Literature Review · Web viewLAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGES AT THE EDGE OF DELHI Literature Review...

Running head: LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGES AT THE EDGE OF DELHI

LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGES AT THE EDGE OF

DELHI

2LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGES AT THE EDGE OF DELHI

Literature Review

Introduction Urban growth is considered to be a well known worldwide phenomenon and in the global

context it is highly affecting the land cover.Land cover is a description that implies something

about the biogeophysical characteristics of a portion of the earth surface, e.g. water body,

woodland, bare ground. However, land use is the description of how a land area is used, e.g.

arable agriculture, residential housing, shopping mall (Mell, 2015). Urbanization is growing fast

majorly in developing country like India and it has brought significant adverse effect because of

unorganized expansion, rapidly increasing population and increased immigration. According to

the experts urban growth is the primary reason behind several emerging environmental issues

like decreased air quality, subsequent flooding, increased local temperature and deterioration of

the water quality. Fast growing cities of India like Noida and Gurgaon have encountered rapid

environmental changes due to rapid urbanization that mostly unplanned.Land use and land cover

changes modify the existing land use and land cover, and are caused by proximate causes and

underlying drivers, which are socio-economic, demographic, political and technological in nature

(Orkin, 2014). These drivers can be modified by environmental factors such a rapid-onset

hazards, e.g., flooding, or slow-onset events such as climate change. Different drivers have led to

significant land use and land cover changes in Noida and Gurgaon, two districts on the edge of

Delhi, which are the focus of this research thesis. Information regarding the issue of urban

growth, land use and land cover change study have proved to be immensely helpful for the urban

planners for betterment of the future plans which leads to sustainable development of a city.

Urban growth models The study of urban land use can be drawn from three different descriptive models. These models

have been developed in order to generalize the patterns of urban land use. The models which

have been used in order to understand the urban growth are Concentric Zone model, Sector

model and Multiple Nuclei Model of Urban land use.


Concentric Zone model: Urban social structures have been evaluated with the help of

concentric model which is also known as the Burgess model. The model is developed based on

the human ecology theory and it explains the distribution of the social groups and the population

concentration accordingly. The concentric ring model also depicts the urban land usage in the

concentric rings. The zones that are identified by this model are:

● The central business district which remains the central point and that is also considered to

be the focal point.

● The transitional zone which is consisted of mix residential and the commercial uses and

thus it is considered to be the zone transition.

● The working class residential mainly found in the inner suburbs that later was titled as

inner lands or inner city zone.

● Better quality middle class housing which is mainly based in the outer suburbs.

● Lastly the commuter zone.

Many contemporary urban geographers have drawn several drawbacks of this model and it is

considered to be not relevant enough for the cities which are outside United States as it depicts

the peculiar American geography and assumes an isotropic plane which is an even and

unchanged landscape (McBride, 2017).


Figure 1: Burgess Model

(source : self developed)

Hoyt model: the sector model which is also known as the Hoytb model of urban land use is a

modification of the concentric zone model of city development (Kallawicha, 2015). The

application of this particular model has certain benefits including the fact that it allows for an

outward progression of growth.

Figure 2:Hoyt model diagram

Source: (Kallawicha, 2015)


This model suggests that the growth of the new city is commenced through the development of a

series of sectors or wedges. Traditional communication routes are grown along with the

development. It is important to note that low quality housing comes next to the industrial zone

according to this model. Similarly, middleclass next to the low class and the high class remains

as far as possible from the industrial area and the low class population.

Multiple nuclei model: The Multiple Nuclei Model is an economical model that describes the

layout of a city which is based on the model of San Francisco. As per this model even if a city

have begun with a central business unit or CBD, it is possible that other CBDs to develop on the

outskirts of the city. Because of this nodes or nuclei are created in the other parts of the city. This

model aims at presenting a more realistic and complicated structure of urbanized city. The

primary goal of the model was to move away from the concentric zone model and better reflect

the complex nature of the urban areas which are larger in size (Davies, 2015).

Figure 3: Multiple Nuclei Model

Source: (Davies, 2015).

Land use and land covers change associated with urban growth, urban sprawl and pre-urbanization using Drivers model The structure of t5he cultural landscape is determined majorly by human decisions but the land

cover is highly affected by the environmental drivers. The drivers model effectively identifies the


reasons behind unplanned urban growth and its consequences on the emerging environmental

issues.

The land use and the land cover changes the environment and the surrounding urban areas and it

is related to the anthropogenic activities, which creates lot of problems. Due to this issue the land

surface temperature is increasing.

The expanding population size of this capital city (Delhi) is directly affecting at the land use and

land cover issues. Due to the changing and modern infrastructure or urbanization in Delhi, the

extended part of Delhi is also changing in nature (Kumar et al. 2014).

Noida stands for new Okhla industrial development authority. This city is renowned for the

industrial development and it also developing for more than 70 decades. The land use of Noida is

very industrial based. In addition, the Government of India has developed this specific place as

an industrial junction of India. It comes under the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Area Development

Act, 17th April 1976. The land use has changed until the year of 2000. Several institutional and

residential buildings came on agricultural land before 2001. After the year of 2001, the main land

use of Noida has done on high-rise residential buildings. Noida is well connected to Delhi

through various roads, which has been spread over an area of 20316 hectares. In the year of

2015, Noida was ranked the best city in housing sector in India according to the news channels.

IT and IT enabled services industry with many different large companies is still setting up their

business in this city. Because of the over population, the Noida authority CEO has focused in the

environment of the city. In the last few decades, the ‘green Noida, clean Noida’ concept has

helped the city to develop the greenery coverage of the area. Today, Noida is India’s greenest

city covered with 50 percent of greenery (Acharya, Sen, Punia & Reddy, 2017).

The city Gurgaon is situated in the national capital region. The Haryana government has used the

land as the main commercial zone of this region. They also have been developed residential

properties within these commercial complexes. The new land ‘mixed land use licensing policy

for commercial zones’ has helped to develop the commercial sector of Gurgaon. The land cover

of this area includes water bodies, wetland, forest etc, which is related to this city. These external

drivers affect the Rohtak district, where this city is situated. The government of the area also

concentrated on the land cover of the city to manage the area's environment (Chaudhuri, Singh &

Rai, 2017). Noteworthy explanation behind this exceptional abatement in district under

Cultivating use was an enormous addition in urban range. Table orchestrated using GIS tech


show that 11387 hectares of rich cultivating region was lost as unrecoverable i.e. arrive where

immutable improvement has happened and 3712 hectare as an unfilled land left open, showing

up next augmentation site for created. The rule factors affecting the urban outskirts arrive change

are improvement of current, business and institutional activities. In addition, as a result of

urbanization and extending design towards urban development for business and other

developmental open door the organization of Delhi isn't an inside and out orchestrated or choice

sum. Change along genuine corridors is the perceiving feature of urban sprawl in this period.

Delhi in its past stage created towards east yet in the last 15years it stretched out along different

national highways.

Discussion on urban growth, urban sprawl and pre-urbanization (500)Pri-urbanization means an area, which is metamorphosed due to the migration of people from

rural areas to cities or more specifically metropolitan cities. The migration specifically takes

place due to a certain reasons. First, due to urbanization and exploitation of fertile land covers,

many people who used to sustain their lives by means of practicing agriculture or farming faced

havoc consequences due to sudden industrialization and commercialization (Schindler &

Kishore, 2015). The unfathomable ambition and greed of business tycoons led to the suffering of

the people who belong from the underprivileged section of the society, or more specifically the

poor farmers and woodcutters. According to (Padilla-Díaz, 2015), it has been stated that the

sudden migration of the poor and underprivileged class of people into the urban areas affected

the natural vegetation and equilibrium of the land covers of Noida and Gurgaon. Lack of

provision and proper opportunities in the rural areas has led to overpopulation in the urban areas.

This has certainly led to the growth of slums in the urban areas. Therefore, the natural land

covers has been exploited to a great degree. Overpopulation has become one of the vital issues

regarding the exploitation of the greenery and the land covers that used to be in a normal state in

the past (Ahluwalia& Mohanty, 2014).

According to a certain survey and researchers like (Rai & Saha, 2015) it has been learned that the

main reason behind urban growth in population is over migration of people from rural areas.

Exploitation of fertile land has led to such a situation in Noida and Gurgaon. The poor farmers

were denied of their traditional rights and were forced to migration in the urban areas


purposelessly. Informal settlements like slums have increased due to the intervention of the

industrialists in the rural areas. Urban growth can be interpreted in two certain ways (Sharma &

Joshi, 2013). Firstly, it can be comprehended that the population of Noida and Gurgaon has

increased drastically and this in turn can be directly related to the population growth of those

mentioned areas. On the other hand, growth can mean progress of Noida and Gurgaon in terms

of economy. According to Saxena, it is comprehended that Noida and Gurgaon has excelled

expectedly in terms of business and infrastructural development. However, infrastructural

development has led to serious consequences as there has been repetitive reports of massive

deforestation and unusual exploitation of the natural resources (Raj & Saha, 2015). Materialistic

development has affected the natural habitat and fertile land covers of Noida and Gurgaon.

The overall effect of the change in the society is very much apparent. In comparison with its past

livelihood with the modern livelihood, the people of the Delhi it can easily evident that the

overall life standard has been drastically improved (Ghosh et al 2014). The income level of every

family has been increased rapidly when the consumerism is out broke in the system of social

structure. These factors will be discussed in detail. The Gurgaon is mainly such kind of city,

which is maximally producing the usable goods; therefore, it can be easily predictable that this

area is rapidly developing the industry in the overall geographical domain of the Gurgaon. The

other city is Noida, which mainly deals with the consumerism factor. Which type product is

manufactured in the Gurgaon has the opportunity to represent those in the open market of the

Noida.

SummaryAfter reviewing all the literatures, which has been analyzed in the above section of this chapter,

it has been evaluated that both the cities have different purpose for using their agricultural land.

As this chapter is completely based on the comparison of two major cities of Delhi, even for

India also, have different specialization and perceptions for using the land, moreover, this

chapter focuses on the land use along with the land cover that change at the edge of Delhi. In

addition, this chapter more focuses on the driving forces along agricultural forces used by both

the cities. Furthermore, there are few sections of this chapter, which further is based on various

models that are Urban Growth model and the Drivers Model. Both the models have contributed

for reviewing the living style and working style of the people, living in both the cities. Both the


cities have contributed in the development of Delhi as well as for India, moreover, for the sake of

development in terms of industrialization and commercialization, it has been found that Gurgaon

and Noida, both of them have not been using their agricultural land properly. The Government of

that city can utilize the land in an efficient manner. After analyzing the models and linking with

the literature review, it has been found that success of both have been affecting the sustenance of

the agricultural business across the globe.

Evidence

Comparison between the population growth of Noida and GurgaonIn the context of Delhi, it can be said that, since it is the national Capital Territory of India, the

urban area of the city has attained a special status of capital region of the nation. Noida, being the

neighbouring city of Delhi has evidently witnessed a massive growth in the last few years.

It is important to note that, both Gurgaon and Noida are modern cities with developed

infrastructure and several facilities. In the last 10 years, both the cities have faced infrastructural

developments, which is another important facet of development among the two cities.

When it comes to residential, shopping or educational facilities, Noida has been providing more

facilities and improved facilities to the people all over the world. It is also important to note that,

since the educational facilities and residential facilities are improved, Noida has been witnessing

a massive population growth in the last few years. Since Noida is well connected with the roads

of Delhi, the transport facility has also developed for entering into the city (Bernard, 2013). Most

of the IT infrastructural companies have settled in Noida, which has also facilitated the

population growth of the city.

The land use and the land cover changes the environment and the surrounding urban areas and it

is related to the anthropogenic activities, which creates lot of problems. Due to this issue the land

surface temperature is increasing.

The land use of Noida is very industrial based. In addition, the Government of India has

developed this specific place as an industrial junction of India. It comes under the Uttar Pradesh

Industrial Area Development Act, 17th April 1976. The land use has changed until the year of

2000. Several institutional and residential buildings came on agricultural land before 2001. After

the year of 2001, the main land use of Noida has done on high-rise residential buildings. Noida is


well connected to Delhi through various roads, which has been spread over an area of 20316

hectares. In the year of 2015, Noida was ranked the best city in housing sector in India according

to the news channels. IT and IT enabled services industry with many different large companies is

still setting up their business in this city.

Contrast between Noida-Industrial and Gurgaon-commercialIndustrialization is very predominant in the states of Noida and Gurgaon. In India, among most

of the metropolitan cities, Gurgaon has flourished rapidly in terms of infrastructural

development. Many companies have established themselves in the states of Noida and Gurgaon.

In Gurgaon, many foreign and domestic organizations have made their settlements in recent

times. Adequate number of candidates got recruited in various companies in Noida and Gurgaon.

However, the consequences of materialistic and infrastructural growth are havoc

Commercialization in Noida and Gurgaon has become a challenging issue. The overpopulation

of the cities offers considerable resistance to the transportation of the manufactured products

from the factories. Commercialization gets affected indirectly by the overcrowding of the streets.

The informal settlements like the slums near the highways and roads meant for the transportation

purposes are congested.

Therefore, it can be propagated that, Noida has managed to provide an improved and better

infrastructure, along with developed facilities, in comparison to the infrastructure and facilities

provided by Gurgaon. On the other hand, it can also be said that, in the context of transport and

education facilities, Noida again is a much improved city than Gurgaon. Therefore, it can be

evidently said that, the population growth in Noida is much facilitated than Gurgaon (Broad,

2014). However, in the context of development of real estate, it is backed by the creating an

association with the physical infrastructure, which higher in both Greater Noida and Noida;

whereas, in Gurgaon, the scenario is the opposite, as the development of infrastructure is

prominent only after the full exploitation of the potentiality of the real estate.

Policies and actionsThe policies and actions in both Noida and Gurgaon are influenced by the methods and

procedures that are to be attributed by the cities. It is also important to note that, since Noida is

characterised by a massive growth in the population, this, the policies and actions are more

implemented on the inhabitants of the city. It can also be said that, the predominant policy,


which is strictly followed by Noida is the monitoring of the residential complexes that are being

made in the city. There are strict laws that are made in the building regulations of Noida. Since

Noida is the city with improved facilities and developed residential areas, thus, the building and

regulations of 2006 is one of the pivotal policies that is followed by the city.

Then again, in the context of Gurgaon, the same policies are being followed throughout the city.

The city has strict rules of implementing effective strategies and policies for the development of

the infrastructure and processes in the city.

Effect on agriculture and land mapsDelhi is one the major metropolitan city of India; where the Noida and the Gurgaon can be

labelled as such kind of city, which are the results of decentralized the extra population who are

migrating from the different countries. The Noida and Gurgaon are those kinds of cities of the

Delhi, which are mainly made accommodation of those migrating people.


Figure 4: agricultural and land map of Noida

Delhi is mainly unable to accommodate the extra population. Other reasons for evolving these

two cities are to decentralize the activities of industrial zone. The uncontrolled growth of the

population is led the Delhi government to take the decision to do land cover for accommodate

those huge population.


Figure 5: Agricultural and land map of Gurgaon

In today's world, the mass media directly influence its target audience to manipulate their

thinking pattern, structured their way in some productive way as if they select that kind of

advertisement or broadcasting content in order to manipulate the purchasing behaviour of their

target audience. According to the past study regarding this particular topic of consumerism the

target audience of any particular media become very much influenced when they are became the

premium audience of any particular media (Ahmad et al. 2016).

With the advancement in the livelihood of people in both the cities, the agriculture and land use

has increased to a great extent. For the purpose of making residential complex and educational

facilities, the cities have been providing enormous land use to facilitate the working process.

Therefore, it can be evidently said that, the aspect of land use is more in Noida, due to the

massive population growth in Noida, the land use has increased to a great extent in the city. On

the other hand, Gurgaon is on the peak of achieving population growth and is also using great

amount of lands for the facilitation of better residential and educational facilities.

SummaryTherefore, it can be concluded by stating that, the aspects of land use and the contrasting features

offered between Gurgaon and Noida helps in the attainment of the predominant features of both

the cities. It also provides an extensive knowledge regarding the existing condition of the cities,

and also points out the changes that the cities need to formulate in order to attain the most of

population growth.


Population growth has played a major role in the exploitation of land cover, thus, leading to

deforestation and acquiring of the cultivable land. The urban land use or land cover guide of

Delhi for the year 1992 has been prepared utilizing Landsat TM data. The extensive land use

classes have been taken from TM data. The gathering of various classes has been upgraded using

ground. Specifically, in the greater towns and urban territories of the making world the rate of

people increase has been steady and nowadays, a significant parcel of them are defying off the

cuff and uncontrolled settlements at the thickly populated goals or edges.

Analysis and Discussion

IntroductionThis chapter focuses on analyzing the driving forces, which have been operating in both the

properties of Delhi, One is Gurgaon and another one is Noida. Moreover, this analysis can be

done by comparing the operational process of both the cities, that how these cities are different

from each other based on their operating procedure. In addition, these two are varied in

accordance with the agricultural land, that is, the total coverage area for agriculture, which both

the cities have been using, the reasons for which they use their agricultural land and at which

extent they use it; all these factors are going to be analyzed in this chapter. As growth of

population has played a major role in the exploitation of land cover, thus, leading to

deforestation and acquiring of the cultivable land (Acharya et al. 2017). The urban land use or

land cover guide of Delhi for the year 1992 has been prepared utilizing Landsat TM data. The

extensive land use classes have been taken from TM data. The gathering of various classes has

been upgraded using ground. Specifically, in the greater towns and urban territories of the

making world the rate of people increase has been steady and nowadays, a significant parcel of

them are defying off the cuff and uncontrolled settlements at the thickly populated goals or

edges. After analysing all the aspects of comparison between land use of Gurgaon and Noida,

this chapter has been enclosed by giving a short brief based on what has been done in this

chapter and the findings of the analysis.

Difference between the driving forces operating in Noida and GurgaonAfter analyzing the literature review, it has been found that both the cities are quite different in

terms of their driving forces, which often create problem to both cities. With the extension of the


Delhi Metro, which have been proposed phase 3, the travel time between these two cities can

come down approx. around 40 to 45 minutes, as the time taken by the travelers now a day is

approx. 1 hour and 15 minutes. In addition, apart from metro as one of the major transport

system available in the entire Delhi including Gurgaon and Noida, the business person, even

some of the service man love to reach their destination by driving their own car (Ahluwalia, I., &

Mohanty, 2014). Moreover, it is well known that IT hub system of North India lies within Noida

and few of them are present at the border of Gurgaon and Delhi; therefore, the residents of Delhi

need to go to either Noida or Gurgaon. Thus, they need to travel from one area to their

destination, moreover, at the same time, they need to maintain a particular speed, which they

usually maintain; whereas, the driver of other cars such as passengers car, the driver often fails to

maintain the traffic rules and usually commit mistake either intentionally or unintentionally.

Furthermore, according to the Drivers model, which has been discussed in the Literature review,

the operational manager of the organization can assess the situation, can give direction to their

strategy, and can implement the plan. In addition, they further can monitor the progress also. The

driving forces of these cities is different from each other, a metro journey from the Huda city

centre in Gurgaon to the Botanical Garden of Noida, takes one hour 15 minutes having

interchanged at a huge congested area as Rajiv Chowk (Ahmad et al. 2016). The road journey

between Gurgaon and Noida can take approx. 1 hour and 15 minutes; therefore, the commuters

need to have transverse via the congested streets of New Delhi. The drivers of both the cities are

different in attitude and driving style as well. The driving style of Gurgaon is based on the

aggressive nature of the driver, the driver’s personality can be shown on their driving style; while

on the other hand, these two cities’ driver are completely different from other cities. They are

arrogant, aggressive and a bit ride in nature as compared to other cities. The overall livelihood of

the public of the Gurgaon and the Noida are hugely improved than its previous condition of the

people. The livelihoods became elite class after knowing the value of the standard lifestyle

(Bergh & Ketchen, 2014). The basic livelihood mainly improved for the consumerism factor. In

this prospect, the direct and indirect influence also comes from the effect of media. Media is

trying to create the “Mass culture”. Mass culture is such a concept, which depicts that type of

culture, which is spread towards the general mass through the mass media. In today's world, the

mass media directly influence its target audience to manipulate their thinking pattern, structured

their way in some productive way as if they select that kind of advertisement or broadcasting


content in order to manipulate the purchasing behaviour of their target audience. Urban growth

can be interpreted in two certain ways (Bernard, 2013). Firstly, it can be comprehended that the

population of Noida and Gurgaon has increased drastically and this in turn can be directly related

to the population growth of those mentioned areas. On the other hand, growth can mean progress

of Noida and Gurgaon in terms of economy. According to Broad (2014), it is comprehended that

Noida and Gurgaon has excelled expectedly in terms of business and infrastructural

development. However, infrastructural development has led to serious consequences, as there has

been repetitive reports of massive deforestation and unusual exploitation of the natural resources.

Peri-urbanization means an area, which is metamorphosed due to the migration of people from

rural areas to cities or more specifically metropolitan cities. The migration specifically takes

place due to a certain reasons. First, due to urbanization and exploitation of fertile land covers,

many people who used to sustain their lives by means of practicing agriculture or farming faced

havoc consequences due to sudden industrialization and commercialization. The government of

the area also concentrated on the land cover of the city to manage the area's environment. The

government of the area also concentrated on the land cover of the city to manage the area's

environment. Noteworthy explanation behind this exceptional abatement in district under

Cultivating use was an enormous addition in urban range (Burns, 2014). Additionally, there are

also several causes related to the changes in the ecology that has taken place.

Difference between the agricultural landAgricultural land is used by both the cities are different from the purpose. As it is well known

that Gurgaon lies at the border of Haryana and Delhi, moreover, Noida lies at the border of Uttar

Pradesh. In addition, Noida stands for the new industrial development authority of Okhla; Noida

is renowned for the industrial cities; on the other hand, Gurgaon is famous for the

commercialization development industry. Both the cities have their own specialist regarding the

agriculture use (Weigold et al. 2013). In addition, Noida uses their agriculture land for building

IT industries and making this city as an IT hub; whereas, Gurgaon uses their agricultural land for

building the commercial complexes and for making this city as a commercial Hub. In addition,

Gurgaon is well known for its commercialization and Noida is known for its industrialization.

However, both the cities have failed for comprehending the importance of nature and agriculture.

Industrialization is very predominant in the states of Noida and Gurgaon. In India, among most


of the metropolitan cities, Gurgaon has flourished rapidly in terms of infrastructural development

(Bryman & Bell, 2012). Many companies have established themselves in the states of Noida and

Gurgaon. In Gurgaon, many foreign and domestic organizations have made their settlements in

recent times. Adequate number of candidates got recruited in various companies in Noida and

Gurgaon. However, the consequences of materialistic and infrastructural growth are havoc.

There is a grim story behind the polished and infrastructural developed landscape of Noida and

Gurgaon. On one hand, industrialization has proved to be a blessing to the literate section of the

society and on the other hand, it affected thousands of underprivileged lives of the urban areas.

The impact of industrialization in the lives of thousands of rural people is completely disastrous.

Commercialization in Noida and Gurgaon has become a challenging issue. The overpopulation

of the cities offers considerable resistance to the transportation of the manufactured products

from the factories. Commercialization gets affected indirectly by the overcrowding of the streets.

The informal settlements like the slums near the highways and roads meant for the transportation

purposes are congested. As a result, commercialization faces ample challenges (Sharma & Joshi,

2016). Moreover, due to the wastage and depletion of fertile land covers, trees and water bodies,

the scope of agriculture got reduced and commercialization of agricultural commodities got

seriously affected. With a lack of fertile land for the purpose of agriculture, the scope of

agricultural practices has been diminished. According to Sen & Yadav (2017), it is

comprehended that deforestation and exploitation of the natural habitat has diminished the scope

of commercialization of the agricultural commodities in Noida and Gurgaon. Industrial growth

has not triggered commercialization of agricultural commodities. It is known to everyone that

most of the Indian economy is based on the trade of agricultural commodities. The distinction

between the land cover areas and the land cover changes apparent on those two areas of the

Gurgaon and the Noida. The main difference among the land use and land cover are

differentiated such as the land cover areas are those areas which have the resource like the

natural environmental resources are used to cover the land and the land use is something to

make some mechanistic change through the industrialization process. The areas where the

construction is being made for the purpose of development scan brew considered as the land

usage material in order to expand the wheel of development and implement some action for

increase the productivity level (Chaudhuri et al. 2017). The area is the land covered areas which

can be stated those areas which are covered by the environmental elements like the other kind of


elements like ponds. Land use is the description of how a land area is used, e.g. arable

agriculture, residential housing, shopping mall. Land use and land cover changes modify the

existing land use and land cover, and are caused by proximate causes and underlying drivers,

which are socio-economic, demographic, political and technological in nature. These drivers can

be modified by environmental factors such a rapid-onset hazards, e.g., flooding, or slow-onset

events such as climate change. Different drivers have led to significant land use and land cover

changes in Noida and Gurgaon, two districts on the edge of Delhi, which are the focus of this

research thesis. The land use of Noida is very industrial based. In addition, the Government of

India has developed this specific place as an industrial junction of India (Choudhary & Punia,

2017). It comes under the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Area Development Act, 17th April 1976. The

land use has changed until the year of 2000. Several institutional and residential buildings came

on agricultural land before 2001.

SummaryThis chapter has been given a proper structure and selection based on the analysis of the concepts

used in the previous chapter. This proper structure along with the selection of the appropriate

concepts has been implemented for the successful completion of this chapter. In addition, this

chapter has been enclosed by providing proper analysis of both the cities, Gurgaon and Noida.

This analysis is based on the comparison of driving forces and agriculture forces operated by

both the cities. Moreover, both the cities have its own specialization and importance that has

been analyzed in this chapter and the same concept has been analyzed in broad spectrum in the

literature review. The examination with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS) and

Remote Sensing technique is to a great degree important gadget for urban land change. The

estimation of land use/arrive cover change is particularly useful for future urban masterminding

at neighbourhood likewise, overall level. Finally, though urban improvement cannot be ended,

with fitting organizing and orchestrating it can be constrained and facilitated in a charming and

supportable way, securing rich cultivating grounds. In addition, this chapter focuses on the

purpose of using the agricultural land done by both the cities, Gurgaon and Noida. The proper

establishment of this chapter has already been resulted after the successful completion of each

topic mentioned in this chapter.

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