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Day 11: Read 6.1, complete key terms & 6.1 workbook



Day 14: Read PPoint, Complete Vocab Review & Central Case

Day 15: Complete Ch. 6 Review

Live RED At

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Livingston Central High School

[email protected]

11-15

Tamra Clinger

CP3: Juniors- Environmental Science

Name Class Date

6.1 Defining Biomes

Key Concepts

Biomes are characterized by their climates as well as typical plant and animal life.

Biomes vary in their rates of net primary production. Warm and wet biomes have the

highest net primary production, and cold, dry biomes have the lowest.

Vocabulary Preview Define each vocabulary term in your own words. Then, write yourself a quick note on how you will remember each. One term has been done for you.

Term Definition How I Remember

Biome

Climate

Weather The day-to-day conditions in Earth’s atmosphere, such as “hot and humid” or “cold and snowy”

I think of the daily forecast when I watch the weather report on TV.

Climatograph

Net primary production

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DAY 11

Name Class Date

What Is a Biome?

1. What is similar about the ecosystems that make up a biome?

2. What biomes are found in southern Africa?

3. Identify and describe one of the ecosystems in a southern African biome.

4. Which abiotic conditions exert the greatest influence on biome classification?

5. How are climatographs helpful in understanding biomes?

6. What is the relationship between latitude and biomes located across Earth?

7. Explain how natural selection is important to biomes and organisms.

8. Why do different biomes have different characteristic organisms?

9. What can cause variation—for example, species composition—among plant and animal

communities within biomes?

Net Primary Production

10. What does net primary production refer to?

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Name Class Date

11. Why are gross primary production and net primary production not the same value?

12. What limits the net primary production in aquatic ecosystems such as lakes and streams?

For Questions 13–15, examine the graph of the net primary productivity of three land biomes, A, B, and C. Circle the letter of the correct answer.

13. Which of the following information does the graph show for the three biomes?

A. the total amount of biomass

B. the mean monthly temperature

C. the rate at which decomposers break down biomass

D. the rate at which primary producers convert energy to biomass

14. Which statement is an inference that can logically be made based on the graph?

A. In Biome A, there are no producer organisms.

B. Biome B has less total biomass than Biome C.

C. Biome A is probably cooler and drier than Biome C.

D. In all three biomes, there are more consumer organisms than producer organisms.

15. Which of the biomes is most likely to be located near the equator?

A. Biome A

B. Biome B

C. Biome C

D. All three biomes are equally likely to be located near the equator.

97

Name Class Date

Think Visually

16. Label the diagram to identify the biomes. On the lines below the diagram, write a sentence

to explain how the biomes vary in their net primary productivity. Then, circle the name of

the biome that has the highest net primary productivity.

Answer the questions to test your knowledge of lesson concepts. You can check your work using the answers on the bottom of the page.

17. What primarily determines which biome covers a particular portion of Earth?

18. Which biome would you expect to have the lowest net primary productivity?

98

Name Class Date

6.2 Biomes

Vocabulary Preview

Define each vocabulary term in your own words. Then, write yourself a quick note on how you will remember each. One term has been done for you.


Canopy

Emergent layer Top layer of the rainforest canopy, made up of the tallest trees

Emerge is found in emergent. I know emerge means “to come into view,” so the emergent layer must be the one that is seen first.

Understory

Epiphyte

Deciduous

Estivation

Carnivore

Coniferous

Hibernation

Permafrost

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DAY 12

Name Class Date

1. Fill in the chart with information about each biome. To complete

the Locations column, you can refer to the map in Lesson 1 as well as the text in this lesson.

Biome Locations Climate Interesting Details

Tropical rain forest

Tropical dry forest

Savanna

Desert

Temperate rain forest

Temperate forest

101

Name Class Date

Biome Locations Climate Interesting Details

Temperate grassland

Chaparral

Boreal forest (taiga)

Tundra

2. Why does the soil of Antarctica have little organic content?

3. Why are polar ice caps not considered a biome?

4. Identify three adaptations found among animals that live in the polar caps.

102

Name Class Date

5. Describe the types of plants you might find as you hike up a

mountain slope with communities ranging from desert to tundra.


6. Contrast the precipitation amounts of the biome with the greatest precipitation with those

of the biome that has the least precipitation.

7. Write a general statement, one that applies to all biomes, about the type of organisms

found within a biome.

103

Name Class Date

6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems

Key Concepts

Ecologists classify aquatic ecosystems according to criteria such as salinity, depth, and

whether the water is flowing or standing.

Standing freshwater ecosystems include ponds, lakes, inland seas, and wetlands. Flowing

freshwater ecosystems include rivers and streams.

Estuaries are home to diverse ecosystems that prevent soil erosion and flooding.

The ocean can be divided into three zones based on their distance from shore: intertidal,

neritic, and open ocean.

Vocabulary Preview

Define each vocabulary term in your own words. Then, write yourself a quick note on how you will remember each. One term has been done for you.


Salinity

Photic zone

Aphotic zone The layer below the photic zone where no sunlight penetrates and photosynthesis cannot occur

I know the prefix a– can mean “without,” so aphotic must mean “without light.”

Benthic zone

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DAY 13

Name Class Date


Littoral zone

Limnetic zone

Wetland

Flood plain

Estuary

Upwelling

Describing Aquatic Ecosystems

1. Identify three factors that characterize aquatic systems.

2. Explain why a freshwater fish cannot survive in salt water.

3. Give one reason why there tends to be more organisms in the photic zone than in the

aphotic zone.

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Name Class Date

4. Complete the table below to summarize the general

characteristics of flowing and standing water ecosystems.

Type of Ecosystem Characteristics Example

Flowing-water ecosystem

Standing-water ecosystem

Freshwater Ecosystems

5. Draw and label a diagram that shows the five aquatic zones in

freshwater ecosystems. Add plants and other organisms to your diagram.

6. Provide two reasons to support the following statement: Wetlands have significant

ecological importance.

7. Why are flood plain soils particularly fertile?

106

Name Class Date

Estuaries For Questions 8–12, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

8. Where fresh and salt water mix in coastal estuaries, they form

ecosystems.

9. Freshwater estuaries tend to be diverse ecosystems with a mix of river and

organisms.

10. Salt marshes stabilize shorelines against .

11. In latitudes, mangrove forests are found along gently sloping,

silty coasts.

12. The largest in America are in Florida’s Everglades region.

13. State the ecological importance of estuaries.

The Oceans 14. Explain the effect salinity and temperature have on water density.

15. Why are upwellings important to ocean ecosystems?

16. Identify three major ocean ecosystems.

17. Compare and contrast kelp forests and coral reefs.

18. Why is microscopic phytoplankton very important as a food source?

107

Name Class Date

Think Visually

19. Draw arrows to show the directions of the ocean’s warm and cold currents. Use pencils of

different colors or some other way to distinguish warm currents from cold currents. Then,

add a key to identify how you showed warm and cold currents. Finally, on the lines below

the map, explain the relationship between an estuary and the ocean, and how an estuary

affects a shoreline.


20. How does ocean depth affect photosynthesis?

21. Why is the intertidal zone a challenging environment for organisms that live there?

108

1

6 Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems C

HA

PT

ER

Too Much of a Good Thing?

• Elephant populations in southern Africa declined sharply due to hunting but have made overwhelming comebacks within nature reserves and parks.

• Some worry that elephant overpopulation is causing a decline in local biodiversity and damage to farms and infrastructure.

• Many efforts to control elephant populations are being considered and put into practice.

Talk About It Which elephant population control effort—

moving them, sterilizing them, or culling them—do you

think has the best chance for long-term, positive effects?

Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes

Fossil evidence suggests that the frozen continent of Antarctica was once covered in temperate forest.

Earth’s Major Biomes

• Groups of terrestrial

ecosystems that

share biotic and

abiotic conditions

• 10 primary biomes:

• tropical rain forest

• dry forest savanna

• desert

• temperate rain forest

• temperate forest

• temperate grassland

• chaparral

• boreal forest

• tundra Did You Know? Taiga is another

name for boreal forest.


DAY 14

2

Climate and Climatographs

• Climate: Average conditions,

including temperature and

precipitation, over long periods

of time in a given area

• Weather: Day-to-day conditions

in Earth’s atmosphere

• Climatographs: Diagrams that

summarize an area’s average monthly

temperature and precipitation

• Each biome has a set of characteristic

organisms adapted to its particular

climate conditions.


Biomes and Net Primary Production •Gross primary production: The rate at which primary producers undergo photosynthesis

•Net primary production: The amount of organic matter (biomass) that remains after primary producers use some to carry out cellular respiration

•Ecosystems vary in their net primary productivity, the rate at which primary producers convert energy to biomass.

•Warm, wet biomes generally have higher net primary productivity than cold, dry biomes.


Lesson 6.2 Biomes

Tundra, found at very high latitudes, is nearly as dry as a desert.

Tropical Rain Forest

Lesson 6.2 Biomes

• Year-round warm temperatures

and at least 2 m (6.6 ft)

precipitation a year

• Soil generally nutrient-poor

• Forest canopy, emergent layer,

and understory support enormous

variety of plants.

• Plants tend to have large, flat

leaves and shallow roots.

• Supports more animal species

than any other biome; animals

tend to be highly specialized.

Did You Know? Some tropical plants (epiphytes) grow high on other plants to access sunlight and do not touch the soil.

3

Tropical Dry Forest

Lesson 6.2 Biomes

• Warm year-round, but rainfall

highly seasonal

• Most trees are deciduous—they

lose their leaves and cease

photosynthesis part of the year.

• Plants and animals exhibit

adaptations (e.g. waxy leaf

coating, deep roots, estivation,

migration) that enable them to

survive the dry season.

Tiger (Panthera tigris)

Savanna

Lesson 6.2 Biomes

• Receives less precipitation than tropical

dry forests, but more than deserts; usually

has a distinct rainy season

• Grasses interspersed with groups of trees

• Tree growth limited by frequent fires and

strong winds

• Plants are adapted to dry conditions; tend

to be deciduous with deep roots, thick

bark, and waxy coatings on leaves.

• Many animals migrate to find water, or

burrow when water is scarce.

Desert

Lesson 6.2 Biomes

• Receives less than 25 cm (9.8 in.)

of precipitation per year

• Temperatures vary widely from

day to night.

• Plants tend to have thick, leathery

leaves, store water in their tissues,

and have shallow roots.

• Animals get most of their water

from the food they eat, and they

tend to be nocturnal. Mammals

have exaggerated appendages to

help regulate body temperature.

Did You Know? Cactus spines are modified leaves that protect the plant from thirsty animals. Photosynthesis occurs within the green stems and trunks.

Temperate Rain Forest

Lesson 6.2 Biomes

• Year-round moderate temperatures and heavy rainfall

• Largest extent found in Pacific Northwest of United States

• Characterized by tall evergreen trees, such as cedars and

hemlocks, that don’t lose leaves annually; many are conifers

(produce seed-bearing cones)

• Forest floor is shaded,

damp, covered in moss.

• Animals that require

moisture, such as

amphibians, thrive here.

Olympic Peninsula, Hoh River rain forest

4

Temperate Forest

Lesson 6.2 Biomes

• Precipitation evenly spread

throughout the year

• Varied temperatures (hot

summers, cold winters)

• Plants tend to be broad-leafed and

deciduous.

• Soil is enriched with nutrients from

annual leaf drop.

• Animals may migrate, hibernate,

or store food to survive cold

conditions.

Temperate Grassland (Prairie)

Lesson 2.2 Biomes

• Moderate seasonal precipitation and fairly

extreme seasonal temperatures; droughts and

fires common

• Not enough precipitation to support large trees;

grasses, which grow from their base, thrive

despite droughts, fires, animals grazing

• Animals are adapted to deal with lack of cover.

• Soil tends to be rich in nutrients; most of world’s

grasslands have been converted to farmland.

Chaparral

Lesson 6.2 Biomes

• Highly seasonal conditions with mild,

wet winters and warm, dry summers

• Prolonged hot, dry periods; droughts and fires common

• Plants are drought-resistant; many have thick, waxy

leaves or leaves with hairs that trap moisture;

succulents are common.

• Plants may have thick bark and

deep roots to resist fire; some plants

require fire to germinate.

• Many animals burrow or are nocturnal

to avoid heat.

Did You Know? Some

chaparral plants contain

oily compounds that

facilitate the spread of fire.

Boreal Forest (Taiga)

Lesson 6.2 Biomes

• Long, cold winters; short,

cool summers

• Nutrient-poor, slightly

acidic soils

• Low species diversity

• Coniferous trees with

waxy needles and conical

shape, adapted to harsh, snowy conditions are common.

• Animals feed, breed, and care for young mostly during

short warm season; year-round residents tend to have thick

insulation and small extremities that maintain heat.

5

Tundra

Lesson 6.2 Biomes

• Extremely cold, dark winters; relatively sunny and cool

summers

• Found at very high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere

• Harsh winds, nutrient-poor soil, and freezing temperatures

limit plant growth; no tall trees; mosses and lichens common

• Characterized by permafrost (underground soil that is frozen

year-round)

• Birds and caribou migrate to the

tundra during the mild summer to

feed on insects and lichens; only a

few species live here year-round.

Polar Ice and Mountains

Lesson 6.2 Biomes

• Not classified as biomes

• No land under polar ice in

Northern Hemisphere; ice sits

atop Antarctica in Southern

Hemisphere

• Very few plants; most life

is in surrounding ocean

• Mountain communities

change with elevation,

similar to how biome

communities change

with latitude.

Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems

75% of Earth’s surface is covered by water.

Describing Aquatic Ecosystems


• Salinity: the amount of dissolved

salt present in water. Ecosystems

are classified as salt water, fresh

water, or brackish depending on

salinity.

• Photosynthesis tends to be limited

by light availability, which is a

function of depth and water clarity.

• Aquatic ecosystems are either

flowing or standing.

• Aquatic ecosystem zones: photic,

aphotic, benthic

6

Freshwater Ecosystems: Ponds, Lakes, Inland Seas


• Salinity is less than 0.5 ppt (parts per thousand)

• Ponds and lakes are

similar, except in size,

but inland seas contain

organisms adapted for

open water.

• Ponds and lakes are

divided horizontally

into zones: littoral

and limnetic

Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands


• Areas of land flooded with water at least part of the year

• Include freshwater marshes, swamps, bogs, and fens

• Wetlands prevent flooding, recharge aquifers, filter pollutants,

and provide habitats.

Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers and Streams


• Bodies of surface water that flow

downhill, eventually reaching an

ocean or inland sea

• Watershed: The area of land

drained by a river and its tributaries

• Characteristics, such as dissolved

oxygen, temperature, water speed,

organisms, and others, change

from source to mouth.

Estuaries


• Occur where a river flows into the

ocean or an inland sea

• Coastal estuaries are brackish

ecosystems; organisms must tolerate

wide salinity and temperature ranges.

• Coastal estuaries are home to salt

marshes and mangrove forests.

• Like wetlands, estuaries help prevent

flooding and soil erosion as well as

provide habitats.

Did You Know? Salt marshes and mangrove forests are

two of the most productive ecosystems on Earth.

Everglades, Florida, wetlands

7

Oceans


• Currents are driven by water temperature and density

differences, wind, and gravity.

• Surface winds and heating generate vertical currents that

transport nutrients and oxygen.

Did You Know? If the water in the

oceans evaporated, a 60 m (200 ft) deep

layer of salt would be left behind.

• Horizontal ocean zones:

intertidal, neritic, open

ocean

• Vertical ocean zones:

photic, aphotic, benthic

Ocean Ecosystems


• Intertidal: Highly diverse; extreme range of temperature, moisture, and salinity

• Neritic: Productive kelp forests and coral reefs provide habitats and help protect shorelines from erosion.

Did You Know? Over 90% of ocean water

on Earth is in the open ocean zone.

• Open ocean: Low productivity due to low light penetration; phytoplankton base of food chain; deep sea organisms and hydrothermal vent communities

Name Class Date

Chapter Vocabulary Review

Match each term with its definition.

1. biome

2. canopy

3. salinity

4. littoral zone

5. estivation

6. benthic zone

7. coniferous

8. aphotic zone

9. climate

10. limnetic zone

11. flood plain

12. epiphytes

a. tall, dense covering of trees in a tropical

rain forest

b. plants that grow on other plants instead

of in the soil

c. an aquatic area where no photosynthesis

takes place

d. the average temperature and precipitation

over long periods

e. the very bottom of a body of water

f. the area some distance from shore where

there are no rooted plants

g. a group of ecosystems that share similar

abiotic and biotic conditions

h. the area nearest a river’s course that is

periodically overrun with water

i. a measurement of the amount of salts

dissolved in water

j. the shallow near-shore portion of the

photic zone

k. a deep, sleeplike period of dormancy

during dry conditions

l. producing seed-bearing cones

Use each vocabulary term in a sentence.

13. Weather

14. Hibernation

15. Estuary

16. Understory

109

DAY 14

Name Class Date

111

Addo Elephant National Park

African elephants are larger than Asian

elephants, and in fact, are the largest of all

land mammals. They have a life span of up

to 70 years and can grow to about 6350 kg

(14,000 lbs). Their diet consists of roots,

grasses, fruit, and bark, and they can consume

up to 300 pounds of food each day. They use

their tusks for digging for food and water and

to strip bark from trees.

For many years elephants were hunted

for their ivory. Though an international ban

on the ivory trade does exist, illegal hunting

continues. Because of these illegal practices

and because of loss of habitat, African

elephants remain classified as a threatened

species. Addo Elephant National Park in

South Africa provides a sanctuary to the

elephants living there.

DAY 14

Name Class Date

Use the information in Addo Elephant National Park to answer the questions below.

1. Compare the size of the Addo Elephant National Park before and after expansion.

2. What long-term goals do the World Bank, SANParks, and the South African government

hope the expansion of Addo Elephant National Park will achieve?

3. How will expansion of Addo Elephant National Park affect the elephants that live there?

4 What effect will expansion of Addo Elephant National Park have on existing biomes?

5. How does the information in Addo National Elephant Park affect

your answer to the Big Question: “How does the environment affect where and how an

organism lives?”

Work with a partner to find out more about the Addo Elephant National Park, or another

national park in Africa. Discover where the park is located, its biomes, and what wildlife is

protected there. Learn about the role and influence government and tourism have on the

park’s management. Create an informational poster on your chosen national park.

The 21st Century Skills used in this activity include Information Literacy, Collaboration,

and Critical Thinking and Problem Solving

Log on for more information and activities on the Central

Case, Too Much of a Good Thing.

112

Name _______________________________________ Class _______ Date _______________

1

Chapter 6 Chapter Review

Multiple Choice Circle the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Day-to-day conditions in Earth's atmosphere, such as “sunny and humid,” describe

A. climate. B. climatograph. C. weather. D. biome.

2. Which biome would have the highest net primary production?

A. savanna B. boreal forest C. coral reefs D. desert

3. In aquatic ecosystems, net primary productivity is related to

A. whether the water is fresh water or salt water. B. the speed at which the water moves. C. available sunlight and nutrients. D. waves and tides.

4. In the graph, the solid line represents precipitation and the dashed line represents temperature.

What type of conditions are indicated by the areas of the graph labeled (A)?

A. hot B. moist C. dry D. freezing

5. What percentage of Earth's surface is covered in water?

A. 75% B. 90% C. 25% D. 50%

DAY 15

Name _______________________________________ Class _______ Date _______________

2

6. Which of the following describes the aphotic zone in an aquatic ecosystem?

A. the very bottom of a body of water B. the zone where no sunlight penetrates and photosynthesis cannot occur C. the shallow, near-shore zone D. the uppermost layer where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis

7. Which zone of an aquatic ecosystem tends to have more life—both producers and consumers?

A. aphotic zone B. photic zone C. benthic zone D. All have roughly the same amounts of life.

8. Which ecosystems are considered standing freshwater ecosystems?

A. lakes B. wetlands C. ponds D. all of the above

9. A bog is a wetland that

A. is entirely covered with thick, floating mats of vegetation. B. has shallow water and tall, grasslike plants. C. has shallow water and woody shrubs and trees. D. has mostly salt water.

10. What ocean zone begins at the edge of the continental shelf and then extends outward into deeper water?

A. intertidal B. open ocean C. littoral D. neritic

Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

___________________ 11. On a biome map, patches representing the same biome tend to occur at similar longitudes.

___________________ 12. Cold and dry biomes have the highest net primary production.

___________________ 13. Primary consumers convert solar or chemical energy into energy stored in the bonds of organic sugars.

___________________ 14. Water moves toward areas of lower salinity.

___________________ 15. Ecologists tend to divide the photic zone of lakes and ponds based on distance from the bottom.

Name _______________________________________ Class _______ Date _______________

3

Completion: Complete each statement on the line provided.

16. A ____________________ is a group of ecosystems that share similar abiotic and biotic conditions.

17. In temperate forests, some animals avoid the winter by going into ____________________, a deep, sleeplike state that an animal enters for most of the winter.

18. The very bottom of a body of water is called the ____________________ zone.

19. ____________________ are areas of land that are flooded with water at least part of the year.

20. Areas nearest a river’s course that are flooded periodically are said to be within the river’s ____________________.

Short Answer: Write the answers to the questions on the lines provided.

21. How are biomes characterized?

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22. Define net primary production in your own words.

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23. List the three main criteria ecologists use to classify aquatic ecosystems.

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24. List the major categories of freshwater ecosystems and provide two examples within each category.

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Name _______________________________________ Class _______ Date _______________

4

25. What are some of the ecosystem services provided by mangrove forests?

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Essay: Write the answer to each question in the space provided.

34. What consequences might occur in an area that loses most of its wetlands?

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35. Explain the ecological importance of estuaries.

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