinformationregardingtheworkofGEN,pleasecontactusintheDepartmentofEducationalPolicyStudies:

Dr.LynetteShultzEducationalPolicyStudies

7‐104EducationNorthUniversityofAlberta

Edmonton,Alberta

T6G2G5

Phone:(780)492‐7625Fax:(780)492‐2024

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TableofContentsPreface 4

CurriculumLinks 8

Globalization 18

Approaches 19

Approach1:Pro‐globalistapproachestoglobalization 20

Approach2:Makingglobalizationworkforall 21

Approach3:Criticalperspectivesonglobalization 22

SeekingCommonGround 23

Glossary 24

References 25

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PrefaceAsourworldbecomesincreasinglyinterconnected,educatorsmustworktofosterinstudentsaglobalconsciousnesswithrespecttohumanityandworldissues.Onekeyelementofthisisdevelopinganunderstandingofhowpoliticalandeconomicdistributionofpoweraffectsindividuals,communities,nationsandtheglobe,particularlyinrelationtotheprocessofglobalization.

Globalizationisdiscussedbyscientists,politicaltheorists,economists,studentsandmore.Itishotlydebatedandwidelycontested.Therearemanygreyareasthatneedtobediscussed–thisisnotsimplyblack‐and‐white.

Withthisguide,yourstudentswillengageinadeliberatedialogueprocessthatwillgetatthecomplexitiesofglobalizationwhileenhancingtheirabilitytodeterminethestrengthsandweaknessesofargumentsandidentifythemainideasunderlyingvariouspositionsonglobalization.

WhatisDeliberativeDialogue? Deliberativedialogueisaprocessthatallowsparticipantstoengageinissuesfrommultipleperspectives.Throughthisprocess,participantspresenttheiropinions,whileremainingopentotheopinionsofothers.Participantsworkthroughdifferentoptions,exploretheprosandcons,andseekareasofcommonground.

Therearesomedistinctdifferencesbetweenadialogueandadebate.Debatesoftenfocusonbackingupone’sownargumentwhilelookingforflawsintheargumentofone’sopponent.Participantslookforweaknessesintheopponent’spositioninordertoprovideacritique.Theemphasisisonensuringtheoutcomeisinone’sownfavour.Incontrast,thegoalofdialogueistofindcommonunderstandingandcommonground.Ratherthanaskingparticipantstodefendtheirassumptions,theyareaskedtoexploreandquestionthembylookingattheissuethroughmultipleperspectives.

Participantsbringtheirownperspectiveandexperienceoftheissuetothedialogue.However,bylookingatavarietyofapproachestoaparticulartopic,studentsexaminethecause‐and‐effectrelationshipbetweenthesevariousapproachesandtheirimpactsonourworld.Throughthedeliberativedialogueprocess,theyareabletoworkthroughsomeofthetensionsandcomplexitiesbetweenvariousapproaches.Thisprocessallowsthemtodealwithcontroversialissuesinaclear,logical,open‐mindedandrespectfulway.

Deliberativedialogueshouldbeanon‐confrontationalprocessthatprovidesaforuminwhichstudentscanengageopenlyandhonestlywithcontroversialissues.

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StructureofaDeliberativeDialogue Note:ThismaterialdrawsheavilyfromthetrainingmaterialsoftheCanadianCouncilforInternationalCooperation(www.ccic.ca)andisusedwithpermission.

SectionA:30minutes

Overviewoftheissue(nomorethan5minutes)

Personalexperiences(nomorethan10minutes)

SectionB:1.5hours

Explanationofthelesson

Reviewtheapproaches

Choicework(20‐25minutesperapproach)

SectionC:45minutes

CommonGround(25minutes)

Nextsteps(15minutes)

TheRoleoftheFacilitatorThisguideisatoolforbringingallstudentsintoaconversationonglobalization.Itprovidesanoverviewofglobalizationandexploresseveralapproachesorcoursesofactionthatcouldbetakentorespondtothisprocess.

Thestartingpointofanydeliberativedialogueispeople’sownexperiencesandvalues.Thefacilitatorofthedeliberationwillhelpstudentssharetheiropinions,concernsandvalues.However,theyshouldalsomakestudentsawareoftheframesthroughwhichtheyviewglobalization,andhelpthemtoshifttheirperspectivebyanalyzingandproblematizingexistingframeswhilealsobringinginalternativelenses.Theperspectivespresentedinthisguideareastartingpoint,buttherearemanyothersthatcanalsobebroughtintothediscussionbythefacilitator.

Thefacilitatorshouldnotattempttomanipulatethedialogueorsteerparticipantstowardsanultimatedecision,butratherguideparticipantsiftheyfeeltheconversationhashitabarrier.Bydoingthis,participantscanclarifywhatisimportanttothemanddevelopnewmeaningandunderstandingofglobalization.

TheRoleoftheRecorderTherecorderlistenstothediscussionandpullsoutkeythemesandideasthatemerge.Itishelpfultousearecordingsheetthatprovidesspacefortakingnotesononeside,andaspaceforjottingdownpossibleareasofcommongroundandareasoftension,disagreementandambiguity.Payparticularattentiontothemesthatcomeuprepeatedlyorthatpeopleseemtobeagreeingwith.Thesenoteswillbeusedinthe“CommonGround”section.

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ChoiceWorkThefacilitatorwillwalkthestudentsthrougheachofthethreeapproachespresentedintheguide.Itisimportanttomentiontostudentsthattheseapproachesarenotmutuallyexclusive,noraretheytheonlyapproachestoglobalization.Rather,theyarestartingpointswherestudentscanbegintodiscussthevalues,consequencesandconflictsofglobalization.Thefacilitatorshouldleadintoeachapproachwithapositivequestioninordertogetstudentsintotheunderlyingvaluesoftheperspective.Thenthediscussioncanleadintocritiquesandquestioning.Thefacilitator’sroleistohelppeoplequestionandunderstandtheirownperspectiveandalsotoleadthemintoaquestioninganddeeperunderstandingofnotonlythethreeapproachespresented,buttheprocessofglobalizationingeneral.Youmaymostlikely,dependingontheexperiencesandbackgroundsofstudentsinyourclass,findthatsomeviewswillnotbepresented.Therefore,itwillbeimportanttoask

• Whatdoyouthinkthatsomeonewhoisaffectedbythisapproachbutnothereatthisforummightsay?

• Howwouldtheirexperienceofglobalizationdifferfromyourexperience?Anotherwayofdoingthisistobringinalternativeperspectivesdirectly

• Peoplefromdifferent“locations”(nation,class,gender,rural‐urban,indigenous,ethnicity,etc.)mightsay….

Duringthechoicework,therecordershouldbelisteningforkeythemesandcommonground.PossibleDiscussionQuestions(fromwww.ccic.ca)

1. Whatisofvalueinthisapproach?• Whatdoyoulikeaboutthisapproach?• Whatwouldapersonwhosupportsthisapproachsayaboutit?• Whatdoyoufindmostpersuasiveaboutthisapproach?• Whowouldsupportthisapproach?Whatwouldtheyvalue?

2. Whatarethecosts/consequencesassociatedwiththisapproach?• Whatdoyouthinkapersonwhoopposesthisapproachwouldsay?• Whatdoyounotlikeaboutthisapproach?• Whoisharmedbythisapproach?• Whatisanexampleofaconsequenceassociatedwiththisapproach?

3. Whoorwhatisbeingglobalizedinthisapproach?

• Whocontrolstheprocess?How?• Whataretheimplicationsofthisapproachtoglobalizationforpeopleindifferent

"locations"(nation,class,gender,rural‐urban,indigenous,ethnicityetc.)

4. Whatarethetensionsorconflictsinthisissuethatwehavetoworkthrough?Asthedialoguecontinuesthroughtheapproaches,themoderatormaywanttostartadiscussionaroundtensionsthatexistbetweentheapproaches.

• Whatdoyouseeasthetensionsbetweentheapproaches?• Whatarethegrayareas?

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CommonGroundAfterworkingthrougheachoftheapproaches,studentsshouldreflectonanycommongroundtheyhavefound.Theydonotneedtoreachconsensus(completeagreement)butratherneedtofindastartingpointfromwhichtheycouldpossiblytakeactiononthisissue.

Therecorder’snotesformthestartingpointofthisdiscussion.Therecordershouldhighlightanycommongroundthattheyheardfromthegroup,alongwithanypointsoftension(checkinginwiththegrouptoensurethattheyheardcorrectly).

Therecorderneednotreportbackoneverythingthatwasdiscussed,butratherpulloutandpresentkeythemes.

Oncealistofcommongroundisacceptedbythegroup,therecorderorfacilitatorcanleadthegroupinadialoguethatwillcontinuetodeepentheirunderstandingofglobalization.

• Aretherevaluesorprinciplesthatasagroupweagreeon?• Arethereadditionaltensionsorcontradictionsthatweneedtoworkthrough?• Arethereareasofsharedinterestfromwhichwecanmoveforward?

ClosureandNextStepsAfterworkingthrougheachoftheapproaches,provideanopportunityforstudentstoreflectonhowtheirunderstandingofglobalizationhasshiftedthroughthedeliberativedialogueprocessandtooutlinepossiblenextsteps.Thefacilitatorcouldask:

• Howhasyourthinkingaboutglobalizationchanged?• Whatdidwediscussthatisdifferentfromtheusualdebate?• Isthereanythingyoumightdodifferentlyasaresultofthedeliberation?• Whatcouldwedotoaddresstheunresolvedtensionsthatcameupduringthedialogue?

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CurriculumLinksThisresourceguidewasdevelopedspecificallywiththeAlbertaEducationSocialStudiesCurriculuminmind.BelowisanoutlineofthewaysinwhichthislessonlinkstotheoverallgoalsoftheSocialStudiescurriculum,alongwithcurriculumlinksforSocialStudies10‐1/10‐2,11‐1/11‐2,and12‐1/12‐2.

SocialStudiesCurriculumLinksValuesandAttitudes ‐Demonstrateaglobalconsciousnesswithrespecttohumanityand

worldissues

KnowledgeandUnderstanding ‐Understandhistoricandcontemporaryissues,includingcontroversialissues,frommultipleperspectives

‐Understandhowpoliticalandeconomicdistributionofpoweraffectsindividuals,communitiesandnations

SkillsandProcesses ‐Engageinactiveinquiryandcriticalandcreativethinking

‐Recognizeandresponsiblyaddressinjusticesastheyoccurintheirworld

‐Communicateideasandinformationinaninformed,organizedandpersuasivemanner

Pluralism:DiversityandCohesion

‐Acommitmenttorespectingdifferencesandfosteringinclusiveness

‐Anunderstandingandappreciationforsharedvalues‐Arespectfordemocraticprinciplesandprocessesfordecisionmakingsuchasdialogueanddeliberation

CurrentAffairs ‐Investigatingcurrentaffairsfrommultipleperspectives

Power,AuthorityandDecisionMaking

‐Criticalexaminationofthedistribution,exerciseandimplicationsofpowerandauthority

EconomicsandResources ‐Exploremultipleperspectivesontheuse,distributionandmanagementofresourcesandwealth

CriticalThinking ‐Distinguishingfactfromopinion

‐Determiningdiversepointsofview,perspectiveandbias

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SocialStudies10‐1SkillsandProcesses

S.1Developskillsofcriticalthinkingandcreativethinking

‐Evaluateideasandinformationfrommultiplesources‐Determinerelationshipsamongmultipleandvariedsourcesofinformation‐Assessthevalidityofinformationbasedocontext,bias,sources,objectivity,evidenceorreliability‐Evaluatepersonalassumptionsandopinionstodevelopanexpandedappreciationofatopicoranissue‐Synthesizeinformationfromcontemporaryandhistoricalissuestodevelopaninformedposition‐Analyzecurrentaffairsfromavarietyofperspectives

S.2Developskillsofhistoricalthinking

‐Developareasonedpositionthatisinformedbyhistoricalandcontemporaryevidence‐Demonstrateanunderstandingofhowchangesintechnologycanbenefitorharmsociety‐inthecontextofthepresent,thefutureandvarioushistoricaltimeperiods

S.4Demonstrateskillsofdecisionmakingandproblemsolving

‐Developinquirystrategiestomakedecisionsandsolveproblems‐Generateandapplynewideasandstrategiestocontributetodecisionmakingandproblemsolving

S.5Demonstrateskillsofcooperation,conflictresolutionandconsensusbuilding

‐Participateinpersuading,compromisingandnegotiatingtoresolveconflictsanddifferences‐Respectthepointsofviewandperspectivesofothers‐Collaborateingroupstosolveproblems

S.6Developage‐appropriatebehaviourforsocialinvolvementasresponsiblecitizenscontributingtotheircommunity

‐Acknowledgetheimportanceofmultipleperspectivesinavarietyofsituations

S.7Applytheresearchprocess ‐Integrateandsynthesizeargumentationandevidencetoprovideaninformedopiniononaresearchquestionoranissueofinquiry

S.8Demonstrateskillsoforal,writtenandvisualliteracy

‐Communicateeffectivelytoexpressapointofviewinavarietyofsituations‐Askrespectfulandrelevantquestionofotherstoclarifyviewpoints‐Listenrespectfullytoothers

Towhatextentshouldweembraceglobalization?

RelatedIssue1:Towhatextentshouldglobalizationshapeidentity?

1.1 Acknowledgeandappreciatetheexistenceofmultipleperspectivesinaglobalizingworld

1.5 Exploremultipleunderstandingsanddimensionsofglobalization(political,economic,social,othercontemporaryexamples)

1.7 Analyzeopportunitiespresentedbyglobalizationtoidentitiesandcultures(acculturation,accommodation,culturalrevitalization,affirmationofidentity,integration)

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RelatedIssue2:Towhatextentshouldcontemporarysocietyrespondtothelegaciesofhistoricalglobalization?

2.2 Exhibitaglobalconsciousnesswithrespecttothehumancondition2.7 Explorethefoundationsofhistoricalglobalization(riseofcapitalism,industrialization,

imperialism,Eurocentrism)2.9 Examinemultipleperspectivesonthepolitical,economicandsocialimpactsofhistorical

globalizationandimperialism

RelatedIssue3:Towhatextentdoesglobalizationcontributetosustainableprosperityforallpeople?

3.3 Exploreunderstandingsofcontemporaryeconomicglobalization3.4 Examinethefoundationsofcontemporaryglobalization(F.A.Hayek,BrettonWoodsConference,

MiltonFriedman)

3.7 Exploremultipleperspectivesregardingtherelationshipamongpeople,thelandandglobalization

3.9 Analyzemultipleperspectivesonsustainabilityandprosperityinaglobalizingworld

RelatedIssue4:TowhatextentshouldI,asacitizen,respondtoglobalization?

4.1 Recognizeandappreciatetheimpactofglobalizationonthequalityoflifeofindividualsandcommunities

4.10 Evaluatemeansbywhichindividuals,governments,organizationsandbusinessescouldaddressopportunitiesandchallengesofglobalization(pro‐globalizationactivism,anti‐globalizationactivism,legislation,agreements,consumeractivism,corporateresponsibility)

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‐Analyzeideasandinformationfrommultiplesources‐Determinethestrengthsandweaknessesofarguments‐Analyzecurrentaffairsfromavarietyofperspectives‐Identifymainideasunderlyingapositionorissue


‐Demonstrateskillsneededtoreachconsensus,solveproblemsandformulatepositions‐Applyideasandstrategiestocontributetodecisionmakingandproblemsolving


‐Considertheneedsandperspectivesofothers‐Makemeaningfulcontributionstodiscussionandgroupwork‐Demonstratecooperativenessingroupstosolveproblems

Towhatextentshouldweembraceglobalization?

RelatedIssue1–Shouldglobalizationshapeidentity?

1.1 Acknowledgeandappreciatetheexistenceofmultipleperspectivesinaglobalizingworld1.5 Exploreunderstandingsanddimensionsofglobalization(political,economic,social,andother

contemporaryexamples)RelatedIssue2–ShouldpeopleinCanadarespondtothelegaciesofhistoricalglobalization?

2.2 Exhibitaglobalconsciousnesswithrespecttothehumancondition2.9 Explorethemultipleperspectivesonthepolitical,economicandsocialimpactsofimperialism

inCanadaRelatedIssue3–Doesglobalizationcontributetosustainableprosperityforall?

3.1 Recognizeandappreciatemultipleperspectivesthatexistwithrespecttotherelationshipsamongeconomics,politics,theenvironmentandglobalization

3.3 Explorevariousunderstandingsofcontemporaryeconomicglobalization3.4 Identifyfoundationsofcontemporaryglobalization(BrettonWoodsConference)3.5 IdentifyfactorscontributingtotheexpansionofglobalizationsinceSecondWorldWar3.6 Examinethepoliticalandeconomicchallengesandopportunitiesofglobalization(trade

liberation,foreigninvestment,economicgrowth,outsourcing,knowledgeeconomy)RelatedIssue4–ShouldI,asacitizen,respondtoglobalization?

4.3 Acceptpolitical,socialandenvironmentalresponsibilitiesassociatedwithglobalcitizenship4.7 Analyzerelationshipsbetweenglobalizationanddemocratizationandhumanrights4.8 Examinehowglobalizationaffectsindividualsandcommunities(migration,technology,

agriculturalissues,pandemics,resourcesissues,contemporaryissues)

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‐Assessthevalidityofinformationbasedoncontext,bias,sources,objectivity,evidenceorreliability‐Evaluatepersonalassumptionsandopinionstodevelopanexpandedappreciationofatopic‐Evaluatethelogicofassumptionsunderlyingaposition‐Analyzecurrentaffairsfromavarietyofperspectives


‐Demonstrateleadershipingroupstoachieveconsensus,solveproblems,formulatepositionsandtakeaction,ifappropriate,onimportantissues‐Developinquirystrategiestomakedecisionsandsolveproblems‐Generateandapplynewideasandstrategiestocontributetodecisionmakingandproblemsolving


‐Demonstrateleadershipbyinitiatingandemployingvariousstrategiestoresolveconflictspeacefullyandequitably‐Demonstrateleadershipduringdiscussionsandgroupwork‐Respectthepointsofviewandperspectivesofothers‐Collaboratewithothersingroupstosolveproblems


‐Acknowledgetheimportanceofmultipleperspectivesinavarietyofsituations


‐Communicateeffectivelytoexpressapointofviewinavarietyofsituations‐Useskillsofformalandinformaldiscussionand/ordebatetopersuasivelyexpressinformedviewpointsonanissue‐Askrespectfulandrelevantquestionsofotherstoclarifyviewpoints‐Listenrespectfullytoothers

Towhatextentshouldweembracenationalism?

RelatedIssue3:Towhatextentshouldinternationalismbepursued?

3.1 Appreciatethatnationsandstatesengageinregionalandglobalaffairsforavarietyofreasons

3.3 Demonstrateaglobalconsciousnesswithrespecttothehumanconditionandglobalaffairs

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‐Determinethevalidityofinformationbasedoncontext,bias,sources,objectivity,evidenceorreliability‐Evaluatepersonalassumptionsandopinions‐Determinethestrengthsandweaknessesofarguments‐Analyzecurrentaffairsfromavarietyofperspectives‐Identifymainideasunderlyingapositionorissue


‐Developreasonedargumentssupportedbyhistoricalandcontemporaryevidence


‐Demonstrateskillsneededtoreachconsensus,solveproblemsandformulatepositions‐Useinquiryprocessestomakedecisionsandsolveproblems‐Applyideasandstrategiestocontributetodecisionmakingandproblemsolving


‐Makemeaningfulcontributionstodiscussionandgroupwork‐Considerthepointsofviewandperspectivesofothers‐Identifyanduseavarietyofstrategiestoresolveconflicts


‐Demonstrateleadershipbyengaginginactionsthatwillenhancethewell‐beingofselfandothersinthecommunity‐Promoteandrespectthecontributionsofteammemberswhenworkingasateam‐Cooperatewithothersforthewell‐beingofthecommunity

S.7Applytheresearchprocess ‐DevelopandexpressaninformedpositiononanissueS.8Demonstrateskillsoforal,writtenandvisualliteracy

‐Communicateeffectivelyinavarietyofsituations‐Engageinrespectfuldiscussion‐Askrespectfulandrelevantquestionsofotherstoclarifyviewpointsonanissue‐Makerespectfulandreasonedcommentsonthetopicofdiscussion

Towhatextentshouldweembracenationalism?

3.1 Appreciatethatnationsandstatesengageinregionalandglobalaffairsforavarietyofreasons

3.3 Demonstrateaglobalconsciousnesswithrespecttothehumanconditionandglobalaffairs

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‐Evaluateideasandinformationfrommultiplesources‐Assessthevalidityofinformationbasedoncontext,bias,sources,objectivity,evidenceorreliability‐Evaluatepersonalassumptionsandopinionstodevelopanexpandedappreciationofatopicoranissue‐Synthesizeinformationfromcontemporaryandhistoricalissuestodevelopaninformedposition‐Evaluatethelogicofassumptionsunderlyingaposition‐Analyzecurrentaffairsfromavarietyofperspectives


‐Evaluatetheimpactofsignificanthistoricalperiodsandpatternsofchangeonthecontemporaryworld‐Developareasonedpositionthatisinformedbyhistoricalandcontemporaryevidence


‐Demonstrateleadershipingroupstoachieveconsensus,solveproblems,formulatepositionsandtakeaction,ifappropriate,onimportantissues‐Developinquirystrategiestomakedecisionsandsolveproblems‐Generateandapplynewideasandstrategiestocontributetodecisionmakingandproblemsolving


‐Demonstrateleadershipbyinitiatingandemployingvariousstrategiestoresolveconflictspeacefullyandequitably‐Demonstrateleadershipduringdiscussionsandgroupwork‐Respecttheneedsandperspectivesofothers‐Collaborateingroupstosolveproblems


‐Demonstrateleadershipbyengaginginactionsthatenhancepersonalandcommunitywell‐being‐Acknowledgetheimportanceofmultipleperspectivesinavarietyofsituations

S.7Applytheresearchprocess ‐Develop,expressanddefendaninformedpositiononanissue‐Reflectonchangesofperspectiveoropinionbasedoninformationgatheredandresearchconducted


‐Communicateeffectivelytoexpressapointofviewinavarietyofsituations‐Useskillsofformalandinformaldiscussionand/ordebatetopersuasivelyexpressinformedviewpointsonanissue‐Askrespectfulandrelevantquestionsofotherstoclarifyviewpoints‐Listenrespectfullytoothers

Towhatextentshouldideologybethefoundationofidentity?

RelatedIssue1:To what extent is resistance to liberalism justified? 2.2 AppreciatehowcitizensandcitizenshipareimpactedbythepromotionofideologicalprinciplesRelatedIssue4:Towhatextentshouldmyactionsasacitizenbeshapedbyanideology?4.2 Exhibitaglobalconsciousnesswithrespecttothehumanconditionandworldissues

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4.8 Evaluatetheextenttowhichideologyshouldshaperesponsestocontemporaryissues

4.9 Developstrategiestoaddresslocal,nationalandglobalissuesthatdemonstrateindividualandcollectiveleadership

4.10 Exploreopportunitiestodemonstrateactiveandresponsiblecitizenshipthroughindividualandcollectiveaction

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‐Suggestlikelyoutcomesbasedonfactualinformation‐Evaluatepersonalassumptionsandopinions‐Determinethestrengthsandweaknessesofarguments‐Analyzecurrentaffairsfromavarietyofperspectives‐Identifymainideasunderlyingapositionorissue

S.2Developskillsofhistoricalthinking ‐Identifyanddescribetheimpactofsignificanthistoricalperiodsandpatternsofchangeonsocietytoday


‐Demonstrateskillsneededtoreachconsensus,solveproblemsandformulatepositions‐Useinquiryprocessestomakedecisionsandsolveproblems‐Applyideasandstrategiestocontributetodecisionmakingandproblemsolving


‐Makemeaningfulcontributionstodiscussionandgroupwork‐Considerthepointsofviewandperspectivesofothers‐Identifyanduseavarietyofstrategiestoresolveconflictspeacefullyandequitably‐Demonstratecooperativenessingroupstosolveproblems


‐Promoteandrespectthecontributionsofteammemberswhenworkingasateam‐Cooperatewithothersforthewell‐beingofthecommunity

S.7Applytheresearchprocess ‐Developandexpressaninformedpositiononanissue


‐Communicateeffectivelyinavarietyofsituations‐Engageinrespectfuldiscussion‐Askrespectfulandrelevantquestionsofotherstoclarifyviewpointsonanissue‐Makerespectfulandreasonedcommentsonthetopicofdiscussion

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Towhatextentshouldweembraceanideology?RelatedIssue2:Isresistancetoliberalismjustified?

2.2 Appreciatehowcitizensandcitizenshipareimpactedbythepromotionofideologicalprinciples

2.3 Appreciatethatindividualsandgroupsmayadheretovariousideologies

2.13 Evaluatetheextenttowhichresistancetoliberalismisjustified

Related Issue 4: Should my actions as a citizen be shaped by an ideology? 4.2 Exhibitaglobalconsciousnesswithrespecttothehumanconditionandworldissues(C,GC)

4.8 Developstrategiestoaddresslocal,nationalandglobalissuesthatdemonstrateindividualandcollectiveleadership

4.9 Exploreopportunitiestodemonstrateactiveandresponsiblecitizenshipthroughindividualandcollectiveaction

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GlobalizationGlobalizationisnotanewphenomenon:interactionsbetweennationstates,immigration,transcontinentalcommunicationandinternationaltradeareallexamplesofglobalrelationsthatarenotnewtothiscentury.However,sincethe1980s,discussionsaroundglobalizationhaverisen,withsomestatingthisisduetoanincreaseinthespeed,scopeandmagnitudeofglobalization.Forexample,removalofbarrierstoworldtrade,increasesinmasscommunicationandtheexpandingpoweroftransnationalcorporations(TNCs)allsignalanaccelerationoftheprocessofglobalization.Therefore,aclearunderstandingofthisprocess,alongwithitsimplicationsonpopulationsandenvironmentsworldwide,isessential.Economicglobalizationincludesfreetradeagreements,whichinvolvesremovingtradebarrierssothattransnationalcorporationscanoperateacrossborders.Canadaiscurrentlyinvolvedinthreefreetradeagreements:theFTA(Canada‐US),theNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(Canada‐US‐Mexico)andtheFreeTradeAgreementoftheAmericas(proposedthroughouttheAmericas).Theseagreementsaremonitoredbysupra‐nationalorganizationssuchastheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),theWorldBank,andtheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO).Becauseoffreetradeagreements,peopleandnationsallovertheworldarebecomingconnectedthroughanintegratedglobalconsumermarket.Tradeagreementsallowcorporationstoinvest(orde‐invest)anywhere,sotheyarelikelytomovetocountrieswithlowtaxes,wages,labourlawsandenvironmentalstandards.Inordertocompeteininternationaltradeandattractcapital,governmentslowerwages,labourandenvironmentalstandards,andtaxes(especiallycorporate)toattractbusiness.Whilesomeseethis‘RacetotheBottom,’inwhichcountriescompetetohavethemostfavourableconditionstoattractcorporationsandinvestors,asbeneficialthroughthewayinwhichitencouragescompetitions,othersarguethattheeffectsofsuchactionsareharmfultosocietyandtheenvironment.Freetradeagreementsgivecorporationstherighttosuegovernmentsforpassinglawstoprotecttheircitizensifthoselawsmightlimitcorporateprofits.Thus,environmentalandhumanrightsconcernsareoftenoverlookedorignoredinthefaceofcorporateinterests.However,othersarguethatthesearetemporaryconsequencesofestablishingagloballyintegratedeconomy,whichholdsthepotentialtoeventuallyraiselivingstandardsacrosstheglobe.Theseproponentsofeconomicglobalizationarguethatifbigbusinessismakingmoney,thiswilltrickledowntotherestofthepopulation.

Rich and Poor

The gap between rich and poor countries (and the rich and poor within those countries) is widening.

The UN Human Development Report for 2005 shows that the richest fifth of the world’s population receives more than 75% of world income, while the poorest 20% receives just 1.5%.

This points to the inequitable effects of globalization on world populations. While some get richer through the process of economic globalization, the majority is left behind.

As the strength of global institutions (IMF, World Bank, WTO) and transnational corporations enhances, economic control and power is concentrated in fewer hands.

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Approaches

Inthefollowingpages,youwillfindthreedistinctapproachestoglobalization.Eachofthesechoicesreflectswidelyheldvalues,beliefsandideologies.Throughdeliberation,youwillcometoadeeperunderstandingoftheseapproaches,whilealsoreflectingonyourownunderstandingofglobalization.

Thethreeapproachesarenotmutuallyexclusive,noraretheytheonlyapproachestoglobalization.Rather,theyprovideapointofdeparturefromwhichadiscussionofglobalizationcanbegin.

Somepeoplesaythatglobalizationisgoodforallandthat,bydefinition,globalizationisapositiveprocess.Throughcontinuedeconomicglobalizationandstrengtheningofthefreemarket,globalinequalityandpovertywillbealleviated.Somepeoplesaythateconomicglobalization(asdefinedinapproach1)isproblematicandwillnotleadtoeventualequality.Peoplewhoadvocateforthisperspectivewanttoaddresstheproblemsassociatedwithglobalizationinordertomakeglobalizationworkforall.Theyarguethatwhileeconomicgrowthbringsincreasingwealth,therearesocialandenvironmentalconsequencesthatmustalsobeaddressed.

Somepeoplesaythatthefundamentalsofglobalizationdonotworkforlocalcommunities.Globalization,withitsprimaryfocusoneconomicliberalism,isaprojectthatservesonlyaminorityoftheworld’scitizens.Therefore,iflocalcommunitiesaretomaintaintheirbio‐culturalandsocialdiversity,globalizationmustberesistedortransformedtoservelocalneedsfirst.

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Pro-globalist approach to globalization

ISSUE:Byleavingthemarkettomonitoritself,marketforceswillbringprosperity,liberty,democracy,andpeace.

BROADREMEDY:Thereshouldbearemovalofanybarriersthatcomeinthewayoffreetrade.Governmentshouldnotintervenewithcompetitionwithinthemarketandforcessuchassupplyanddemand.

OverviewofApproach Advocatesofthisapproacharguethateconomicglobalization,ortheadvanceofasingleglobal

marketeconomy,willeventuallyleadtoequalityforall.Inthisapproach,themarkettakesonan

increasinglyimportantroleascompetitionandsupplyanddemanddeterminewhosucceeds.Within

thisapproach,governmentsrelaxtheirtrade,environmentalandlabourlawsinordertoencourage

investmentandbeabletocompeteintheglobaleconomy.Thosewhoworkhardandareableto

competearerewarded.

ExamplesofActions• Reducebarrierstotradeandinvestment

o Forexample: FreetradeagreementssuchasNAFTA,FTAA

• Reducecorporatetaxes,environmentalstandards,andlabourlawstoenticebusiness• Unrestrictedcross‐bordermovementbytransnationalcorporations

o Forexample: WalMartisabletooperateincountriesaroundtheworld ClothingmadeinChinawithfabricfromIndiaforretailersinCanada

• Expandfreetradeagreementstoencouragetheinclusionoffurthermarketso Forexample:

ExpansionofNAFTAortheFTAAintomarketsbeyondNorthAmerica• Privatizationofpublicservices(i.e.schooling,healthcare,water,electricity)

o Forexample: Watershouldbecontrolledbyprivatebusinesseswho,becauseofcompetition

withotherbusinesses,willensurethattheymanageitinthebestwaypossibletokeeptheirclientshappywiththeservicebeingprovided

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Making globalization work for all

ISSUE:Economicglobalizationcreatessocialandeconomicinequalitiesthatmustbeaddressed.Theroleofcitizensandnongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs)istopressuregovernmentsatbothnationalandinternationallevelstoreformpoliciesandresourcedistributionsothattheyworkintheinterestsofhumankindandtheenvironment.

BROADREMEDY:Whilecontinuingtopromoteeconomicglobalization,theunevennessofthisprocessmustbemitigatedthrougheitherpublicorprivateorganizationsprovidingservicestothoseunabletocompeteintheglobaleconomy.Governmentsmustimplementpoliciesthatsupportdemocracyandhumanrights.Civilsociety(citizens,NGOs,schools,etc.)shoulddevelopprojectsthatwilleasethesufferingofpeoplearoundtheworld.

OverviewofApproach Advocatesofthisapproacharguethateconomicglobalizationiscausingincreasinginequality

aroundtheworld,andthattheseglobaldisparitiesmustbeaddressed.Theyarguefortheneedtore‐

formorreorganizecapitalismandeconomicliberalismsothatitpromoteseconomicequality,limits

environmentaldestructionandenhancesdemocracy.Furthermore,theyargueforthereintroduction

oftradebarrierswhennecessarytoreducesocialinequalitiesandenvironmentalharm.

ExamplesofActions• Pressuregovernmentstodemandequitableresourcedistributionglobally

o Forexample: Fairtaxationforcitizens Improvementstosocialprogramsforthosewhodonotbenefitfromthe

globalizedmarketeconomy• Createpublicawarenessofglobalinequality

o Forexample: CampaignssuchasMakePovertyHistoryeducatepeopleabouttheincomegap

betweencountriesintheGlobalNorthandtheGlobalSouth• Buildnon‐governmentorganizations(NGOs)thataddresstheconsequencesofpoverty

o Forexample: EducationwithoutBordersprovideseducationalfacilitiesindisadvantaged

regionsoftheworld• Worktoestablishrelationshipswhereindividualsfromaroundtheworldcanworktogether

towardsabetterfutureforall• Controlcross‐bordermovementofgoods

o Forexample: Reintroducetariffsandtradebarriers

• Implementenvironmentalandlabourstandardso Forexample:

Setaminimumwage,maximumworkdaylength,andcaponCO2emissions

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Localist perspectives on globalization

ISSUE:Thosefromalocalistperspectivearguethateconomicglobalizationandglobalcapitalisanewformofcolonialismthatinhibitstheirabilitytodefendtheirownwayoflife.Theconsolidationofpowerinthehandsoffewerandfewermeansthatlocalcommunities,particularlythoseinthedevelopingworld,havelittlecontrolovertheirownlivelihood.

BROADREMEDY:Allowlocalistmovementstodefendculturalandecologicaldiversityandaddresspovertythroughestablishinglocalcontroloverresources.Strengthenlocalcommunitiessothattheyarelessvulnerabletotheforcesoftheglobaleconomicsystem.

Overview Thosewhoargueforlocalistperspectivesandwhoformlocalistmovementsareoftenhopingto

establishaplaceforthemselvesintheworld.Ratherthanlookingtocompletelyoverthrowthe

existingcapitalistsystemandreplaceitwithanewone,theyhopetocreate“radicalplurality”wherein

allgroupshavetheopportunitytoestablishtheirownalternativelifestyle.Examplesofstruggles

includeindigenouscommunitiesworkingtowardsestablishingautonomyandself‐determination,

alongwithsmallbusinessownerswhoarefightingtokeeplargemultinationalcorporationsoutof

theircommunity.

ExamplesofActions• Developlocalnetworksofcitizenswhoworktowardthepossibilityoflivingaccordingtotheir

ownconceptionsandwaysoflife• Defendexistingalternativelifestyles

o Forexample: SupportthewishesofmanyFirstNationscommunitiesinCanadatocontinueto

huntandfishontheirtraditionalterritory• Createadiverselocaleconomysopeoplearelocallyself‐sufficient

o Forexample: Maintaincontroloveragriculturallandtoensurelocalcommunitiescangrow

theirownfood• Linktobroaderglobalcitizenmovementstogetmessageoutandpressuregovernmentsand

corporationso

• Establishgrassrootsnetworks,foodcooperatives,farmer’smarkets,ormoreradicalgroupssuchastheViaCampesinacoalition,toensurethatlocalneedsareaddressedbygovernmentsandcorporations

• Defendculturalandecologicaldiversity• Ensurethatbusinessservespeopleandthecommunity,nottheotherwayaround• Maintain,strengthenanddefendenvironmentalstandardsandsocialprograms• Refusetosigninternationalagreements(suchasNAFTA,FTAA)thatcouldpotentiallyweaken

localcontrol

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SeekingCommonGroundEachofthepreviousthreeapproachestoglobalizationhascertainadvantagesanddisadvantages,dependentupontheperspectivefromwhichitislookedat.Inaddition,someindividualswillbewillingtolivewithcertaintrade‐offsthatotherswouldneverconsider.Beforethedeliberativeprocess,youmayhavegenerallydisagreedwithyourclassmatesonsomeoftheprosandconsofeconomicglobalization.However,byengagingwithotherperspectivesandbeginningtounpackyourownunderstandingoftheglobalizationprocess,yourownlensmayhaveshiftedandyourunderstandingsofeconomicglobalizationmaybedifferent.Throughthisprocessofdeliberation,commonthemesbegintoemerge.Followingthedeliberation,thefacilitatorwillwalkyouthroughthecommonthemesthatcameoutofyourdeliberativedialogue,andthenleadadiscussionregardinghowtomoveforwardfromthesecommonthemes.Thesecommonthemescanbeseenasanchorpointsaroundwhichpeoplecancometogetherandtakeactiononissuesthatmattertothem.Asyoubegintounderstandandpiecetogetheryourroleasaglobalcitizen,asyourselfthefollowingquestions:

• HowcanIbegintorespondtoeconomicglobalization?• WhatactioncanItaketorespondtoanelementofeconomicglobalizationthatIdisagree

with?• Whatwouldbeaneffectivestrategyfortakingactionaroundissuesofeconomic

globalizationthatyoudisagreewith?

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GlossaryCivilSocietyIndividualsandorganizationswithinsocietythatoperateindependentlyfromthegovernment.i.e.schools,churches,non‐governmentorganizations(NGOs).However,inpractice,thelinebetweenthestate,themarketandcivilsocietyisoftenblurred.FreeTradeAgreementAgreementsbetweencountriesthattheywillprovidefreeraccesstoeachother’smarketsbyremovingtradebarrierssuchastariffsandimportdutiesongoodsthatarebeingimportedfromcountriesthatarepartoftheagreement.FreeTradeAgreementoftheAmericas(FTAA)AproposedfreetradeagreementthatwouldexpandNAFTAtoincludeallcountriesintheAmericasexceptforCuba.InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)Aninternationalorganizationthatoverseestheglobalfinancialsystem.NongovernmentOrganizations(NGOs)Organizationscreatedbyprivateorganizationsorpeoplethathavenorepresentationorparticipationofanygovernment.ExamplesofNGOsincludeCheckYourHead,aVancouver‐based,youth‐drivenNGOthateducatesyoungpeopleonglobalissues.OtherCanadianNGOsincludeNoOneisIllegal,andtheCouncilofCanadians.NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)AfreetradeagreementsignedbetweenCanada,MexicoandtheUnitedStatesonDecember8,1993.Itwasmetbyresistance,particularlybytheZapatistasinMexico,butcontinuestobeinplacetoday.TariffAtaximposedongoodswhentheyaremovedacrossapoliticalborder.TransnationalCorporation(TNC)Acorporationthatoperatesinmorethanonecountry.SomeTNCshavetheirheadquartersindevelopedcountriesandtheirmanufacturingoperationsinless‐developedcountrieswhereenvironmentalandlabourstandardsarelower.WorldTradeOrganization(WTO)Aninternationalorganizationthatoverseestradebetweennations.ItisinchargeofensuringthatmembercountriesadheretoallWTOagreements.

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ReferencesAppelbaum,R.P.&Robinson,W.I.(Eds.).(2005).Criticalglobalizationstudies.NewYork:Routledge.Bello,W.(2004)Deglobalization:Ideasforanewworldeconomy.BlackPoint,NS:FernwoodPublishing.Bisley,N.(2007)Rethinkingglobalization.NewYork:PalgraveMacMillan.CanadianCouncilforInternationalCo‐Operation.(1999).Aworldincommon:Talkingaboutwhat

mattersinaborderlessworld.www.ccic.caEllwood,W.(2006).Thenononsenseguidetoglobalization.Toronto,ON:BetweentheLines.Gerdes,L.I.(Ed.).(2006).Globalization:OpposingViewpoints.FarmingtonHills,MI:GreenhavenPress.Khor,M.(2001).Rethinkingglobalization:Criticalissuesandpolicychoices.NewYork:ZedBooks.Scholte,J.A.(2005).Globalization:Acriticalintroduction(2nded.).NewYork:PalgraveMacMillan.

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