Living by Chemistry: Progress Variables, Learning Progressions
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Transcript of Living by Chemistry: Progress Variables, Learning Progressions
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Living by Chemistry:Progress Variables, Learning
Progressions
Karen Draney
University of California, Berkeley
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LBC started with the following observation:
Students who can write this equation for combustion:
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
often cannot answer:
"When a house burns to the ground and only a few pieces of charred wood and ashes are left, what happens to the rest of the mass of the house?”
(AAAS Project 2061 conference 2001)
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How to define understanding of chemistry?
“Chemistry”
A typical “laundry list” of topics:• Stoichiometry• Atoms and elements• The periodic table• Chemical bonding• Molecular structure • Physical and chemical change• Acid-base equilibrium • Oxidation-reduction reactions
• Thermodynamics
• Chemical kinetics .....Solubility......…etc....etc...etc....
Student understanding?
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• Decide on variables to measure learning outcomes
• Define a scale to quantify the variables
• Design an instrument to determine the values of the
variables for individual students
Applying criterion-referenced measurements to characterize student understanding.
BEAR Assessment System
A better way: the BEAR Assessment system
A better way: the BEAR Assessment system
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The 4 Building Blocks
Construct Map
Items
Measures ItemScores
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Matter is composed of atoms arranged in various ways.
Change is associated with rearrangements of atoms.
Energy is associated with changes that occur.
PROGRESS VARIABLESLBC Curriculum and ChemQuery Assessment
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5 Generation: Research
4 Construction: Examining assumptions, relating models
3 Formulation: Relating ideas and concepts, simple models
2 Recognition: Language, definitions, symbols algorithms
1 Notions: Everyday experience, logical reasoningnovice
expert
stud
ent
unde
rsta
ndin
gLevels of Progress: Focus on Student
Understanding
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ChemQuery
Examples of items:
Both of the solutions have the same molecular formulas, but butyric acid smells bad and putrid while ethyl acetate smells good and sweet. Explain why these two solutions smell differently.
C4H8O4
butyric acidC4H8O4
ethyl acetate
Items Design
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ChemQuery
Level One: Notions
Response 1: I think there could be a lot of different reasons as to why the two solutions smell differently. One could be that they're different ages, and one has gone bad or is older which changed the smell.
Response 2: Using chemistry theories, I don't have the faintest idea, but using common knowledge I will say that the producers of the ethyl products add smell to them so that you can tell them apart.
Response 3: Just because they have the same molecular formula doesn't mean they are the same substance. Like different races of people: black people, white people. Maybe made of the same stuff but look different.
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Level Two: Recognition
Response: "They smell differently b/c even though they have the same molecular formula, they have different structural formulas with different arrangements and patterns.”
ChemQuery
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Quality evidence: student profile
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Quality evidence: track student over time
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ChemQueryQuality evidence:To help ALL students increase understanding of chemistry
ss
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
ScoreLevels
Low Middle High
Pretest
Post-test
Fall 2000 Student Gains, Grouped by Pretest Score
2
-2
+1
1
-1
0
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0
20
40
60
80
100
Notions Recognition Formulation Construction Generation
0 semesters2 semesters3 semesters
ChemQueryCriterion referenced assessments, tracking student learning
High School and College Students
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Creating a Construct
Variables• Main topics (chapters or subdisciplines)
• Models or theories
• Popular understanding
Levels of progression• A little of x, more of x, a great deal of x
• Complexity: A, A+B, A+B+C, A+B+C+D
• Range vs hierarchy
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Macroscopic phenomena can be described by the positions and motions of electrons atoms and molecules
Mass and energy are conserved in chemical reactions
The tendency for physical or chemical change can be predicted by comparing relative reactivities for various substances
Big Ideas of Chemistry: Round 1
ChemQueryCriterion referenced assessments, tracking student learning
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5 Integration across variables
4 Bonding (ionic, covalent molecules, perhaps collections of molecules
3 Model of the atom (including elements and periodicity
2 Particulate view (definition of matter as particulate)
1 Macroscopic observationssimple
complex
build
ing
mat
ter
ChemQueryCriterion referenced assessments, tracking student learning
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4 Explaining Molecular Behavior: Explains molecular behavior and properties in terms of stability and energies
3 Examining Structure-Property Relationships: Recognizes that matter has characteristic properties due to the arrangement of atoms
2 Representing Matter: Explores meaning of words, symbols and definitions to represent matter
1 Describing Properties of Matter: Describes materials observed with senses, uses logical patterns
0 Prestructural: Response is irrelevantsimple
complex
reas
onin
gChemQuery
Criterion referenced assessments, tracking student learning
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Atomic and molecular viewMass as evidence for atomic view
Rearrangements of atoms Conservation of mass
Quantum viewConservation of energy
Big Ideas of Chemistry: Round 2
To help ALL students increase understanding of high school chemistry
Living by Chemistry
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5 Integratethe domain
4 PredictScientific models
3 RelatePatterns andEquations
2 RepresentScientificdefinitions
1 DescribeObservations& experience
0
ACharacterizing
MatterMatter is
composed of atoms arranged in various ways
BMeasuring
MatterMass is
used to accountfor matter
CCharacterizing
ChangeChange is
associated withrearrangements
of atoms
DQuantifying
ChangeMass is
used to keep track of change
EEvaluatingEnergies
Energy transfer used to analyze
tendency for change
FQuantizing
EnergyInteraction of
light with matter elucidates structure
ChemQueryCriterion referenced assessments, tracking student learning
Quantitative vs Qualitative
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5 Integratethe domain
4PredictScientific models
3RelatePatterns andEquations
2RepresentScientificdefinitions
1DescribeObservations& experience
0 ACharacterizing
MatterMatter is
composed of atoms arranged in various ways
BMeasuring
MatterMass is
used to accountfor matter
CCharacterizing
ChangeChange is
associated withrearrangements
of atoms
DQuantifying
ChangeMass is
used to keep track of change
EEvaluatingEnergies
Energy transfer used to analyze
tendency for change
FQuantizing
EnergyInteraction of
light with matter elucidates structure
bonding &reactivityadvanced bonding models, nucleophiles, electrophiles
phase &compositionbond strengths, intermolecular
attractions, polarity
properties & atomic viewsoctet rule, ionic and covalent bonds
matter with chemical symbolselements, compounds,valence electrons, periodic trends
properties of mattersolids, liquids, gases, mixtures
models & evidenceevidence about things we can’t observe directly
limitations of modelsexamining evidence
assumptions
measured amountsof matterdensity, grams permole,molarity
mass with a particulate viewatoms, isotopes, moles
amounts of mattermass, weight, volume, pressure
kinetics &changes in bondingrxn mechanisms, activation energy
products of reactionsolubilities, relative acid strengths
change &reaction typesprecipitation, acid-base, redox
change with chemical symbolsbalanced equations, phys,vs chem change
attributes of changemixing, dissolving, color change,change in form
stoichiometry & equilibriumweak acids &bases, solubility of salts, gases
amounts ofproductslimiting reagents,strong acid/base titrations, % yield
amounts ofreactants & productsreaction stoichiometry, pH
change with a conservation viewconservation of mass inchemical reactions
changes in amountchanges in mass,weight, volume
particle & energy viewsstatisical mechanics KE & temperature
degrees of changeentropy, free energy & equilibrium
energy transfer& changeenthalpy changes Hess’s law, bond breaking
heats &temperatureheat capacity,calorimetry,exo(endo)thermic
measures of energytemperature, scalesmeasures of energy
spectroscopy & structuregroup theory, transition probabilities
electronic structurequantum model,atomic & molecular orbitals, ionization energy
color with light absorptionabsorption &emission spectra
energies associatedwith lightfrequency, speed, Planck’s constant
lightproduction of light,color
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Matter is composed of atoms arranged in various ways.
Change is associated with rearrangements of atoms.
Energy is associated with changes that occur.
ChemQueryCriterion referenced assessments, tracking student learning
Big Ideas of Chemistry: Round 3
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Student levels of understanding Matter Change
III. Formulation
II. RecognitionAtomic symbols,
octet ruleChemical equations,
conservation of mass
(atoms/stuff/grams)
I. Notions Solid, liquid, gas Stuff happens
macro
particulate
conservation
number
molemass
ChemQueryCriterion referenced assessments, tracking student learning
ChemQuery Construct
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• Don’t do this alone
• Iterative by nature
• All variables can start out simple
• Track student understanding from high school to graduate school
ChemQueryCriterion referenced assessments, tracking student learning
Final Thoughts