Live food aquaculture training course Artemia Biology and Strains.
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Transcript of Live food aquaculture training course Artemia Biology and Strains.
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
It is the ability of the Artemia to form dormant embryos or cysts that makes the Artemia nauplii the most widely used food item for the culture of fish and shellfish larvae.
After harvesting and processing, cysts are packed into cans or buckets and become storable 'on demand' live feed.
Artemia as live food; advantages
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
Artemia as live food; advantages
Resting cysts can be stored for yearsLive nauplii can be available within 24-36 hSecurity/backup at breakdown of rotifer
cultures Tailor-made bioencapsulation according to the
species nutritional requirementsRobust upon variation in environmental
parameters
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
Phylum: ArthropodaClass: CrustaceaOrder: AnostracaFamiliy: Artemidae
Systematics
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Collection of cysts from the surface
• large amounts of cysts are produced and released when environmental conditions deteriorate• the cysts float to the surface in large concentrations• at this stage, they are harvested and dried for the aquaculture and aquarium industry by commercial companies
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Dry resting cysts in diapause
Dry resting eggs (cysts) has an inactive metabolism and the embryo do not develop further as long as the cysts are kept dry or under anoxic conditions
Main techniques for terminating diapause are dehydration, freezing and treatment with hydrogen peroxide
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Hydration and activation
Upon immersion in seawater, the cysts hydrate and become spherical
Embryo resumes its reversibly interrupted metabolism at a water content of 60%
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Cyst Hatching
Outer membranes of the cyst burst after about 24 hours
Embryo leaves the cyst shelll surrounded by the hatching membrane
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Pre-nauplius stage is developing into Instar I before hatching
Emergence of hatching membrane Characheristics:
colored brownish-orange due to the presence of yolk
three pairs of appendages : antennae which have a
locomotory function, sensorial antennulae rudimentary mandible
an unpaired red ocellus is situated in the head region between the antennulae.
Parasol stage and hatching
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Stage: Instar II (metanauplius)
Second larvae stage Instar II, functional digestive system, ingest particles of 1-50 µm Is reached about 8 hours after hatching
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Further development
Undertakes about 15 molts until it reaches the 10th instar, with the following differention; the body elongates patricles is filtered and ingested by
the setae of the antennae paired lobular appendages which will
differentiate into the thoracopods are budding in the trunk-region
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Sex differentiation at 10th Instar
Male
Female
Adult female (1 cm)
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Uterus filled with nauplii
Good conditions;ovovivipary
Uterus filled with resting eggs
Extreme conditions;Ovipary
Copulation
Reproduction
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Cyst Biology Cyst shell consist of 3 layers; Alveolar layer
Protection against UV and mechanical disruptionCan be removed by hyopoclorite (decapsulation)
Outer cuticular membraneProtects embryo from larger molecules than CO2
Embryonic cuticleTransparent and elastic layer, develops into hatching membrane during incubation
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Variability between strains of Artemia
Nutritional valueSize and energy contentHatching quality (hatching rate; nauplii/100
cysts; hatching efficiency; nauplii/g cysts)Number of cysts/gGrowth rate of naupliiSpecific cysts characteristics
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Size and energy content (I)
Selection of strains with regard to mouth size
Example of gape with length in cod (figure)
Prey size to gape ratio varies between 0,4 to 1 in cod
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8
Standard length (mm)
Gap
e (m
m)
Puvanendran et al. 2004. Can. J. Zool. 821380-1389.
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Size and energy content (II)
Size, individual dry weight and energy content of Artemia instar I nauplii from different cyst sources hatched in standard conditions (35g.l-1, 25°C)
cyst source length (mm)
dry weight (µg)
energy content (10-3 Joule)
San Francisco Bay, CA-USA 428 1.63 366
Macau, Brazil 447 1.74 392
Great Salt Lake, UT-USA 486 2.42 541
Shark Bay, Australia 458 2.47 576
Chaplin Lake, Canada 475 2.04 448
Tanggu, Bohai Bay, PR China 515 3.09 681
Aibi Lake, PR China 515 4.55 -
Yuncheng, PR China 460 2.03 -
Lake Urmiah, Iran 497 - -
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Growth of nauplii
Growth of Artemia nauplii from different cyst sources under standard culture conditions (7 days, darkness, 10 instar I nauplii/25 ml, 35g.l-1, 25°C, fed with Dunaliella viridis)
cyst source growth expressed as % recorded for reference strain
(SFB, batch 1)
San Francisco Bay, CA-USA, batch 1
96
San Francisco Bay, CA-USA, batch 2
96
Macau, Brazil, batch 1 98
Macau, Brazil, batch 2 103
Great Salt Lake, UT-USA, batch 1 125
Great Salt Lake, UT-USA, batch 2 127
Shark Bay, Australia 95
Chaplin Lake, Canada 130
Tanggu, Bohai Bay, PR China 110
Aibi Lake, PR China 105
Yuncheng, PR China 109
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Specific cysts characheristics
Generally three supplies of small cysts: San Fransisco Bay, Great Salt Lake and Vietnam
Type KE (cyster/g)
KP (%)
CD(um) T0 T90 DHA (mg/g)
EPA mg/g)
HUFA
AF Cysts (INVE) 223.000 69 241 - - 0,8 11,2 12,5 Bass Entree Cysts (INVE)
281.000 - 232 - - - - 5,3
ARGENTEMIA Platinum Label (Argent)
330.000 –400.000
90+ <450 9 18 3,5% 8,0% -
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Specific cysts characheristics (II) Supplies of large cysts: San Fransisco Bay, Great Salt Lake, Russia
and China
Type KE (cyster/g)
KP (%)
CD(um) T0 T90 DHA (%)
EPA (%)
HUFA
Top grades (Premium, Gold)
260.000 90 450-475 8 15 3,0 5,5 -
Medium Grades (Silver, Grade A)
240.000 80 500-525 9 16 2,0 3,0 -
Low Grade (Bronze, Grade B)
220.000 - - - - - - -