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LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP

Tuesday, April 20, 2010

Climate Change and Marine Mammals

Siri Hakala, NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science CenterAnd

Mike Goebel, Ph.D. NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center


Siri Hakala, NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center

AndMike Goebel,PhD. NOAA Fisheries, Southwest

Fisheries Science CenterSiri Hakala, NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center

AndMike Goebel, Ph.D. NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center


Outline

• Change in the oceans• How will marine mammals be affected?• Arctic• Antarctic• Tropics• Online Educational Resources

Potential Changes in:

• Temperature• Sea level• Sea-ice extent• Salinity• CO2 concentrations and pH• Rainfall patterns• Storm frequency, wind speed and wave

conditions• Climate patterns

Temperature

Figure 1-3. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007

Rising Sea Levels

Contribution of mountain and subpolar glaciers to sea level. Shown are sea level change (mm/year, red) and sea level rise (mm, blue). [From M. Dyurgerov, INSTARR, University of Colorado]

Change in the oceans

Muir Glacier

Digital media. Image Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center, W. O. Field, B. F. Molnia. NSIDC/WDC for Glaciology, Boulder, compiler. 2002, updated 2009. Glacier photograph collection. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology.

August 13, 1941 August 31, 2004

Ice cover

Figure 10.14. Multi-model mean sea ice concentration (%) for January to March (JFM) and June to September (JAS), in the Arctic (top) and Antarctic (bottom) for the periods (a) 1980 to 2000 and b) 2080 to 2100 for the SRES A1B scenario. The dashed white line indicates the present-day 15% average sea ice concentration limit. Modified from Flato et al. (2004).

Projection of Ocean Acidification

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations (a)

Global ocean pH (b)

Surface saturation state of aragonite(c)

Figure 10-14 IPCC emission scenarios for 2000-2100. Source: IPCC, 2007b

Projection of Precipitation

What can we learn from ENSO?

Let’s Pause Two Minutes for Questions?

Outline


Poll Question

How will marine mammals be affected?A) PreyB) Distribution, MigrationC) HabitatD) Reproductive successE) All of the Above

So, how will marine mammals be affected?

• Direct – Habitat– Temperature

• Indirect effects– Prey– Distribution, Migration– Community Structure– Reproductive success– Disease

Type-B “pack ice killer whale” from the Antarctic. Bob Pitman, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center

NOAA Photo Library

Examples for:

• Temperature• Sea level• Sea-ice extent• Salinity• CO2 concentrations and pH• Rainfall patterns• Storm frequency, wind speed and wave

conditions• Climate patterns

Responses to climate change

• Move- move to a different area to track environmental changes

• Change- stay in same place, but change to match environment- change prey, change reproductive timing, migratory timing etc.

• Extinction

Changes in temperature

Artwork by Barbara L. Taylor


Reproductive success


Image courtesy of Islands in the Stream 2001, NOAA/OER

Krill

Humboldt squid

NOAA photo

NOAA photo

Prey

Changes in sea level

Loss of habitat: haul-out sites for pinnipeds

Changes in sea-ice extent

NOAA imageNOAA image

NOAA image

Photo credit: Siri Hakala

Changes in salinity

Changes in CO2 concentrations and pH

Changes in rainfall patternsEffects on coastal species

-increased run-off-possible increase in algal blooms

Changes in storm frequency, wind speed and wave conditions

SWFSC/ NMFS/NOAA

Hawaiian monk seal (photo: NOAA)

Changes in climate pattern

Shifts in community structure

Arctic

NOAA photoNOAA photo

NOAA photo by Mike Cameron.

In the chart below, place the clip art at the end of the species type (Obligate, Associated, Migrant) in the box under the species it is

describing.

Polar Bear Harp Seal Fin Whale Killer Whale

Narwahl Walrus Beluga Ribbon Seal

Ice Obligate Species @ Ice Associated Species √

Seasonally Migrant Species $

From Moore et al., 2008

AntarcticAntarctic fur seals (Photo credit: M. Goebel)

A female Southern elephant seal Image courtesy of NOAA/Vents, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI)

Antarctic

Weddell seals (Photo credit: M. Goebel)

Crabeater seal, Mike Goebel and Dan Costa

Temperate and Tropical waters

• Change in the oceans• How will marine mammals be affected?• Arctic• Antarctic• Tropics

Tropics

References

• Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

• Draft Report of the Workshop on Whales and Climate Change. SC/61/Rep4. International Whaling Commission.

• Forcada, J., Trathan, P.N., Murphy, E.J. 2008. Life history buffering in Antarctic mammals and birds against changing patterns of climate and environmental variation. Global Change Biology 14:2473-2488

• Laidre, K.L., Stirling, I., Lowry, L.F., Wiig, O., Heide-Jorgensen, M.P., Ferguson, S. 2998. Quantifying the sensitivity of arctic marine mammals to climate-induced habitat change. Ecological Applications 18(2):S97-S125.

• Learmonth, J.A., Macleod, C.D., Santos, M.B., Pierce, G.J., Crick, H.Q.P., Robinson, R.S. 2006. Potential effects of climate change on marine mammals. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An annual review 44:431-464

• Moore, S.E., Huntington, H.P. 2008. Arctic marine mammals and climate change: Impacts and resilience. Ecological Applications 18(2):S157-S165

Online Educational ResourcesGeneral Information on Marine Mammals from NOAA Fisheries Service Office of Protected Resources: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/

Encyclopedia of the Sanctuaries: Visual and print resources on marine mammals in the National Marine Sanctuaries http://www8.nos.noaa.gov/onms/park/

Elementary School:

Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears: An online magazine for K-5 teachers

http://beyondpenguins.nsdl.org/

Contact Information – Molly Harrison – [email protected]

1. Climate Change Wildlife and Wildlands: A Toolkit for Formal and Informal Educators (http://globalchange.gov/resources/educators/toolkit)

Pacific Islands and the Hawaiian Monk Seal:

http://globalchange.gov/resources/educators/toolkit/explore/pacific-islands

Polar and Sub Polar Regions and the Pacific Walrus:

http://globalchange.gov/resources/educators/toolkit/explore/polar-subpolar

2. Oceans for Life Resources: Links to videos and lessons plans for SPLASH: Monitoring Humpback Whales and Biodiversity: Humpback Whales

http://www.ngsednet.org/community/resources_category.cfm?community_id=128&category_id=836

Middle School Resources

Middle to High School ResourcesGrades 5-12

Tracking Narwhals in Greenland Expedition: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06arctic/

Includes the following essays:

• Arctic Climate Change and Narwhals: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06arctic/background/climate/climate.html

• The Biology and Ecology of Narwhals: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06arctic/background/biology/biology.html

Related Lesson Plans for grades 5-12:

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06arctic/background/edu/lessonplans.html

Near Real-Time Pacific Marine Animal Tracking through Tagging of Pacific Pelagics Program: http://las.pfeg.noaa.gov/TOPP/

Thank you to the sponsor of tonight's Web Seminar:

http://learningcenter.nsta.org

http://www.elluminate.com

National Science Teachers AssociationDr. Francis Q. Eberle, Executive Director

Zipporah Miller, Associate Executive Director Conferences and Programs

Al Byers, Assistant Executive Director e-Learning

LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP

NSTA Web SeminarsPaul Tingler, Director

Jeff Layman, Technical Coordinator

LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP

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