Livestock and human health: The good, the bad, the gaps
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1 Livestock and human health: the good, the bad, the gaps Delia Grace, ILRI ILRI APM, Addis Ababa, April 2010
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Presentation by Delia Grace for ILRI Annual Program Meeting, Addis Ababa, 15 April 2010
Transcript of Livestock and human health: The good, the bad, the gaps
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Livestock and human health: the good, the bad, the gaps
Delia Grace, ILRI
ILRI APM, Addis Ababa, April 2010
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Human Health Bads & Goods
Huge impact
Moderate or ? impact
Small impact
Zoonoses
EID
Drug resistance
An.SF & Chronic dis.
Occupational hazard
Nutrition
Dis. resistance
Psycho-social benefits
Ecosystem services
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Big Bad: Zoonoses
Most diseases (60%)are zoonotic But most burden of disease is not
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
All or substantial zoo.
Zoonotic minor
Not zoonotic
Deaths / 100,000
Poor Rich
But in poor countries 1 in 10 will die from a zoonosis
Adapted from Ecker et al., BMC Microbiol.
Killer infections
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8 diseases > 90% of burden (Diarr, Tb, Tetanus,
Schisto, Leishman, sleeping sickness, Chagas, Arbov. )
Not just human health– Kill and sicken animals– Add risk to production– Keeping small farmers out of markets– Imposing penalties on informal sector
0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
30000000
Interventioncost
TotalHealth
Benefits
Publichealth
benefits
Privatehealth
benefits
Householdincome
loss
AgriculturalBenefits
TotalSocietalBenefits
Sector
US
$
Roth et al., WHO Bull
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Big bad: EID
Newly discovered; Recently increased in incidence or prevalence; Recently expanded in geographic or climatologic range; Jumped from animals to humans
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Big bad: EID
Even more EIDs are zoonotic (75%). The worst diseases have come from
animals: Smallpox, AIDS, Spanish Flu, Black Death
Currently most come from wildlife.Appear to be increasing in incidence. One new disease every 7 months.
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Moderate bad: Drug resistance
Using drugs in animals causes resistance
Livestock drug use in poor countries probably not so important, use by poor farmers even less– 1. Human drug use far bigger cause of resistance– 2. Big problem growth promoters & mass treatments
> 40% livestock
< 3% vet drugs
-- 3.
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The health goods
Animal source foods→ better nutrition→ help fight off disease– Strong relation: diarrhoea, resp infect., tb, AIDS– Variable: influenza, typhus– Little: malaria, plague, tetanus
Ecosystem services: regulation of disease– Preventing disease spillovers– Offering disease control options
Canaries in the mine
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Consensus
It’s big and looming larger
Its complicated
‘One world, One health’ way forward
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Randolph et al., JAS
AnimalsOwned
Nutritional(Growth) Status
Health Status
+
+
Probability of
Zoonotic Disease
AnimalProduction
Food CropProduction
Food CropSales
Animal &Product Sales
+
++
+
-
HHIncome
++
(Child)DietaryIntake
+
Level ofCare/Feeding
Behaviour
+
Labor Allocated toLivestock
+
-
Labor Demands on(Female) Caregiver
HiredLabor -
Total LaborDemands
+
+
+
HealthInputs
+
Food CropPurchases
ASFPurchases
HH CropConsumption
HH ASFConsumption
+
++
-
+
NutrientInteractions
ChronicDisease Risk +
-
Land allocationto feed
Traction, nutrientcycling
+-
+
+
+
+
+
(Female) CaregiverIncome
+
+
Wage Labour by(Female) Caregiver
--
+Environmental Toxin
Concentration
-
+
CognitivePerformance
++
AIDSComplications
-
test
test
Randolph et al., JAS
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Controversies
We’ve never had it so good versus– We face unprecedented threats and impacts
A warmer, wetter, sicker world versus– Many other drivers more important than climate
Being poor makes you sick versus– Being sick makes you poor
Emerging infectious disease versus– Neglected tropical disease
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Malaysia: climate and malaria
1967-1971: MEP
1982: Vector-borne Diseases Control Program- Policy, program & strategy development
2003: National Drug Resistance Surveillance Program
1961: Pilot Malaria Eradication Project
2006: National Treatment Review Committee: ACT
1990-92: Field trial on insecticide treated bednet
(ITN)
1993: Nationwide Use of ITN
2004: Renewed studies on simian malaria
1972-1981: Anti-Malaria Program
0
50000
300000
1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005
Nu
mb
er
of
Ca
se
s
Te
mp
era
ture
25
30
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Gaps
Risk assessment & communication
Risk management
One World, One Health into action
Managing EID globally and zoonoses locally
140
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Poor total bacteria Unacceptable totalbacteria
Unacceptablefaecal bacteria
UnaccpetableStaph
Unacceptablelisteria
Any unacceptable
Supermarket
Wet market
Village
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Human health Bads & GoodsTake homes
60% of diseases are zoonotic. One in 10 people in poor countries will
die of a zoonotic disease75% of Emerging Infectious Diseases are
zoonotic. Expect a new EID every 7 months.What you worry about and what will kill
you are probably not the same…
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Thank you for your attention
